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</a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_population_and_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_population_and_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern population and descendants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_population_and_descendants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern population and descendants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_population_and_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kalinago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalinago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kalinago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalinago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokono" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokono"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lokono</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokono-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taíno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taíno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Taíno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taíno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Arawak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Arawak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable Arawak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Arawak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arawak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83" title="أراواك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أراواك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahuacos" title="Arahuacos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arahuacos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravaklar" title="Aravaklar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aravaklar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آراواک‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آراواک‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="আরাওয়াক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরাওয়াক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Аравакі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аравакі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Араваки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Араваки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauac" title="Arauac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arauac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravakov%C3%A9" title="Aravakové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aravakové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_(folk)" title="Arawak (folk) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arawak (folk)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravakid" title="Aravakid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aravakid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Αραουάκοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραουάκοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahuacos" title="Arahuacos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arahuacos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravakoj" title="Aravakoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aravakoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آراواک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آراواک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawaks" title="Arawaks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arawaks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakken" title="Arawakken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arawakken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruacaigh" title="Aruacaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aruacaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobos_arauacos" title="Pobos arauacos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobos arauacos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%99%80%ED%81%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="아라와크족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아라와크족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="अरावाक लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरावाक लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruachi" title="Aruachi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aruachi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არავაკები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არავაკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аравактар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аравактар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakani" title="Arawakani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arawakani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravakai" title="Aravakai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aravakai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arowakke" title="Arowakke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arowakke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Араваци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Араваци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83" title="اراواك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اراواك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arowakken" title="Arowakken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arowakken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E6%97%8F" title="アラワク族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラワク族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_(folk)" title="Arawak (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arawak (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakfolk" title="Arawakfolk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arawakfolk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravaklar" title="Aravaklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aravaklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruaques" title="Aruaques – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aruaques" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Араваки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Араваки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak-Foulke" title="Arawak-Foulke – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Arawak-Foulke" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_people" title="Arawak people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arawak people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravaki" title="Aravaki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aravaki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakit" title="Arawakit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arawakit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arawak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அரவாக் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரவாக் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravaklar" title="Aravaklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aravaklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Араваки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Араваки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Arawak" title="Người Arawak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Arawak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak_peoples&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawak peoples</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of indigenous peoples of South America and the