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</a> <ul id="toc-Gratian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentinian_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentinian_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Valentinian II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentinian_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodosius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Theodosius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Later years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Character </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Character subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attitude_towards_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_towards_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Attitude towards Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_towards_pagans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_towards_pagans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Attitude towards pagans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_pagans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Theology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Eschatology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giving_to_the_poor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giving_to_the_poor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Giving to the poor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giving_to_the_poor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mariology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augustine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Augustine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exegesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exegesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Exegesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exegesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_and_ascetical_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_and_ascetical_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Moral and ascetical commentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_and_ascetical_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogmatic_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogmatic_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dogmatic writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogmatic_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sermons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sermons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Sermons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sermons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Editions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Editions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Editions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Standard editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ambrose</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_von_Mailand" title="Ambrosius von Mailand – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ambrosius von Mailand" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="أمبروز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمبروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosiu_de_Mil%C3%A1n" title="Ambrosiu de Milán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ambrosiu de Milán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Ambrosi" title="Müqəddəs Ambrosi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Ambrosi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Амвросій Медыяланскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амвросій Медыяланскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Амброзій Мэдыяланскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амброзій Мэдыяланскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Амвросий Медиолански – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амвросий Медиолански" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_vo_Mailand" title="Ambrosius vo Mailand – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ambrosius vo Mailand" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroaz_Milano" title="Ambroaz Milano – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ambroaz Milano" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambr%C3%B2s_de_Mil%C3%A0" title="Ambròs de Milà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ambròs de Milà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Ambro%C5%BE" title="Svatý Ambrož – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Ambrož" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emrys_Sant" title="Emrys Sant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Emrys Sant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Ambrosius" title="Sankt Ambrosius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sankt Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_von_Mailand" title="Ambrosius von Mailand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ambrosius von Mailand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius" title="Ambrosius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Αμβρόσιος Μεδιολάνων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμβρόσιος Μεδιολάνων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_de_Mil%C3%A1n" title="Ambrosio de Milán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ambrosio de Milán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrozio_de_Milano" title="Ambrozio de Milano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ambrozio de Milano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbrosio_Milangoa" title="Anbrosio Milangoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anbrosio Milangoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="امبروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امبروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_de_Milan" title="Ambroise de Milan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ambroise de Milan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius" title="Ambrosius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh_Ambr%C3%B3s" title="Naomh Ambrós – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naomh Ambrós" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_de_Mil%C3%A1n" title="Ambrosio de Milán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ambrosio de Milán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="암브로시우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암브로시우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Ամբրոսիոս Մեդիոլանցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամբրոսիոս Մեդիոլանցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Ambrozije" title="Sveti Ambrozije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Ambrozije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio" title="Ambrosio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ambrosio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius" title="Ambrosius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Sant'Ambrogio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sant'Ambrogio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אמברוזיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמברוזיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius" title="Ambrosius – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ამბროსი მედიოლანელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამბროსი მედიოლანელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambros" title="Ambros – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ambros" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ambrose" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosi" title="Ambrosi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ambrosi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius" title="Ambrosius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrozijs" title="Ambrozijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ambrozijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Ambraziejus" title="Šv. Ambraziejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Ambraziejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ambr%C5%93uxo" title="Sant'Ambrœuxo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sant'Ambrœuxo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Ambroeus" title="Sant Ambroeus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sant Ambroeus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Ambrus" title="Szent Ambrus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Ambrus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambr%C3%B4sio_avy_any_Milano" title="Ambrôsio avy any Milano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ambrôsio avy any Milano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അംബ്രോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അംബ്രോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ambro%C4%A1ju" title="Sant'Ambroġju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sant'Ambroġju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="امبروسيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبروسيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_van_Milaan" title="Ambrosius van Milaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ambrosius van Milaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="アンブロジウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンブロジウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_av_Milano" title="Ambrosius av Milano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ambrosius av Milano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="امبروز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امبروز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambro%C5%BCy_z_Mediolanu" title="Ambroży z Mediolanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ambroży z Mediolanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambr%C3%B3sio_de_Mil%C3%A3o" title="Ambrósio de Milão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ambrósio de Milão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Ambrozie" title="Sfântul Ambrozie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfântul Ambrozie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Амвросий Медиоланский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амвросий Медиоланский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ambrosu_de_Milanu" title="Sant'Ambrosu de Milanu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sant'Ambrosu de Milanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brozi" title="Brozi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brozi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ambrose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Mil%C3%A1nsky" title="Ambrosius Milánsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ambrosius Milánsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambro%C5%BE_Milanski" title="Ambrož Milanski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ambrož Milanski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Амброзије Милански – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амброзије Милански" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrozije_Milanski" title="Ambrozije Milanski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ambrozije Milanski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius" title="Ambrosius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_av_Milano" title="Ambrosius av Milano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ambrosius av Milano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio" title="Ambrosio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ambrosio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அம்புரோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அம்புரோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="แอมโบรสแห่งมิลาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอมโบรสแห่งมิลาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius" title="Ambrosius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ambrosius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Амвросій Медіоланський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амвросій Медіоланський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ایمبروس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایمبروس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Anbrozo" title="Sant'Anbrozo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sant'Anbrozo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambr%C3%B4si%C3%B4" title="Ambrôsiô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ambrôsiô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_(santo)" title="Ambrosio (santo) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ambrosio (santo)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E5%8D%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%89%8A" title="盎博罗削 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="盎博罗削" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%9A" title="聖安博 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖安博" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E4%BF%AE" title="安波羅修 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安波羅修" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43689#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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For the university, see <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose_University" title="St. Ambrose University">St. Ambrose University</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ambrose (disambiguation)">Ambrose (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Ambrose of Milan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Milan">Bishop of Milan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:AmbroseOfMilan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AmbroseOfMilan_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AmbroseOfMilan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/AmbroseOfMilan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="336" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Detail from possibly contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380–500) of Ambrose in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diocese</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Milan">Mediolanum</a> (Milan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See</th><td class="infobox-data">Mediolanum</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Installed</th><td class="infobox-data">374 AD</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">4 April 397</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplician</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 374</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Aurelius Ambrosius</div> c. 339 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 April 397(397-04-04) (aged 56–57) <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a>, Western Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data">Crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category">Christian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">7 December</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title as Saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data">Milan and <a href="/wiki/Beekeeper" title="Beekeeper">beekeepers</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2021-2">[2]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Other patronage</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Bakers of honeybread, bees, bishops, candlemakers, <a href="/wiki/Chandler_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandler (occupation)">chandlers</a>, domestic animals, the French <a href="/wiki/Commissariat" title="Commissariat">Commissariat</a>, geese, <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a> makers, learning, schoolchildren, <a href="/wiki/Stone_mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone mason">stone masons</a>, students, wax melters and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley200116-3">[3]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shrines</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Theology career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>De officiis ministrorum (377–391)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Exameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Exameron">Exameron</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exameron" class="extiw" title="it:Exameron">it</a>] (386–390)</li><li>De obitu Theodosii (395)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Theological work</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patristic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic Age">Patristic Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tradition or movement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">mariology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data">Anti-paganism, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">mother of the Church</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharkeyWeinandy2009208-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Ambrose of Milan (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Aurelius Ambrosius; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 339 – 4 April 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose,<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> was a theologian and statesman who served as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Bishop of Milan</a> from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promoting <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Roman Christianity</a> against <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001-6">[5]</a> He left a substantial collection of writings, of which the best known include the ethical commentary De officiis ministrorum (377–391), and the <a href="/wiki/Exegetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Exegetical">exegetical</a> <a href="/wiki/Exameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Exameron">Exameron</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exameron" class="extiw" title="it:Exameron">it</a>] (386–390). His preaching, his actions and his literary works, in addition to his innovative musical hymnography, made him one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> figures of the 4th century. Ambrose was serving as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(region)" title="Emilia (region)">Aemilia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperors <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>. Tradition credits Ambrose with developing an <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphonal</a> chant, known as <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian chant</a>, and for composing the "<a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a>" hymn, though modern scholars now reject both of these attributions. Ambrose's authorship on at least four hymns, including the well-known "<a href="/wiki/Veni_redemptor_gentium" title="Veni redemptor gentium">Veni redemptor gentium</a>", is secure; they form the core of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian hymns</a>, which includes others that are sometimes attributed to him. He also had a notable influence on <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430), whom he helped convert to Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> identified Ambrose, along with <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, as one of the four Great Latin <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a> in 1298.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> He is considered a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> denominations, and venerated as the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Milan and <a href="/wiki/Beekeeper" title="Beekeeper">beekeepers</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_career">Background and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and career">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire_as_diffusion_of_innovation" title="Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation">Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sant%27Ambrogio_(Pacher).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Michael Pacher"><img alt="Painting by Michael Pacher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sant%27Ambrogio_%28Pacher%29.jpg/60px-Sant%27Ambrogio_%28Pacher%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sant%27Ambrogio_%28Pacher%29.jpg/91px-Sant%27Ambrogio_%28Pacher%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sant%27Ambrogio_%28Pacher%29.jpg/121px-Sant%27Ambrogio_%28Pacher%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="453" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting by Michael Pacher</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AmbroseStatue.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Engraving of a statue of Ambrose"><img alt="Engraving of a statue of Ambrose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AmbroseStatue.png/53px-AmbroseStatue.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AmbroseStatue.png/80px-AmbroseStatue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AmbroseStatue.png/107px-AmbroseStatue.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="598" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engraving of a statue of Ambrose</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AugustineBaptism.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of Ambrose baptizing Saint Augustine, by Benozzo Gozzoli"><img alt="Fresco of Ambrose baptizing Saint Augustine, by Benozzo Gozzoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AugustineBaptism.jpg/69px-AugustineBaptism.