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id="toc-Internal_audit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_audit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Internal audit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_audit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Google_Summer_of_Code_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google_Summer_of_Code_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Google Summer of Code participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google_Summer_of_Code_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_for_support_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_for_support_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Lobbying for support in Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_for_support_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Funding campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thorium_Core_Cloud_Desktop_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thorium_Core_Cloud_Desktop_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Thorium Core Cloud Desktop project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thorium_Core_Cloud_Desktop_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ReactOS_Community_Edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ReactOS_Community_Edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 ReactOS Community Edition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ReactOS_Community_Edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ReactOS_Hackfest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ReactOS_Hackfest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 ReactOS Hackfest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ReactOS_Hackfest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Release history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Commands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-going_national_language_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-going_national_language_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 On-going national language development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-going_national_language_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ReactOS_core_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ReactOS_core_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 ReactOS core development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ReactOS_core_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_and_reuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_and_reuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Collaboration and reuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_and_reuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware_driver_stack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_driver_stack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Hardware driver stack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_driver_stack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Networking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Wine cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Forks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ReactOS</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="رياكت أو إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياكت أو إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ری اکت او اس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ری اکت او اس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="रिएक्टओएस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिएक्टओएस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="रिॲक्टओएस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिॲक्टओएस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijakt_OS" title="Rijakt OS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rijakt OS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரியாக்ட் இயக்குதளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரியாக்ட் இயக்குதளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ReactOS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Free incomplete Windows NT-like operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React (JavaScript library)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ReactOS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ReactOS_logo.svg/180px-ReactOS_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ReactOS_logo.svg/270px-ReactOS_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ReactOS_logo.svg/360px-ReactOS_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="331" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_0.4.14_desktop_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ReactOS_0.4.14_desktop_screenshot.png/300px-ReactOS_0.4.14_desktop_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ReactOS_0.4.14_desktop_screenshot.png/450px-ReactOS_0.4.14_desktop_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ReactOS_0.4.14_desktop_screenshot.png/600px-ReactOS_0.4.14_desktop_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">ReactOS 0.4.14 desktop</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Community contributors The ReactOS developers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>-like</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Alpha" title="Software release life cycle">Alpha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">(partial) 1998; 26 years ago (1998)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest preview</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.4.14<a href="#cite_note-0.4.14-3">[3]</a> / 16 December 2021; 2 years ago (2021-12-16)<a href="#cite_note-0.4.14-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/reactos/reactos">github.com/reactos/reactos</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234025#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computing">Personal computing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO image</a>, <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> image, <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> image, <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a> image, or <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a><a href="#cite_note-Download-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (designed to be <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">compatible</a> with <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT family</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical</a> (ReactOS Explorer)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-or-later</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reactos.org">www.reactos.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_0.4.14_Firefox_48_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ReactOS_0.4.14_Firefox_48_screenshot.png/220px-ReactOS_0.4.14_Firefox_48_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ReactOS_0.4.14_Firefox_48_screenshot.png/330px-ReactOS_0.4.14_Firefox_48_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ReactOS_0.4.14_Firefox_48_screenshot.png/440px-ReactOS_0.4.14_Firefox_48_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>ReactOS 0.4.14 running the <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a></figcaption></figure> ReactOS is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for <a href="/wiki/I586" class="mw-redirect" title="I586">i586</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amd64" class="mw-redirect" title="Amd64">amd64</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> intended to be <a href="/wiki/Binary-code_compatibility" title="Binary-code compatibility">binary-compatible</a> with <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> developed for <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> and later versions of Microsoft Windows.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> ReactOS has been noted as a potential open-source <a href="/wiki/Drop-in_replacement" title="Drop-in replacement">drop-in replacement</a> for Windows<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-dvorak-10">[9]</a> and for its information on <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_feature" title="Undocumented feature">undocumented</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows APIs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-undocumented-11">[10]</a> ReactOS has been in development since 1996. As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is still considered feature-incomplete <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Alpha" title="Software release life cycle">alpha software</a>, and is therefore recommended by the developers only for evaluation and testing purposes.<a href="#cite_note-chemnitz-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-lowendmacreview-13">[12]</a> However, many Windows applications are working, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Reader</a> 9.3, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a> 2.6, and <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> 5.4.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-0.4.14-tests-15">[14]</a> ReactOS is primarily written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, with some elements, such as ReactOS <a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>. The project partially implements <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">Windows API</a> functionality and has been ported to the <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">AMD64</a> <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">processor architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2008review-16">[15]</a> ReactOS, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">FOSS</a> ecosystem, re-uses and collaborates with many other FOSS projects,<a href="#cite_note-collaboration-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-collaboration2-18">[17]</a> most notably the <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a> project, which presents a Windows compatibility layer for <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development">edit</a>]</div> Around 1996, a group of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> developers started a project called FreeWin95 to implement a <a href="/wiki/Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">clone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>. The project stalled in discussions on the design of the system. While FreeWin95 had started out with high expectations, there still had not been any builds released to the public by the end of 1997. As a result, the project members, led by then coordinator Jason Filby, joined together to revive the project. The revived project sought to duplicate the functionality of <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In creating the new project, a new name, ReactOS, was chosen. The project began development in February 1998 by creating the basis for a new NT kernel and basic drivers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The name ReactOS was coined during an IRC chat. While the term "OS" stood for operating system, the term "react" referred to the group's dissatisfaction with – and reaction to – Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_litigation" title="Microsoft litigation">monopolistic position</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-9">[8]</a> In 2002, the ReactOS Foundation was established in Moscow with Maxim Osowski and Aleksey Bragin as executive officers and Vladimir Bragin, Saveliy Tretiakov and Alexey Ivanov on the board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[21]</a> In 2015, the foundation was liquidated.