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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naming and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Character encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Data types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoperability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoperability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interoperability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interoperability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interoperability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interoperability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metadata_and_schema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metadata_and_schema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metadata and schema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metadata_and_schema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-XML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>XML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supersets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supersets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Supersets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supersets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supersets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supersets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-YAML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YAML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>YAML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YAML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSON" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSON"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>CSON</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSON-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HOCON" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HOCON"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>HOCON</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HOCON-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JSON5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JSON5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>JSON5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JSON5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JSONC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JSONC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>JSONC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JSONC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">JSON</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="জেসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Object_Notation" title="JavaScript Object Notation – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="JavaScript Object Notation" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Object_Notation" title="JavaScript Object Notation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="JavaScript Object Notation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Object_Notation" title="JavaScript Object Notation – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="JavaScript Object Notation" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جی‌سان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی‌سان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Object_Notation" title="JavaScript Object Notation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="JavaScript Object Notation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Object_Notation" title="JavaScript Object Notation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="JavaScript Object Notation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ജെസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Object_Notation" title="JavaScript Object Notation – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="JavaScript Object Notation" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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title="JSON – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="JSON" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" title="JSON – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="JSON" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Open standard file format and data interchange</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Json" redirects here. For people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/J_Son_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="J Son (disambiguation)">J Son</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">JavaScript Object Notation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:113px;max-width:113px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="border:none;;height:109px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JSON_vector_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The JSON logo is a Möbius strip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/JSON_vector_logo.svg/109px-JSON_vector_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/JSON_vector_logo.svg/164px-JSON_vector_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/JSON_vector_logo.svg/218px-JSON_vector_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div><div>The JSON logo is a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip" title="Möbius strip">Möbius strip</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .json</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> application/json</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">TEXT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.json</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Data interchange</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/std90">STD 90</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8259">8259</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/">ECMA-404</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/71616.html">ISO/IEC 21778:2017</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://json.org/">json<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>JSON</b> (<b>JavaScript Object Notation</b>, pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a> file format and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_data_interchange" title="Electronic data interchange">data interchange</a> format that uses <a href="/wiki/Human-readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable">human-readable</a> text to store and transmit data objects consisting of <a href="/wiki/Name%E2%80%93value_pair" title="Name–value pair">name–value pairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">arrays</a> (or other <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serializable</a> values). It is a commonly used data format with diverse uses in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_data_interchange" title="Electronic data interchange">electronic data interchange</a>, including that of <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a> with <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>. </p><p>JSON is a <a href="/wiki/Language-independent_specification" title="Language-independent specification">language-independent</a> data format. It was derived from <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, but many modern <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> include code to generate and <a href="/wiki/Parse" class="mw-redirect" title="Parse">parse</a> JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension <code>.json</code>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a> originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-saga_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and <a href="/wiki/Chip_Morningstar" title="Chip Morningstar">Chip Morningstar</a> sent the first JSON message in April 2001. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_pronunciation">Naming and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2017 <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> (ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies that "JSON" is "pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, as in '<a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and The <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a><span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ecma2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first (2013) edition of ECMA-404 did not address the pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-ecma2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook</i> states, "<a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a>, who named and promoted the JSON format, says it's pronounced like the name Jason. But somehow, 'JAY-sawn'<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seems to have become more common in the technical community."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crockford said in 2011, "There's a lot of argument about how you pronounce that, but I strictly don't care."<sup id="cite_ref-saga_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After RFC 4627 had been available as its "informational" specification since 2006, JSON was first standardized in 2013, as <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>-404.<sup id="cite_ref-ecma2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFC 8259, published in 2017, is the current version of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Standard" title="Internet Standard">Internet Standard</a> STD 90, and it remains consistent with ECMA-404.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc8259_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc8259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, JSON was also standardized as <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC">ISO/IEC</a> 21778:2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC">ISO/IEC</a> standards describe only the allowed syntax, whereas the RFC covers some security and interoperability considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Crockford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Douglas_Crockford.jpg/220px-Douglas_Crockford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Douglas_Crockford.jpg/330px-Douglas_Crockford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Douglas_Crockford.jpg/440px-Douglas_Crockford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Douglas Crockford at the Yahoo Building (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>JSON grew out of a need for a real-time server-to-browser session communication protocol without using browser plugins such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> applets, the dominant methods used in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Edu4java,_2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edu4java,_2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crockford first specified and popularized the JSON format.<sup id="cite_ref-saga_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acronym originated at State Software, a company cofounded by Crockford and others in March 2001. The cofounders agreed to build a system that used standard browser capabilities and provided an <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction layer</a> for Web developers to create stateful Web applications that had a persistent duplex connection to a Web server by holding two <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) connections open and recycling them before standard browser time-outs if no further data were exchanged. The cofounders had a round-table discussion and voted on whether to call the data format JSML (JavaScript Markup Language) or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), as well as under what <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">license</a> type to make it available. The JSON.org<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> website was launched in 2001. In December 2005, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> began offering some of its <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web services</a> in JSON.<sup id="cite_ref-yahoo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A precursor to the JSON libraries was used in a children's digital asset trading game project named <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Orbit" title="Cartoon Orbit">Cartoon Orbit</a> at Communities.com <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (the State cofounders had all worked at this company previously) for Cartoon Network <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, which used a browser side plug-in with a proprietary messaging format to manipulate <a href="/wiki/DHTML" class="mw-redirect" title="DHTML">DHTML</a> elements (this system is also owned by 3DO <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). Upon discovery of early <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> capabilities, digiGroups, Noosh, and others used frames to pass information into the user browsers' visual field without refreshing a Web application's visual context, realizing real-time rich Web applications using only the standard HTTP, HTML, and JavaScript capabilities of Netscape 4.0.5+ and Internet Explorer 5+. Crockford then found that JavaScript could be used as an object-based messaging format for such a system. The system was sold to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">EDS</a>. </p><p>JSON was based on a <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subset</a> of the <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> scripting language (specifically, Standard <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>-262 3rd Edition—December 1999<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and is commonly used with JavaScript, but it is a <a href="/wiki/Language-independent_specification" title="Language-independent specification">language-independent</a> data format. Code for <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsing</a> and generating JSON data is readily available in many <a href="/wiki/Programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming languages">programming languages</a>. JSON's website lists JSON <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">libraries</a> by language. </p><p>In October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> published the first edition of its JSON standard ECMA-404.<sup id="cite_ref-ecma2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7158">7158</a> used ECMA-404 as a reference. In 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7159">7159</a> became the main reference for JSON's Internet uses, superseding <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4627">4627</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7158">7158</a> (but preserving ECMA-262 and ECMA-404 as main references). In November 2017, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22</a> published ISO/IEC 21778:2017<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an international standard. On December 13, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> obsoleted <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7159">7159</a> when it published <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8259">8259</a>, which is the current version of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Standard" title="Internet Standard">Internet Standard</a> STD 90.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crockford added a clause to the JSON license stating, "The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil", in order to <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> the JSON libraries while mocking corporate lawyers and those who are overly pedantic. On the other hand, this clause led to <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">license compatibility</a> problems of the JSON license with other <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source licenses</a> since <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> usually imply no restrictions on the purpose of use.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following example shows a possible JSON representation describing a person. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-json mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"first_name"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"John"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"last_name"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Smith"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"is_alive"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"age"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">27</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"address"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"street_address"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"21 2nd Street"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"city"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"New York"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"state"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"NY"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"postal_code"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"10021-3100"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"phone_numbers"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"type"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"home"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"number"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"212 555-1234"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"type"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"office"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"number"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"646 555-4567"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"children"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Catherine"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Thomas"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Trevor"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"spouse"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_encoding">Character encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Character encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Crockford originally asserted that JSON is a strict subset of <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his specification actually allows valid JSON documents that are not valid JavaScript; JSON allows the <a href="/wiki/Unicode#Newlines" title="Unicode">Unicode line terminators</a> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2028</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LINE SEPARATOR</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2029</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR</span> to appear unescaped in quoted strings, while ECMAScript 2018 and older do not.<sup id="cite_ref-json-2028_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-json-2028-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECMATC39_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMATC39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a consequence of JSON disallowing only "control characters". For maximum portability, these characters should be backslash-escaped. </p><p>JSON exchange in an open ecosystem must be encoded in <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc8259_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc8259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encoding supports the full Unicode character set, including those characters outside the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">Basic Multilingual Plane</a> (U+0000 to U+FFFF). However, if escaped, those characters must be written using <a href="/wiki/UTF-16#Code_points_from_U+010000_to_U+10FFFF" title="UTF-16">UTF-16 surrogate pairs</a>. For example, to include the <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a> character <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1F610</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">😐</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NEUTRAL FACE</span> in JSON: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"face"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"😐"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// or</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"face"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"\uD83D\uDE10"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>JSON became a strict subset of ECMAScript as of the language's 2019 revision.<sup id="cite_ref-ECMATC39_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMATC39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECMATC39Stage4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMATC39Stage4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_types">Data types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JSON's basic data types are: </p> <ul><li>Number: a signed decimal number that may contain a fractional part and may use exponential <a href="/wiki/E_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="E notation">E notation</a> but cannot include non-numbers such as <a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a>. The format makes no distinction between integer and floating-point. JavaScript uses <a href="/wiki/IEEE-754" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-754">IEEE-754</a> <a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">double-precision floating-point format</a> for all its numeric values (later also supporting <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">BigInt</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but other languages implementing JSON may encode numbers differently.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">String</a>: a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Empty_string" title="Empty string">zero</a> or more <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. Strings are delimited with double quotation marks and support a backslash <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escaping</a> syntax.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a>: either of the values <code>true</code> or <code>false</code></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">Array</a>: an <a href="/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">ordered list</a> of zero or more elements, each of which may be of any type. Arrays use <a href="/wiki/Square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Square bracket">square bracket</a> notation with comma-separated elements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">Object</a>: a collection of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Name%E2%80%93value_pairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Name–value pairs (page does not exist)">name–value pairs</a> where the names (also called keys) are strings. The current ECMA standard states, "The JSON syntax does not impose any restrictions on the strings used as names, does not require that name strings be unique, and does not assign any significance to the ordering of name/value pairs."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects are delimited with <a href="/wiki/Braces_(punctuation)#Braces" class="mw-redirect" title="Braces (punctuation)">curly brackets</a> and use commas to separate each pair, while within each pair, the colon ':' character separates the key or name from its value.</li> <li><code><a href="/wiki/Nullable_type" title="Nullable type">null</a></code>: an empty value, using the word <code>null</code></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a> is allowed and ignored around or between syntactic elements (values and punctuation, but not within a string value). Four specific characters are considered whitespace for this purpose: <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal tab">horizontal tab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a>. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">byte order mark</a> must not be generated by a conforming implementation (though it may be accepted when parsing JSON). JSON does not provide syntax for <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DouglasCrockfordComments_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouglasCrockfordComments-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early versions of JSON (such as specified by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4627">4627</a>) required that a valid JSON text must consist of only an object or an array type, which could contain other types within them. This restriction was dropped in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7158">7158</a>, where a JSON text was redefined as any serialized value. </p><p>Numbers in JSON are agnostic with regard to their representation within programming languages. While this allows for numbers of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary precision">arbitrary precision</a> to be serialized, it may lead to portability issues. For example, since no differentiation is made between integer and floating-point values, some implementations may treat <code>42</code>, <code>42.0</code>, and <code>4.2E+1</code> as the same number, while others may not. The JSON standard makes no requirements regarding implementation details such as <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_overflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic overflow">overflow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Underflow">underflow</a>, loss of precision, rounding, or <a href="/wiki/Signed_zeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed zeros">signed zeros</a>, but it does recommend expecting no more than <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> <a href="/wiki/Binary64" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary64">binary64</a> precision for "good interoperability". There is no inherent precision loss in serializing a machine-level binary representation of a floating-point number (like binary64) into a human-readable decimal representation (like numbers in JSON) and back since there exist published algorithms to do this exactly and optimally.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comments were intentionally excluded from JSON. In 2012, Douglas Crockford described his design decision thus: "I removed comments from JSON because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability."<sup id="cite_ref-DouglasCrockfordComments_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouglasCrockfordComments-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JSON disallows "trailing commas", a <a href="/wiki/Comma#Computing" title="Comma">comma</a> after the last value inside a data structure.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trailing commas are a common feature of <a href="#Derivatives">JSON derivatives</a> to improve ease of use.<sup id="cite_ref-json5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-json5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability">Interoperability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interoperability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RFC 8259 describes certain aspects of JSON syntax that, while legal per the specifications, can cause interoperability problems. </p> <ul><li>Certain JSON implementations only accept JSON texts representing an object or an array. For interoperability, applications interchanging JSON should transmit messages that are objects or arrays.</li> <li>The specifications allow JSON objects that contain multiple members with the same name. The behavior of implementations processing objects with duplicate names is unpredictable. For interoperability, applications should avoid duplicate names when transmitting JSON objects.</li> <li>The specifications specifically say that the order of members in JSON objects is not significant. For interoperability, applications should avoid assigning meaning to member ordering even if the parsing software makes that ordering visible.</li> <li>While the specifications place no limits on the magnitude or precisions of JSON number literals, the widely used JavaScript implementation stores them as IEEE754 "binary64" quantities. For interoperability, applications should avoid transmitting numbers that cannot be represented in this way, for example, 1E400 or 3.141592653589793238462643383279.</li> <li>While the specifications do not constrain the character encoding of the Unicode characters in a JSON text, the vast majority of implementations assume <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding; for interoperability, applications should always and only encode JSON messages in UTF-8.</li> <li>The specifications do not forbid transmitting byte sequences that incorrectly represent Unicode characters. For interoperability, applications should transmit messages containing no such byte sequences.</li> <li>The specification does not constrain how applications go about comparing Unicode strings. For interoperability, applications should always perform such comparisons code unit by code unit.</li></ul> <p>In 2015, the IETF published RFC 7493, describing the "I-JSON Message Format", a restricted profile of JSON that constrains the syntax and processing of JSON to avoid, as much as possible, these interoperability issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantics">Semantics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While JSON provides a syntactic framework for data interchange, unambiguous data interchange also requires agreement between producer and consumer on the semantics of specific use of the JSON syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of where such an agreement is necessary is the serialization of data types that are not part of the JSON standard, for example, dates and <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metadata_and_schema">Metadata and schema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metadata and schema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">MIME type</a> for JSON text is <code>application/json</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most modern implementations have adopted this. Legacy MIME types include <code>text/json</code>, <code>text/x-json</code>, and <code>text/javascript</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard filename extension is .json.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>JSON Schema</i> specifies a JSON-based format to define the structure of JSON data for validation, documentation, and interaction control. It provides a contract for the JSON data required by a given application and how that data can be modified.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JSON Schema is based on the concepts from <a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">XML Schema</a> (XSD) but is JSON-based. As in XSD, the same serialization/deserialization tools can be used both for the schema and data, and it is self-describing. It is specified in an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Draft" title="Internet Draft">Internet Draft</a> at the IETF, with the latest version as of 2024 being "Draft 2020-12".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several validators available for different programming languages,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each with varying levels of conformance. </p><p>The JSON standard does not support object <a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">references</a>, but an <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> draft standard for JSON-based object references exists.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/JSON-RPC" title="JSON-RPC">JSON-RPC</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) protocol built on JSON, as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/XML-RPC" title="XML-RPC">XML-RPC</a> or <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>. It is a simple protocol that defines only a handful of data types and commands. JSON-RPC lets a system send notifications (information to the server that does not require a response) and multiple calls to the server that can be answered out of order. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_JavaScript_and_JSON" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous JavaScript and JSON">Asynchronous JavaScript and JSON</a> (or AJAJ) refers to the same <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web page</a> methodology as <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a>, but instead of <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, JSON is the data format. AJAJ is a web development technique that provides for the ability of a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> to request new data after it has loaded into the <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Typically, it renders new data from the server in response to user actions on that web page. For example, what the user types into a <a href="/wiki/Text_box" title="Text box">search box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">client-side code</a> then sends to the server, which immediately responds with a <a href="/wiki/Drop-down_list" title="Drop-down list">drop-down list</a> of matching <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> items. </p><p>JSON has seen <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> usage as a <a href="/wiki/Configuration_file" title="Configuration file">configuration language</a>. However, it does not support <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a>. In 2012, Douglas Crockford, JSON creator, had this to say about comments in JSON when used as a configuration language: "I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn't. Suppose you are using JSON to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before handing it to your JSON parser."<sup id="cite_ref-DouglasCrockfordComments_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouglasCrockfordComments-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> uses JSON-like data for its <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document-oriented database</a>. </p><p>Some relational databases, such as PostgreSQL and MySQL, have added support for native JSON data types. This allows developers to store JSON data directly in a relational database without having to convert it to another data format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JSON being a subset of JavaScript can lead to the misconception that it is safe to pass JSON texts to the JavaScript <code><a href="/wiki/Eval" title="Eval">eval</a>()</code> function. This is not safe, due to certain valid JSON texts, specifically those containing <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2028</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LINE SEPARATOR</span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2029</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR</span>, not being valid JavaScript code until JavaScript specifications were updated in 2019, and so older engines may not support it.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnus_Holm_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnus_Holm-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid the many pitfalls caused by executing arbitrary code from the Internet, a new function, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">JSON</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parse</span><span class="p">()</span></code>, was first added to the fifth edition of ECMAScript,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which as of 2017 is supported by all major browsers. For non-supported browsers, an API-compatible JavaScript library is provided by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the TC39 proposal "Subsume JSON" made <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> a strict JSON superset as of the language's 2019 revision.<sup id="cite_ref-ECMATC39_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMATC39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECMATC39Stage4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMATC39Stage4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various JSON parser implementations have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">denial-of-service attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_assignment_vulnerability" title="Mass assignment vulnerability">mass assignment vulnerability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats" title="Comparison of data-serialization formats">Comparison of data-serialization formats</a></div> <p>JSON is promoted as a low-overhead alternative to XML as both of these formats have widespread support for creation, reading, and decoding in the real-world situations where they are commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from XML, examples could include <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a> and <a href="#Supersets">supersets</a> of JSON. <a href="/wiki/Google_Protocol_Buffers" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Protocol Buffers">Google Protocol Buffers</a> can fill this role, although it is not a data interchange language. <a href="/wiki/CBOR" title="CBOR">CBOR</a> has a superset of the JSON data types, but it is not text-based. <a href="/wiki/Ion_(serialization_format)" title="Ion (serialization format)"> Ion</a> is also a superset of JSON, with a wider range of primary types, annotations, comments, and allowing trailing commas.<sup id="cite_ref-ion_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ion-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XML">XML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: XML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> has been used to describe structured data and to serialize objects. Various XML-based protocols exist to represent the same kind of data structures as JSON for the same kind of data interchange purposes. Data can be encoded in XML in several ways. The most expansive form using tag pairs results in a much larger (in character count) representation than JSON, but if data is stored in attributes and 'short tag' form where the closing tag is replaced with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/></code>, the representation is often about the same size as JSON or just a little larger. However, an XML attribute can only have a single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element. </p><p>XML separates "data" from "metadata" (via the use of elements and attributes), while JSON does not have such a concept. </p><p>Another key difference is the addressing of values. JSON has objects with a simple "key" to "value" mapping, whereas in XML addressing happens on "nodes", which all receive a unique ID via the XML processor. Additionally, the XML standard defines a common attribute <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">xml:id</code>, that can be used by the user, to set an ID explicitly. </p><p>XML tag names cannot contain any of the characters <code>!"#$%&'()*+,/;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~</code>, nor a space character, and cannot begin with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.</code>, or a numeric digit, whereas JSON keys can (even if quotation mark and backslash must be escaped).<sup id="cite_ref-XML_1.1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XML_1.1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>XML values are strings of <i>characters</i>, with no built-in <a href="/wiki/Type_safety" title="Type safety">type safety</a>. XML has the concept of <a href="/wiki/XML_schema" title="XML schema">schema</a>, that permits strong typing, user-defined types, predefined tags, and formal structure, allowing for formal validation of an XML stream. JSON has several types built-in and has a similar schema concept in <a href="#Metadata_and_schema">JSON Schema</a>. </p><p>XML supports comments, while JSON does not.<sup id="cite_ref-Saternos45_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saternos45-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DouglasCrockfordComments_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouglasCrockfordComments-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supersets">Supersets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Supersets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support for <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a> and other features have been deemed useful, which has led to several nonstandard JSON <a href="/wiki/Superset" class="mw-redirect" title="Superset">supersets</a> being created. Among them are HJSON,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HOCON, and JSON5 (which despite its name, is not the fifth version of JSON).