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AugustineBaptism.jpg/104px-AugustineBaptism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AugustineBaptism.jpg/139px-AugustineBaptism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1172" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of Ambrose baptizing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli" title="Benozzo Gozzoli">Benozzo Gozzoli</a></div> </li> </ul> Legends about Ambrose had spread through <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">the empire</a> long before his biography was written, making it difficult for modern historians to understand his true character and fairly place his behaviour within the context of antiquity. Most agree he was the personification of his era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20215-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2002ix-10">[9]</a> This would make Ambrose a genuinely spiritual man who spoke up and defended his faith against opponents, an aristocrat who retained many of the attitudes and practices of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman governor</a>, and also an ascetic who served the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2002ix–x,_1–2-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altare_di_s._ambrogio,_824-859_ca.,_retro_di_vuolvino,_storie_di_sant%27ambrogio_06_miracolo_delle_api.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Altare_di_s._ambrogio%2C_824-859_ca.%2C_retro_di_vuolvino%2C_storie_di_sant%27ambrogio_06_miracolo_delle_api.jpg/290px-Altare_di_s._ambrogio%2C_824-859_ca.%2C_retro_di_vuolvino%2C_storie_di_sant%27ambrogio_06_miracolo_delle_api.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Altare_di_s._ambrogio%2C_824-859_ca.%2C_retro_di_vuolvino%2C_storie_di_sant%27ambrogio_06_miracolo_delle_api.jpg/435px-Altare_di_s._ambrogio%2C_824-859_ca.%2C_retro_di_vuolvino%2C_storie_di_sant%27ambrogio_06_miracolo_delle_api.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Altare_di_s._ambrogio%2C_824-859_ca.%2C_retro_di_vuolvino%2C_storie_di_sant%27ambrogio_06_miracolo_delle_api.jpg/580px-Altare_di_s._ambrogio%2C_824-859_ca.%2C_retro_di_vuolvino%2C_storie_di_sant%27ambrogio_06_miracolo_delle_api.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vuolvino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vuolvino (page does not exist)">Vuolvino</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolvino" class="extiw" title="it:Vuolvino">it</a>] depicting Ambrose as a child while bees swarm his crib. His father is on the right of the image while the sky has three clouds "sending forth flames".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParedi1964442–443-12">[11]</a> The relief is from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altar_of_Sant%27Ambrogio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altar of Sant'Ambrogio (page does not exist)">Altar of Sant'Ambrogio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ambrose was born into a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> family in the year 339.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201944-13">[12]</a> Ambrose himself wrote that he was 53 years old in his letter number 49, which has been dated to 392. He began life in Augusta Treverorum (modern <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>) the capital of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> in what was then northeastern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and is now in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoughlin1907-14">[13]</a> Scholars disagree on who exactly his father was. His father is sometimes identified with Aurelius Ambrosius,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenslade1956175-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">praetorian prefect of Gaul</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn1993-18">[16]</a> but some scholars identify his father as an official named Uranius who received an <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Roman_law)" title="Constitution (Roman law)">imperial constitution</a> dated 3 February 339 (addressed in a brief extract from one of the three emperors ruling in 339, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a>, book XI.5).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201145–46-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201944–46-20">[18]</a> What does seem certain is that Ambrose was born in Trier and his father was either the praetorian prefect or part of his administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201946-21">[19]</a> A legend about Ambrose as an infant recounts that a swarm of <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> settled on his face while he lay in his cradle, leaving behind a drop of honey.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> His father is said to have considered this a <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">sign</a> of his future eloquence and honeyed tongue. Bees and <a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">beehives</a> often appear in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">saint's symbology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton187915-23">[21]</a> Ambrose's mother was a woman of intellect and piety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798-24">[22]</a> It was probable that she was a member of the Roman family Aurelii Symmachi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201150-25">[23]</a> which would make Ambrose a cousin of the orator <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Quintus Aurelius Symmachus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201955–57-26">[24]</a> The family had produced one martyr (the virgin <a href="/wiki/Soteris" title="Soteris">Soteris</a>) in its history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201952-27">[25]</a> Ambrose was the youngest of three children. His siblings were <a href="/wiki/Satyrus_of_Milan" title="Satyrus of Milan">Satyrus</a>, the subject of Ambrose's De excessu fratris Satyri,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Marcellina" title="Saint Marcellina">Marcellina</a>, who made a <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">profession of virginity</a> sometime between 352 and 355; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Pope Liberius</a> himself conferred the veil upon her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20056-29">[27]</a> Both Ambrose's siblings also became venerated as saints. Sometime early in the life of Ambrose, his father died. At an unknown later date, his mother fled Trier with her three children, and the family moved to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201949-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> There Ambrose studied <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201952-27">[25]</a> He then followed in his father's footsteps and entered public service. <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian Prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Claudius_Petronius_Probus" title="Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus">Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus</a> first gave him a place as a judicial councillor,<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> and then in about 372 made him <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Emilia</a>, with headquarters in Milan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn199337-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparavigna20162-34">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishop_of_Milan">Bishop of Milan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bishop of Milan">edit</a>]</div> In 374 <a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">the bishop of Milan, Auxentius</a>, an Arian, died, and the Arians challenged the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">succession</a>. Ambrose went to the church where the election was to take place to prevent an uproar which seemed probable in this crisis. His address was interrupted by a call, "Ambrose, bishop!", which was taken up by the whole assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991407-35">[33]</a> Ambrose, though known to be <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene Christian">Nicene Christian</a> in belief, was considered acceptable to Arians due to the charity he had shown concerning their beliefs. At first, he energetically refused the office of bishop, for which he felt he was in no way prepared: Ambrose was a relatively new Christian who was not yet baptized nor formally trained in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn1993-18">[16]</a> Ambrose fled to a colleague's home, seeking to hide. Upon receiving a letter from the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratianus">Gratian</a> praising the appropriateness of Rome appointing individuals worthy of holy positions, Ambrose's host gave him up. Within a week, he was baptized, ordained and duly consecrated as the new bishop of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. This was the first time in the West that a member of the upper class of high officials had accepted the office of bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195157-36">[34]</a> As bishop, he immediately adopted an ascetic lifestyle, apportioned his money to the poor, donating all of his land, making only provision for his sister <a href="/wiki/Saint_Marcellina" title="Saint Marcellina">Marcellina</a>. This raised his standing even further; it was his popularity with the people that gave him considerable political leverage throughout his career. Upon the unexpected appointment of Ambrose to the episcopate, his brother Satyrus resigned a <a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">prefecture</a> in order to move to Milan, where he took over managing the diocese's temporal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoughlin1907-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arianism">Arianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arianism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> (died 336) was a Christian priest who around the year 300 asserted that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> must have created <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">the Son</a>, indicating that the Son was a lesser being who was not eternal and of a different "essence" from God the Father. This <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, though contrary to tradition, quickly spread through Egypt, Libya and other Roman provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye185333-37">[35]</a> Bishops engaged in the dispute, and the people divided into parties, sometimes demonstrating in the streets in support of one side or the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye18535-38">[36]</a> Arianism appealed to many high-level leaders and clergy in both the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern</a> empires. Although the western Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 367–383) supported orthodoxy, his younger half brother <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, who became his colleague in the empire in 375, adhered to the Arian creed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991408-39">[37]</a> Ambrose sought to refute Arian propositions theologically, but Ambrose did not sway the young prince's position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991408-39">[37]</a> In the East, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (r. 379–395) likewise professed the Nicene creed; but there were many adherents of Arianism throughout his dominions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798-24">[22]</a> especially among the higher clergy. In this state of religious ferment, two leaders of the Arians, bishops <a href="/wiki/Palladius_of_Ratiaria" title="Palladius of Ratiaria">Palladius of Ratiaria</a> and Secundianus of <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a>, confident of numbers, prevailed upon Gratian to call a general council from all parts of the empire. This request appeared so equitable that Gratian complied without hesitation. However, Ambrose feared the consequences and prevailed upon the emperor to have the matter determined by a council of the Western bishops. Accordingly, a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Aquileia,_381" title="Council of Aquileia, 381">synod</a> composed of thirty-two bishops was held at <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> in the year 381. Ambrose was elected president and Palladius, being called upon to defend his opinions, declined. A vote was then taken and Palladius and his associate Secundianus were deposed from their episcopal offices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798-24">[22]</a> Ambrose struggled with Arianism for over half of his term in the episcopate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20026–7-40">[38]</a> Ecclesiastical unity was important to the church, but it was no less important to the state, and as a Roman, Ambrose felt strongly about that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195137-41">[39]</a> Conflict over heresies loomed large in an age of religious ferment comparable to the Reformation of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Orthodox Christianity was determining how to define itself as it faced multiple challenges on both a theological and a practical level,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20027–8-43">[41]</a> and Ambrose exercised crucial influence at a crucial time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20025-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_relations">Imperial relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imperial relations">edit</a>]</div> Ambrose had good relations and varying levels of influence with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, but exactly how much influence, what kind of influence, and in what ways, when, has been debated in the scholarship of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199479-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2018xv-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalzmanSághyTesta20162-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gratian">Gratian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gratian">edit</a>]</div> It has long been convention to see Gratian and Ambrose as having a personal friendship, putting Ambrose in the dominant role of spiritual guide, but modern scholars now find this view hard to support from the sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199479–80-48">[46]</a> The ancient Christian historian <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 – c. 450) is the only ancient source that shows Ambrose and Gratian together in any personal interaction. In that interaction, Sozomen relates that, in the last year of Gratian's reign, Ambrose intruded on Gratian's private hunting party in order to appeal on behalf of a pagan senator sentenced to die. After years of acquaintance, this indicates that Ambrose could not take for granted that Gratian would see him, so instead, Ambrose had to resort to such manoeuvrings to make his appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480-49">[47]</a> Gratian was personally devout long before meeting Ambrose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199479–80,_87-50">[48]</a> Modern scholarship indicates Gratian's religious policies do not evidence capitulation to Ambrose more than they evidence Gratian's own views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480-49">[47]</a> Gratian's devotion did lead Ambrose to write a large number of books and letters of theology and spiritual commentary dedicated to the emperor. The sheer volume of these writings and the effusive praise they contain has led many historians to conclude that Gratian was dominated by Ambrose, and it was that dominance that produced Gratian's anti-pagan actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480-49">[47]</a> McLynn asserts that effusive praises were common in everyone's correspondence with the crown. He adds that Gratian's actions were determined by the constraints of the system as much as "by his own initiatives or Ambrose's influence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480-49">[47]</a> McLynn asserts that the largest influence on Gratian's policy was the profound change in political circumstances produced by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 378.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480,90;105-51">[49]</a> Gratian had become involved in fighting the Goths the previous year and had been on his way to the Balkans when his uncle and the "cream of the eastern army" were destroyed at Adrianople. Gratian withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> and set up his court there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199490-52">[50]</a> Several rival groups, including the Arians, sought to secure benefits from the government at Sirmium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199490-52">[50]</a> In an Arian attempt to undermine Ambrose, whom Gratian had not yet met, Gratian was "warned" that Ambrose's faith was suspect. Gratian took steps to investigate by writing to Ambrose and asking him to explain his faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199498-53">[51]</a> Ambrose and Gratian first met, after this, in 379 during a visit to Milan. The bishop made a good impression on Gratian and his court, which was pervasively Christian and aristocratic – much like Ambrose himself. <a href="#cite_note-56">[c]</a> The emperor returned to Milan in 380 to find that Ambrose had complied with his request for a statement of his faith – in two volumes – known as De Fide: a statement of orthodoxy and of Ambrose' political theology, as well as a polemic against the Arian heresy – intended for public discussion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994103-105-57">[54]</a> The emperor had not asked to be instructed by Ambrose, and in De Fide Ambrose states this clearly. Nor was he asked to refute the Arians. He was asked to justify his own position, but in the end, he did all three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199498-99-58">[55]</a> It seems that by 382 Ambrose had replaced <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a> to become a major influence in Gratian's court. Ambrose had not yet become the "conscience" of kings he would in the later 380s, but he did speak out against reinstating the <a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Victory" title="Altar of Victory">Altar of Victory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrout199950-59">[56]</a> In 382, Gratian was the first to divert public financial subsidies that had previously supported Rome's cults. Before that year, contributions in support of the ancient customs had continued unchallenged by the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195168-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valentinian_II">Valentinian II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Valentinian II">edit</a>]</div> The childless Gratian had treated his younger brother Valentinian II like a son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994104-61">[58]</a> Ambrose, on the other hand, had incurred the lasting enmity of Valentinian II's mother, the Empress <a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a>, in the winter of 379 by helping to appoint a Nicene bishop in Sirmium. Not long after this, Valentinian II, his mother, and the court left Sirmium; Sirmium had come under Theodosius' control, so they went to Milan which was ruled by Gratian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis2005129-62">[59]</a> In 383 Gratian was assassinated at <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, in Gaul (France) by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>. Valentinian was twelve years old, and the assassination left his mother, Justina, in a position of something akin to a regent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis2005129–130-63">[60]</a> In 385 (or 386) the emperor Valentinian II and his mother Justina, along with a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>, and the military, professed Arianism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991408-39">[37]</a> Conflict between Ambrose and Justina soon followed. The Arians demanded that Valentinian allocate to them two churches in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>: one in the city (the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a> of the Apostles), the other in the suburbs (St Victor's).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991408-39">[37]</a> Ambrose refused to surrender the churches. He answered by saying that "What belongs to God, is outside the emperor's power." In this, Ambrose called on an ancient Roman principle: a temple set apart to a god became the property of that god. Ambrose now applied this ancient legal principle to the Christian churches, seeing the bishop, as a divine representative, as guardian of his god's property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195179–80-64">[61]</a> Subsequently, while Ambrose was performing the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> in the basilica, the prefect of the city came to persuade him to give it up to the Arians. Ambrose again refused. Certain deans (officers of the court) were sent to take possession of the basilica by hanging upon it imperial escutcheons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991408-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> Instead, soldiers from the ranks the emperor had placed around the basilica began pouring into the church, assuring Ambrose of their fidelity. The escutcheons outside the church were removed, and legend says the children tore them to shreds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195179–80-64">[61]</a> Ambrose refused to surrender the basilica, and sent sharp answers back to his emperor: "If you demand my person, I am ready to submit: carry me to prison or to death, I will not resist; but I will never betray the church of Christ. I will not call upon the people to succour me; I will die at the foot of the altar rather than desert it. The tumult of the people I will not encourage: but God alone can appease it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> By Thursday, the emperor gave in, bitterly responding: "Soon, if Ambrose gives the orders, you will be sending me to him in chains."