<a href="#cite_note-liquidated-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_audit">Internal audit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal audit">edit</a>]</div> In order to avoid copyright prosecution, ReactOS had to be expressly completely distinct and non-<a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative</a> from Windows, a goal that needed very careful work.<a href="#cite_note-ExecutableCopyright-24">[23]</a> A claim was made on 17 January 2006 by developer Hartmut Birr on the ReactOS developers <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing list</a> (ros-dev) that ReactOS contained code derived from <a href="/wiki/Disassembler" title="Disassembler">disassembling</a> Microsoft Windows.<a href="#cite_note-byebye-25">[24]</a> The code that Birr disputed involved the function BadStack in syscall.S,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> as well as other unspecified items.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Comparing this function to disassembled binaries from <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, Birr argued that the BadStack function was simply <a href="/wiki/Cut,_copy,_and_paste" title="Cut, copy, and paste">copy-pasted</a> from Windows XP, given that they were identical. Alex Ionescu, the author of the code, asserted that while the Windows XP binary in question was indeed disassembled and studied, the code was not merely copy-pasted, but reimplemented; the reason why the functions were identical, Ionescu claimed, was because there was only one possible way to implement the function.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> On 27 January 2006, the developers responsible for maintaining the ReactOS code repository disabled access after a meeting was held to discuss the allegations. When approached by <a href="/wiki/Geeknet" title="Geeknet">NewsForge</a>, Microsoft declined to comment on the incident. Since ReactOS is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> development project, the claim triggered a negative reaction from the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software community</a>: in particular, Wine barred several inactive developers from providing contributions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and formal high level cooperation between the two projects remained difficult as of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-suspend-29">[28]</a> In a statement on its website, ReactOS cited differing legal definitions of what constitutes <a href="/wiki/Chinese_wall#Reverse_engineering" title="Chinese wall">clean-room reverse engineering</a> as a cause for the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> To avoid potential litigation, companies sometimes enact a policy where reimplementation based on disassembled code must be written by someone other than the person having disassembled and examined the original code.<a href="#cite_note-cleanroom-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> ReactOS clarified its Intellectual Property Policy Statement requirements on clean room reverse engineering to avoid potential infringement of United States law. An internal source code <a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">audit</a> was conducted to ensure that only clean room reverse engineering was used, and all developers were made to sign an agreement committing them to comply with the project's policies on reverse engineering.<a href="#cite_note-suspend-29">[28]</a> Contributors to its development were not affected by these events and all access to the software development tools was restored shortly afterward. In September 2007, with the audit nearing completion, the audit status was removed from the ReactOS homepage. Though the audit was completed, specific details were not made public, as it was only an internal effort to ensure compliance with the project's own policies.<a href="#cite_note-audit-33">[32]</a> Also, the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Internet_leak#Source_code_leaks" title="Internet leak">leaked</a> Windows source code<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> was not seen as legal risk for ReactOS, as the <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a> was considered indefensible in court due to broad spread.<a href="#cite_note-tradesecret-35">[34]</a> Axel Rietschin, who is a kernel engineer at Microsoft, claimed that he recognized some specific bits in the ReactOS kernel that are unlikely to result from a clean room reimplementation. He suggests that the project took source code from the Windows Research Kernel, which was licensed to universities and has been leaked multiple times. Internal data structures and variable names have the exact same name in both ReactOS and the research kernel.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Google_Summer_of_Code_participation">Google Summer of Code participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Google Summer of Code participation">edit</a>]</div> Starting in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> the ReactOS project participated in several <a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Google Summers of Code</a>. For example, in the GSoC 2011,<a href="#cite_note-gsoc2011-38">[37]</a> ReactOS mentored a student project which integrated <a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">lwIP</a> into the network stack.<a href="#cite_note-lwIP2-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying_for_support_in_Russia">Lobbying for support in Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lobbying for support in Russia">edit</a>]</div> Between 2007 and 2015, Russian ReactOS contributors representing the ReactOS Foundation made efforts at lobbying the Russian federal government. As of April 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit">[update]</a>, these efforts have not yielded government support for ReactOS, and the Russia-based ReactOS Foundation has been dissolved since November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-liquidated-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alksnis-Bragin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alksnis-Bragin.jpg/220px-Alksnis-Bragin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alksnis-Bragin.jpg/330px-Alksnis-Bragin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alksnis-Bragin.jpg/440px-Alksnis-Bragin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Former ReactOS project coordinator Aleksey Bragin (left) showing ReactOS to <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Alksnis" title="Viktor Alksnis">Viktor Alksnis</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 2007, then <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> member and chairman of Russian Center of Free Technologies, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Alksnis" title="Viktor Alksnis">Viktor Alksnis</a> met with project coordinator Aleksey Bragin, who gave a presentation and demonstration of the project, showing ReactOS running with <a href="/wiki/Total_Commander" title="Total Commander">Total Commander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li> <li>In 2011, a demonstration was given to then president <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> during a visit to a high school in Verhnerusskoe, <a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, attended by one of the development team members.<a href="#cite_note-medvedev-41">[40]</a></li> <li>On 31 July 2012, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> was also given a demonstration during his visit as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seliger_(forum)" title="Seliger (forum)">Seliger Youth Forum</a>, attended by Marat Karatov, one of the development team members.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li> <li>On 1 April 2015, Bragin attended an expert meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Development,_Communications_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Communications</a> on reducing Russia's dependency from proprietary software imports. Its minutes name the "creation of an open source operating system based on ReactOS for PCs, laptops and other mobile devices", as well as the "creation of an open source operating system for servers based on ReactOS",<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-favourit-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> placing it second among three named proposals.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_campaigns">Funding campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Funding campaigns">edit</a>]</div> On 1 May 2012, a €30,000 funding campaign was started to finance additional development projects.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> At the end of the year, approximately 50% of the funding goal was achieved and it was decided to continue the funding campaign without deadlines.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The money went to ReactOS Deutschland <a href="/wiki/Registered_association_(Germany)" title="Registered association (Germany)">e. V.</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">tax law</a> in Germany for this form of a <a href="/wiki/Civil_registration" title="Civil registration">registered</a> <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary association</a> (<a href="/wiki/Registered_association_(Germany)" title="Registered association (Germany)">Eingetragener Verein</a>) makes it problematic to pay developers directly;<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> indirect possibilities like <a href="/wiki/Stipend" title="Stipend">stipends</a> were evaluated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thorium_Core_Cloud_Desktop_project">Thorium Core Cloud Desktop project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thorium Core Cloud Desktop project">edit</a>]</div> When ReactOS was awarded as Project of the Month on <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> in June 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> campaign on <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> was announced in an interview with the project's coordinator, Aleksey Bragin.<a href="#cite_note-potm-201306-51">[50]</a> On 23 December 2013 the announced project was revealed as a Kickstarter campaign with the goal of US$120,000 was started.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The Thorium Core Cloud Desktop dubbed <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> service would use ReactOS as core and could allow the use of Windows compatible applications from <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>), <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>, or any other connected device. On 21 February 2014, fundraising ended short of the target amount, with $48,965 of $120,000 raised, resulting in no transferred money.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ReactOS_Community_Edition">ReactOS Community Edition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ReactOS Community Edition">edit</a>]</div> In April 2014, the ReactOS project announced an <a href="/wiki/Indiegogo" title="Indiegogo">Indiegogo</a> campaign to launch ReactOS Community Edition, a version of ReactOS based on the 0.4 release. The flexible funding campaign had a goal of $50,000 with additional stretch goals beyond that.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Development of ReactOS Community Edition would be community-centric, with ReactOS users voting and funding to decide which software and hardware drivers the project will aim to support.