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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The history of <b><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in the English language</b> commences in the 17th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_examples">Earliest examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Earliest examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England, one of opera's antecedents in the 16th century was an <a href="/wiki/Afterpiece" title="Afterpiece">afterpiece</a> which came at the end of a play; often scandalous and consisting in the main of dialogue set to music arranged from popular tunes. In this respect such afterpieces anticipate the <a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">ballad operas</a> of the 18th century. At the same time, the French <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> was gaining a firm hold at the English Court, with lavish splendour and highly realistic scenery. <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a> became the leading designer of these productions, and this style was to dominate the English stage for three centuries. These masques contained songs and dances. In <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>'s <i>Lovers Made Men</i> (1617), "the whole masque was sung after the Italian manner, stilo recitativo".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purcell_and_his_contemporaries">Purcell and his contemporaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purcell and his contemporaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Purcell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry_Purcell.jpg/220px-Henry_Purcell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry_Purcell.jpg/330px-Henry_Purcell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry_Purcell.jpg/440px-Henry_Purcell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a></figcaption></figure><p>The approach of the <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">English Commonwealth</a> closed theatres and halted any developments that may have led to the establishment of English opera. However, in 1656, the <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a> produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Rhodes" title="The Siege of Rhodes">The Siege of Rhodes</a></i>. Since his theatre was not licensed to produce drama, he asked several of the leading composers (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawes" title="Henry Lawes">Henry Lawes</a>, Cooke, Locke, Coleman and Hudson) to set sections of it to music. This success was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cruelty_of_the_Spaniards_in_Peru" title="The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru">The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru</a></i> (1658) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sir_Francis_Drake" title="The History of Sir Francis Drake">The History of Sir Francis Drake</a></i> (1659). These pieces were encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> because they were critical of Spain. With the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a>, foreign (especially French) musicians were welcomed back. In 1673, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(Locke)" title="Psyche (Locke)">Psyche</a></i>, patterned on the 1671 'comédie-ballet' of the same name produced by <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a> produced <i>The Tempest</i> in the same year, which was the first <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> play to be set to music (composed by Locke and Johnson). </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Blow_1687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/John_Blow_1687.jpg/220px-John_Blow_1687.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/John_Blow_1687.jpg/330px-John_Blow_1687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/John_Blow_1687.jpg/440px-John_Blow_1687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="4084" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">John Blow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>About 1683, <a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">John Blow</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(opera)" title="Venus and Adonis (opera)">Venus and Adonis</a></i>, often thought of as the first true English-language opera. Blow's immediate successor was the better known <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>. Despite the success of his masterwork <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1689), in which the action is furthered by the use of Italian-style recitative, much of Purcell's best work was not involved in the composing of typical opera, but instead he usually worked within the constraints of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">semi-opera</a> format, where isolated scenes and masques are contained within the structure of a spoken play, such as <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> in Purcell's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairy-Queen" title="The Fairy-Queen">The Fairy-Queen</a></i> (1692) and <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_and_Fletcher" title="Beaumont and Fletcher">Beaumont and Fletcher</a> in <i>The Prophetess</i> (1690) and <i>Bonduca</i> (1696). The main characters of the play tend not to be involved in the musical scenes, which means that Purcell was rarely able to develop his characters through song. Despite these hindrances, his aim (and that of his collaborator <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>) was to establish serious opera in England, but these hopes ended with Purcell's early death at the age of 36. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Augustine_Arne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thomas_Augustine_Arne.jpg/220px-Thomas_Augustine_Arne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thomas_Augustine_Arne.jpg/330px-Thomas_Augustine_Arne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thomas_Augustine_Arne.jpg/440px-Thomas_Augustine_Arne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following Purcell, the popularity of opera in England dwindled. A revived interest in opera occurred in the 1730s, which is largely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a> both for his own compositions and for alerting Handel to the commercial possibilities of large-scale works in English. Arne was the first English composer to experiment with Italian-style all-sung comic opera, unsuccessfully in <i>The Temple of Dullness</i> (1745), <i>Henry and Emma</i> (1749) and <i>Don Saverio</i> (1750), but triumphantly in <i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_and_Sally" title="Thomas and Sally">Thomas and Sally</a></i> (1760). His opera <i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_(opera)" title="Artaxerxes (opera)">Artaxerxes</a></i> (1762) was the first attempt to set a full-blown <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a> in English and was a huge success, holding the stage until the 1830s. His modernized ballad opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Love_in_a_Village" title="Love in a Village">Love in a Village</a></i> (1762), was equally novel and began a vogue for pastiche opera that lasted well into the 19th century. Arne was one of the few English composers of the era who, although imitating many elements of Italian opera, was able to move beyond it to create his own voice. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burney" title="Charles Burney">Charles Burney</a> wrote that Arne introduced "a light, airy, original, and pleasing melody, wholly different from that of Purcell or Handel, whom all English composers had either pillaged or imitated". </p><p>Besides Arne, the other dominating forces in English opera at this time was <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, whose <i>opera serias</i> filled the London operatic stages for decades, and influenced most home-grown composers, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lampe" title="John Frederick Lampe">John Frederick Lampe</a>, to write using Italian models in imitation of him. </p><p>Throughout the second half of the 18th the most popular English genre proved to be ballad opera. Some notable composers include Arne's son <a href="/wiki/Michael_Arne" title="Michael Arne">Michael Arne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dibdin" title="Charles Dibdin">Dibdin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Linley_the_younger" title="Thomas Linley the younger">Linley Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Arnold_(composer)" title="Samuel Arnold (composer)">Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Hook_(composer)" title="James Hook (composer)">Hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shield" title="William Shield">Shield</a>, the tenor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(tenor)" title="Michael Kelly (tenor)">Michael Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Storace" title="Stephen Storace">Stephen Storace</a> and Mozart's favourite pupil <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(composer)" title="Thomas Attwood (composer)">Attwood</a>. The most successful composer of the late <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bishop_(composer)" title="Henry Bishop (composer)">Henry Bishop</a>, whose song <a href="/wiki/Home!_Sweet_Home!" title="Home! Sweet Home!">Home! Sweet Home!</a> from the opera <i>Clari, or the Maid of Milan</i> is still popular today. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_William_Balfe_Prinzhofer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Michael_William_Balfe_Prinzhofer.jpg/220px-Michael_William_Balfe_Prinzhofer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Michael_William_Balfe_Prinzhofer.jpg/330px-Michael_William_Balfe_Prinzhofer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Michael_William_Balfe_Prinzhofer.jpg/440px-Michael_William_Balfe_Prinzhofer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balfe" title="Balfe">Balfe</a> in a lithography by August Prinzhofer, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>While throughout the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th composers had been influenced mainly by Italian opera, later in the century <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand operas</a> and, further later, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner's</a> operas came to be regarded as the major models for imitation. </p><p>The beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> saw a short but particularly intense period of creativity, roughly up to the 1850s, partially thanks to the keen interest in music of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>. The Romantic operas of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Balfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Balfe">Michael Balfe</a> (the only one whose fame spread throughout Europe<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Julius_Benedict" title="Julius Benedict">Julius Benedict</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barnett" title="John Barnett">John Barnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Loder" title="Edward Loder">Edward Loder</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Macfarren" title="George Alexander Macfarren">G. A. Macfarren</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Vincent_Wallace" title="William Vincent Wallace">William Wallace</a> achieved great popularity both in Great Britain and Ireland.<br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritanacigarbox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Maritanacigarbox.jpg/220px-Maritanacigarbox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Maritanacigarbox.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Cigar box from 1883 showing a scene from <a href="/wiki/Maritana" title="Maritana">Maritana</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Vincent_Wallace" title="William Vincent Wallace">Wallace</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Barnett" title="John Barnett">John Barnett</a> made a serious attempt to follow in the footsteps of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a> with his opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Sylph" title="The Mountain Sylph">The Mountain Sylph</a></i> (1834), often mistakenly claimed as the first <a href="/wiki/Sung-through" title="Sung-through">sung-through</a> (i.e. completely sung) English opera, which was his only major success (and was later parodied by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a></i>).<br /> Among the main lanes in London for the production of English language opera in those times were <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princess%27s_Theatre,_London" title="Princess's Theatre, London">Princess's Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Theatre">King's Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>, which were the two major opera houses of the city, featured mostly Italian and French opera (the latter usually translated into Italian). This was a source of continuous vexation for English composers who, until late in the century, had to see their works translated into Italian to be performed on those stages.