CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135a649ade0fd91',cH: 't2BDBgvea6XN2K_SnkoRNphNmpGMGr9AT2IvJSjEQKw-1739793967-1.2.1.1-oiqa4UI1BRboRjIUcYmtYWGWB2.jNyTkhzo2FrcX2X8nwA7gnaYDQWHugEUhFd70',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=software%20maintenance%20costs&__cf_chl_tk=HAItMqjEuPxeNeW8_XKrKDUesVMeDIvKUa0ZekWfLOc-1739793967-1.0.1.1-Ysmjsgr1StRgT3gG_yRCvDyFqITwi0QcnvJKYrrsoBo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739793967',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=software%20maintenance%20costs&__cf_chl_f_tk=HAItMqjEuPxeNeW8_XKrKDUesVMeDIvKUa0ZekWfLOc-1739793967-1.0.1.1-Ysmjsgr1StRgT3gG_yRCvDyFqITwi0QcnvJKYrrsoBo",md: "Mynu3n8H2SEj4pd9S.yo3JQwXaKBwMwdOfTJ4FFZ6nc-1739793967-1.2.1.1-o.i7PYzKEta1l8dohn1bA4h8Yx_FS1Jc1DOqB5byiyQM3kozvpZ7OcQxHdjBueNtV24dVZ5gMHOO4ru8PzCSBfGl4RiAHrOoFepM5cKdmE3aqAVJkRgxFHA9AYFuKk0uBv48FdsAR6shFTkFonI3ZDswmJW0_myCukuWwfh5.nBelhZqg19ZRxaGuHV4.e9ytttjqPFUSUeCvX1akKhDOrTDG2ky33sSD4FF5FYcDeotycvhY1AM.WWs5gidH_L9ulTJThzPJyc0sKiuBlgp3pLF482FmQq4phuhJKy2VvMKC3EkyQjyiQfIYs6OZ2APnBunm0Fw7h0RT9gSWko.RZG41LAhjf9WNF6ymNCA4IHLipPlpSeVpUAYVj7SU0eX0o_p7fMSY9d_51D9.90H5Oe3thkEX90DYmtLOUkzCCnOhxNj0u0fGNX0ErkqPpPY1P8srKqZDMKGhdPAiuDBE5sFhCMpQ6lQpR2d2KaUrPTyYCmNYOq5CHGt016vYL6kjV3i7kXHcWP0WxYRkxnLKU_dmhcIu3iuShbgqyHFoui88J3c_mAF_c1_12k2TSbjL4HYR4zgahDtmkF9pWTmx9L1Bg7tyLt3iAYv5NiBSEiNgBeXXvEQ6k46rA9yhkIlnN5Gz9QuMRYMJ5GbknDvhAGbJg2Nisg51njh8o6ejwimtxr_VIpiLhln2KFyHaJoLmDuu7tf4Uo7VFC6._wzNNjLqx2UTN0ukq_xC2wvAVqopppk8ZyATuQHmUJ7zpxU67QHVc7mx16gepFRwun_BiEpOigY.tLDINnd0ijUTyDlyny4bDKJA7N731OUC4ETSX7ubz_fkIiIXVtMHhonoFMdGzoMTh2r39McTFG02o3iK6AD0h.rvpZVeqWa5.BOUXEUH5aba_MjogZcBYhHUIGY.9LrQZDJZdTChmL5pE6iqpAfG7rWdpFCX7xqXJdB2iDZbn8VNjx2m4BCgGH.Wr9XuliQQSAKTAL9Zwi3AHpQVzKSQBz7NYrhCO0FvpxmF6hfL_D26y2vqaNi_6TJS3w42kGogNFrAB94Mj6CDjYjAIBN1_vsFRSajDdTyRWgcWXwABEP4Y7iIDDMA.L3.tqqCTEftbSINK039waEgykoIvizV.k9v4UqB6ZTDdKHBP0347q35eG20Xhv8Q1.AwgGDF_nO72ixfbv.A2JWZG1c1o1BqAvWHUoMzom7aAHI.sRK05uKcQLUDSK1UfFPAr.IA8zOuQFzf6qJmcM7hoxARGJWnkqG6g.ls_p9WeSxW2IxVEA8xpGqUTqKvqWRyUEepvnFxFoQHfGx.a8jfVY6h.v1qvBEzbbxBgH4uarJZs2ZwbshZdHx3qChXksp7Sz_LBJVJxcv6a06kRrfKQpBuL0HiWCTjk1mmkIweZ16w.cLndXX18.YPfqhb74RVH.vvsYsl.XyJ1ui2QpD5WOipyjr2rP1F43KJThEMRgZ3j0Kt4QY4xP1OfwsUNdiFxlN5ZpI9r.Ud1gd4ew_ia9AMM0s9HrV2ozhTCRgUWLsjN7rYa9JO.Z9qvLiMYmPLNnG30ZBB4RIun57hBKCLpjOol5FXW3crw8vARQxdf3iUOJoqsRvMtXqym2aetP0dZ3WPC5ktgt5Dyz2G1n.OIv0HrmMvIXCDAPS3DPFdwhquz.fnyL5fh26qP2RhdBUffn7HtlVCrQsMKzsHjb11bm3ns.C8bKnN9IlIHSpsyVTlJcDuNETLALuAUdlUFrjXzx82GBcfjAOjss8oLgJzeDdeavdBv90MuY32TlC2Adsi.0NXORSJwZExiGSnIBgKKkEv6o27.E.wUcM419WmjIw2UdwGbrWIWUOOVyWWfNB9HHYAwhBE2HIeYWaNEltRH9cqzHCjY.nwqoQkBJgyqugy8DztJnG0TBhuepfiAp7g.V908pGygq1hXP.fQyedZoBOaWfLuQL.VI2DIkDgCFIEgw1xNrE8PckF6LVGRyBw7usZMazOECxwEh2DaF1w",mdrd: "AjxjgUZxinAeWC_ZnCFBdacu4rhK9WiHkzaVQf1TzSc-1739793967-1.2.1.1-eDRzjVe8gw4KKzA26fWnfs0flJTEzL.rjcby.tQss.JhD8PT3TNChFPF58BVgyu2ybGO5uDnbDsNrM2wmoYdRk8dhp8U_sunEgCGvr3RTHPMVxWSSDxPm0KbVi.WKVdhXUkUaWSh2eaDpvdAGCyGGnCaWaRtVm51Hr1i3w9j3ax9OmwcaRiqb017CY2hS8o5NYp1nfVihFHxpczG2gkqwO_J..kbl.oPUCDXbtdfy_EKNn0ifSM3JrM7ikNkNWsL0lbYTB_dpOM76QyopDkNyLgM_AsUoKcZ3in4tVgEt2Lrj5yXeSBrDx6bZGOO1169NMrP2G1vHiVLcSscQ8rxCFi_CfHd9Y1KwI3095aPcwq5kPMcL1IwgmWANvfWiF1n.cH84puDkQHbfiwheOScYYZx8w00dyfLmQrZAaNRZRqzVO1D5yddWc1bCa5q58mk4a.VGp_yQ6gyXmxhMbNlCNpCFE9K66LEPmRLGnH0UoSI5baP.t8mxUwffPUKUDkAosR5d5ShXzMQiEX2uZYHDt9ZQstthRwOMNOSVnYwGI9ju3bHnFJiivQt5S4r4vV6KyiSlp9SBgNL1yBPCpmMXhTpyetmbV.DlPII9BZj4SwZ3VmslwO6QqnG.63yce_SW.5rifrFZglHTWdJFeFrR4AyVVATsIjxy5R1_VhJDySYXwNn1ZEiFTvpqEmByqfo1sjqx.Pl7MnePJMVlh_52oyCLMAAoIC5YrqEqSEeTJlv6h_PKGkW56.hoAHJtnPtNCzL2qkU8nuVHCNmRQyxYabj8SYPO3frBbnJ6KVkPH5tCxqGu0DyeW2O.or6ECKr7oGrNHzIObAj2KYUrArMsrwlIj5h3KzfeLRby0wov2nP0n4be8g5MHiXaV1efjcMayHQUfB4RQh_N51ohg2y7bZ.SC9OBx0lK2DUvSdSXMhHJdVJlWSmuSU0MqQM8pdDrLdJmDeymynrN_jRah6kMS2C1RFBIctuhL3XeLBJNeECSkq0mI4a7w_YmoS.PvcSmo4ez4nHji6xl23um_o8Sc7H8nFFlh0BR5y0otUGxiFTR_elDJJGI6jD50XlWEmw1R0FDvzU_G4ponaaoojN9vBa_6jcDBUFZK37CdqcFlAiXBhgMbccOYqRh2Dme4cV6Q8he5xHnpY0Keac8aD2SL7QmTCpKy79s5q5thIJLusIGJllMGzbm3lp79oYBRZ_05meRVO6alZP8fccjPEz4qKA_YiPg1YkP3RS9a_KI5hBqoQQfDHXQB7y696Snt1B6KhP4jrActhmJTUBlpFA4CIxhdpeOm3TZng3gw.K7SZPiBa5nJFKv7S.FnzUtvSFvTxHkgMxx_x2LDw_gy6bqtHAKrc8tGWlMAkPMTe.9MiqQAUt2setDfi35Kl361n8I3k8XesGEfyQ0tR6AX8AKmgpfxfkanC.37CyMkDWmVa8whFpCdmFIl_GgJQTK4HlurT1iKxr6wG.ubpyq5NGBFAwzdXE0dRXmoIcZsjnynoK_gTjFIrhsmS7vZVM.0a2lkrpn1Un5P5yXIUw8DpJqynzddy27Tg_XXIzxlwBORum8g0G76TxRoQeJBi822XBuHabwXO3FJLTPnQo5Iduz2n5.d8Ay94yiPQOPdz3TKJyVNnKutMr2PcXiuafcefvHDYQkOeGVGHexRV5beQqaNzc.GAJzUKPBnO69MUm.0CqajvxHJmilZct.8rOu4tRWZwbzpetne5cceorfvMc47E9pr9UZ8nQ2wSbhfm9XA0uhngFje3TYO58iEDK20DeTP0HANqLsuySHTBx2nn5TEr1QIKsameidGUyWG_D9yyZRZc59wxPuBNssTpeBaueacHHXac65ZKB31lL9hSygGk3FS0goccwA1CFLJQv_HqWDB2tNsUp7QDTzONZuAsM7fhACm_ijbl802ttVxvgWbfEEQoDCBlunup5uTguDJsVSDn0KfRdLH_g2MBaKClTxANHhx6TFhsAwRxcKsOcMQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135a649ade0fd91';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=software%20maintenance%20costs&__cf_chl_rt_tk=HAItMqjEuPxeNeW8_XKrKDUesVMeDIvKUa0ZekWfLOc-1739793967-1.0.1.1-Ysmjsgr1StRgT3gG_yRCvDyFqITwi0QcnvJKYrrsoBo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>