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> On 1 June 2014, the flexible crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo ended, raising $25,141 for the development of the community edition,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> and the voting process to support hardware and software was started shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ReactOS_Hackfest">ReactOS Hackfest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ReactOS Hackfest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm/220px--ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm/ReactOS_printing_for_the_first_time.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>First video of printing from ReactOS</figcaption></figure> The ReactOS project organized a <a href="/wiki/Hackathon" title="Hackathon">hackfest</a> from 7 to 12 August 2015, in the German city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The Hackfest resulted in many features being added to ReactOS. The second hackfest was organized by the ReactOS project from 14 to 18 August 2017, in the German city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The third and fourth hackfests were organized by the ReactOS project from 16 to 21 August 2018 and from 15 to 20 August 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Release history">edit</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>System version</th> <th>Release date</th> <th>Release information </th></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.0">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.0 </th> <td>2006-08-27<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></td> <td>First version to officially support networking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.1">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.1 </th> <td>2007-03-10<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></td> <td>Program manager included, start of kernel rewrite </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.2">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.2 </th> <td style="background:#ccc;">skipped</td> <td>Branch created but never released<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.3">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.3 </th> <td>2007-09-12<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[68]</a></td> <td>Kernel and win32k improvements </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.4">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.4 </th> <td>2008-01-22<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></td> <td>Registry support rewrite, remote desktop client and <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play" title="Legacy Plug and Play">Plug and Play</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.5">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.5 </th> <td>2008-06-30<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></td> <td>Bug fixes only </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.6">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.6 </th> <td>2008-08-06<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></td> <td>RTL support </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.7">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.7 </th> <td>2008-11-04<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></td> <td>Improved <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>; MSVC, new stacks </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.8">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.8 </th> <td>2009-02-04</td> <td>Introduced PSEH and multi-partition HDD support in live CD[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.9">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.9 </th> <td>2009-04-26<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></td> <td>24 MB minimum RAM, faster hyperspace mapping, initial sound support </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.10">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.10 </th> <td>2009-07-05<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></td> <td>Initial <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">SATA</a> support, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> keyboard/mouse support, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a> clone, initial <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.11">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.11 </th> <td>2009-12-16<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></td> <td>Kdcom rewrite; Chinese/Korean fonts; compatibility updates; sound system improvements </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.12">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.12 </th> <td>2010-10-20<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></td> <td>Trap handler rewrite; timer and message handling rewrite; <a href="/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt" title="Non-maskable interrupt">NMI</a> support; <a href="/wiki/Side-by-side_assembly" title="Side-by-side assembly">SxS</a> support; partial <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Management_Services" title="Emergency Management Services">EMS</a> support<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.13">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.13 </th> <td>2011-03-22<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></td> <td>Heap manager rewrite, improved SATA support, fixed graphics issues<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.14">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.14 </th> <td>2012-02-07<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a> enabled by default, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">WiFi</a> support (unencrypted and <a href="/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy" title="Wired Equivalent Privacy">WEP</a>), theme support, new TCP/IP driver (<a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">LwIP</a>), MSVC compatibility, <a href="/wiki/Vectored_I/O" title="Vectored I/O">Scatter/Gather</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a> operations supported, shell32 rewrite<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.15">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.15 </th> <td>2013-05-30<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></td> <td>USB support for mice, keyboard, and storage devices; rewritten session management; <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> support with updated UniATA driver; alternate ReactOS Memory Management Module has taken over all memory management responsibilities except for sections; preliminary support for debugging ReactOS components using <a href="/wiki/WinDbg" title="WinDbg">WinDbg</a>; improvements based on results from the <a href="/wiki/AutoHotkey" title="AutoHotkey">AutoHotkey</a> application functionality test suite; Bugfixes based on running Driver Verifier on several bundled drivers<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.16">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.16<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </th> <td>2014-02-06<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></td> <td>CSRSS rewrite; theme support improved; network card driver for the <a href="/wiki/RTL8139" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL8139">RTL8139</a>, allowing ReactOS to support newer versions of <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> out of the box<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.3.17">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.17<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> </th> <td>2014-11-05<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></td> <td>Inclusion of an <a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine#NTVDM" title="Virtual DOS machine">NTVDM</a>; font improvements;<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> bug fixes<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.0">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.0<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> </th> <td>2016-02-16<a href="#cite_note-0.4.0-96">[95]</a></td> <td>Improved USB support, new file explorer shell and theming, improved <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Virtual_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Virtual PC">Virtual PC</a> support, <a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a> read/write support, <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> read support and improved networking support </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.1">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.1<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> </th> <td>2016-05-17<a href="#cite_note-0.4.1-98">[97]</a></td> <td>Improved Activation Context, <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a> support, improved Shell, USB bug fixes, support for Virtual Machine Shared Folders </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.2">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.2 </th> <td>2016-08-16<a href="#cite_note-0.4.2-99">[98]</a></td> <td>Improved <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">extended file system</a> support, <a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/FFS</a>, introduced <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> 2.0 and 4.0 support, Shell fixes and improvements </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.3">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.3 </th> <td>2016-11-16<a href="#cite_note-0.4.3-100">[99]</a></td> <td>New <a href="/wiki/Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a> library, initial sections support, usual bug fixes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.4">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.4 </th> <td>2017-02-16<a href="#cite_note-0.4.4-101">[100]</a></td> <td>Initial print stack support, minor font fixes, usual improvements and bug fixes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.5">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.5 </th> <td>2017-05-18<a href="#cite_note-0.4.5-102">[101]</a></td> <td>Improved rendering of fonts and font metrics, major fixes in kernel and drivers, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2010" title="Microsoft Office 2010">Microsoft Office 2010</a> tested as functioning </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.6">Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.6 </th> <td>2017-09-01<a href="#cite_note-0.4.6-103">[102]</a></td> <td>Several fixes for <a href="/wiki/Multi-booting" title="Multi-booting">dual-boot</a> issues, improved theming support, <a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a> driver added, several kernel and filesystem fixes </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.7">Old version, yet still maintained: 0.4.7 </th> <td>2017-12-06<a href="#cite_note-0.4.7-104">[103]</a></td> <td>Improved version of the applications manager RAPPS, implementation of the "Quick-Launch" toolbar in the explorer; various bug fixes in the filesystem drivers, improvements in the RDBSS/RXCE and NFS support. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.8">Old version, yet still maintained: 0.4.8 </th> <td>2018-04-14<a href="#cite_note-0.4.8-105">[104]</a></td> <td>Balloon notifications, notification tray, shell autocompletion, a new NTFS driver, crash dump reporting and experimental support for NT6+ software. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.9">Old version, yet still maintained: 0.4.9 </th> <td>2018-07-23<a href="#cite_note-0.4.9-106">[105]</a></td> <td>ReactOS is (again) <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosting</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.10">Old version, yet still maintained: 0.4.10 </th> <td>2018-11-06<a href="#cite_note-0.4.10-107">[106]</a></td> <td>Supports BTRFS booting. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.11">Old version, yet still maintained: 0.4.11 </th> <td>2019-03-04<a href="#cite_note-0.4.11-108">[107]</a></td> <td>Drivers for battery management (its icon is located in the taskbar, in the bottom right of the screen, next to the clock). Support for updating an existing ReactOS installation. Improved SATA support. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.12">Old version, yet still maintained: 0.4.12 </th> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-09-23<a href="#cite_note-0.4.12-109">[108]</a> </td> <td>Kernel improvements, window-snapping feature, font improvements, Intel e1000 NIC driver, user-mode DLLs, new themes. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="0.4.13">Old version, yet still maintained: 0.4.13 </th> <td>2020-04-09<a href="#cite_note-0.4.13-110">[109]</a> </td> <td>New USB stack, FAT driver from FreeLoader optimized, new software introduced: Accessibility Utility Manager. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="0.4.14">Current stable version: 0.4.14 </th> <td>2021-12-16<a href="#cite_note-0.4.14-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>"Send To" feature and <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> improvements, <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-9800" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-9800">NEC PC-9800</a> boot support, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> improvements, <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> improvements, NetKVM <a href="/wiki/VirtIO" class="mw-redirect" title="VirtIO">VirtIO</a> bringup, miscellaneous changes & improvements </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion p" style="color:black; background-color: #C1E6F5;" title="Future release" data-sort-value="0.4.15">Future release: 0.4.15<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Support for <a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a>, combines live CD and boot CD into a single <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> setup </td></tr> <tr> <th class="templateVersion p" style="color:black; background-color: #C1E6F5;" title="Future release" data-sort-value="0.5.0">Future release: 0.5.0<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Support for reading and writing the <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> filesystem, support for the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">Windows Driver Model</a> (including video card support), improvements to the printing subsystem and the <a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX Core</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><div class="templateVersion l" style="margin-left: -1em;"><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Legend:</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Old version, not maintained</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Old version, still maintained</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Latest version</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;">Latest preview version</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Future release</div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (November 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (October 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_0.4.14_start_menu_and_explorer_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ReactOS_0.4.14_start_menu_and_explorer_screenshot.png/220px-ReactOS_0.4.14_start_menu_and_explorer_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ReactOS_0.4.14_start_menu_and_explorer_screenshot.png/330px-ReactOS_0.4.14_start_menu_and_explorer_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ReactOS_0.4.14_start_menu_and_explorer_screenshot.png/440px-ReactOS_0.4.14_start_menu_and_explorer_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>ReactOS 0.4.14 desktop: left <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start Menu</a> and right ReactOS's own <a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_0.4.14_explorer_and_winver_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ReactOS_0.4.14_explorer_and_winver_screenshot.png/220px-ReactOS_0.4.14_explorer_and_winver_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ReactOS_0.4.14_explorer_and_winver_screenshot.png/330px-ReactOS_0.4.14_explorer_and_winver_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ReactOS_0.4.14_explorer_and_winver_screenshot.png/440px-ReactOS_0.4.14_explorer_and_winver_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>New shell in ReactOS (v0.4.0 and newer)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_0.4.14_applications_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ReactOS_0.4.14_applications_screenshot.png/220px-ReactOS_0.4.14_applications_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ReactOS_0.4.14_applications_screenshot.png/330px-ReactOS_0.4.14_applications_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ReactOS_0.4.14_applications_screenshot.png/440px-ReactOS_0.4.14_applications_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Command Prompt, Spider Solitaire, Calculator and WineMine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_0.4.14_device_manager_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ReactOS_0.4.14_device_manager_screenshot.png/220px-ReactOS_0.4.14_device_manager_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ReactOS_0.4.14_device_manager_screenshot.png/330px-ReactOS_0.4.14_device_manager_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ReactOS_0.4.14_device_manager_screenshot.png/440px-ReactOS_0.4.14_device_manager_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Device Manager in ReactOS 0.4.14</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programs">Programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Programs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>ReactOS Explorer (<a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a>)</li> <li>ReactOS Applications Manager</li> <li>Accessories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_Prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Prompt">Command Prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notepad" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Notepad">Notepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifier_(Windows)" title="Magnifier (Windows)">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-Screen_Keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Screen Keyboard">On-Screen Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a></li> <li>Multimedia Player (<a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Media Player</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Recorder_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice Recorder (Windows)">Sound Recorder</a></li> <li>Volume Control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Character Map">Character Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipboard_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipboard Viewer">Clipboard Viewer</a></li> <li>FontSub</li> <li>Keyboard Layout Switcher</li> <li>ReactX Diagnostic (<a href="/wiki/DxDiag" class="mw-redirect" title="DxDiag">DxDiag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Registry Editor">Registry Editor</a></li> <li>SnapShot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li>Administrative Tools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">Device Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a></li> <li>Service Manager (<a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Windows service</a>)</li> <li>System Configuration (<a href="/wiki/MSConfig" title="MSConfig">MSConfig</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitaire_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitaire (game)">Solitaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Microsoft Solitaire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_Solitaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Microsoft Spider Solitaire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(video_game)" title="Minesweeper (video game)">WineMine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Microsoft Minesweeper</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commands">Commands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Comparison of DOS operating systems">Comparison of DOS operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">List of DOS commands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS-0.4.13_reg_command_667x434.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ReactOS-0.4.13_reg_command_667x434.png/220px-ReactOS-0.4.13_reg_command_667x434.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ReactOS-0.4.13_reg_command_667x434.png/330px-ReactOS-0.4.13_reg_command_667x434.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ReactOS-0.4.13_reg_command_667x434.png/440px-ReactOS-0.4.13_reg_command_667x434.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>The ReactOS <code><a href="/wiki/Reg_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reg (command)">reg</a></code> command</figcaption></figure> The following is a non-exhaustive list of <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a> that are supported by the ReactOS <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command-line_interpreter" title="Command-line interface">Command Prompt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assoc_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assoc (command)">assoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATTRIB" title="ATTRIB">attrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beep_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beep (command)">beep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacls" title="Cacls">cacls</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Call (command)">call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat (command)">cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">chdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chcp_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chcp (command)">chcp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_(command)" title="Choice (command)">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clip (command)">clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLS_(command)" title="CLS (command)">cls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Color (command) (page does not exist)">color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comp_(command)" title="Comp (command)">comp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_(command)" title="Copy (command)">copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctty_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctty (command)">ctty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (command)">date</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dbgprint_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dbgprint (command) (page does not exist)">dbgprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">delete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delay (command) (page does not