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195180-66">[63]</a> In 386, Justina and Valentinian II received the Arian bishop <a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Durostorum" title="Auxentius of Durostorum">Auxentius the younger</a>, and Ambrose was again ordered to hand over a church in Milan for Arian usage. Ambrose and his congregation barricaded themselves inside the church, and again the imperial order was rescinded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECAH1998106-67">[64]</a> There was an attempted kidnapping, and another attempt to arrest him and to force him to leave the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis2005130-68">[65]</a> Several accusations were made, but unlike in the case of <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, no formal charges were brought. The emperor certainly had the power to do so, and probably did not solely because of Ambrose's popularity with the people and what they might do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis2005131-69">[66]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> usurped power in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (383) and was considering a descent upon Italy, Valentinian sent Ambrose to dissuade him, and the embassy was successful (384).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> A second, later embassy was unsuccessful. Magnus Maximus entered <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (386–387) and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> was taken. Justina and her son fled, but Ambrose remained and had the plate of the church melted for the relief of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">After defeating the usurper Maximus at Aquileia in 388 Theodosius handed the western realm back to the young Valentinian II, the seventeen-year-old son of the forceful and hardy Pannonian general Valentinian I and his wife, the Arian Justina. Furthermore, the Eastern emperor remained in Italy for a considerable period to supervise affairs, returning to Constantinople in 391 and leaving behind the Frankish general Arbogast to keep an eye on the young emperor. By May of the following year, Arbogast's ward was dead amidst rumours of both treachery and suicide...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerlag1976235–244-70">[67]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theodosius">Theodosius</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theodosius">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Thessalonica" title="Massacre of Thessalonica">Massacre of Thessalonica</a></div> While Ambrose was writing De Fide, Theodosius published his own statement of faith in 381 in an edict establishing Nicene Catholic Christianity as the only legitimate version of the Christian faith. There is unanimity amongst scholars that this represents the emperor's own beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994106-110-71">[68]</a> The aftermath of the death (378) of <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> (Emperor in the East from 364 to 378) had left many questions for the church unresolved, and Theodosius' edict can be seen as an effort to begin addressing those questions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994108-72">[69]</a> Theodosius' natural generosity was tempered by his pressing need to establish himself and to publicly assert his personal piety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994109-73">[70]</a> On 28 February 380, Theodosius issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>, a decree addressed to the city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, determining that only Christians who did not support Arian views were <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">catholic</a> and could have their places of worship officially recognized as "churches".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington2006217-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195137-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[d]</a> The Edict opposed <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, and attempted to establish unity in Christianity and to suppress heresy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESáry201973-78">[74]</a> German ancient historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Leo_Noethlichs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Leo Noethlichs (page does not exist)">Karl Leo Noethlichs</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Leo_Noethlichs" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Leo Noethlichs">de</a>] writes that the Edict of Thessalonica was neither anti-pagan nor <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>; it did not declare Christianity to be the official religion of the empire; and it gave no advantage to Christians over other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESáry201972–74,_fn._32,_33,_34,_77-79">[75]</a> Liebeschuetz and Hill indicate that it was not until after 388, during Theodosius' stay in Milan following the defeat of Maximus in 388, that Theodosius and Ambrose first met.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis200517-80">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg/220px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg/330px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg/440px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ambrose_barring_Theodosius_from_Milan_Cathedral" title="Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral">Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral</a> a "pious fiction"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesnut1981245-252-81">[77]</a> painted in 1619 by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Thessalonica" title="Massacre of Thessalonica">Massacre of Thessalonica</a> in 390, Theodosius made an act of public penance at Ambrose's behest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin198764-82">[78]</a> Ambrose was away from court during the events at Thessalonica, but after being informed of them, he wrote Theodosius a letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis2005262-83">[79]</a> In that still-existing letter, Ambrose presses for a semi-public demonstration of penitence from the emperor, telling him that, as his bishop, he will not give Theodosius communion until it is done. <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Liebeschuetz" title="Wolf Liebeschuetz">Wolf Liebeschuetz</a> says "Theodosius duly complied and came to church without his imperial robes, until Christmas, when Ambrose openly admitted him to communion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis2005262–263-84">[80]</a> Formerly, some scholars credited Ambrose with having an undue influence over Emperor Theodosius I, from this period forward, prompting him toward major anti-pagan legislation beginning in February of 391.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994331-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington1997425-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199878–110-87">[83]</a> However, this interpretation has been heavily disputed since the late-twentieth century. McLynn argues that Theodosius's anti-pagan legislation was too limited in scope for it to be of interest to the bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994330–333-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblewhite2020aintro-89">[85]</a> The fabled encounter at the door of the cathedral in Milan, with Ambrose as the mitred prelate braced, blocking Theodosius from entering, which has sometimes been seen as evidence of Ambrose' dominance over Theodosius, has been debunked by modern historians as "a pious fiction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994291-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201163,_64-91">[87]</a> There was no encounter at the church door.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1992111-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorhead20143,_13-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201160,_63,_131-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMullen1984100-95">[91]</a> The story is a product of the imagination of <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a>, a historian of the fifth century who wrote of the events of 390 "using his own ideology to fill the gaps in the historical record".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashburn2006215-96">[92]</a> The twenty-first-century view is that Ambrose was "not a power behind the throne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994291-90">[86]</a> The two men did not meet each other frequently, and documents that reveal the relationship between the two are less about personal friendship than they are about negotiations between two formidable leaders of the powerful institutions they represent: the Roman State and the Italian Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994291–292,_330–333-97">[93]</a> Cameron says there is no evidence that Ambrose was a significant influence on the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201163–64-98">[94]</a> For centuries after his death, Theodosius was regarded as a champion of Christian orthodoxy who decisively stamped out paganism. This view was recorded by Theodoret, who is recognized as an unreliable historian, in the century following their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington1997409-99">[95]</a> Theodosius's predecessors <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 306–337), <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius</a> (r. 337–361), and <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> had all been <a href="/wiki/Semi-Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Arian">semi-Arians</a>. Therefore, it fell to the orthodox Theodosius to receive from Christian literary tradition most of the credit for the final triumph of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201174_(and_note_177)-100">[96]</a> Modern scholars see this as an interpretation of history by orthodox Christian writers more than as a representation of actual history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20181482,_1484-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington2006248–249-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201174-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblewhitechapter_8-104">[100]</a> The view of a pious Theodosius submitting meekly to the authority of the church, represented by Ambrose, is part of the myth that evolved within a generation of their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994292-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later years and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sant%27Ambrogio_Cript_in_Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio,_Milan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sant%27Ambrogio_Cript_in_Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio%2C_Milan.jpg/240px-Sant%27Ambrogio_Cript_in_Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio%2C_Milan.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sant%27Ambrogio_Cript_in_Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio%2C_Milan.jpg/360px-Sant%27Ambrogio_Cript_in_Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio%2C_Milan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sant%27Ambrogio_Cript_in_Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio%2C_Milan.jpg/480px-Sant%27Ambrogio_Cript_in_Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio%2C_Milan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Embossed silver urn with the body of Ambrose (with white vestments) in the crypt of Sant'Ambrose, with the skeletons of Gervase and Protase</figcaption></figure> In April 393 <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a> (magister militum of the West) and his puppet Emperor <a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a> marched into Italy to consolidate their position against <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a>, now appointed Augustus to govern the western portion of the empire. Arbogast and Eugenius courted Ambrose's support by very obliging letters; but before they arrived at Milan, he had retired to Bologna, where he assisted at the <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translation of the relics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saints_Vitalis_and_Agricola" title="Saints Vitalis and Agricola">Saints Vitalis and Agricola</a>. From there he went to Florence, where he remained until Eugenius withdrew from Milan to meet Theodosius in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a> in early September 394.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Soon after acquiring the undisputed possession of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and Ambrose gave the eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1989116-107">[103]</a> Two years later (4 April 397) Ambrose also died. He was succeeded as bishop of Milan by <a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplician</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> Ambrose's body may still be viewed in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">church of Saint Ambrogio</a> in Milan, where it has been continuously venerated – along with the bodies identified in his time as being those of <a href="/wiki/Gervasius_and_Protasius" title="Gervasius and Protasius">Saints Gervase and Protase</a>. Ambrose is <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">remembered</a> in the calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> on 7 December, and is also honoured in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on 7 December.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Character">edit</a>]</div> In 1960, Neil B. McLynn wrote a complex study of Ambrose that focused on his politics and was intended to "demonstrate that Ambrose viewed community as a means to acquire personal political power". Subsequent studies of how Ambrose handled his episcopal responsibilities, his Nicene theology and his dealings with the Arians in his episcopate, his pastoral care, his commitment to community, and his personal asceticism, have mitigated this view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20213–4-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20054–5-111">[107]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_del_Duomo_-_Milan_-_St_Ambrose_of_Milan_-_Unknown_Lombard_author_(early_17_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Museo_del_Duomo_-_Milan_-_St_Ambrose_of_Milan_-_Unknown_Lombard_author_%28early_17_century%29.jpg/200px-Museo_del_Duomo_-_Milan_-_St_Ambrose_of_Milan_-_Unknown_Lombard_author_%28early_17_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Museo_del_Duomo_-_Milan_-_St_Ambrose_of_Milan_-_Unknown_Lombard_author_%28early_17_century%29.jpg/300px-Museo_del_Duomo_-_Milan_-_St_Ambrose_of_Milan_-_Unknown_Lombard_author_%28early_17_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Museo_del_Duomo_-_Milan_-_St_Ambrose_of_Milan_-_Unknown_Lombard_author_%28early_17_century%29.jpg/400px-Museo_del_Duomo_-_Milan_-_St_Ambrose_of_Milan_-_Unknown_Lombard_author_%28early_17_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Saint Ambrose with a scourge in Museo del Duomo, Milan. Unknown Lombard author, early 17th century.</figcaption></figure> All of Ambrose's writings are works of advocacy for Nicene Christianity, and even his political views and actions were closely related to his religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20055-112">[108]</a> He was rarely, if ever, concerned about simply recording what had happened; he did not write to reveal his inner thoughts and struggles; he wrote to advocate for his God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20054-113">[109]</a> Boniface Ramsey writes that it is difficult "not to posit a deep spirituality in a man" who wrote on the mystical meanings of the Song of Songs and wrote many extraordinary hymns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2002ix–x-114">[110]</a> Despite an abiding spirituality, Ambrose had a generally straightforward manner, and a practical rather than a speculative tendency in his thinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20021-115">[111]</a> De Officiis is a utilitarian guide for his clergy in their daily ministry in the Milanese church rather than "an intellectual tour de force".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1995315-116">[112]</a> Christian faith in the third century developed the monastic lifestyle which subsequently spread into the rest of Roman society in a general practice of virginity, voluntary poverty and self-denial for religious reasons. This lifestyle was embraced by many new converts, including Ambrose, even though they did not become actual monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20029-117">[113]</a> The bishops of this era had heavy administrative responsibilities, and Ambrose was also sometimes occupied with imperial affairs, but he still fulfilled his primary responsibility to care for the well-being of his flock. He preached and celebrated the Eucharist multiple times a week, sometimes daily, and dealt directly with the needs of the poor, as well as widows and orphans, "virgins" (nuns), and his own clergy. He replied to letters personally, practised hospitality, and made himself available to the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20025–6-118">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Ambrose_in_His_Study_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saint_Ambrose_in_His_Study_1.jpg/220px-Saint_Ambrose_in_His_Study_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saint_Ambrose_in_His_Study_1.jpg/330px-Saint_Ambrose_in_His_Study_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saint_Ambrose_in_His_Study_1.jpg/440px-Saint_Ambrose_in_His_Study_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Saint Ambrose in His Study, c. 1500. Spanish, Palencia. Wood with traces of polychromy. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City.</figcaption></figure> Ambrose had the ability to maintain good relationships with all kinds of people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20212-119">[115]</a> Local church practices varied quite a bit from place to place at this time, and as the bishop, Ambrose could have required that everyone adapt to his way of doing things. It was his place to keep the churches as united as possible in both ritual and belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20056-29">[27]</a> Instead, he respected local customs, adapting himself to whatever practices prevailed, instructing his mother to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20026-120">[116]</a> As bishop, Ambrose undertook many different labours in an effort to unite people and "provide some stability during a period of religious, political, military, and social upheavals and transformations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20211-121">[117]</a> Brown says Ambrose "had the makings of a faction fighter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2012124-122">[118]</a> While he got along well with most people, Ambrose was not averse to conflict and even opposed emperors with a fearlessness born of self-confidence and a clear conscience and not from any belief he would not suffer for his decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20022-123">[119]</a> Having begun his life as a Roman aristocrat and a governor, it is clear that Ambrose retained the attitudes and practices of Roman governance even after becoming a bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20216–7-124">[120]</a> His acts and writings show he was quite clear about the limits of imperial power over the church's internal affairs including doctrine, moral teaching, and governance. He wrote to Valentinian: "In matters of faith bishops are the judges of Christian emperors, not emperors of bishops." (Epistle 21.4). He also famously said to an Arian bishop chosen by the emperor, "The emperor is in the church, not over the church." (Sermon Against Auxentius, 36).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200380-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempf198088-126">[122]</a> Ambrose's acts and writings "created a sort of model which was to remain valid in the Latin West for the relations of the Church and the Christian State. Both powers stood in a basically positive relationship to each other, but the innermost sphere of the Church's life--faith, the moral order, ecclesiastical discipline--remained withdrawn from the State's influence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempf198088-126">[122]</a> Ambrose was also well aware of the limits of his power. At the height of his career as a venerable, respected and well-loved bishop in 396, imperial agents marched into his church, pushing past him and his clergy who had crowded the altar to protect a political suspect from arrest, and dragged the man from the church in front of Ambrose who could do nothing to stop them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2012146-127">[123]</a> "When it came to the central functions of the Roman state, even the vivid Ambrose was a lightweight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2012146-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_towards_Jews">Attitude towards Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attitude towards Jews">edit</a>]</div> Ambrose is recorded on occasions as taking a hostile attitude towards Jews,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201923-128">[124]</a> for example in 388, when the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> was informed that a crowd of Christians had retaliated against the local Jewish community by destroying the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> at Callinicum on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201927-129">[125]</a> The synagogue most probably existed within the fortified town to serve the soldiers stationed there, and Theodosius ordered that the offenders be punished and that the synagogue be rebuilt at the expense of the bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201341-130">[126]</a> Ambrose wrote to the emperor arguing against this, basing his argument on two assertions: first, if the bishop obeyed the order, it would be a betrayal of his faith,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201928-131">[127]</a> and second, if the bishop instead refused to obey the order, he would become a martyr and create a scandal embarrassing the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201928-131">[127]</a> Ambrose, referring to a prior incident where <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> issued an edict censuring Christians in Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, warned Theodosius that the people, in turn, exclaimed "the emperor has become a Jew", implying that Theodosius would receive the same lack of support from the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENirenberg2013117–118-132">[128]</a> Theodosius rescinded the order concerning the bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2010300-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201928-131">[127]</a> That was not enough for Ambrose, however, and when Theodosius next visited Milan Ambrose confronted him directly in an effort to get him to drop the entire case. McLynn argues that Ambrose failed to win the emperor's sympathy and was mostly excluded from his counsels thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994308–9-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201929-135">[131]</a> The Callinicum affair was not an isolated incident. Generally speaking, however, while McLynn says it makes Ambrose look like a bully and a bigot to modern eyes, scholars also agree that Ambrose's attitudes toward the Jews cannot be fairly summarized in one sentence, as not all of Ambrose's attitudes toward Jews were negative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201929-135">[131]</a> For example, Ambrose makes extensive and appreciative use of the works of a Jew, <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>, in his own writings, treating Philo as one of the "faithful interpreters of the Scriptures".