Caribbean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arawak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arawak (disambiguation)">Arawak (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Arawak</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg/220px-Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg/330px-Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg/440px-Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Arawak woman, by <a href="/wiki/John_Gabriel_Stedman" title="John Gabriel Stedman">John Gabriel Stedman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Arawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino language">Taino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creole languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arawak</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to different Indigenous groups, from the <a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a> of South America to the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> (Island Arawaks), who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> in the Caribbean. All these groups spoke related <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rouse5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouse5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arowak_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arowak_village.jpg/220px-Arowak_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arowak_village.jpg/330px-Arowak_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arowak_village.jpg/440px-Arowak_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Arawak village (1860).</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms <i>Arawak</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kalinago#Name" title="Kalinago">Caribs</a></i> to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with <i>Carib</i> reserved for Indigenous groups that they considered hostile and <i>Arawak</i> for groups that they considered friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1871, ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a> proposed calling the Caribbean populace "Island Arawak" because of their cultural and linguistic similarities with the mainland Arawak. Subsequent scholars shortened this convention to "Arawak", creating confusion between the island and mainland groups. In the 20th century, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Irving_Rouse" title="Irving Rouse">Irving Rouse</a> resumed using "<a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>" for the Caribbean group to emphasize their distinct culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-Rouse5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouse5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arawak-Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arawak-Languages.png/220px-Arawak-Languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arawak-Languages.png/330px-Arawak-Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arawak-Languages.png/440px-Arawak-Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Arawakan languages in South America. The northern Arawakan languages are colored in light blue, southern Arawakan languages in dark blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arawakan languages may have emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a> valley in present-day Venezuela. They subsequently spread widely, becoming by far the most extensive language family in South America at the time of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European contact</a>, with speakers located in various areas along the Orinoco and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazonian</a> rivers and their tributaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill14_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group that self-identified as the Arawak, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a>, settled the coastal areas of what is now <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and parts of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rouse5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouse5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heckenberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Heckenberger">Michael Heckenberger</a>, an anthropologist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> who helped found the Central Amazon Project, and his team found elaborate pottery, ringed villages, raised fields, large mounds, and evidence for regional trade networks that are all indicators of a complex culture. There is also evidence that they modified the soil using various techniques such as adding charcoal to transform it into <a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">black earth</a>, which even today is famed for its agricultural productivity. Maize and sweet potatoes were their main crops, though they also grew cassava and yautia. The Arawaks fished using nets made of fibers, bones, hooks, and harpoons. According to Heckenberger, pottery and other cultural traits show these people belonged to the Arawakan language family, a group that included the Tainos, the first Native Americans Columbus encountered. It was the largest language group that ever existed in the pre-Columbian Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point, the Arawakan-speaking Taíno culture emerged in the Caribbean. Two major models have been presented to account for the arrival of Taíno ancestors in the islands; the "Circum-Caribbean" model suggests an origin in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Andes" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Andes">Colombian Andes</a> connected to the <a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhuaco people">Arhuaco people</a>, while the Amazonian model supports an origin in the Amazon basin, where the Arawakan languages developed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taíno were among the first American people to encounter Europeans. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> visited multiple islands and chiefdoms on his <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">first voyage</a> in 1492, which was followed by the establishment of <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that same year on the northeast coast of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> settlement in the Americas. Relationships between the Spaniards and the Taíno would ultimately sour. Some of the lower-level chiefs of the Taíno appeared to have assigned a supernatural origin to the explorers. When Columbus returned to La Navidad on his second voyage, he found the settlement burned down and the 39 men he had left there killed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the establishment of a second settlement, La Isabella, and the discovery of gold deposits on the island, the Spanish settler population on Hispaniola started to grow substantially, while disease and conflict with the Spanish began to kill tens of thousands of Taíno every year. By 1504, the Spanish had overthrown the last of the Taíno cacique chiefdoms on Hispaniola, and firmly established the supreme authority of the Spanish colonists over the now-subjugated Taíno. Over the next decade, the Spanish colonists presided over a genocide of the remaining Taíno on Hispaniola, who suffered enslavement, massacres, or exposure to diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Hispaniola at the point of first European contact is estimated at between several hundred thousand to over a million people,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 1514, it had dropped to a mere 35,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1509, the Spanish had successfully conquered Puerto Rico and subjugated the approximately 30,000 Taíno inhabitants. By 1530, there were 1,148 Taíno left alive in Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taíno influence has survived even until today, though, as can be seen in the religions, languages, and music of Caribbean cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lokono and other South American groups resisted colonization for a longer period, and the Spanish remained unable to subdue them throughout the 16th century. In the early 17th century, they allied with the Spanish against the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a> (Caribs), who allied with the English and Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lokono benefited from trade with European powers into the early 19th century, but suffered thereafter from economic and social changes in their region, including the end of the plantation economy. Their population declined until the 20th century, when it began to increase again.