exist)">delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dir_(command)" title="Dir (command)">dir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirs_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirs (command) (page does not exist)">dirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Doskey">doskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echos_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echos (command) (page does not exist)">echos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echoerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echoerr (page does not exist)">echoerr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echoserr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echoserr (page does not exist)">echoserr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endlocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Endlocal">endlocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventcreate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eventcreate">eventcreate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Windows)" title="Find (Windows)">find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="For (command)">for</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free (command) (page does not exist)">free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fsutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fsutil">fsutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goto_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goto (command)">goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_(command)" title="Help (command)">help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(command)" title="History (command)">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="If (command)">if</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(command)" title="Label (command)">label</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memory_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memory (command) (page does not exist)">memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">md</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mklink" class="mw-redirect" title="Mklink">mklink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode (command)">mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_(command)" title="Move (command)">move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Path (command)">path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pause_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pause (command)">pause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">popd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt (command)">prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reg (command)">reg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rem (command)">rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">rename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replace_(command)" title="Replace (command)">replace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sc (command)">sc</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schtasks" class="mw-redirect" title="Schtasks">schtasks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screen (command) (page does not exist)">screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (command)">set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setlocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Setlocal">setlocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift (command)">shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown (command)">shutdown</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SORT_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SORT (DOS command)">sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_(command)" title="Start (command)">start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskkill" class="mw-redirect" title="Taskkill">taskkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIME_(command)" title="TIME (command)">time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeout_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeout (command)">timeout</a></li> <li>timer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(command)" title="Title (command)">title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_(command)" title="Tree (command)">tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TYPE_(DOS_command)" title="TYPE (DOS command)">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptime_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uptime (command)">uptime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ver_(command)" title="Ver (command)">ver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verify_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verify (command)">verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vol_(command)" title="Vol (command)">vol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoami" title="Whoami">whoami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Xcopy">xcopy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-going_national_language_development">On-going national language development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: On-going national language development">edit</a>]</div> Presently, ReactOS has active development in: <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ReactOS_core_development">ReactOS core development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ReactOS core development">edit</a>]</div> ReactOS is primarily written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, with some elements, such as ReactOS Explorer and the sound stack, written in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>. The project compiles using both <a href="/wiki/MinGW" title="MinGW">MinGW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a>, and contributes to the development of the build systems used through the submission of <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patches</a> to its components.<a href="#cite_note-waterloo-119">[118]</a> The developers aim to make the kernel and usermode application programming interface (API) more compatible with Windows NT version 5.2 (<a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>) and to add support for more applications and hardware, with plans to target newer versions of Windows as development matures.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> support is undertaken through ReactX, an in-house implementation. 2D and <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> 3D hardware-accelerated rendering is done natively, while other drawing functionality such as <a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a> is redirected to OpenGL as a stopgap solution, mostly using <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a>'s code such as <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)#Direct3D" title="Wine (software)">WineD3D</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2008review-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The development progress is influenced by the size of the development team and the level of experience among them. As an estimate of the effort required to implement <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>, Microsoft employed 1,000 or so developers, organized into 25 teams, with each team averaging 40 developers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> As of 2 September 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit">[update]</a>, in the ReactOS entry in <a href="/wiki/Open_Hub" title="Open Hub">Ohloh</a>, the page followed through the "Very large, active development team" link lists 33 developers who have contributed over a 12-month period and a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cumulative" class="extiw" title="wikt:cumulative">cumulative total</a> of 104 present and former users who have contributed code to the project via <a href="/wiki/Apache_Subversion" title="Apache Subversion">Apache Subversion</a> since its inception.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In his presentation at Hackmeeting 2009 in Milan, ReactOS developer Michele C. noted that most of the developers learn about Windows architecture while working on ReactOS and have no prior knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-notwindows-124">[123]</a> While ReactOS targets mainly the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>/<a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">AMD64</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> platform,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> an effort to port to the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> was at one point "under way",<a href="#cite_note-2008review-16">[15]</a> while it did not produce much functionality and was abandoned<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> along with a port to <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, that is no longer actively maintained.<a href="#cite_note-chemnitz-12">[11]</a> Support for the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-9800" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-9800">NEC PC-9800</a>, a variant <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> architecture, was added through the use of an architecture-specific <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-notwindows-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-0.4.13-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-0.4.14-3">[3]</a> Improved 64-bit support for ReactOS is "being worked on", however, development seems to be going slowly.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_and_reuse">Collaboration and reuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Collaboration and reuse">edit</a>]</div> While ReactOS has the aim to build a Windows-compatible kernel as open-source software, much of the surrounding required functionality to create a complete OS is already available in the greater open-source ecosystem. When available and possible, ReactOS therefore builds on and collaborates with already existing open-source projects.<a href="#cite_note-collaboration-17">[16]</a> Conversely, projects like <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-collaboration2-18">[17]</a> and formerly <a href="/wiki/Captive_NTFS" title="Captive NTFS">Captive NTFS</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longene" title="Longene">Longene</a> re-use the open-source ReactOS code-base as well.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardware_driver_stack">Hardware driver stack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hardware driver stack">edit</a>]</div> On the <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">hardware driver</a> side, for instance the <a href="/w/index.php?title=UniATA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UniATA (page does not exist)">UniATA</a> project provides <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> drivers for ReactOS.<a href="#cite_note-lowendmacreview-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The project has also experimented with using the FullFAT library in its rewrite of its <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> ReactOS makes use of the <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> stack from <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a> both as a reference and as a foundation for its USB support.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)" title="Mesa (computer graphics)">Mesa 3D</a> provides <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> rendering.