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201923,_49-136">[132]</a> Philo was an educated man of some standing and a prolific writer during the era of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>. Forty–three of his treatises have been preserved, and these by Christians, rather than Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201923-128">[124]</a> Philo became foundational in forming the Christian literary view on the six days of creation through Basil's <a href="/wiki/Hexaemeron" title="Hexaemeron">Hexaemeron</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a> appropriated material from Philo as well, but none did so more than Ambrose. As a result of these extensive references, Philo was accepted into the Christian tradition as an honorary Church Father. "In fact, one Byzantine catena even refers to him as 'Bishop Philo'. This high regard for Philo even led to a number of legends of his conversion to Christianity, although this assertion stands on very dubious evidence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201926-137">[133]</a> Ambrose also used <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, Maccabees, and other Jewish sources for his writings. He praises some individual Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201930-138">[134]</a> Ambrose tended to write negatively of all non-Nicenes as if they were all in one category. This served a rhetorical purpose in his writing and should be considered accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott201931-139">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_towards_pagans">Attitude towards pagans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attitude towards pagans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a></div> Modern scholarship indicates that paganism was a lesser concern than heresy for Christians in the fourth and fifth centuries, including Ambrose, but it was still a concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalzman1993375-140">[136]</a> Writings of this period were commonly hostile and often contemptuous toward paganism which Christianity saw as already defeated in Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagendahl1967601–630-141">[137]</a> The great Christian writers of the third to fifth centuries attempted to discredit the continuation of these "defeated practices" by searching pagan writings, "particularly those of Varro, for everything that could be regarded by Christian standards as repulsive and irreligious."<a href="#cite_note-John_North-142">[138]</a> Ambrose' work reflects this triumphalism.<a href="#cite_note-147">[e]</a> Throughout his time in the episcopate, Ambrose was active in his opposition to any state sponsorship of pagan cults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195168-60">[57]</a> When Gratian ordered the <a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Victory" title="Altar of Victory">Altar of Victory</a> to be removed, it roused the aristocracy of Rome to send a delegation to the emperor to appeal against the decision, but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> induced Christian senators to petition against it, and Ambrose blocked the delegates from obtaining an audience with the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195169-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan1966187-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> Under Valentinian II, an effort was made to restore the Altar of Victory to its ancient station in the hall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> and to again provide support for the seven <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a>. The pagan party was led by the refined senator <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Quintus Aurelius Symmachus</a>, who used all his prodigious skill and artistry to create a marvellous document full of the maiestas populi Romani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195176-151">[146]</a> Hans Lietzmann writes that "Pagans and Christians alike were stirred by the solemn earnestness of an admonition which called all men of goodwill to the aid of a glorious history, to render all worthy honour to a world that was fading away".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195176,_77-152">[147]</a> Then Ambrose wrote to Valentinian asserting that the emperor was a soldier of God – not simply a personal believer, but one bound by his position to serve the faith; under no circumstances could he agree to something that would promote the worship of idols.<a href="#cite_note-155">[f]</a> Ambrose held up the example of Valentinian's brother, Gratian, reminding Valentinian that the commandment of God must take precedence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195177-156">[150]</a> The bishop's intervention led to the failure of Symmachus' appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalzman2006362-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195177–78-158">[152]</a> In 389, Ambrose stepped in against a pagan senatorial delegation who wished to see the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. Although Theodosius refused their requests, he was irritated at the bishop's presumption and refused to see him for several days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201163–64-98">[94]</a> Later, Ambrose wrote a letter to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a> complaining that some gifts the latter had bestowed on pagan senators could be used for funding pagan cults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994344–346-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201174–80-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ambrose joins <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>. Theologians compare him with <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary</a>, who they claim fell short of Ambrose's administrative excellence but demonstrated greater <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">theological</a> ability. He succeeded as a theologian despite his juridical training and his comparatively late handling of <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrinal">doctrinal</a> subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> Ambrose's intense episcopal consciousness furthered the growing <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of the Church and its <a href="/wiki/Sacerdotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotal">sacerdotal</a> ministry, while the prevalent <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> of the day, continuing the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Ciceronian</a> training of his youth, enabled him to promulgate a lofty standard of Christian <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>. Thus we have the De officiis ministrorum, De viduis, De virginitate and De paenitentia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> Ambrose displayed a kind of liturgical flexibility that kept in mind that liturgy was a tool to serve people in worshiping God, and ought not to become a rigid entity that is invariable from place to place. His advice to Augustine of Hippo on this point was to follow local liturgical custom. "When I am at Rome, I fast on a Saturday; when I am at Milan, I do not. Follow the custom of the church where you are."<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> Thus Ambrose refused to be drawn into a false conflict over which particular local church had the "right" liturgical form where there was no substantial problem. His advice has remained in the English language as the saying, "<a href="/wiki/When_in_Rome,_do_as_the_Romans_do" title="When in Rome, do as the Romans do">When in Rome, do as the Romans do</a>." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eschatology">edit</a>]</div> Some scholars argue that Ambrose was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hanson-163">[157]</a> It has been noted that Ambrose's theology was significantly influenced by that of <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a>, two other early Christian universalists.<a href="#cite_note-hanson-163">[157]</a> One quotation cited in favour of this belief is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our Savior has appointed two kinds of resurrection in the Apocalypse. 'Blessed is he that hath part in the first resurrection,' for such come to grace without the judgment. As for those who do not come to the first, but are reserved unto the second resurrection, these shall be disciplined until their appointed times, between the first and the second resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a></blockquote> One could interpret this passage as being another example of the Christian belief in a <a href="/wiki/General_resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="General resurrection">general resurrection</a> (that both those in Heaven and in Hell undergo a bodily resurrection), or an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> (that some destined for Heaven must first undergo a phase of purification). Some other works by Ambrose could potentially be seen as teaching the mainstream view of salvation. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Jews feared to believe in manhood taken up into God, and therefore have lost the grace of redemption, because they reject that on which salvation depends.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a></blockquote> This could be interpreted as something which is not <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> but rather <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical">rhetorical</a> or conditional on the state of repentance. The passage most often cited in support of Ambrose supposed belief in <a href="/wiki/Apokatastasis" title="Apokatastasis">apokatastasis</a> is his commentary on <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15">1 Corinthians 15</a>, it reads: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A unity of power puts aside all idea of a degrading subjection. His giving up of power, and His victory as conqueror won over death, have not lessened His power. Obedience works out subjection. Christ has taken obedience upon Himself, obedience even to taking on Him our flesh, the cross even to gaining our salvation. Thus where the work lies, there too is the Author of the work. When therefore, all things have become subject to Christ, through Christ's obedience, so that all bend their knees in His name, then He Himself will be all in all. For now, since all do not believe, all do not seem to be in subjection. But when all have believed and done the will of God, then Christ will be all and in all. And when Christ is all and in all, then will God be all and in all; for the Father abides ever in the Son. How, then, is He shown to be weak, Who redeemed the weak?<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a></blockquote> Other scholars interpret Ambrose's soteriology to be in agreement with <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridon</a> and the anonymous individuals whom Augustine criticized in his treatise "on faith and works", who argued that while the unbelievers would experience eternal judgement, all Christians who have believed in Jesus will be reunited to God at some point, even if they have <a href="/wiki/Sinned" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinned">sinned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallen_away" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallen away">fallen away</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustineLombardo198864,_65-167">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000484&#x200c;&#x200c;-168">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giving_to_the_poor">Giving to the poor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Giving to the poor">edit</a>]</div> In De Officiis, the most influential of his surviving works, and one of the most important texts of patristic literature, he reveals his views connecting justice and generosity by asserting these practices are of mutual benefit to the participants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1995312-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2021205–210-170">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1995313-171">[165]</a> Ambrose draws heavily on Cicero and the biblical book of Genesis for this concept of mutual inter-dependence in society. In the bishop's view, it is concern for one another's interests that binds society together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2021210–212-172">[166]</a> Ambrose asserts that avarice leads to a breakdown in this mutuality, therefore avarice leads to a breakdown in society itself. In the late 380s, the bishop took the lead in opposing the greed of the elite landowners in Milan by starting a series of pointed sermons directed at his wealthy constituents on the need for the rich to care for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2012147-173">[167]</a> Some scholars have suggested Ambrose's endeavours to lead his people as both a Roman and a Christian caused him to strive for what a modern context would describe as a type of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20213–4-110">[106]</a> He was not just interested in the church but was also interested in the condition of contemporary Italian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojcieszak2014177–187-174">[168]</a> Ambrose considered the poor not a distinct group of outsiders, but a part of a united people to be stood with in solidarity. Giving to the poor was not to be considered an act of generosity towards the fringes of society but a repayment of resources that God had originally bestowed on everyone equally and that the rich had usurped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2012133-175">[169]</a> He defines justice as providing for the poor whom he describes as our "brothers and sisters" because they "share our common humanity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2021214,_216-176">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariology">Mariology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mariology">edit</a>]</div> The theological treatises of Ambrose of Milan would come to influence Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siricius" class="mw-redirect" title="Siricius">Siricius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>. Central to Ambrose is the <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> of Mary and her role as <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> <ul><li>The virgin birth is worthy of God. Which human birth would have been more worthy of God, than the one in which the Immaculate Son of God maintained the purity of his immaculate origin while becoming human?<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a></li> <li>We confess that Christ the Lord was born from a virgin, and therefore we reject the natural order of things. Because she conceived not from a man but from the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a></li> <li>Christ is not divided but one. If we adore him as the Son of God, we do not deny his birth from the virgin. ... But nobody shall extend this to Mary. Mary was the temple of God but not God in the temple. Therefore, only the one who was in the temple can be worshipped.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a></li> <li>Yes, truly blessed for having surpassed the priest (Zechariah). While the priest denied, the Virgin rectified the error. No wonder that the Lord, wishing to rescue the world, began his work with Mary. Thus she, through whom salvation was being prepared for all people, would be the first to receive the promised fruit of salvation.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a></li></ul> Ambrose viewed <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> as superior to marriage and saw <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Mary</a> as the model of virginity.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augustine">Augustine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Augustine">edit</a>]</div> Ambrose studied theology with <a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplician</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798-24">[22]</a> Using his excellent knowledge of Greek, which was then rare in the West, Ambrose studied the Old Testament and Greek authors like <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, with whom he was also exchanging letters.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> Ambrose became a famous rhetorician whom <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> came to hear speak. Augustine wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a> that Faustus, the Manichean rhetorician, was a more impressive speaker, but the content of Ambrose's sermons began to affect Augustine's faith. Augustine sought guidance from Ambrose and again records in his Confessions that Ambrose was too busy to answer his questions. In a passage of Augustine's Confessions in which Augustine wonders why he could not share his burden with Ambrose, he comments: "Ambrose himself I esteemed a happy man, as the world counted happiness, because great personages held him in honour. Only his celibacy appeared to me a painful burden."<a href="#cite_note-AugustineOnAmbrose-184">[178]</a> Simplician regularly met with Augustine, however, and Augustine writes of Simplician's "fatherly affection" for him. It was Simplician who introduced Augustine to Christian Neoplatonism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGafford_II201520–21-185">[179]</a> It is commonly understood in the Christian Tradition that Ambrose baptized Augustine. In this same passage of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine's</a> <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a> is an anecdote which bears on the history of reading: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When [Ambrose] read, his eyes scanned the page and his heart sought out the meaning, but his voice was silent and his tongue was still. Anyone could approach him freely and guests were not commonly announced, so that often, when we came to visit him, we found him reading like this in silence, for he never read aloud.<a href="#cite_note-AugustineOnAmbrose-184">[178]</a></blockquote> This is a celebrated passage in modern scholarly discussion. The practice of reading to oneself without vocalizing the text was less common in antiquity than it has since become. In a culture that set a high value on oratory and public performances of all kinds, in which the production of books was very labour-intensive, the majority of the population was illiterate, and where those with the leisure to enjoy literary works also had slaves to read for them, written texts were more likely to be seen as scripts for recitation than as vehicles of silent reflection. However, there is also evidence that <a href="/wiki/Silent_reading" title="Silent reading">silent reading</a> did occur in antiquity and that it was not generally regarded as unusual.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGavrilov199756–73,_esp._70–71-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnyeat199774–76-188">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Saint_Ambrose.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosaic_of_Saint_Ambrose.png/220px-Mosaic_of_Saint_Ambrose.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosaic_of_Saint_Ambrose.png/330px-Mosaic_of_Saint_Ambrose.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosaic_of_Saint_Ambrose.png/440px-Mosaic_of_Saint_Ambrose.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of Ambrose, in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Hymnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian Hymnography">Ambrosian Hymnography</a></div> Ambrose's writings extend past literature and into music, where he was an important innovator in early Christian <a href="/wiki/Hymnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnography">hymnography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001§_para._4-189">[183]</a> His contributions include the "successful invention of Christian Latin hymnody",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1955509-190">[184]</a> while the hymnologist <a href="/wiki/Guido_Maria_Dreves" title="Guido Maria Dreves">Guido Maria Dreves</a> designated him to be "The Father of church hymnody".