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Arawak of the Antilles died out or intermarried after the Spanish conquest. In South America, Arawakan-speaking groups are widespread, from southwest Brazil to the Guianas in the north, representing a wide range of cultures. They are found mostly in the tropical forest areas north of the Amazon. As with all Amazonian native peoples, contact with European settlement has led to culture change and depopulation among these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_population_and_descendants">Modern population and descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern population and descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60008905_Een_groep_Arowakken_en_Karaiben_in_fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60008905_Een_groep_Arowakken_en_Karaiben_in_fe.jpg/220px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60008905_Een_groep_Arowakken_en_Karaiben_in_fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60008905_Een_groep_Arowakken_en_Karaiben_in_fe.jpg/330px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60008905_Een_groep_Arowakken_en_Karaiben_in_fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60008905_Een_groep_Arowakken_en_Karaiben_in_fe.jpg/440px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60008905_Een_groep_Arowakken_en_Karaiben_in_fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Arawak people gathered for an audience with the Dutch Governor in <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo,_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramaribo, Suriname">Paramaribo, Suriname</a>, 1880</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalinago">Kalinago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kalinago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Island Carib population in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (Antilles)">St. Vincent</a> was greater than that in Dominica. Both the Island Caribs (Yellow Caribs) and the Black Caribs (<a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a>) fought against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Carib_War" title="Second Carib War">Second Carib War</a>. After the end of the war, the British deported the <a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a> (a population of 4,338) to <a href="/wiki/Roatan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Roatan Island">Roatan Island</a>, while the Island Caribs (whose population consisted of 80 people) were allowed to stay on St. Vincent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1812 eruption of <a href="/wiki/La_Soufri%C3%A8re_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soufrière (volcano)">La Soufrière</a> destroyed the Carib territory, killing a majority of the Yellow Caribs. After the eruption, 130 Yellow Caribs and 59 Black Caribs survived on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (Antilles)">St. Vincent</a>. Unable to recover from the damage caused by the eruption, 120 of the Yellow Caribs, under Captain Baptiste, emigrated to Trinidad. In 1830, the Carib population numbered less than 100. The population made a remarkable recovery after that, although almost the entire tribe died out during the 1902 eruption of <a href="/wiki/La_Soufri%C3%A8re_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soufrière (volcano)">La Soufrière</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2008, a small population of around 3,400 Kalinago survived in the <a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Territory" title="Kalinago Territory">Kalinago Territory</a> in northeast Dominica.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalinago of Dominica maintained their independence for many years by taking advantage of the island's rugged terrain. The island's east coast includes a 3,700-acre (15 km<sup>2</sup>) territory formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Carib_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Territory">Carib Territory</a> that was granted to the people by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> in 1903. The Dominican Kalinago elect their own chief. In July 2003, the Kalinago observed 100 Years of Territory, and in July 2014, Charles Williams was elected Kalinago Chief, succeeding Chief Garnette Joseph.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokono">Lokono</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lokono"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, about 10,000 Lokono live primarily in Guyana, with smaller numbers present in Venezuela, Suriname, and French Guiana.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite colonization, the Lokono population is growing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taíno"><span id="Ta.C3.ADno"></span>Taíno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Taíno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spaniards who arrived in the <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> (today Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and the Virgin Islands in 1492, and later in Puerto Rico in 1493, first met the Indigenous peoples now known as the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a> and other groups. Some of these groups—most notably the Kalinago—were able to survive despite warfare, disease and slavery brought by the Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others survived in isolated communities with escaped and free Black people, called Maroons.