<sup id="cite_ref-A_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Julius_Benedict_Vanity_Fair_27_September_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sir_Julius_Benedict_Vanity_Fair_27_September_1873.jpg/220px-Sir_Julius_Benedict_Vanity_Fair_27_September_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sir_Julius_Benedict_Vanity_Fair_27_September_1873.jpg/330px-Sir_Julius_Benedict_Vanity_Fair_27_September_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sir_Julius_Benedict_Vanity_Fair_27_September_1873.jpg/440px-Sir_Julius_Benedict_Vanity_Fair_27_September_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julius_Benedict" title="Julius Benedict">Benedict</a> in a caricature by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Leslie Ward</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK)">Vanity Fair</a> (1873)</figcaption></figure> <p>Moreover, the constant presence of a foreign language opera season in the city meant that the operas of indigenous composers had constantly to compete with those of the great Italian composers, as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyerbeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Fromental Halévy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gounod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gounod">Gounod</a> (the last three usually performed in Italian at the Covent Garden), which continued to dominate the musical stage in England. Beside Balfe, whose operas were translated into German, French and Italian (<i>The Bohemian Girl</i> as <i>La Zingara</i>, for Trieste), the only other composers to gain so renown on the Continent and to have their operas translated into a foreign language were Benedict (into his native German) and Wallace (also in German).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glad_to_See_You_Together.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Glad_to_See_You_Together.png/220px-Glad_to_See_You_Together.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Glad_to_See_You_Together.png/330px-Glad_to_See_You_Together.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Glad_to_See_You_Together.png/440px-Glad_to_See_You_Together.png 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><i>from left to right</i>: the Savoy impresario <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a> with <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> in a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bryan_(illustrator)" title="Alfred Bryan (illustrator)">Alfred Bryan</a>, 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1870s, the reputation of English Romantic Opera slowly started to decline until, by the end of the century, most critics' opinion was against them. The only works to be still performed well into the 1930s were <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bohemian_Girl" title="The Bohemian Girl">The Bohemian Girl</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maritana" title="Maritana">Maritana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lily_of_Killarney" title="The Lily of Killarney">The Lily of Killarney</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside foreign opera and European operetta, the most popular forms of indigenous entertainment in the second half of the 19th century were <a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">burlesques</a> and late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light opera">light operas</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy Operas">Savoy Operas</a> of <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Sullivan</a>, both of which frequently spoofed operatic conventions. </p><p>Sullivan wrote only one grand opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a></i> (following the efforts of a number of young English composers beginning about 1876), but he claimed that even his <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">light operas</a> were to be part of an "English" opera school, intended to supplant the French operettas (usually in bad translations) that had dominated the London stage throughout the 19th century into the 1870s. London's <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i> agreed. Sullivan produced a few light operas in the late 1880s and 1890s that were of a more serious nature than most of the G&S series, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haddon_Hall_(opera)" title="Haddon Hall (opera)">Haddon Hall</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Stone" title="The Beauty Stone">The Beauty Stone</a></i>, but <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a></i> (which ran for 155 consecutive performances, using alternating casts—a record then and now) survives as his only real <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>. </p><p>Late in the century composers such as <a href="/wiki/Isidore_de_Lara" title="Isidore de Lara">Isidore de Lara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dame_Ethel_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Ethel Smyth">Dame Ethel Smyth</a>, owing to the difficulties of getting serious English operas staged at home, caused in part by the popularity of light opera, turned to the Continent to seek their fortune, with De Lara becoming very popular in France and in Italy (his opera <a href="/wiki/Messaline" title="Messaline">Messaline</a> being the first work by an Englishman to be produced at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century_–_today"><span id="20th_century_.E2.80.93_today"></span>20th century – today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century – today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century, English opera began to assert more independence, with works of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Boughton" title="Rutland Boughton">Rutland Boughton</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, who, in a series of fine works that remain in standard repertory today, revealed an excellent flair for the dramatic and superb musicality. <br /> Nevertheless, foreign influence (now coming mainly from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a>), was still strong. One example is <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holbrooke" title="Joseph Holbrooke">Josef Holbrooke</a>'s <i>The Cauldron of Annwn</i> trilogy. The influence of Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring</a></i> can be seen in the choice of a mythological subject and also in the extensive use of <i><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotivs</a></i>, while harmony and orchestration are more reminiscent of Strauss.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Other British composers writing well-received operas in the late 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(composer)" title="Thomas Wilson (composer)">Thomas Wilson</a> (e.g. <i>The Confessions of a Justified Sinner</i>), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodney_Bennett" title="Richard Rodney Bennett">Richard Rodney Bennett</a> (e.g. <i>The Mines of Sulphur</i>), <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Punch_and_Judy_(opera)" title="Punch and Judy (opera)">Punch and Judy</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Taverner_(opera)" title="Taverner (opera)">Taverner</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Knussen" title="Oliver Knussen">Oliver Knussen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Wild_Things_Are_(opera)" title="Where the Wild Things Are (opera)">Where the Wild Things Are</a></i>). Today composers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a> continue to export English opera abroad. </p><p>Also in the 20th century, American composers like <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Treemonisha" title="Treemonisha">Treemonisha</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Floyd" title="Carlisle Floyd">Carlisle Floyd</a> began to contribute