<a href="#cite_note-lowendmacreview-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-waterloo-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Networking">Networking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Networking">edit</a>]</div> ReactOS's network stack is built on the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> portion of OSKit's port of the network stack in <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, along with an internally developed implementation for packet-oriented protocols like <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">lwIP</a> was integrated into the ReactOS network stack.<a href="#cite_note-lwIP2-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wine_cooperation">Wine cooperation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wine cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_on_ReactOS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wine_on_ReactOS.svg/300px-Wine_on_ReactOS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wine_on_ReactOS.svg/450px-Wine_on_ReactOS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wine_on_ReactOS.svg/600px-Wine_on_ReactOS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>A simplified architecture diagram of ReactOS, with Wine dependencies indicated by the Wine logo. White boxes denote third-party binary software. Green boxes are "<a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">userland</a>" components, red are kernel components.</figcaption></figure> The ReactOS and the <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a> projects share the goal to run binary Windows software natively and can therefore share many dependencies and development.<a href="#cite_note-collaboration2-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-wineackn-135">[134]</a> ReactOS uses portions of the <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a> project so that it can benefit from Wine's progress in implementing the <a href="/wiki/Windows_API#Versions" title="Windows API">Win32</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wineackn-135">[134]</a> While Wine's <a href="/wiki/Native_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Native API">NTDLL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">USER32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#KERNEL32.DLL" title="Microsoft Windows library files">KERNEL32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#GDI32.DLL" title="Microsoft Windows library files">GDI32</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#ADVAPI32.DLL" title="Microsoft Windows library files">ADVAPI32</a> components cannot be used directly by ReactOS due to architectural differences, <a href="/wiki/Snippet_(programming)" title="Snippet (programming)">code snippets</a> of them and other parts can be shared between both projects. The kernel is developed by ReactOS separately as Wine relies here on existing <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> kernels.<a href="#cite_note-waterloo-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-notwindows-124">[123]</a> Separately, the experimental Arwinss branch was created as an alternative means to improve USER32 and GDI32 support through an alternative implementation of the Win32 API. Whereas ReactOS's original Win32 subsystem was closely modeled after its equivalent in Windows, Arwinss combines the architecture of that subsystem with the corresponding implementation in Wine. To this end, Arwinss uses Wine's GDI32 and USER32 libraries with few changes to take fuller advantage of Wine's existing software compatibility. Arwinss also allows the user to optionally use a remote <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X server</a> instead of a local display.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Tango_Desktop_Project" title="Tango Desktop Project">Tango Desktop Project</a> initiative provides open-source design guidelines and resources (as <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a>) for applications on <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environments</a>. <a href="/wiki/FreeType" title="FreeType">FreeType</a> is an open-source software development <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>, used to render text on to bitmaps and provides support for other font-related operations.<a href="#cite_note-lowendmacreview-13">[12]</a> The KernelEx project is a Windows-API extension and compatibility layer project, which provides open-source implementations of some Windows-APIs.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Other contributing projects are <a href="/wiki/MinGW" title="MinGW">MinGW</a>, <a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adns" title="Adns">adns</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">ICU</a>, GraphApp, <a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">Ext2</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_FreeFont" title="GNU FreeFont">GNU FreeFont</a>, <a href="/wiki/DejaVu_fonts" title="DejaVu fonts">DejaVu fonts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_fonts" title="Liberation fonts">Liberation fonts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forks">Forks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Forks">edit</a>]</div> Forks based on ReactOS exist: <ul><li>Ekush OS (2004)<a href="#cite_note-osnews.com-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-143">[142]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Various people have acknowledged ReactOS and the implications of having a viable open-source <a href="/wiki/Drop-in_replacement" title="Drop-in replacement">drop-in replacement</a> for Windows.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-9">[8]</a> A 2004 article and interview of the German weekly magazine <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> describes ReactOS as directed at Windows users who want to renounce use of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> commercial software without having to switch to Linux.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>'s monitoring Web site, also lists ReactOS and describes it as "a free and open-source operating system based on the best design principles found in the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">Windows NT architecture</a>."<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In his column for <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Magazine" title="Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a>, David Sugar noted in 2006 that ReactOS would allow the use of applications depending on older versions of Windows whose APIs have been deprecated. He also recognized its potential to expand the total deployed base of free software, and as a resource for developers wanting to know <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_feature" title="Undocumented feature">undocumented</a> Windows APIs in the course of writing portable applications.<a href="#cite_note-undocumented-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a> columnist <a href="/wiki/John_C._Dvorak" title="John C. Dvorak">John C. Dvorak</a> remarked in 2008 that the Windows NT architecture had remained largely unchanged, making it an ideal candidate for cloning, and believed that ReactOS could be "a bigger threat than <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> to Microsoft's dominance".<a href="#cite_note-dvorak-10">[9]</a> In response to Dvorak's column, <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a> technology journalist Dana Blankenhorn noted in 2008 that a lack of corporate sponsors and partners had rendered the project harmless to Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Echoing this, Thom Holwerda of <a href="/wiki/OSNews" title="OSNews">OSNews</a> in 2009 categorized ReactOS under a family of hobby operating systems maintained only by small groups of developers working in their spare time, lacking the financial support of more mainstream operating systems and the legacy of formerly mainstream ones such as <a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In October 2015, a <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group#IDG_Global_Brands" title="International Data Group">Network World</a> review of ReactOS v0.3.17 noted "It's just like running Windows 2000" and praised the application <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a>, a feature the original Windows is missing.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> In August 2018, Jesse Smith from DistroWatch Weekly reviewed ReactOS v0.4.9, reporting that it suffered from limited hardware support and that it tended to lock up under load. He concluded: "[it] should be used with caution and probably not as a main, day-to-day operating system"<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> The ReactOS Project won on the annual <a href="/wiki/Seliger_(forum)" title="Seliger (forum)">Seliger Youth Forum</a> "The Best Presentation" award with 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian rubles</a> ($2700) in 2011, attended by Alexander Rechitskiy, one of the development team members.<a href="#cite_note-bestpresentationaward2011-150">[149]</a> ReactOS was a featured project on <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> for the weeks beginning on 27 February 2012, 25 April 2013,<a href="#cite_note-sffeaturedproject2012-151">[150]</a> and several others. It was Project of the Month on SourceForge for June 2013<a href="#cite_note-potm-201306-2-152">[151]</a> and February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary-code_compatibility" title="Binary-code compatibility">Binary-code compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a>, a project allowing Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run simultaneously in parallel on the same machine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>, a clone of <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a> and <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a>, two independent proprietary continuations of <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> (source code licensed from IBM), which IBM co-created with Microsoft and shares some design elements with MS-DOS and Windows</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a>, a clone of <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longene" title="Longene">Longene</a>, a hybrid operating system kernel intended to be binary-compatible with both the Microsoft Windows and Linux ecosystems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDISwrapper" title="NDISwrapper">NDISwrapper</a>, a re-creation of Windows NT kernel parts inside the Linux Kernel to allow the use of Windows drivers in Linux</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a>, a compatibility layer that runs Microsoft Windows applications on Unix-like operating systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternative_shells_for_Windows" title="List of alternative shells for Windows">List of alternative shells for Windows</a></li> <li>Timelines of: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Intel" title="Timeline of Intel">Intel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Microsoft" title="Timeline of Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Microsoft_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> / <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">other operating systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-or-later</a> with parts under <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPL</a> and <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD licenses</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openhub.net/p/reactos/analyses/latest/languages_summary">"ReactOS on Open Hub"</a>. openhub.net. 