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the explorers and early colonists also raped Indigenous women they came across, resulting in children who were considered <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>. Some of these mestizo groups retained Indigenous culture and customs over many generations, especially among rural communities such as the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%ADbaro_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)">jíbaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In time, the number of recorded Taíno was greatly diminished through forced labor, disease and warfare, but also through changes to how <i>Indio</i> groups were recorded in the Spanish Caribbean. For example, the 1787 census in Puerto Rico lists 2,300 "pure" Indios in the population, but on the next census, in 1802, not a single Indio is listed. This created the enduring belief that the Taíno people went extinct, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">paper genocide</a>. The paper genocide and the myth of extinction spread throughout colonial empires, Taíno people still continued to practice their culture and teachings passing it down from generation to generation. Much of this was done in secret or disguised through Catholicism in fear for their survival and of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the modern invention of DNA testing, many Caribbean people have discovered they have Indigenous heritage. This has supported the claims of individuals and communities with Taíno heritage living today, particularly in rural areas such as "campos" (meaning small villages/towns in the country side). Though many communities and individuals across the Caribbean have some amount of Indigenous DNA, not all of them identify as Indigenous or Taíno. Those who do identify as Indigenous Caribbean may also use other terms to describe themselves as well as or in addition to <i>Taíno</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been increasing scholarly attention paid to Taíno practices and culture, including communities with full or partial Taíno identities. Because of this, Taíno people started to become more open about sharing their identities, passed down Indigenous culture, and beliefs. Even before the DNA confirmation in the scientific community, Taíno peoples within the Caribbean and its diasporas had started a movement around the late 1980s and early 1990s calling for the protection, revival or restoration of Taíno culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By coming together and sharing individual knowledge passed down by either oral history or maintained practice, these groups were able to use that knowledge and cross-reference the journals of Spaniards to fill in parts of Taíno culture and religion long thought to be lost due to colonization. This movement led to some Yukayekes (Taíno Tribes) being reformed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today there are Yukayekes in Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamaica,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Puerto Rico,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as "Higuayagua" and "Yukayeke Taíno Borikén".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been attempts to revive the Taíno language, using words that have survived into local Spanish dialects and extrapolation from other Arawakan languages in South America to fill in lost words.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Arawak">Notable Arawak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable Arawak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Damon Gerard Corrie, Barbados Lokono of Guyana Lokono descent, radical international indigenous rights activist, and creator of the militant Indigenous Democracy Defence Organization (IDDO), the only such global pan-tribal and multi-racial indigenous <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organisation">NGO</a> in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the creator of the only Phonetic English to Arawak dictionary (2021),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the only comprehensive books about Lokono-Arawak Culture called 'Lokono Arawaks' (2020),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on traditional Lokono-Arawak spirituality in 'Amazonia's Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan Lokono-Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana',<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another work that challenges the 'No natives were here when European settlement occurred colonial version of the history of Barbados in the book 'Last Arawak Girl Born in Barbados – a 17th Century Tale' (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Bennett" title="John P. Bennett">John P. Bennett</a> (Lokono), first Amerindian ordained as an Anglican priest in Guyana, linguist, and author of <i>An Arawak-English Dictionary</i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foster_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foster Simon (page does not exist)">Foster Simon</a>, Artist,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Hussein" title="Oswald Hussein">Oswald Hussein</a>, Artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_La_Rose" title="Jean La Rose">Jean La Rose</a>, Arawak environmentalist and indigenous rights activist in Guyana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenox_Shuman" title="Lenox Shuman">Lenox Shuman</a>, Guyanese politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Simon_(artist_and_archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Simon (artist and archaeologist)">George Simon</a> (Lokono), artist and archaeologist from Guyana.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tituba" title="Tituba">Tituba</a>, one of the first women to be accused of practicing <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_King" title="Dominic King">Dominic King</a>, the first Olympian of Arawakian heritage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaheli" title="Adaheli">Adaheli</a>, the sun in the <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiomun-Kondi" title="Aiomun-Kondi">Aiomun-Kondi</a>, Arawak deity, created the world in Arawak mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maipurean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Maipurean languages">Arawakan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_names_of_Eastern_Caribbean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous names of Eastern Caribbean islands">List of indigenous names of Eastern Caribbean islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_peoples_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Native American peoples in the United States">List of Native American peoples in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maipurean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Maipurean languages">Maipurean languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rouse5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rouse5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rouse5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rouse5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRouse1992" class="citation book cs1">Rouse, Irving (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous"><i>The Tainos</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051816" title="Special:BookSources/0300051816"><bdi>0300051816</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>Island Carib.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tainos&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0300051816&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftainosrisedeclin00rous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions". <i><a href="/wiki/Early_American_Studies" title="Early American Studies">Early American Studies</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 117–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feam.2013.0007">10.1353/eam.2013.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546705">23546705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144195511">144195511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Caribs+of+St.