<sup id="cite_ref-lucidchart_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucidchart-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YAML">YAML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: YAML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/YAML#JSON" title="YAML">YAML § JSON</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a> version 1.2 is a superset of JSON; prior versions were not strictly compatible. For example, escaping a slash <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/</code> with a backslash <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\</code> is valid in JSON, but was not valid in YAML.<sup id="cite_ref-YAML_Version_1.2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YAML_Version_1.2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> YAML supports comments, while JSON does not.<sup id="cite_ref-YAML_Version_1.2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YAML_Version_1.2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lucidchart_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucidchart-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DouglasCrockfordComments_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouglasCrockfordComments-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSON">CSON</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: CSON"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>CSON</b> ("<a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a> Object Notation") uses <a href="/wiki/Significant_indentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant indentation">significant indentation</a>, unquoted keys, and assumes an outer object declaration. It was used for configuring <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom text editor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also an unrelated project called <b>CSON</b> ("Cursive Script Object Notation") that is more syntactically similar to JSON.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HOCON">HOCON</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: HOCON"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>HOCON</b> ("Human-Optimized Config Object Notation") is a format for <a href="/wiki/Human-readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable">human-readable</a> data, and a superset of JSON.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uses of HOCON are: </p> <ul><li>It is primarily used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Play_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Play framework">Play framework</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is developed by <a href="/wiki/Lightbend" title="Lightbend">Lightbend</a>.</li> <li>It is also supported as a configuration format for .NET projects via Akka.NET<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Puppet_(software)" title="Puppet (software)">Puppet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TIBCO Streaming:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HOCON is the primary configuration file format for the TIBCO Streaming<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> family of products (StreamBase, LiveView, and Artifact Management Server) as of TIBCO Streaming Release 10.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is also the primary configuration file format for several subsystems of Exabeam Advanced Analytics.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a> uses it as the "new" config system and <a href="/wiki/.properties" title=".properties">.properties</a>-Files as fallback<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JSON5">JSON5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: JSON5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>JSON5</b> ("JSON5 Data Interchange Format") is an extension of JSON syntax that, just like JSON, is also valid JavaScript syntax. The specification was started in 2012 and finished in 2018 with version 1.0.0.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main differences to JSON syntax are: </p> <ul><li>Optional trailing commas</li> <li>Unquoted object keys</li> <li>Single quoted and multiline strings</li> <li>Additional number formats</li> <li>Comments</li></ul> <p>JSON5 syntax is supported in some software as an extension of JSON syntax, for instance in <a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JSONC">JSONC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: JSONC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>JSONC</b> (JSON with Comments) is a subset of JSON5 used in Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>supports single line comments (<code>//</code>) and block comments (<code>/* */</code>)</li> <li>accepts trailing commas, but they are discouraged and the editor will display a warning</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several serialization formats have been built on or from the JSON specification. Examples include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeoJSON" title="GeoJSON">GeoJSON</a>, a format designed for representing simple geographical features<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>, a method of encoding <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked data</a> using JSON<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-RPC" title="JSON-RPC">JSON-RPC</a>, a remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JsonML" title="JsonML">JsonML</a>, a lightweight markup language used to map between <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> and JSON<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smile_(data_interchange_format)" title="Smile (data interchange format)">Smile (data interchange format)</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBJSON" title="UBJSON">UBJSON</a>, a binary computer data interchange format imitating JSON, but requiring fewer bytes of data<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSON" title="BSON">BSON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_data_serialization_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of data serialization formats">Comparison of data serialization formats</a></li> <li>Amazon <a href="/wiki/Ion_(serialization_format)" title="Ion (serialization format)">Ion</a> –  a superset of JSON (though limited to <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, like JSON for interchange, unlike general JSON)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_(API)" title="Jackson (API)">Jackson (API)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaql" title="Jaql">jaql</a> – a functional data processing and query language most commonly used for JSON query processing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jq_(programming_language)" title="Jq (programming language)">jq</a> – a "JSON query language" and high-level programming language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSONiq" title="JSONiq">JSONiq</a> – a JSON-oriented query and processing language based on <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_streaming" title="JSON streaming">JSON streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expression</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, assuming the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger">cot-caught merger</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSON&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-saga-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saga_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saga_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saga_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-C-JoyNuQJs">"Douglas Crockford: The JSON Saga"</a>. YouTube. August 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Douglas+Crockford%3A+The+JSON+Saga&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-C-JoyNuQJs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span> Transcript: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030002009/transcriptvids.com/v/-C-JoyNuQJs.html">Transcript Vids</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2019-10-30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/16/71616.html">"ISO/IEC 21778:2017"</a></span>. <i>ISO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+21778%3A2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fcms%2Frender%2Flive%2Fen%2Fsites%2Fisoorg%2Fcontents%2Fdata%2Fstandard%2F07%2F16%2F71616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecma2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ecma2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ecma2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/">"ECMA-404: The JSON Data Interchange Syntax"</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a>. December 2017. p. iii, footnote. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027160438/www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-404.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECMA-404%3A+The+JSON+Data+Interchange+Syntax&rft.pages=iii%2C+footnote&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ecma+International&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecma-international.org%2Fpublications-and-standards%2Fstandards%2Fecma-404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecma2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecma2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecma2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecma2013_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/">"ECMA-404: The JSON Data Interchange Format"</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a>. October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101200049/www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-404.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECMA-404%3A+The+JSON+Data+Interchange+Format&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ecma+International&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecma-international.org%2Fpublications-and-standards%2Fstandards%2Fecma-404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemethSnyderHeinWhaley2017" class="citation book cs1">Nemeth, Evi; Snyder, Garth; Hein, Trent R.; Whaley, Ben; Mackin, Dan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7M1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1125">"19: Web Hosting"</a>. <i>UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook</i> (5th ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780134278292" title="Special:BookSources/9780134278292"><bdi>9780134278292</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19%3A+Web+Hosting&rft.btitle=UNIX+and+Linux+System+Administration+Handbook&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780134278292&rft.aulast=Nemeth&rft.aufirst=Evi&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Garth&rft.au=Hein%2C+Trent+R.&rft.au=Whaley%2C+Ben&rft.au=Mackin%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df7M1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc8259-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc8259_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc8259_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bray, T. (December 2017). Bray, T (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259">"The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format"</a>. IETF. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8259">10.17487/RFC8259</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263868313">263868313</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+JavaScript+Object+Notation+%28JSON%29+Data+Interchange+Format&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263868313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc8259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray" class="citation web cs1">Bray, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/201x/2014/03/05/RFC7159-JSON">"JSON Redux AKA RFC7159"</a>. <i>Ongoing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ongoing&rft.atitle=JSON+Redux+AKA+RFC7159&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbray.org%2Fongoing%2FWhen%2F201x%2F2014%2F03%2F05%2FRFC7159-JSON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edu4java,_2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edu4java,_2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140526235903/http://www.edu4java.com/en/java/unofficial-java-history.html">"Unofficial Java History"</a>. <i>Edu4Java</i>. 26 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu4java.com/en/java/unofficial-java-history.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>In 1996, Macromedia launches Flash technology which occupies the space left by Java and ActiveX, becoming the de facto standard for animation on the client side.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edu4Java&rft.atitle=Unofficial+Java+History&rft.date=2014-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edu4java.com%2Fen%2Fjava%2Funofficial-java-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://json.org/">"JSON"</a>. <i>json.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=json.org&rft.atitle=JSON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjson.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahoo!" class="citation web cs1">Yahoo!. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011085815/http://developer.yahoo.com/common/json.html">"Using JSON with Yahoo! 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2009</span>. <q>It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+JSON&rft.pub=json.org&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft.aulast=Crockford&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjson.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bray, Tim (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8259/history/">"History for draft-ietf-jsonbis-rfc7159bis-04"</a>. <i>IETF Datatracker</i>. Internet Engineering Task Force<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2019</span>. <q>2017-12-13 [...] RFC published</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IETF+Datatracker&rft.atitle=History+for+draft-ietf-jsonbis-rfc7159bis-04&rft.date=2017-12&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Frfc8259%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bray, Tim (December 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8259/">"RFC 8259 - The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format"</a>. <i>IETF Datatracker</i>. Internet Engineering Task Force<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Type: RFC - Internet Standard (December 2017; Errata); Obsoletes RFC 7159; Also known as STD 90</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IETF+Datatracker&rft.atitle=RFC+8259+-+The+JavaScript+Object+Notation+%28JSON%29+Data+Interchange+Format&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Frfc8259%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSON" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/707510/">Apache and the JSON license</a>" on LWN.net by Jake Edge (November 30, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Crockford2016" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Crockford (July 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710230817/http://www.json.org/js.html">"JSON in JavaScript"</a>. 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template talk:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_3D" title="Universal 3D">Universal 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (<a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">E4X</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">Full BASIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio link interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ECMA-35</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JSON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards" title="List of Ecma standards">List of Ecma standards</a> (1961 – present)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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