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Retrieved 16 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bye+bye&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.aulast=Birr&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Dros-dev%26m%3D118775346131646%26w%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonescu2006" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Ionescu, Alex (18 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=ros-dev&m=118775346131654&w=2">"Bye bye"</a>. ros-dev (Mailing list). Retrieved 16 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bye+bye&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.aulast=Ionescu&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Dros-dev%26m%3D118775346131654%26w%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suspend-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suspend_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suspend_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeller2006" class="citation web cs1">Feller, Stephen (1 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.com/news/reactos-suspends-development-source-code-review/">"ReactOS suspends development for source code review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReactOS+suspends+development+for+source+code+review&rft.pub=Linux.com&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.aulast=Feller&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Freactos-suspends-development-source-code-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reactos.org/reset-reboot-restart-legal-issues-and-long-road-03">Reset, Reboot, Restart, legal issues and the long road to 0.3</a> on reactos.org by Steven Edwards (27 January 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-cleanroom-31"><a href="#cite_ref-cleanroom_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2001" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Mathew (12 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/s/article/65532/Reverse_Engineering?pageNumber=1">"Reverse-Engineering"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>.com. Retrieved 23 June 2013. <q>To protect against charges of having simply (and illegally) copied IBM's BIOS, Phoenix reverse-engineered it using what's called a "clean room," or "Chinese wall", approach. First, a team of engineers studied the IBM BIOS — about 8KB of code — and described everything it did as completely as possible without using or referencing any actual code. Then Phoenix brought in a second team of programmers who had no prior knowledge of the IBM BIOS and had never seen its code. Working only from the first team's functional specifications, the second team wrote a new BIOS that operated as specified.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-Engineering&rft.pub=Computerworld.com&rft.date=2001-11-12&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F65532%2FReverse_Engineering%3FpageNumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogle2008" class="citation web cs1">Hogle, Sean (23 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoviblog.blogspot.de/2008/10/clean-room-defeats-software.html">"Clean Room Defeats Software Infringement Claim in US Federal Court"</a>. Retrieved 23 May 2013. <q>[...] dirty room reverse engineering should be done in conjunction with clean room development by using two physically and electronically isolated teams where one team does dirty room reverse engineering and the other does clean room development. If a dirty room team exists, the clean room engineers can write a description of the portion of the specification that needs elaboration or clarification. The dirty room engineers then use that request to create additional functional specifications or tests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clean+Room+Defeats+Software+Infringement+Claim+in+US+Federal+Court&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.aulast=Hogle&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhoviblog.blogspot.de%2F2008%2F10%2Fclean-room-defeats-software.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-audit-33"><a href="#cite_ref-audit_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragin2007" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Bragin, Aleksey (18 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=ros-dev&m=119018479822866&w=2">"Audit"</a>. ros-dev (Mailing list). Retrieved 3 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audit&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.aulast=Bragin&rft.aufirst=Aleksey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Dros-dev%26m%3D119018479822866%26w%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvers2004" class="citation web cs1">Evers, Joris (12 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731034443/http://www.pcworld.com/article/114771/article.html">"Windows Code May Be Stolen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/114771/article.html">the original</a> on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Code+May+Be+Stolen&rft.pub=PC+World&rft.date=2004-02-12&rft.aulast=Evers&rft.aufirst=Joris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F114771%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tradesecret-35"><a href="#cite_ref-tradesecret_35-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reactos.org/reset-reboot-restart-legal-issues-and-long-road-03">Reset, Reboot, Restart, legal issues and the long road to 0.3</a> "Now as for the issue of leaked source code, I want to try to put all fears to rest. We don't know what the legal ramifications are for someone downloading and having leaked code, as the party that maintains copyright ownership of that code might still try to claim Trade Secrecy on information contained in the sources in a court of law. It is our point of view that the source code leaks of Windows have been spread to a broad enough audience that it would be impossible to claim the product is still under Trade Secrecy." on reactos.org by Steven Edwards (27 January 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2019" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Tim (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2019/07/03/reactos_windows_research_kernel_claim/">"ReactOS 'a ripoff of the Windows Research Kernel', claims Microsoft kernel engineer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=ReactOS+%27a+ripoff+of+the+Windows+Research+Kernel%27%2C+claims+Microsoft+kernel+engineer&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2019%2F07%2F03%2Freactos_windows_research_kernel_claim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.google.com/open-source/soc/2006/#reactos">"Google Summer of Code 2006"</a>. <q>This is a page lists the students and organizations that participated in the Google Summer of Code 2006 program. [...] ReactOS</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Summer+of+Code+2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fopen-source%2Fsoc%2F2006%2F%23reactos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsoc2011-38"><a href="#cite_ref-gsoc2011_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321144810/http://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/project/google/gsoc2011/claudiu_mihail/8001">"TCP/IP driver replacement for ReactOS, using lwIP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/project/google/gsoc2011/claudiu_mihail/8001">the original</a> on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TCP%2FIP+driver+replacement+for+ReactOS%2C+using+lwIP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google-melange.com%2Fgsoc%2Fproject%2Fgoogle%2Fgsoc2011%2Fclaudiu_mihail%2F8001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lwIP2-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lwIP2_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lwIP2_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman2011" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Gutman, Cameron (7 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/lwip-devel/2011-08/msg00010.html">"ReactOS is now using lwIP for TCP"</a>. lwip-devel (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReactOS+is+now+using+lwIP+for+TCP&rft.date=2011-08-07&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.nongnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Flwip-devel%2F2011-08%2Fmsg00010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlksnis2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alksnis, Viktor (6 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v-alksnis2.livejournal.com/32900.html">"Виктор Имантович Алкснис – Знакомство с проектом ReactOS"</a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReactOS+News&rft.atitle=ReactOS+Presented+to+President+Putin&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft.au=Z98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reactos.org%2Freactos-presented-president-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minsvyaz.ru/ru/documents/4662/">Minutes of the expert evaluation of projects on import substitution infrastructure software according to paragraph 4-8 of import substitution plan software, approved by order of the Ministry of Communications of Russia from 1 April 2015 №96 "On approval of import software"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718033724/http://www.minsvyaz.ru/ru/documents/4662/">Archived</a> 18 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Development,_Communications_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Communications</a> "Direction "client operating system / Server Operating Systems" first place — the project "Corporate platform on the basis of domestic operating systems" [...] second place — the project "Creation of the operating system open source based on ReactOS for PCs, laptops and other mobile devices," "Creating the operating system open source-based server ReactOS" (Fund "Reaktos" MSTU. AN Bauman, LLC "Paral Plelz Research" and others.)." (2 June 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.de/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fminsvyaz.ru%2Fru%2Fdocuments%2F4662%2F&edit-text=">translated</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reactos.org/project-news/reactos-second-os-russian-governments-software-freedom-effort/">"ReactOS as a second OS in Russian government's software freedom effort | ReactOS Project"</a>. www.reactos.org. 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Stahl (23 June 2015, in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://derstandard.at/2000017947663/Russland-macht-ReactOS-zur-bevorzugten-Windows-Alternative">Russland macht ReactOS zu bevorzugter Windows-Alternative</a> on <a href="/wiki/Der_Standard" title="Der Standard">Der Standard</a> (24 June 2015, in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Diedrich2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oliver Diedrich (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/open/meldung/ReactOS-Spenden-gesucht-1567379.html">"ReactOS: Spenden gesucht"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Heise" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Heise">heise.de</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=heise.de&rft.atitle=ReactOS%3A+Spenden+gesucht&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.au=Oliver+Diedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fopen%2Fmeldung%2FReactOS-Spenden-gesucht-1567379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reactos.org/archives/public/ros-general/2012-May/002810.html">A personal appeal from ReactOS Project Coordinator Aleksey Bragin</a>, accessed on 15 April 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.reactos.org/de/foundation_donators.html">Spenderliste</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234231/http://old.reactos.org/de/foundation_donators.html">Archived</a> 30 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 24 December 2012, accessed on 15 April 2013 (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403104658/http://reactos.org/january-2013-meeting-minutes">"January 2013 Meeting Minutes"</a>. 