+Vincent+and+Indigenous+Resistance+during+the+Age+of+Revolutions&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-132&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144195511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23546705%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feam.2013.0007&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Julie+Chun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill14-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill14_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillSantos-Granero2002" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb4LoGZnf-8C&q=Lokono&pg=PA41"><i>Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252073843" title="Special:BookSources/0252073843"><bdi>0252073843</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Arawakan+Histories%3A+Rethinking+Language+Family+and+Culture+Area+in+Amazonia&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0252073843&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+David&rft.au=Santos-Granero%2C+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb4LoGZnf-8C%26q%3DLokono%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/">"The History of Jamaica"</a>. 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Greenwood. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313263876" title="Special:BookSources/0313263876"><bdi>0313263876</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous/page/30">30</a>–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051816" title="Special:BookSources/0300051816"><bdi>0300051816</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>Island Carib.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tainos&rft.pages=30-48&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0300051816&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftainosrisedeclin00rous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola">"Hispaniola | Genocide Studies Program"</a>. <i>gsp.yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gsp.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Hispaniola+%26%23124%3B+Genocide+Studies+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fcase-studies%2Fcolonial-genocides-project%2Fhispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1992" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, William F. (1992). <i>Destruction of the Taino</i>. pp. 51–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destruction+of+the+Taino&rft.pages=51-56&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/puerto-rico">"Puerto Rico | Genocide Studies Program"</a>. <i>gsp.yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gsp.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+%26%23124%3B+Genocide+Studies+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fcase-studies%2Fcolonial-genocides-project%2Fpuerto-rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/exploring-the-early-americas/columbus-and-the-taino.html">"Exploring the Early Americas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. 12 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Early+Americas&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fexploring-the-early-americas%2Fcolumbus-and-the-taino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillSantos-Granero2002" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb4LoGZnf-8C&q=Lokono&pg=PA41"><i>Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 39–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252073843" title="Special:BookSources/0252073843"><bdi>0252073843</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Arawakan+Histories%3A+Rethinking+Language+Family+and+Culture+Area+in+Amazonia&rft.pages=39-42&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0252073843&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+David&rft.au=Santos-Granero%2C+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb4LoGZnf-8C%26q%3DLokono%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stewart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=175c4xOpLtYC&q=Locono"><i>The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood. pp. 30, 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313263876" title="Special:BookSources/0313263876"><bdi>0313263876</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indians+of+Central+and+South+America%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.pages=30%2C+211&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0313263876&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D175c4xOpLtYC%26q%3DLocono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagasse" class="citation web cs1">Lagasse, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ss360.libraries.psu.edu.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/cgi-bin/ssredirpg?D=7F9&U=http%3A%2F%2Falias.libraries.psu.edu%2Feresources%2Fproxy%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fcolumency%2Farawak%2F0%3FinstitutionId%3D725">"Arawak"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arawak&rft.aulast=Lagasse&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fss360.libraries.psu.edu.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fssredirpg%3FD%3D7F9%26U%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Falias.libraries.psu.edu%252Feresources%252Fproxy%252Flogin%253Furl%253Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fsearch.credoreference.com%252Fcontent%252Fentry%252Fcolumency%252Farawak%252F0%253FinstitutionId%253D725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargallo2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gargallo, Francesca (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_1c9KuQ32EC&pg=PA66"><i>Garífuna, Garínagu, Caribe: historia de una nación libertaria</i></a> (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-23-2365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-23-2365-2"><bdi>978-968-23-2365-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gar%C3%ADfuna%2C+Gar%C3%ADnagu%2C+Caribe%3A+historia+de+una+naci%C3%B3n+libertaria&rft.pub=Siglo+XXI&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-968-23-2365-2&rft.aulast=Gargallo&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_1c9KuQ32EC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2003" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOHwmM7ASwIC&pg=PA208"><i>The Rapid Growth of Human Populations, 1750-2000: Histories, Consequences, Issues, Nation by Nation</i></a>. multi-science publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906522-21-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906522-21-9"><bdi>978-0-906522-21-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rapid+Growth+of+Human+Populations%2C+1750-2000%3A+Histories%2C+Consequences%2C+Issues%2C+Nation+by+Nation&rft.pub=multi-science+publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-906522-21-9&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOHwmM7ASwIC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Chris (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617033100"><i>The Black Carib wars: freedom, survival, and the making of the Garifuna</i></a>. Caribbean studies series. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-310-0"><bdi>978-1-61703-310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Carib+wars%3A+freedom%2C+survival%2C+and+the+making+of+the+Garifuna&rft.place=Jackson&rft.series=Caribbean+studies+series&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61703-310-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ABookSources%2F9781617033100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2008/en/65036">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominica : Caribs"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+Dominica+%3A+Caribs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Freference%2Fcountryrep%2Fmrgi%2F2008%2Fen%2F65036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avirtualdominica.com/project/kalinago-people/">"Kalinago People | a virtual Dominica"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taíno indigenous communities in the Caribbean and the road to SDGs 2030"</a>. <i>Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 305–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FWHATT-02-2020-0011">10.1108/WHATT-02-2020-0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-4217">1755-4217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Worldwide+Hospitality+and+Tourism+Themes&rft.atitle=%22No+one+will+be+left+behind%3F%22+Ta%C3%ADno+indigenous+communities+in+the+Caribbean+and+the+road+to+SDGs+2030&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-320&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FWHATT-02-2020-0011&rft.issn=1755-4217&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Johnnel&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2Fwhatt-02-2020-0011%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808023455/https://ctrcenter.org/en/news/7096-the-law-on-the-indigenous-peoples-of-ukraine-does-not-fully-comply-with-international-standards-damon-gerard-corrie">"The Law on the Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine does not fully comply with international standards – Damon Gerard Corrie | CTRC"</a>. Ctrcenter.