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkle20161-191">[185]</a> He was not the first to write Latin hymns; the Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a> had done so a few decades before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001§_para._4-189">[183]</a> However, the hymns of Hilary are thought to have been largely inaccessible because of their complexity and length.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001§_para._4-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoynton2001"1._History_of_the_repertory"-192">[186]</a> Only fragments of hymns from Hilary's Liber hymnorum exist, making those of Ambrose the earliest extant complete Latin hymns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoynton2001"1._History_of_the_repertory"-192">[186]</a> The assembling of Ambrose's surviving oeuvre remains controversial;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001§_para._4-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkle201611-193">[187]</a> the almost immediate popularity of his style quickly prompted imitations, some which may even date from his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkle20163–4-194">[188]</a> There are four hymns for which Ambrose's authorship is universally accepted, as they are attributed to him by Augustine:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001§_para._4-189">[183]</a> <ul><li>"Aeterne rerum conditor"</li> <li>"Deus creator omnium"</li> <li>"Iam surgit hora tertia"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Veni_redemptor_gentium" title="Veni redemptor gentium">Veni redemptor gentium</a>" (also known as "Intende qui regis Israel")</li></ul> Each of these hymns has eight four-line <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a> and is written in strict iambic tetrameter (that is 4 × 2 syllables, each iamb being two syllables). Marked by dignified simplicity, they served as a fruitful model for later times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> Scholars such as the theologian Brian P. Dunkle have argued for the authenticity of as many as thirteen other hymns,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkle201611-193">[187]</a> while the musicologist <a href="/wiki/James_McKinnon" title="James McKinnon">James McKinnon</a> contends that further attributions could include "perhaps some ten others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001§_para._4-189">[183]</a> Ambrose is traditionally credited but not actually known to have composed any of the repertory of <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian chant</a> also known simply as "antiphonal <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a>", a method of chanting where one side of the choir alternately responds to the other. Although Ambrosian chant was named in his honour, no Ambrosian-chant melodies can be attributed to Ambrose.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> With Augustine, Ambrose was traditionally credited with composing the hymn "<a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a>". Since the hymnologist <a href="/wiki/Guido_Maria_Dreves" title="Guido Maria Dreves">Guido Maria Dreves</a> in 1893, however, scholars have dismissed this attribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001§_para._2-196">[190]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_de_Castro,_Verri%C3%A8re_de_la_Cr%C3%A9ation_du_Monde,_1956-59.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Stained-glass window by Sergio de Castro based on the Ambrosian hymns about the Creation of the universe, Church of the Benedictines at Couvrechef – La Folie (Caen), 1956–59‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sergio_de_Castro%2C_Verri%C3%A8re_de_la_Cr%C3%A9ation_du_Monde%2C_1956-59.jpg/800px-Sergio_de_Castro%2C_Verri%C3%A8re_de_la_Cr%C3%A9ation_du_Monde%2C_1956-59.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Sergio_de_Castro%2C_Verri%C3%A8re_de_la_Cr%C3%A9ation_du_Monde%2C_1956-59.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="315" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_de_Castro,_Verri%C3%A8re_de_la_Cr%C3%A9ation_du_Monde,_1956-59.jpg" title="File:Sergio de Castro, Verrière de la Création du Monde, 1956-59.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained-glass</a> window by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_de_Castro_(artist)" title="Sergio de Castro (artist)">Sergio de Castro</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian hymns</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation of the universe</a>, Church of the Benedictines at Couvrechef – La Folie (<a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>), 1956–59</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_officiis_ministrorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/De_officiis_ministrorum.jpg/220px-De_officiis_ministrorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/De_officiis_ministrorum.jpg/330px-De_officiis_ministrorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/De_officiis_ministrorum.jpg/440px-De_officiis_ministrorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>De officiis ministrorum (377–391) in a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900 manuscript now kept in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_library_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey library of Saint Gall">Abbey library of Saint Gall</a> (Cod. Sang. 97 p. 51).<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> The work is probably Ambrose's best known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200260-198">[192]</a></figcaption></figure> Source:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParedi1964436–440-199">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200255–64-200">[194]</a> All works are originally in Latin. Following each is where it may be found in a standard compilation of Ambrose's writings. His first work was probably De paradiso (377–378).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200256-201">[195]</a> Most have approximate dates, and works such as De Helia et ieiunio (377–391), Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam (377–389) and De officiis ministrorum (377–391) have been given a wide variety of datings by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-202">[g]</a> His best known work is probably De officiis ministrorum (377–391),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200260-198">[192]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Exameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Exameron">Exameron</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exameron" class="extiw" title="it:Exameron">it</a>] (386–390) and De obitu Theodosii (395) are among his most noted works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200256-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2021-2">[2]</a> In matters of <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> he is, like Hilary, an <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_school" title="Alexandrian school">Alexandrian</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> he follows <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a> and other Greek authors, but nevertheless gives a distinctly Western cast to the speculations of which he treats. This is particularly manifest in the weightier emphasis which he lays upon human <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>, and in the place which he assigns to <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> in the individual Christian life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911799-65">[62]</a> There has been debate on the attribution of some writings: for example De mysteriis is usually attributed to Ambrose, while the related De sacramentis is written in a different style with some silent disagreements, so there is less consensus over its author.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> This latter work was occasionally identified as being by St. Augustine, though this is erroneous.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exegesis">Exegesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Exegesis">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Exameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Exameron">Exameron</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exameron" class="extiw" title="it:Exameron">it</a>] [The Six Days of Creation]. Vol. 6 books. 386–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exameron%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bit%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.133–288; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.1.3–261; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 42.3–283)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De paradiso [On Paradise]. 377–378.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.291–332; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.1.265–336; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 42.287–356)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Cain et Abet [On Cain and Abel]. 377–378.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.333–80; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.1.339–409; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 42.359–437)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Noe [On Noah]. 378–384.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.381–438; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.1.413–97)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">De Abraham [On Abraham]. Vol. 2 books. 380s.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.441–524; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.1.501–638)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Isaac et anima [On Isaac and the Soul]. 387–391.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.527–60; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.1.641–700; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 65.9–65.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De bono mortis [On the Good of Death]. 390.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.567–96; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.1.707–53; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 65.70–113)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De fuga saeculi [On Flight from the World]. 391–394.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.597–624; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.163–207; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 65.281–323)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Iacob et vita beata [On Iacob and the Happy Life]. 386–388.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.627–70; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.3–70; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 65.119–84)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Joseph [On Joseph]. 387–388.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.673–704; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.73–122; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 65.187–237)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De patriarchis [On the Patriarchs]. 391.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.707–28; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.125–60; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 65.243–75)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Helia et ieiunio [On Elijah and Fasting]. 377–391.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.731–64; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.411–65)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Nabuthae [On Naboth]. 389.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.469)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Tobia [On Tobias]. 376–390.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.797–832; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.519–573)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">De interpellatione Iob et David [The Prayer of Job and David]. Vol. 4 books. 383–394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+interpellatione+Iob+et+David&rft.date=383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.835–90; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.211–96; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 65.329–420)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Apologia prophetae David [A Defense of the Prophet David]. 387.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.891–926; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.2.299–355)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Enarrationes in xii psalmos davidicos [Explanations of Twelve Psalms of David].</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 14.963–1238; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 64)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Expositio in Psalmum cxviii [A Commentary on Psalm 118]. 386–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expositio+in+Psalmum+cxviii&rft.date=386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 15.1197–1526; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 62)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Expositio Esaiae prophetae [A Commentary on the Prophet Isaiah].</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFCCSL">CCSL</a>, 14.405–8)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam [A Commentary on the Gospel according to Luke]. Vol. 10 books. 377–389.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expositio+evangelii+secundum+Lucam&rft.date=377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 15.1527–1850; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 32.4; <a href="#CITEREFCCSL">CCSL</a>, 14.1–400)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_and_ascetical_commentary">Moral and ascetical commentary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Moral and ascetical commentary">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De officiis ministrorum [On the Duties of Ministers]. 377–391.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.25–194)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De virginibus [On Virgins]. 377.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De viduis [On Widows]. 377.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.247–76)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De virginitate [On Virginity]. 378.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.279–316)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De institutione virginis [An Instruction for a Virgin]. 391–392.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.319–43)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Exhortatio virginitatis [In Praise of Virginity]. 393–395.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.351–80)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogmatic_writings">Dogmatic writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dogmatic writings">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">De fide [On the Faith]. Vol. 5 books. 378–380.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.549–726; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 78)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De Spiritu Sancto [On the Holy Spirit]. 381.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.731–850; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 79.15–222; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 44.35–214)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De incarnationis dominicae sacramento [On the Sacrament of the Lord's Incarnation]. 381–382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+incarnationis+dominicae+sacramento&rft.date=381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.853–84; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 79.223–81; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 44.219–62)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Explanatio symboli ad initiandos [An Explanation of the Creed for Those about to be Baptised].</cite> <a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 17.1193–96; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 73.1–12)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">De sacramentis [On the Sacraments]. Vol. 6 books. 390.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.435–82; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 73.13–116; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 44.269–328)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De mysteriis [On the Mysteries].</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De paenitentia [On Repentance]. 384–394.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.485–546; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 73.117–206)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Expositio fidei [An Explanation of the Faith].</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.847–50)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De sacramento regenerationis sive de philosophia [On the Sacrament of Regeneration, or On Philosophy].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+sacramento+regenerationis+sive+de+philosophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (fragmented; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 11.131)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sermons">Sermons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sermons">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De excessu fratris [On the Death of his Brother]. 375–378.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.1345–1414; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 73.207–325; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 22.161–259)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De obitu Valentiniani [On the Death of Valentinian].</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.1417–44; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 73.327–67; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 22.265–99)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">De obitu Theodosii [On the Death of Theodosius]. 25 February 395.</cite> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.1447–88; <a href="#CITEREFCSEL">CSEL</a>, 73.369–401; <a href="#CITEREFFC">FC</a>, 22.307–332)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Contra Auxentium de basilicis tradendis [Against Auxentius on Handing over the Basilicas]. 386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contra+Auxentium+de+basilicis+tradendis&rft.date=386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (<a href="#CITEREFPL">PL</a>, 16.1049–53)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>91 letters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divi_Ambrosii_Episcopi_Mediolanensis_Omnia_Opera.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Divi_Ambrosii_Episcopi_Mediolanensis_Omnia_Opera.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Divi_Ambrosii_Episcopi_Mediolanensis_Omnia_Opera.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Divi_Ambrosii_Episcopi_Mediolanensis_Omnia_Opera.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Divi_Ambrosii_Episcopi_Mediolanensis_Omnia_Opera.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Divi_Ambrosii_Episcopi_Mediolanensis_Omnia_Opera.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Divi_Ambrosii_Episcopi_Mediolanensis_Omnia_Opera.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="5948" /></a><figcaption>Divi Ambrosii Episcopi Mediolanensis Omnia Opera, a 1527 edition of Ambrose's writings compiled and edited by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></figcaption></figure> The history of the editions of the works of St. Ambrose is a long one. <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> edited them in four tomes at Basle (1527). A valuable Roman edition was brought out in 1580, in five volumes, the result of many years' labour; it was begun by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a>, while yet the monk Felice Peretti. Prefixed to it is the life of St. Ambrose composed by <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Baronius" title="Caesar Baronius">Baronius</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Annales_Ecclesiastici" title="Annales Ecclesiastici">Annales Ecclesiastici</a>. The excellent <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Maur" title="Congregation of Saint Maur">Maurist</a> edition of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Du_Frische" title="Jacques Du Frische">du Frische</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis-Nicolas_Le_Nourry" title="Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry">Le Nourry</a> appeared at Paris (1686–90) in two folio volumes; it was twice reprinted at Venice (1748–51, and 1781–82). The latest edition of the writings of St. Ambrose is that of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini" title="Paolo Angelo Ballerini">Paolo Angelo Ballerini</a> (Milan, 1878) in six folio volumes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_editions">Standard editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Standard editions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPL" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Du_Frische" title="Jacques Du Frische">Migne, Jacques Paul</a>, ed. (1845). <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a> (in Latin). Vol. 14–17. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrologia+Latina&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> Based on the Maurist edition published in Paris by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Du_Frische" title="Jacques Du Frische">Jacques Du Frische</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis-Nicolas_Le_Nourry" title="Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry">Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCSEL" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Ecclesiasticorum_Latinorum" title="Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum">Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum</a> (in Latin). Vol. 11, 32, 62, 64, 73, 78–79. Vienna: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Sciences_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna">Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna</a>. 