7 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reactos.org/january-2013-meeting-minutes">the original</a> on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013. <q>Late last year the German foundation learned that the contracts it was issuing for developers might not be compliant with German regulations involving non-profits. Due to this, the German foundation needed to temporarily halt payment to developers and consult with tax attorneys to determine how to proceed in a compliant manner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=January+2013+Meeting+Minutes&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freactos.org%2Fjanuary-2013-meeting-minutes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-potm-201306-51"><a href="#cite_ref-potm-201306_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sourceforge.net/blog/potm-201306/">"Sourceforge POTM June 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">Sourceforge.com</a>. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013. <q>Well I don't want to spread too many rumors, but I can say that we do have something in the works. If all goes well, it's going to be announced within a week. While I cannot go into too many details, I can say that it involves Kickstarter and what we believe to be a viable commercial product based off of [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] ReactOS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sourceforge+POTM+June+2013&rft.pub=Sourceforge.com&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourceforge.net%2Fblog%2Fpotm-201306%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTU3OTY">ReactOS Wants To Bring Open-Source Windows To The Cloud</a> on <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Larabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Larabel">Michael Larabel</a> (22 January 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Diedrich2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oliver Diedrich (21 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/open/meldung/ReactOS-Freier-Windows-Klon-braucht-Unterstuetzung-2090408.html">"ReactOS: Freier Windows-Klon braucht Unterstützung]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Heise" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Heise">heise.de</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=heise.de&rft.atitle=ReactOS%3A+Freier+Windows-Klon+braucht+Unterst%C3%BCtzung%5D&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft.au=Oliver+Diedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fopen%2Fmeldung%2FReactOS-Freier-Windows-Klon-braucht-Unterstuetzung-2090408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksey_BraginSteven_Edwards2013" class="citation web cs1">Aleksey Bragin; Steven Edwards (23 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/thorium/thorium-core-cloud-desktop">"Thorium Core Cloud Desktop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter.com</a>. Retrieved 8 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thorium+Core+Cloud+Desktop&rft.pub=Kickstarter.com&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.au=Aleksey+Bragin&rft.au=Steven+Edwards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kickstarter.com%2Fprojects%2Fthorium%2Fthorium-core-cloud-desktop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsten_Kleinz2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torsten Kleinz (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/digital/internet/2014-04/reactos-alternative-windows-xp">"XP ist tot, es lebe Windows"</a> [XP is dead, long live Windows]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=XP+ist+tot%2C+es+lebe+Windows&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.au=Torsten+Kleinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fdigital%2Finternet%2F2014-04%2Freactos-alternative-windows-xp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY2Nzk">ReactOS Working On A Community Windows OS</a> on <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Larabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Larabel">Michael Larabel</a> (19 April 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilviu_Stahie2014" class="citation web cs1">Silviu Stahie (4 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.softpedia.com/news/ReactOS-Goes-to-IndieGogo-Will-Run-Windows-and-Linux-Apps-Natively-435797.shtml">"ReactOS goes to Indiegogo, will run Windows apps natively"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Softpedia" title="Softpedia">softpedia.com</a>. Retrieved 8 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReactOS+goes+to+Indiegogo%2C+will+run+Windows+apps+natively&rft.pub=softpedia.com&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.au=Silviu+Stahie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.softpedia.com%2Fnews%2FReactOS-Goes-to-IndieGogo-Will-Run-Windows-and-Linux-Apps-Natively-435797.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2014" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Chris (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/2847723/why-prominent-hobbyist-operating-systems-face-an-existential-crisis.html">"Why prominent 'hobbyist' operating systems face an existential crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PCWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="PCWorld">PCWorld</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2015. <q>ReactOS raised more than $25,000 in an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign earlier in 2014, for the development of a community edition of the operating system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+prominent+%27hobbyist%27+operating+systems+face+an+existential+crisis&rft.pub=PCWorld&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F2847723%2Fwhy-prominent-hobbyist-operating-systems-face-an-existential-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/reactos-community-edition">reactos-community-edition</a> on <a href="/wiki/Indiegogo" title="Indiegogo">Indiegogo</a> (1 June 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/open/artikel/ReactOS-Grosse-Fortschritte-und-Stipendien-fuer-Entwickler-beim-freien-Windows-Nachbau-2410783.html">ReactOS: Große Fortschritte und Stipendien für Entwickler beim freien Windows-Nachbau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607151332/http://www.heise.de/open/artikel/ReactOS-Grosse-Fortschritte-und-Stipendien-fuer-Entwickler-beim-freien-Windows-Nachbau-2410783.html">Archived</a> 7 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Heise" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Heise">heise.de</a> by Louis-F. Stahl (2 October 2014, in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Russland-erklaert-ReactOS-zu-favorisierter-Windows-Alternative-2722495.html">Russland-erklaert-ReactOS-zu-favorisierter-Windows-Alternative</a> on <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Heise" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Heise">heise online</a> by Louis-F. Stahl "Einen weiteren Schub in der Entwicklung erhofft sich die ReactOS-Community vom ersten ReactOS Hackfest, das vom 7. bis zum 12. August 2015 in Aachen stattfindet." (23 June 2015, in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.derstandard.at/2000017947663/Russland-macht-ReactOS-zur-bevorzugten-Windows-Alternative">Russland macht ReactOS zu bevorzugter Windows-Alternative</a> on <a href="/wiki/Der_Standard" title="Der Standard">Der Standard</a> "Von 7. bis 12. August lädt die Entwicklergemeinde in Deutschland zum ersten ReactOS-Hackfest, das in Aachen über die Bühne gehen wird." (24 June 2015, in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reactos.org/project-news/reactos-hackfest-aachen">"ReactOS Hackfest in Aachen"</a>. ReactOS. 1 September 2015. 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Retrieved 20 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Featured+projects%2C+February+27%2C+2012&rft.pub=SourceForge.com&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourceforge.net%2Fblog%2Ffeatured-projects-20120227%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-potm-201306-2-152"><a href="#cite_ref-potm-201306-2_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sourceforge.net/blog/potm-201306/">"Sourceforge POTM June 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">Sourceforge.com</a>. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sourceforge+POTM+June+2013&rft.pub=Sourceforge.com&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourceforge.net%2Fblog%2Fpotm-201306%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sourceforge.net/blog/february-2019-staff-pick-project-month-reactos">"February 2019, "Staff Pick" Project of the Month – ReactOS"</a>. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2019%2C+%22Staff+Pick%22+Project+of+the+Month+%E2%80%93+ReactOS&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourceforge.net%2Fblog%2Ffebruary-2019-staff-pick-project-month-reactos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactOS" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics 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Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution 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href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access, <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_operating_systems" title="Template:Russian operating 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEMOS" title="DEMOS">DEMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNOS_(operating_system)" title="MNOS (operating system)">MNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></li> <li>USIX</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALT_Linux" title="ALT Linux">ALT Linux</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Linux" title="Astra Linux">Astra Linux</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculate_Linux" title="Calculate Linux">Calculate Linux</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_XP" title="Linux XP">Linux XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSA_Linux" title="ROSA Linux">ROSA Linux</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fedora_Remix" title="Russian Fedora Remix">Russian Fedora Remix</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANDOS" title="ANDOS">ANDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-DOS" title="IS-DOS">IS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTS-DOS" title="PTS-DOS">PTS-DOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_(computer)#Operating_system" title="Kronos (computer)">Excelsior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS2000" title="OS2000">OS2000</a> Baget^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a>° (<a href="/wiki/Persistent_memory" title="Persistent memory">persistent</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ReactOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics = discontinued</li> <li>^ = <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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