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctrcenter.org/en/news/7096-the-law-on-the-indigenous-peoples-of-ukraine-does-not-fully-comply-with-international-standards-damon-gerard-corrie">the original</a> on 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Law+on+the+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Ukraine+does+not+fully+comply+with+international+standards+%E2%80%93+Damon+Gerard+Corrie+%26%23124%3B+CTRC&rft.pub=Ctrcenter.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctrcenter.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F7096-the-law-on-the-indigenous-peoples-of-ukraine-does-not-fully-comply-with-international-standards-damon-gerard-corrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrie2021" class="citation book cs1">Corrie, D. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtOnzgEACAAJ"><i>A Phonetic English to Arawak Dictionary</i></a>. Damon Corrie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-201-10203-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-201-10203-6"><bdi>979-8-201-10203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phonetic+English+to+Arawak+Dictionary&rft.pub=Damon+Corrie&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=979-8-201-10203-6&rft.aulast=Corrie&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtOnzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrie2020" class="citation book cs1">Corrie, Damon (2 September 2020). <i>Lokono-Arawaks: Corrie, Damon: 9781393432555: Amazon.com: Books</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1393432555" title="Special:BookSources/978-1393432555"><bdi>978-1393432555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lokono-Arawaks%3A+Corrie%2C+Damon%3A+9781393432555%3A+Amazon.com%3A+Books&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1393432555&rft.aulast=Corrie&rft.aufirst=Damon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrie2019" class="citation book cs1">Corrie, Damon (14 October 2019). <i>Amazonia's Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan Lokono-Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana: 9781393821069: Corrie, Damon: Books</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1393821069" title="Special:BookSources/978-1393821069"><bdi>978-1393821069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazonia%27s+Mythical+and+Legendary+Creatures+in+the+Eagle+Clan+Lokono-Arawak+Oral+Tradition+of+Guyana%3A+9781393821069%3A+Corrie%2C+Damon%3A+Books&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1393821069&rft.aulast=Corrie&rft.aufirst=Damon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrie2021" class="citation book cs1">Corrie, Damon (28 September 2021). <i>The Last Arawak girl born in Barbados – A 17th Century Tale: Corrie, Damon: 9781393841937: Amazon.com: Books</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1393841937" title="Special:BookSources/978-1393841937"><bdi>978-1393841937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Arawak+girl+born+in+Barbados+%E2%80%93+A+17th+Century+Tale%3A+Corrie%2C+Damon%3A+9781393841937%3A+Amazon.com%3A+Books&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft.isbn=978-1393841937&rft.aulast=Corrie&rft.aufirst=Damon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guyanachronicle.com/2015/09/13/as-indigenous-heritage-month-continues-indigenous-artists-pay-homage-to-lokono-priest-john-bennett/">"As Indigenous Heritage Month continues ... Indigenous artists pay homage to Lokono Priest John Bennett"</a>. <i>Guyana Chronicle</i>. 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guyana+Chronicle&rft.atitle=As+Indigenous+Heritage+Month+continues+...+Indigenous+artists+pay+homage+to+Lokono+Priest+John+Bennett&rft.date=2015-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguyanachronicle.com%2F2015%2F09%2F13%2Fas-indigenous-heritage-month-continues-indigenous-artists-pay-homage-to-lokono-priest-john-bennett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeola_Damon2019" class="citation web cs1">Neola Damon (8 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dpi.gov.gy/indigenous-art-exhibition-honours-george-simon//">"Indigenous art exhibition honors George Simon – Department of Public Information, Guyana"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+art+exhibition+honors+George+Simon+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Public+Information%2C+Guyana&rft.pub=Dpi.gov.gy&rft.date=2019-09-08&rft.au=Neola+Damon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdpi.gov.gy%2Findigenous-art-exhibition-honours-george-simon%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guyanachronicle.com/2015/09/07/arawaks-left-their-physical-signatures-here-george-simon/">"The Arawaks left their physical signatures here – George Simon"</a>. <i>Guyana Chronicle</i>. 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Tituba%27s+Race%E2%80%94Black%2C+Indian%2C+Mixed%3F+How+Would+We+Know%3F&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhat-was-titubas-race-3530573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Jesse, C., (2000). <i>The Amerindians in St. Lucia (Iouanalao)</i>. 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[PhD dissertation], Leiden: University of Leiden (Faculty of Archaeology).</li> <li>Haviser, J. B., (1987). <i>Amerindian cultural Geography on Curaçao</i>. [Unpublished PhD dissertation], Leiden: Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandler,_Jerome_S.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Handler, Jerome S. (January 1977). "Amerindians and Their Contributions to Barbadian Life in the Seventeenth Century". <i>The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society</i>. <b>33</b> (3). 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Fort-de-France: <i>Proceedings of the First International Congress on Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles,</i> pp. 111–136</li> <li>Deutsche, Presse-Agentur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701134540/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/science/news/article_1531751.php/Archaeologists-study-signs-of-ancient-civilization-in-Amazon-basin">"Archeologist studies signs of ancient civilization in Amazon basin"</a>, <i>Science and Nature,</i> M&C, 08/02/2010. Web. 29 May 2011.