1866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Scriptorum+Ecclesiasticorum+Latinorum&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Imperial+Academy+of+Sciences+in+Vienna&rft.date=1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini" title="Paolo Angelo Ballerini">Ballerini, P. A.</a>, ed. (1875–1883). Opera omnia (in Latin). Milan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+omnia&rft.place=Milan&rft.date=1875%2F1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) Based on the Maurist edition published in Paris by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Du_Frische" title="Jacques Du Frische">Jacques Du Frische</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis-Nicolas_Le_Nourry" title="Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry">Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFC" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">Catholic University of America</a>, ed. (1947). Fathers of the Church. Vol. 22, 42, 44, 65. Washington DC.: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8110481">8110481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.place=Washington+DC.&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8110481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCCSL" class="citation book cs1">Corpus Christianorum. Vol. 14. Turnhout: <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>. 1953. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1565173">1565173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Christianorum&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1565173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Latin">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Hexameron, De paradiso, De Cain, De Noe, De Abraham, De Isaac, De bono mortis – ed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Schenkl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Schenkl (page does not exist)">C. Schenkl</a> 1896, Vol. 32/1 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sanctiambrosiio01petsgoog">In Latin</a>)</li> <li>De Iacob, De Ioseph, De patriarchis, De fuga saeculi, De interpellatione Iob et David, De apologia prophetae David, De Helia, De Nabuthae, De Tobia – ed. C. Schenkl 1897, Vol. 32/2</li> <li>Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam – ed. C. Schenkl 1902, Vol. 32/4</li> <li>Expositio de psalmo CXVIII – ed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Petschenig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Petschenig (page does not exist)">M. Petschenig</a> 1913, Vol. 62; editio altera supplementis aucta – cur. <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Zelzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Zelzer (page does not exist)">M. Zelzer</a> 1999</li> <li>Explanatio super psalmos XII – ed. M. Petschenig 1919, Vol. 64; editio altera supplementis aucta – cur. M. Zelzer 1999</li> <li>Explanatio symboli, De sacramentis, De mysteriis, De paenitentia, De excessu fratris Satyri, De obitu Valentiniani, De obitu Theodosii – ed. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Faller" title="Otto Faller">Otto Faller</a> 1955, Vol. 73</li> <li>De fide ad Gratianum Augustum – ed. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Faller" title="Otto Faller">Otto Faller</a> 1962, Vol. 78</li> <li>De spiritu sancto, De incarnationis dominicae sacramento – ed. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Faller" title="Otto Faller">Otto Faller</a> 1964, Vol. 79</li> <li>Epistulae et acta – ed. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Faller" title="Otto Faller">Otto Faller</a> (Vol. 82/1: lib. 1–6, 1968); <a href="/wiki/Otto_Faller" title="Otto Faller">Otto Faller</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Zelzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Zelzer (page does not exist)">M. Zelzer</a> (Vol. 82/2: lib. 7–9, 1982); <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Zelzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Zelzer (page does not exist)">M. Zelzer</a> (Vol. 82/3: lib. 10, epp. extra collectionem. gesta concilii Aquileiensis, 1990); Indices et addenda – comp. M. Zelzer, 1996, Vol. 82/4</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>H. Wace and P. Schaff, eds, A Select Library of Nicene and Post–Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd ser., Vol. X [Contains translations of De Officiis (under the title De Officiis Ministrorum), De Spiritu Sancto (On the Holy Spirit), De excessu fratris Satyri (On the Decease of His Brother Satyrus), Exposition of the Christian Faith, De mysteriis (Concerning Mysteries), De paenitentia (Concerning Repentance), De virginibus (Concerning Virgins), De viduis (Concerning Widows), and a selection of letters]</li> <li>St. Ambrose "On the mysteries" and the treatise on the sacraments by an unknown author, translated by T Thompson, (London: SPCK, 1919) [translations of De sacramentis and De mysteriis; rev edn published 1950]</li> <li>S. Ambrosii De Nabuthae: a commentary, translated by Martin McGuire, (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America, 1927) [translation of On Naboth]</li> <li>S. Ambrosii De Helia et ieiunio: a commentary, with an introduction and translation, Sister Mary Joseph Aloysius Buck, (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America, 1929) [translation of On Elijah and Fasting]</li> <li>S. Ambrosii De Tobia: a commentary, with an introduction and translation, Lois Miles Zucker, (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America, 1933) [translation of On Tobit]</li> <li>Funeral orations, translated by LP McCauley et al., Fathers of the Church vol 22, (New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc., 1953) [by Gregory of Nazianzus and Ambrose],</li> <li>Letters, translated by Mary Melchior Beyenka, Fathers of the Church, vol 26, (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America, 1954) [Translation of letters 1–91]</li> <li>Saint Ambrose on the sacraments, edited by Henry Chadwick, Studies in Eucharistic faith and practice 5, (London: AR Mowbray, 1960)</li> <li>Hexameron, Paradise, and Cain and Abel, translated by John J Savage, Fathers of the Church, vol 42, (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1961) [contains translations of Hexameron, De paradise, and De Cain et Abel]</li> <li>Saint Ambrose: theological and dogmatic works, translated by Roy J. Deferrari, Fathers of the church vol 44, (Washington: Catholic University of American Press, 1963) [Contains translations of The mysteries, (De mysteriis) The holy spirit, (De Spiritu Sancto), The sacrament of the incarnation of Our Lord, (De incarnationis Dominicae sacramento), and The sacraments]</li> <li>Seven exegetical works, translated by Michael McHugh, Fathers of the Church, vol 65, (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1972) [Contains translations of Isaac, or the soul, (De Isaac vel anima), Death as a good, (De bono mortis), Jacob and the happy life, (De Iacob et vita beata), Joseph, (De Ioseph), The patriarchs, (De patriarchis), Flight from the world, (De fuga saeculi), The prayer of Job and David, (De interpellatione Iob et David).]</li> <li>Homilies of Saint Ambrose on Psalm 118, translated by Íde Ní Riain, (Dublin: Halcyon Press, 1998) [translation of part of Explanatio psalmorum]</li> <li>Ambrosian hymns, translated by Charles Kraszewski, (Lehman, PA: Libella Veritatis, 1999)</li> <li>Commentary of Saint Ambrose on twelve psalms, translated by Íde M. Ní Riain, (Dublin: Halcyon Press, 2000) [translations of Explanatio psalmorum on Psalms 1, 35–40, 43, 45, 47–49]</li> <li>On Abraham, translated by Theodosia Tomkinson, (Etna, CA: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, 2000) [translation of De Abraham]</li> <li>De officiis, edited with an introduction, translation, and commentary by Ivor J Davidson, 2 vols, (Oxford: OUP, 2001) [contains both Latin and English text]</li> <li>Commentary of Saint Ambrose on the Gospel according to Saint Luke, translated by Íde M. Ní Riain, (Dublin: Halcyon, 2001) [translation of Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam]</li> <li>Ambrose of Milan: political letters and speeches, translated with an introduction and notes by JHWG Liebschuetz, (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005) [contains Book Ten of Ambrose's Letters, including the oration on the death of Theodosius I; Letters outside the Collection (Epistulae extra collectionem); Letter 30 to Magnus Maximus; The oration on the death of Valentinian II (De obitu Valentiniani).]</li></ul> Several of Ambrose's works have recently been published in the bilingual Latin-German <a href="/wiki/Fontes_Christiani" title="Fontes Christiani">Fontes Christiani</a> series (currently edited by <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian hymnography">Ambrosian hymnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Liturgy_and_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite">Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Saint Ambrose Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose_Cathedral,_Linares" title="St. Ambrose Cathedral, Linares">St. Ambrose Cathedral, Linares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ambrose_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ambrose University">Saint Ambrose University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose University College">Ambrose University College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary, Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Becher" title="Henry Becher">Henry Becher</a>, early English translator of St. Ambrose</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Sant'Ambrogio <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˌsantamˈbrɔːdʒo]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>: Sant Ambroeus <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">[ˌsãːt ãˈbrøːs]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "S. Paulinus in Vit. Ambr. 3 has the following: posito in administratione prefecture Galliarum patre eius Ambrosio natus est Ambrosius. From this, practically all of Ambrose's biographers have concluded that Ambrose's father was a praetorian prefect in Gaul. This is the only evidence we have, however, that there ever was an Ambrose as prefect in Gaul."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParedi1964380-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Two laws were recorded from this time. One of these cancelled the "law of toleration" Gratian had previously issued at Sirmium. This toleration allowed freedom of worship to all with the exception of the heretical <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Photinians">Photinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eunomians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunomians">Eunomians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199491-54">[52]</a> The law cancelling this has been presented in previous scholarship as proof of Ambrose's influence over Gratian, but the law's target was <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> which had failed to be listed in the exceptions. There is no evidence to support Ambrose as having had anything to do with this restatement since sanctions against Donatism had existed since Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994100-102-55">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Recent scholarship has tended to reject former views that the edict was a key step in establishing Christianity as the official religion of the empire since it was aimed exclusively at Constantinople and seems to have gone largely unnoticed by contemporaries outside the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington1997410–415-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblewhite82-76">[73]</a> Nonetheless, the edict is the first known secular Roman law to positively assert a religious orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington2006217-74">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> These Christian sources have had great influence on perceptions of this period by creating an impression of overt and continuous conflict that has been assumed on an empire-wide scale, while archaeological evidence indicates that, apart from the use of violent rhetoric, the decline of paganism away from the imperial court was relatively non-confrontational.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayliss65,_68-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalzmanSághyTesta20167-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1991121–124-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrombley2001166–168Vol_ITrombley2001335–336Vol_II''-146">[142]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Romans claimed to be the most religious of peoples.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> Their unique success in war, conquest, and the formation of an empire, was attributed to the empire maintaining good relations with the gods through proper reverence and worship practices.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> This did not change once the empire's official religion became Christianity. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Though both <a href="#CITEREFParedi1964">Paredi 1964</a>, pp. 436–440 and <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, pp. 55–64 give dates for most of Ambrose's writings, the dates from Ramsey are preferred, as the publication is more recent and the author is dating the works from the perspective of scholarly consensus, whereas in Paredi, the author offers dates based on his own research. Regardless, when Ramsey does not provide dates for a work, those of Paredi are used. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.16005573">"Saint Ambrose, in the Sacello di San Vittore in Ciel d'Oro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artstor" title="Artstor">Artstor</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Ambrose%2C+in+the+Sacello+di+San+Vittore+in+Ciel+d%27Oro&rft.pub=Artstor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.16005573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2021-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2021_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2021_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2021">Brown 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley200116-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley200116_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuiley2001">Guiley 2001</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharkeyWeinandy2009208-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharkeyWeinandy2009208_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharkeyWeinandy2009">Sharkey & Weinandy 2009</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2001_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinnon2001">McKinnon 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Dool_KILLEN1871" class="citation book cs1">William Dool KILLEN (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.sk/books/edition/The_Old_Catholic_Or_the_History_Doctrine/bQuV3kJWKAsC?hl=sk&gbpv=1&dq=four+great+fathers++Augustine++Jerome++Gregory&pg=PA90&printsec=frontcover">The Old Catholic: Or the History, Doctrine, Worship, and Polity of the Christians</a>. T T Clark Edinburgh. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-479-1"><bdi>978-0-85323-479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Catholic%3A+Or+the+History%2C+Doctrine%2C+Worship%2C+and+Polity+of+the+Christians&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=T+T+Clark+Edinburgh&rft.date=1871&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-479-1&rft.au=William+Dool+KILLEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.sk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Old_Catholic_Or_the_History_Doctrine%2FbQuV3kJWKAsC%3Fhl%3Dsk%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dfour%2Bgreat%2Bfathers%2B%2BAugustine%2B%2BJerome%2B%2BGregory%26pg%3DPA90%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardenhewer1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bardenhewer" title="Otto Bardenhewer">Bardenhewer, Otto</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOgGAQAAIAAJ">Patrology: The Lives and Works of the Fathers of the Church</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan" title="Thomas Joseph Shahan">Shahan, Thomas J.</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>: B. Herder. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4699-8884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4699-8884-9"><bdi>978-1-4699-8884-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrology%3A+The+Lives+and+Works+of+the+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-1-4699-8884-9&rft.aulast=Bardenhewer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOgGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20215-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20215_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2021">Smith 2021</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2002ix-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey2002ix_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2002ix–x,_1–2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey2002ix–x,_1–2_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, pp. ix–x, 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParedi1964442–443-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParedi1964442–443_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParedi1964">Paredi 1964</a>, pp. 442–443. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201944-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvetković201944_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCvetković2019">Cvetković 2019</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoughlin1907-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoughlin1907_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoughlin1907_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoughlin1907">Loughlin 1907</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenslade1956175-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenslade1956175_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenslade1956">Greenslade 1956</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParedi1964380-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParedi1964380_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParedi1964">Paredi 1964</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn1993-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn1993_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn1993_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttwaterJohn1993">Attwater & John 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201145–46-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes201145–46_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2011">Barnes 2011</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201944–46-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvetković201944–46_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCvetković2019">Cvetković 2019</a>, p. 44–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201946-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvetković201946_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCvetković2019">Cvetković 2019</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_NatHamman1971" class="citation journal cs1">van der Nat, P. G.; Hamman, Adalberto (March 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1583516">"Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina. Supplementum, Volumen IV"</a>. Vigiliae Christianae. 25 (1): 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1583516">10.2307/1583516</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6032">0042-6032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1583516">1583516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=Patrologiae+cursus+completus%2C+Series+Latina.+Supplementum%2C+Volumen+IV&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1971-03&rft.issn=0042-6032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1583516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1583516&rft.aulast=van+der+Nat&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft.au=Hamman%2C+Adalberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1583516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton187915-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton187915_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThornton1879">Thornton 1879</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrieve1911798_24-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrieve1911">Grieve 1911</a>, p. 798. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201150-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes201150_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2011">Barnes 2011</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201955–57-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvetković201955–57_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCvetković2019">Cvetković 2019</a>, p. 55–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201952-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvetković201952_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvetković201952_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCvetković2019">Cvetković 2019</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90298">Santi Beati</a> (in Italian), Italy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santi+Beati&rft.place=Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santiebeati.it%2Fdettaglio%2F90298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20056-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20056_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMediolanensis20056_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMediolanensis2005">Mediolanensis 2005</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković201949-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvetković201949_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCvetković2019">Cvetković 2019</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Loughlin, James Francis (1907). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Ambrose" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Ambrose&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Loughlin&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2011" class="citation book cs1">McSherry, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGDQ_OKdtDgC">Outreach and Renewal: A First-millennium Legacy for the Third-millennium Church</a>. Cistercian studies series, 236. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879072360" title="Special:BookSources/9780879072360"><bdi>9780879072360</bdi></a>. <q>An accomplished orator and legal advocate, Ambrose was appointed to the Judicial Council by Probus, Praetorian Prefect of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outreach+and+Renewal%3A+A+First-millennium+Legacy+for+the+Third-millennium+Church&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.series=Cistercian+studies+series%2C+236&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780879072360&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGDQ_OKdtDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn199337-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttwaterJohn199337_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttwaterJohn1993">Attwater & John 1993</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparavigna20162-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparavigna20162_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparavigna2016">Sparavigna 2016</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991407-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1991407_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButler1991">Butler 1991</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195157-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELietzmann195157_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLietzmann1951">Lietzmann 1951</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye185333-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye185333_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaye1853">Kaye 1853</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye18535-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye18535_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaye1853">Kaye 1853</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1991408-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1991408_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1991408_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1991408_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1991408_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1991408_39-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFButler1991">Butler 1991</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20026–7-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey20026–7_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, pp. 6–7: "By Ambrose's day [Arianism] was in slow decline but far from having breathed its last: Ambrose's struggles with it occupied his energies for more than half of his term as bishop." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELietzmann195137-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELietzmann195137_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELietzmann195137_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLietzmann1951">Lietzmann 1951</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, p. 6: "[...] the history of the early Church [...] was [...] a golden age of religious ferment and controversy such as - it could well be argued - would not be seen again until the Reformation, more than a millennium later. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20027–8-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey20027–8_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, pp. 7–8: "In the face of all these rivals orthodox Christianity was not an impassive object. In reacting to them it defined itself and assumed more and more of the contours that we recognize today." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20025-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey20025_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, p. 5: "The task that lay before the Christian leadership was [...] to replace one form of the sacred with another. The fourth century was above all the moment when this replacement was being orchestrated, and the role that Ambrose played in the process was crucial. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199479-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199479_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2018xv-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2018xv_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2018">Nicholson 2018</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalzmanSághyTesta20162-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalzmanSághyTesta20162_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalzmanSághyTesta2016">Salzman, Sághy & Testa 2016</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199479–80-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199479–80_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, p. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199480_49-1">b</a> <a 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Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-codices.unifr.ch&rft.atitle=Ambrose%2C+De+officiis+ministrorum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-codices.unifr.ch%2Fen%2Fcsg%2F0097%2F51%2F0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200260-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey200260_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey200260_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParedi1964436–440-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParedi1964436–440_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParedi1964">Paredi 1964</a>, pp. 436–440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200255–64-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey200255–64_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, pp. 55–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey200256-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey200256_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey200256_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamsey2002">Ramsey 2002</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stambroseonmyste00ambr/page/n19/mode/2up">St. Ambrose "On the mysteries" and the treatise "On the sacraments" by an unknown author</a>, archive.org </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Roy J. Deferrari, introduction to The Sacraments, in Ambrose: Theological and Dogmatic Works, ed. by Deferrari, Fathers of the Church: A New Translation, vol. 44. <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32b2gh.10" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/j.ctt32b2gh.10">JSTOR</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttwaterJohn1993" class="citation cs2">Attwater, Donald; John, Catherine Rachel (1993), The Penguin Dictionary of Saints (3rd ed.), New York: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051312-7"><bdi>978-0-14-051312-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051312-7&rft.aulast=Attwater&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=John%2C+Catherine+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustineLombardo1988" class="citation book cs1">Augustine; Lombardo, Gregory J. (1988). On Faith and Works. New York, NY: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0406-2"><bdi>978-0-8091-0406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Faith+and+Works&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0406-2&rft.au=Augustine&rft.au=Lombardo%2C+Gregory+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, T. D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iqxFfcRzqh8C&pg=PA50">"The Election of Ambrose of Milan"</a>. In Leemans, Johan; Nuffelen, Peter Van; Keough, Shawn W.J.; Nicolaye, Carla (eds.). Episcopal Elections in Late Antiquity. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026860-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026860-7"><bdi>978-3-11-026860-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Election+of+Ambrose+of+Milan&rft.btitle=Episcopal+Elections+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-026860-7&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiqxFfcRzqh8C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayliss" class="citation book cs1">Bayliss, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3165829">Provincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion</a>. Oxford: Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84171-634-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84171-634-0"><bdi>1-84171-634-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+Cilicia+and+the+Archaeology+of+Temple+Conversion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84171-634-0&rft.aulast=Bayliss&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3165829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boynton, Susan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000013648">"Hymn: II. Monophonic Latin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13648">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hymn%3A+II.+Monophonic+Latin&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13648&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000013648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Peter (1998). Late antiquity (illustrated reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51170-5"><bdi>978-0-674-51170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+antiquity&rft.edition=illustrated+reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-51170-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1992" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Peter (1992). Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire. Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-13340-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-13340-0"><bdi>0-299-13340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Persuasion+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Towards+a+Christian+Empire&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-299-13340-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Peter (2003). The Rise of Western Christendom, Triumph and Diversity, AD 200-1000. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-30126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-30126-5"><bdi>978-1-118-30126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Western+Christendom%2C+Triumph+and+Diversity%2C+AD+200-1000&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-118-30126-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83n3PNPCJh0C">Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350-550 AD</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15290-5"><bdi>978-0-691-15290-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Eye+of+a+Needle%3A+Wealth%2C+the+Fall+of+Rome%2C+and+the+Making+of+Christianity+in+the+West%2C+350-550+AD&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15290-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83n3PNPCJh0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, Peter (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Ambrose">"St. Ambrose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Ambrose&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Ambrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnyeat1997" class="citation journal cs1">Burnyeat, MF (1997). "Postscript on silent reading". Classical Quarterly. 47 (1): 74–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F47.1.74">10.1093/cq/47.1.74</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639598">639598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Postscript+on+silent+reading&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-76&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F47.1.74&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639598%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burnyeat&rft.aufirst=MF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1991" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1991). Walsh, Michael (ed.). Butler's lives of the saints. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-069299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-069299-5"><bdi>978-0-06-069299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butler%27s+lives+of+the+saints&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-069299-5&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAH1998" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter, eds. (1998). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. XIII. Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30200-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30200-5"><bdi>978-0-521-30200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Late+Empire%2C+A.D.+337%E2%80%93425.+XIII&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30200-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1991" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (1991). Christianity and the rhetoric of empire : the development of Christian discourse. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00831-8"><bdi>978-0-691-00831-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Western+Christendom&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00831-8&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1853" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, John (1853). Some account of the Council of Nicæa in connexion with the life of Athanasius. F. J. 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-6835-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-6835-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-6835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Rome+to+Byzantium+AD+363+to+565&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-6835-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNadvAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebeschuetzHillMediolanensis2005" class="citation book cs1">Liebeschuetz, John Hugo Wolfgang Gideon; Hill, Carole; Mediolanensis, Ambrosius (2005). Ambrose of Milan: Political Letters and Speeches (illustrated, reprint ed.). Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-829-4"><bdi>978-0-85323-829-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambrose+of+Milan%3A+Political+Letters+and+Speeches&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-829-4&rft.aulast=Liebeschuetz&rft.aufirst=John+Hugo+Wolfgang+Gideon&rft.au=Hill%2C+Carole&rft.au=Mediolanensis%2C+Ambrosius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLietzmann1951" class="citation book cs1">Lietzmann, Hans (1951). The Era of the Church Fathers. Vol. 4. Translated by Bertram Lee Woolf. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3"><bdi>978-1-101-18999-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-101-18999-3&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7x4m20TRYzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMullen1984" class="citation book cs1">MacMullen, Ramsay (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ysc0oqW1cEC">Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100-400)</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03642-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03642-8"><bdi>978-0-300-03642-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianizing+the+Roman+Empire%3A+%28A.D.+100-400%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03642-8&rft.aulast=MacMullen&rft.aufirst=Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Ysc0oqW1cEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_McKinnon" title="James McKinnon">McKinnon, James W.</a> (November 1994). "Desert Monasticism and the Later Fourth-Century Psalmodic Movement". <a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a>. 75 (4): 505–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F75.4.505">10.1093/ml/75.4.505</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/737286">737286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Desert+Monasticism+and+the+Later+Fourth-Century+Psalmodic+Movement&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=505-521&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F75.4.505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F737286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_McKinnon" title="James McKinnon">McKinnon, James W.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000000751">"Ambrose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. 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(1994), Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital, The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, vol. 22, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08461-2"><bdi>978-0-520-08461-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambrose+of+Milan%3A+Church+and+Court+in+a+Christian+Capital&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=The+Transformation+of+the+Classical+Heritage&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08461-2&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Neil+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMediolanensis2005" class="citation book cs1">Mediolanensis, Ambrose (2005). Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G.; Hill, Carole (eds.). Ambrose of Milan: Political Letters and Speeches. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-829-4"><bdi>978-0-85323-829-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambrose+of+Milan%3A+Political+Letters+and+Speeches&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-829-4&rft.aulast=Mediolanensis&rft.aufirst=Ambrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhead2014" class="citation book cs1">Moorhead, John (2014). Ambrose: Church and Society in the Late Roman World. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89102-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89102-4"><bdi>978-1-317-89102-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambrose%3A+Church+and+Society+in+the+Late+Roman+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89102-4&rft.aulast=Moorhead&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Oliver, ed. 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Theological Studies. 61 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Paulinus+of+Nola+%28Book+Review%29&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Trout&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerlag1976" class="citation journal cs1">Verlag, Franz Steiner (1976). "Arbogast and the Death of Valentinian II". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 25 (2): 235–244. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435500">4435500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Arbogast+and+the+Death+of+Valentinian+II&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-244&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4435500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Verlag&rft.aufirst=Franz+Steiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn2006" class="citation book cs1">Washburn, Daniel (2006). "The Thessalonian Affair in the Fifth Century Histories". In Drake, Harold Allen; <a href="/wiki/Emily_Albu" title="Emily Albu">Albu, Emily</a>; Elm, Susanna; Maas, Michael; Rapp, Claudia; Salzman, Michael (eds.). Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices. University of California, Santa Barbara.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Thessalonian+Affair+in+the+Fifth+Century+Histories&rft.btitle=Violence+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Perceptions+and+Practices&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cghAYvZ5qvwC">The Spirit of Early Christian Thought: Seeking the Face of God</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10598-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Early+Christian+Thought%3A+Seeking+the+Face+of+God&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10598-8&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcghAYvZ5qvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojcieszak2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wojcieszak, Maciej (2014). "Obraz społeczeństwa Italii w listach Ambrożego z Mediolanu" [Social issues in the letters of St. Ambrose of Milan]. Christianitas Antiqua (in Polish). 6: 177–187. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1730-3788">1730-3788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianitas+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Obraz+spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwa+Italii+w+listach+Ambro%C5%BCego+z+Mediolanu&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=177-187&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1730-3788&rft.aulast=Wojcieszak&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByfield2003" class="citation book cs1">Byfield, Ted (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZA4wyCSfUAC&pg=PA92">Darkness Descends: A.D. 350 to 565, the Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>. Christian History Project. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9689873-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9689873-3-9"><bdi>978-0-9689873-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darkness+Descends%3A+A.D.+350+to+565%2C+the+Fall+of+the+Western+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Christian+History+Project&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9689873-3-9&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZA4wyCSfUAC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeferrari1954–1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Deferrari, Roy J., ed. (1954–1972). The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 26, 42, 44, 65. New York: Fathers of the Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.date=1954%2F1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudden1935" class="citation book cs1">Dudden, F. Homes (1935). The Life and Times of St. Ambrose. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+St.+Ambrose&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Dudden&rft.aufirst=F.+Homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliard1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gilliard, Frank D. (1984). "Senatorial Bishops in the Fourth Century". Harvard Theological Review. 