English-language operas, frequently infused with touches of popular musical styles. They were followed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Adamo" title="Mark Adamo">Mark Adamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Jake_Heggie" title="Jake Heggie">Jake Heggie</a>. Moreover, non-native-English speaking composers have occasionally set English libretti (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Scene_(opera)" title="Street Scene (opera)">Street Scene</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress" title="The Rake's Progress">The Rake's Progress</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/We_Come_to_the_River" title="We Come to the River">We Come to the River</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Emperor" title="The First Emperor">The First Emperor</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_link">Audio link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Audio link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Stay,_Prince_and_hear.ogg" title="File:Stay, Prince and hear.ogg">Stay, Prince and hear</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Stay,_Prince_and_hear.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Stay%2C_Prince_and_hear.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Stay%2C_Prince_and_hear.ogg/Stay%2C_Prince_and_hear.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A scene from Purcell's <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i>. The witches' messenger, in the form of Mercury, attempts to convince Aeneas to leave Carthage. Note the use of Italian-style recitative, a rarity in English opera at that time.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Scotland" title="Opera in Scotland">Opera in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Canada" title="Opera in Canada">Opera in Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley W. Wells, <i>Literature and drama with special references to Shakespeare and his contemporaries</i> (London: Routledge, 1970), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BURTON, Nigel (with IAN D. HALLIGAN), "Balfe, Michael William", in Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1998). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. W. White, <i>A history of English Opera</i>, Faber and Faber (1983) pp. 261–294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. W. White, <i>A history of English Opera</i>, Faber and Faber (1983) p. 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. W. White, <i>A history of English Opera</i>, Faber and Faber (1983) p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. W. White, <i>A history of English Opera</i>, Faber and Faber (1983) pp. 341–346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayliss, Stanley: Josef Holbrooke (Musical Mirror) reprinted in Josef Holbrooke - Various appreciations by many authors (London: Rudall Carte, 1937, p.106)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_in_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>A history of English Opera</i>, E. W. White, Faber and Faber:1983.</li> <li><i>Operas in English: A Dictionary. </i> Margeret Ross Griffel. 2 v. revised ed. Scarecrow Press:2013. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810882720" title="Special:BookSources/9780810882720">9780810882720</a> . (vol.1: alphabetic listing; vol.2, Idexes by composer, librettist, authors and sources, chronology, characters, names, and a bibliography.)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="New Grove Dictionary of Opera">New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5">1-56159-228-5</a></li> <li><i>The Viking Opera Guide</i> (1994), 1,328 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81292-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81292-7">0-670-81292-7</a></li> <li><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera</i>, ed. Roger Parker (1994)</li> <li>"Purcell, Henry" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, 15th edition, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-434-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-434-4">0-85229-434-4</a>.</li> <li>Orrey, Leslie and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Milnes" title="Rodney Milnes">Rodney Milnes</a>. <i>Opera: A Concise History</i>, World of Art, Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20217-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20217-6">0-500-20217-6</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishandirishworld.com">Basil Walsh's extensive site on the life and work of Michael W. Balfe</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Ainger, Michael (2002). <i>Gilbert and Sullivan, a Dual Biography</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+and+Sullivan%2C+a+Dual+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ainger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera+in+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer_on_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Mitchell (writer on music)">Donald Mitchell</a>, "Britten, (Edward) Benjamin, Baron Britten (1913–1976)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 18 October 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30853">http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30853</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and<br />national traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_opera" title="History of opera">History of opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Origins of opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_opera" title="Albanian opera">Albanian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_opera" title="Armenian opera">Armenian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Azerbaijan" title="Opera in Azerbaijan"> Azerbaijani opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_opera_in_Chinese" title="Western opera in Chinese">Western opera in Chinese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opera in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_German" title="Opera in German">Opera in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_opera" title="Hungarian opera">Hungarian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Latin_America" title="Opera in Latin America">Opera in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_opera" title="Polish opera">Polish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Russian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">Spanish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Venezuela" title="Opera in Venezuela">Opera in Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_aria" title="Catalogue aria">Catalogue aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_aria" title="Rage aria">Rage aria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_overture" title="French overture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_overture" title="Italian overture">Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò">Rondò</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azione_teatrale" title="Azione teatrale">Azione teatrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">Chamber opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">Comic opera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_en_vaudevilles" title="Comédie en vaudevilles">Comédie en vaudevilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_m%C3%AAl%C3%A9e_d%27ariettes" title="Comédie mêlée d'ariettes">Comédie mêlée d'ariettes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramma_giocoso" title="Dramma giocoso">Dramma giocoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramma_per_musica" title="Dramma per musica">Dramma per musica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsa" title="Farsa">Farsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_teatrale" title="Festa teatrale">Festa teatrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Grand opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Azerbaijan#Mugham_opera" title="Opera in Azerbaijan">Mugham opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_opera" title="Number opera">Number opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-ballet" title="Opéra-ballet">Opéra-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_f%C3%A9erie" title="Opéra féerie">Opéra féerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_semiseria" title="Opera semiseria">Opera semiseria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorale_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque" title="Pastorale héroïque">Pastorale héroïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posse_mit_Gesang" title="Posse mit Gesang">Posse mit Gesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_opera" title="Radio opera">Radio opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_opera" title="Rescue opera">Rescue opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantische Oper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainete" title="Sainete">Sainete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">Semi-opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoper" title="Zeitoper">Zeitoper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">Boy soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">Soubrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano"> Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choirmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_dancer" title="Ballet dancer">Ballet dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">Dramaturge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_management" title="Opera management">Opera manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Set designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresser_(theatre)" title="Dresser (theatre)">Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_scenic_artist" title="Charge scenic artist">Charge scenic artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">Pit orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">Set constructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dresser" title="Set dresser">Set dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_actor" title="Supernumerary actor">Supernumerary actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Supporting role singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_technician" title="Theatrical technician">Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing concepts<br />and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Opera-related_lists" title="Category:Opera-related lists">List articles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas" title="Lists of operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_operas" title="List of Argentine operas">Argentine operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Christmas operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_opera_characters" title="List of historical opera characters">Historical opera characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_operas" title="List of prominent operas">Prominent operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_opera_singers" title="List of Azerbaijani opera singers"> Azerbaijani opera singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_opera_composers" title="List of major opera composers">Major opera composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_operas" title="List of Mexican operas">Mexican operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_operas" title="List of North Korean operas">North Korean operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_opera_companies" title="Lists of opera companies">Opera companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_directors" title="List of opera directors">Opera directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_festivals" title="List of opera festivals">Opera festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_genres" title="List of opera genres">Opera genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_houses" title="List of opera houses">Opera houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_librettists" title="List of opera librettists">Opera librettists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_composer" title="List of operas by composer">Operas by composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_set_in_the_Crusades" title="List of operas set in the Crusades">Operas set in the Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operetta_composers" title="List of operetta composers">Operetta composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orphean_operas" title="List of Orphean operas">Orphean operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_operas" title="List of radio operas">Radio operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_operas" title="List of television operas">Television operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_title" title="List of operas by title">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zarzuela_composers" title="List of zarzuela composers">Zarzuela composers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_house_opera" title="Country house opera">Country house opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_music_and_opera" title="Cross-dressing in music and opera">Cross-dressing in music and opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_hat" title="Opera hat">Opera hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cloak" title="Opera cloak">Opera cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_glove" title="Evening glove">Opera gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_glasses" title="Opera glasses">Opera glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_enhancement" title="Orchestral enhancement">Orchestral enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regietheater" title="Regietheater">Regietheater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_opera" title="Outline of opera">Outline of opera</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera" title="Category:Opera">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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