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillSantos-Granero2002" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb4LoGZnf-8C&q=Lokono&pg=PA41"><i>Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252073843" title="Special:BookSources/0252073843"><bdi>0252073843</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Arawakan+Histories%3A+Rethinking+Language+Family+and+Culture+Area+in+Amazonia&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0252073843&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+David&rft.au=Santos-Granero%2C+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb4LoGZnf-8C%26q%3DLokono%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stewart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=175c4xOpLtYC&q=Locono"><i>The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313263876" title="Special:BookSources/0313263876"><bdi>0313263876</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indians+of+Central+and+South+America%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0313263876&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D175c4xOpLtYC%26q%3DLocono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse1992" class="citation book cs1">Rouse, Irving (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous"><i>The Tainos</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051816" title="Special:BookSources/0300051816"><bdi>0300051816</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>Island Carib.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tainos&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0300051816&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftainosrisedeclin00rous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArawak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arawak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Taruma people">Taruma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi" title="Macushi">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patamona_people" title="Patamona people">Patamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon" title="Pemon">Pemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-wai_people" title="Wai-wai people">Wai-Wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapishana" title="Wapishana">Wapishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_people" title="Warao people">Warao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Guyanese people">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Guyana" title="Brazilians in Guyana">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Guyanese" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Suriname" title="Brazilians in Suriname">Brazilian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean (1492–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy</a> (1500s–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Dutch Caribbean (1554–1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">British Caribbean (1586–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean (1625–1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish Caribbean (1672–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">German Caribbean (1685-1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_colony_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy">Swedish Caribbean (1784–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_history" title="Afro-Caribbean history">Afro-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Indigenous people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_hurricanes_on_Caribbean_history" title="Impact of hurricanes on Caribbean history">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influx_of_disease_in_the_Caribbean" title="Influx of disease in the Caribbean">Influx of diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaria and the Caribbean">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean#Geography_and_geology" title="Caribbean">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Lowlands" title="Caribbean Lowlands">Caribbean Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Caribbean (page does not exist)">Southern Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Caribbean_zone" title="Western Caribbean zone">Western Caribbean zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_bioregion" title="Caribbean bioregion">Bioregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of earthquakes in the Caribbean">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Caribbean" title="Extreme points of the Caribbean">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands_by_area" title="List of Caribbean islands by area">by area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammals_of_the_Caribbean" title="Mammals of the Caribbean">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetaceans_of_the_Caribbean" title="Cetaceans of the Caribbean">Cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of populated places in the Caribbean">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of rivers of Central America and the Caribbean">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trees_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of trees of the Caribbean">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of the Caribbean">Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_West_Indies#Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_West_Indies#Dependent_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies">Dependent territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean#Politics" title="Caribbean">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">Afro-Caribbean leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Caribbean" title="Economy of the Caribbean">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_airlines_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of largest airlines in Central America and the Caribbean">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of airports in the Caribbean">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Basin_Trade_and_Partnership_Act" title="Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act">Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_industry_in_the_Caribbean" title="Citrus industry in the Caribbean">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_companies" title="List of Caribbean companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_Caribbean" title="Fishing industry in the Caribbean">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of hotels in the Caribbean">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_Americas" title="List of stock exchanges in the Americas">Stock exchanges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Securities_Exchange" title="Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange">Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">in the Danish West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in the Caribbean">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Caribbean" title="Culture of the Caribbean">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_Caribbean" title="Beer in the Caribbean">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_carnivals_around_the_world#Local_Caribbean_Carnivals" title="List of Caribbean carnivals around the world">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_poetry" title="Caribbean poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_the_Caribbean_by_country" title="Category:Radio stations in the Caribbean by country">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Caribbean">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of stadiums in Central America and the Caribbean">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of television stations in the Caribbean">Television stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Caribbean">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caribbean" title="Languages of the Caribbean">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">Population</a></li> <li><a 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