77 (2): 153–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0017816000014279">10.1017/s0017816000014279</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162747415">162747415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Senatorial+Bishops+in+the+Fourth+Century&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-175&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0017816000014279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162747415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gilliard&rft.aufirst=Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1960" class="citation book cs1">King, N. Q. (1960). The Emperor Theodosius and the Establishment of Christianity. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Theodosius+and+the+Establishment+of+Christianity&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=N.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulinus1952" class="citation book cs1">Paulinus (1952). Life of St. Ambrose by Paulinus. Translated by John A. Lacy. New York: Fathers of the Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+St.+Ambrose+by+Paulinus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Paulinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-ambrose-of-milan/">"Ambrose"</a>. Patron Saints Index. SPQN. January 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambrose&rft.pub=SPQN&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaints.sqpn.com%2Fsaint-ambrose-of-milan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Campenhausen1964" class="citation book cs1">von Campenhausen, Hans (1964). Men Who Shaped the Western Church. Translated by Hoffman, Manfred. New York: Harper and Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+Who+Shaped+the+Western+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=von+Campenhausen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Ambrose" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Ambrose">Ambrose</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ambrose" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ambrose">Ambrose</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/25543">Works by Ambrose</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Brother+Ambrose%22+OR+%22Saint+Ambrose%22+OR+%22Bishop+of+Milan%22+OR+%22Aurelius+Ambrosius%22+OR+%22Ambrosius%2C+Aurelius%22+%29">Works by or about Ambrose</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4342">Works by Ambrose</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044132/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-10/TOC.htm">Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Works of Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/amb_hy00.html">Hymni Ambrosii (Latin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/ambrose.php">EarlyChurch.org.uk</a> Extensive bibliography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT12.HTM">Ambrose's works</a>: text, concordances and frequency list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428013944/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/AuthorBioPage.php?recordID=0011">Ambrose</a> at The Online Library of Liberty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_40_0339-0397-_Ambrosius_Mediolanensis,_Sanctus.html">Opera Omnia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823105539/http://www.mun.ca/Ansaxdat/ambrose/">Ambrose in Anglo-Saxon England, with Pseudo-Ambrose and Ambrosiaster</a>, Contributions to Sources of Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture, by Dabney Anderson Bankert, Jessica Wegmann, and Charles D. Wright.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/ambrose.html">"Saint Ambrose"</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info">Christian Iconography</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/ambrose.htm">"Of St. Ambrose"</a> from the Caxton translation of the Golden Legend</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.V.26.html">Augustine's account of the penitence of Theodosius</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> 374–397 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplician</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template talk:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Four <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">cardinal virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a> (Prudentia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a> (Iustitia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Fortitude</a> (Fortitudo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (Temperantia)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>, Book IV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faith,_Hope_and_Love,_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)"><img alt="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/100px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/150px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/200px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Three <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a> (Fides)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a> (Spes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Love</a> (Caritas)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_13" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 13">1 Corinthians 13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Seven lively virtues versus <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a> (Castitas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (Temperantia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity</a> (Caritas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a> (Diligentia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a> (Humanitas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a> (Patientia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a> (Humilitas)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a> (Luxuria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a> (Gula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a> (Avaritia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a> (Acedia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a> (Ira)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a> (Invidia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> (Superbia)</li></ul> <ul><li>Source: <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomachia" title="Psychomachia">Psychomachia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>People: <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_Milan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Template:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Template talk:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_Milan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Bishops and Archbishops of Milan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Ancient age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> (50–55)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Anathalon" title="Anathalon">Anathalon</a> (53–63)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Caius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Caius (bishop of Milan)">Caius</a> (63–85)</li> <li>sede vacante</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Castritian" title="Castritian">Castricianus</a> (97–138)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Calimerius" title="Calimerius">Calimerius</a> (138–191)</li> <li>sede vacante</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Monas_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Monas (bishop of Milan)">Monas</a> (283–313?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Mirocles_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Mirocles (bishop of Milan)">Mirocles</a> (313–316?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Maternus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Maternus (bishop of Milan)">Maternus</a> (316–328?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Protasius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Protasius (bishop of Milan)">Protasius</a> (328–343?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eustorgius_I" title="Eustorgius I">Eustorgius I</a> (343–349?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Dionysius (bishop of Milan)">Dionysius</a> (349–355)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius</a>$ (355–374)</li> <li>St <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose</a> (374–397)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplician</a> (397–400)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Venerius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Venerius (bishop of Milan)">Venerius</a> (400–408)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Marolus" title="Marolus">Marolus</a> (408–423)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Martinianus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Martinianus (bishop of Milan)">Martinianus</a> (423–435)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Glycerius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Glycerius (bishop of Milan)">Glycerius</a> (436–438)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Lazarus (bishop of Milan)">Lazarus</a> (438–449)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Eusebius (bishop of Milan)">Eusebius</a> (449–462)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Gerontius (bishop of Milan)">Gerontius</a> (462–465)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Benignus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Benignus (bishop of Milan)">Benignus</a> (465–472)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Senator_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Senator (bishop of Milan)">Senator</a> (472–475)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_I_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Theodorus I (bishop of Milan)">Theodorus I</a> (475–490)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_I_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Lawrence I (bishop of Milan)">Lawrence I</a> (490–512)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eustorgius_II" title="Eustorgius II">Eustorgius II</a> (512–518)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Magnus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Magnus (bishop of Milan)">Magnus</a> (518–530?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Dacius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Dacius (bishop of Milan)">Dacius</a> (530–552)</li> <li>Vitale (552–556)</li> <li>St Ausanus (556–559?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Genoa period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St Honoratus (560–571?)</li> <li>Frontone (571–573?)</li> <li>Lawrence II (573–592)</li> <li>Constantius (593–600)</li> <li>Deodatus (601–628)</li> <li>Asterius (629–639)</li> <li>Forte (639–641)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St <a href="/wiki/John_the_Good_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="John the Good (bishop of Milan)">John the Good</a> (641–669)</li> <li>St Antonino (669–671)</li> <li>St Maurilio (671)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Ampelius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Ampelius (bishop of Milan)">Ampelius</a> (671–676)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Mansuetus (bishop of Milan)">Mansuetus</a> (676–685)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Benedict_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Benedict (bishop of Milan)">Benedict</a> (685–732)</li> <li>Theodorus II (732–746)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Natalis_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Natalis (bishop of Milan)">Natalis</a> (746–747)</li> <li>Arifred (747–748)</li> <li>Stabile (748–750)</li> <li>Leto (751–755)</li> <li>Thomas (755–783)</li> <li>Peter (784–803)</li> <li>Odelpert (803–813)</li> <li>St Anselm I (813–818)</li> <li>St Buono (818–822)</li> <li>Angilbert I (822–823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angilbert_II" title="Angilbert II">Angilbert II Pusterla</a> (824–859)</li> <li>Tadone (860–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anspert" title="Anspert">Anspert</a> (868–881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm II (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo II Capra</a> (882–896)</li> <li>Landulf I (896–899)</li> <li>Andrea of Canciano (899–906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aicone" title="Aicone">Aicone</a> (906–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariberto_of_Besana" title="Gariberto of Besana">Gariberto of Besana</a> (918–921)</li> <li>Lambert (921–931)</li> <li>Elduin (931–936)</li> <li>Arderico (936–948)</li> <li>Adelman (948–953)</li> <li>Walpert (953–970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf I (archbishop of Milan)">Arnulf I</a> (970–974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Gotofredo I (archbishop of Milan)">Gotofredo I</a> (974–979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landulf_of_Carcano" title="Landulf of Carcano">Landulf II of Carcano</a> (980–998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf II (archbishop of Milan)">Arnolfo II da Arsago</a> (998–1018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Aribert (archbishop of Milan)">Ariberto da Intimiano</a> (1018–1045)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Velate" title="Guido da Velate">Guido da Velate</a> (1045–1069)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atto_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Atto (archbishop of Milan)">Attone</a> (1070–1075)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione" title="Gotofredo da Castiglione">Gotofredo II da Castiglione</a> (1070–1075, antibishop)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedald_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Tedald (archbishop of Milan)">Tebald da Castiglione</a> (1075–1080)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm III (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo III da Rho</a> (1086–1093)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf III (archbishop of Milan)">Arnolfo III</a> (1093–1097)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_IV_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm IV (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo IV da Bovisio</a> (1097–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosolanus" title="Grosolanus">Grosolanus</a> (1102–1112)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Jordan (archbishop of Milan)">Giordano da Clivio</a> (1112–1120)</li> <li>Ulrich da Corte (1120–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselmo_della_Pusterla" title="Anselmo della Pusterla">Anselmo della Pusterla</a> (1126–1135)</li> <li>Robaldo (1135–1145)</li> <li>Umberto I da Pirovano (1146–1166)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Galdino_della_Sala" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdino della Sala">Galdino della Sala</a> (1166–1176)</li> <li>Algisio da Pirovano (1176–1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Umberto II Crivelli</a> (1185–1187, elected Pope Urban III)</li> <li>Milone da Cardano (1187–1195)</li> <li>Umberto III da Terzago (1195–1196)</li> <li>Filippo I da Lampugnano (1196–1206)</li> <li>Umberto IV da Pirovano (1206–1211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_da_Sesso" title="Gerardo da Sesso">Gerardo da Sesso</a> (1211, elect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_da_Settala" title="Enrico da Settala">Enrico I da Settala</a> (1213–1230)</li> <li>Guglielmo I da Rizolio (1230–1241)</li> <li>Leon da Perego (1241–1257)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottone_Visconti" title="Ottone Visconti">Ottone Visconti</a> (1262–1295)</li> <li>Ruffino da Frisseto (1295–1296)</li> <li>Francesco I da Parma (1296–1308)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassone_della_Torre" title="Cassone della Torre">Cassone della Torre</a> (1308–1317)</li> <li>Aicardo da Intimiano (1317–1339)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Giovanni Visconti (archbishop of Milan)">Giovanni II Visconti</a> (1342–1354)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Visconti" title="Roberto Visconti">Roberto Visconti</a> (1354–1361)</li> <li>Guglielmo II della Pusterla (1361–1370)</li> <li>Simon da Borsano (1370–1380)</li> <li>Antonio de' Saluzzi (1380–1401)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Alexander_V" title="Antipope Alexander V">Pietro II di Candia</a> (1402–1410)</li> <li>Francesco II Crippa (1409–1414)</li> <li>Bartolommeo Capra (1414–1433)</li> <li>Francesco III Piccolpasso (1433–1443)</li> <li>Enrico II Rampini (1443–1450)</li> <li>Giovanni III Visconti (1450–1453)</li> <li>Nicolò Amidano (1453–1454)</li> <li>Timoteo Maffei (1454)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza" title="Gabriele Sforza">Gabriele Sforza</a> (1454–1457)</li> <li>Carlo I da Forlì (1457–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Nardini" title="Stefano Nardini">Stefano Nardini</a> (1461–1484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arcimboldi" title="Giovanni Arcimboldi">Giovanni Arcimboldi</a> (1484–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Antonio_Arcimboldi" title="Guido Antonio Arcimboldi">Guido Antonio Arcimboldi</a> (1488–1497)</li> <li>Ottaviano Arcimboldi (1497)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_d%27Este" title="Ippolito d'Este">Ippolito d'Este</a> (1497–1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_II_d%27Este" title="Ippolito II d'Este">Ippolito II d'Este</a> (1520–1550)</li> <li>Giovan Angelo Arcimboldi (1550–1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Archinto" title="Filippo Archinto">Filippo II Archinto</a> (1556–1558)</li> <li>sede vacante</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Modern age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Carlo Borromeo</a> (1564–1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Visconti" title="Gaspare Visconti">Gaspare Visconti</a> (1584–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Borromeo" title="Federico Borromeo">Federico I Borromeo</a> (1595–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Monti" title="Cesare Monti">Cesare Monti</a> (1632–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Litta" title="Alfonso Litta">Alfonso Litta</a> (1652–1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Visconti" title="Federico Visconti">Federico II Visconti</a> (1681–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Caccia" title="Federico Caccia">Federico III Caccia</a> (1693–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Archinto" title="Giuseppe Archinto">Giuseppe Archinto</a> (1699–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Erba_Odescalchi" title="Benedetto Erba Odescalchi">Benedetto II Erba Odescalchi</a> (1712–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Stampa" title="Carlo Gaetano Stampa">Carlo Gaetano Stampa</a> (1737–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pozzobonelli" title="Giuseppe Pozzobonelli">Giuseppe II Pozzobonelli</a> (1743–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti_(bishop)" title="Filippo Maria Visconti (bishop)">Filippo Maria Visconti</a> (1784–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caprara" title="Giovanni Battista Caprara">Giovanni Battista Caprara</a> (1802–1810)</li> <li>sede vacante</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Gaisruck" title="Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck">Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck</a> (1818–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Carlo_Romilli" title="Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli">Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli</a> (1847–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini" title="Paolo Angelo Ballerini">Paolo Angelo Ballerini</a> (1859–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nazari_di_Calabiana" title="Luigi Nazari di Calabiana">Luigi Nazari di Calabiana</a> (1867–1893)</li> <li>Bl. <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari" title="Andrea Carlo Ferrari">Andrea Ferrari</a> (1894–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti</a> (1921–1922, elected Pope Pius XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi" title="Eugenio Tosi">Eugenio Tosi</a> (1922–1929)</li> <li>Bl. <a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ildefonso Schuster">Ildefonso Schuster</a> (1929–1954)</li> <li>St. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Giovanni Battista Montini</a> (1954–1963, elected Pope Paul VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo" title="Giovanni Colombo">Giovanni Colombo</a> (1963–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a>, SJ (1979–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionigi_Tettamanzi" title="Dionigi Tettamanzi">Dionigi Tettamanzi</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Angelo Scola</a> (2011–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Delpini" title="Mario Delpini">Mario Delpini</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>$=considered an intruder by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88158790510138850814">6</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1804362/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjCMtg8BqKbyJxKvB46vVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11850245X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79029712">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11888642v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11888642v">BnF data</a></li><li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01074454?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500285185">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ff1870e4-82b5-4a04-9b58-4628a0035e7b">MusicBrainz</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e416d15d-53a5-49fc-8b8a-fbed5bef18d4">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/786134">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11850245X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11850245X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026684217">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/022761">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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