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id="toc-Green_Digital_Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Product_longevity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_longevity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Product longevity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_longevity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_center_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_center_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Data center design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_center_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_and_deployment_optimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_and_deployment_optimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Software and deployment optimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_and_deployment_optimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algorithmic_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algorithmic_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Algorithmic efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algorithmic_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Resource allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtualizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtualizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Virtualizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtualizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminal_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminal_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Terminal servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminal_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_Compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_Compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Data Compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_Compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Power management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_center_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_center_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Data center power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_center_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Operating system support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Power supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_card" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_card"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Video card</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_card-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Materials recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cloud computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edge_Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edge_Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Edge Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edge_Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Remote work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunication_network_devices_energy_indices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunication_network_devices_energy_indices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Telecommunication network devices energy indices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunication_network_devices_energy_indices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercomputers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercomputers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Supercomputers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercomputers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education and certification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_certification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and certification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_computing_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_computing_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Green computing programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_computing_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_computing_certifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_computing_certifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Green computing certifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_computing_certifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ratings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICT_and_energy_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICT_and_energy_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>ICT and energy demand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICT_and_energy_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Green computing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="حوسبة خضراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوسبة خضراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9F%C4%B1l_hesablama" title="Yaşıl hesablama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaşıl hesablama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_IT" title="Green IT – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Green IT" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Green computing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="رایانش سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایانش سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatique_durable" title="Informatique durable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Informatique durable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%B0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="그린 컴퓨팅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그린 컴퓨팅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="हरित अभिकलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरित अभिकलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi_hijau" title="Komputasi hijau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komputasi hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Green computing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ರೀನ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರೀನ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81s_inform%C4%81cijas_tehnolo%C4%A3ijas" title="Zaļās informācijas tehnoloģijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zaļās informācijas tehnoloģijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Еколошка информатика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еколошка информатика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്രീൻ കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീൻ കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkomputeran_hijau" title="Pengkomputeran hijau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengkomputeran hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3IT" title="グリーンIT – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリーンIT" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nn_databehandling" title="Grønn databehandling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grønn databehandling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_verde" title="TI verde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="TI verde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_IT" title="Green IT – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Green IT" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A" title="හරිත පරිගණක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හරිත පරිගණක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6n_IT" title="Grön IT – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grön IT" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="பசுமைக் கணிமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசுமைக் கணிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కంప్యూట్ గ్రీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంప్యూట్ గ్రీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Зелені інформаційні технології – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зелені інформаційні технології" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Environmentally sustainable computing and information technology</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Green computing</b>, <b>green IT</b> (Information Technology), or <b>ICT sustainability</b>, is the study and practice of <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentally sustainable">environmentally sustainable</a> computing or IT. </p><p>The goals of green computing include optimising <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> during the product's lifecycle; leveraging <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">greener energy sources</a> to power the product and its network; improving the reusability, maintainability, and <a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">repairability</a> of the product to extend its lifecycle; improving the <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recyclability</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradability</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">e-waste</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> ambitions; and aligning the manufacture and use of IT systems with environmental and social goals. Green computing is important for all classes of systems, ranging from handheld systems to large-scale data centers. </p><p> Many corporate IT departments have green computing initiatives to reduce the environmental effect of their IT operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet it is also clear that the environmental footprint of the sector is significant, estimated at 5-9% of the world's total electricity use and more than 2% of all emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data centers and telecommunications networks will need to become more <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficient</a>, reuse waste energy, use more renewable energy sources, and use less water for cooling to stay competitive. Some believe they can and should become climate neutral by 2030 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Embedded_emissions" title="Embedded emissions">carbon emissions associated with manufacturing</a> devices and network infrastructures is also a key factor. </p><p>Green computing can involve complex trade-offs. It can be useful to distinguish between IT for environmental sustainability and the environmental sustainability of IT. Although green IT focuses on the environmental sustainability of IT, in practice these two aspects are often interconnected. For example, launching an <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a> platform may increase the carbon footprint of a company's own IT operations, while at the same time helping customers to purchase products remotely, without requiring them to drive, in turn reducing greenhouse gas emission related to travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Scholar_Citations_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Scholar_Citations-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company might be able to take credit for these decarbonisation benefits under its <a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Scope 3</a> emissions reporting, which includes emissions from across the entire value chain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_Star_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Energy_Star_logo.svg/100px-Energy_Star_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Energy_Star_logo.svg/150px-Energy_Star_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Energy_Star_logo.svg/200px-Energy_Star_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Energy Star logo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a>, a voluntary labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize the <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Nvidia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nvidia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_mode" title="Sleep mode">sleep mode</a> among consumer electronics. Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the <a href="/wiki/TCO_Certified" title="TCO Certified">TCO Certified</a> program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">CRT</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">computer displays</a>; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy consumption, <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, and the use of hazardous materials in construction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations_and_industry_initiatives">Regulations and industry initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regulations and industry initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) published a survey of over 90 government and industry initiatives on "Green ICTs" (Information and Communication Technologies), the environment and climate change. The report concluded that initiatives tended to concentrate on the greening ICTs themselves, rather than on their actual implementation to reduce <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. In general, only 20% of initiatives had measurable targets, with government programs tending to include targets more frequently than business associations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Governmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental">governmental</a> agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a> program was revised in October 2006 to include stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for approved products.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2008, 26 US states established statewide recycling programs for obsolete computers and consumer electronics equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statutes either impose an "advance recovery fee" for each unit sold at retail or require the manufacturers to reclaim the equipment at disposal. </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act</a> (ARRA) was signed into legislation by President Obama. The bill allocated over $90 billion to be invested in green initiatives (renewable energy, smart grids, energy efficiency, etc.) In January 2010, the U.S. Energy Department granted $47 million of the ARRA money towards projects to improve the energy efficiency of data centers. The projects provided research to optimize data center hardware and software, improve power supply chain, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_cooling" title="Computer cooling">data center cooling technologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_Digital_Governance">Green Digital Governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Green Digital Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green digital governance refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communication technology</a> (ICT) to support environmentally sustainable policies and practices. It describes a strategy with which an organisation strives to align its information and communications technology with sustainability goals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can include using digital tools and platforms to monitor and regulate environmental impact, as well as promoting the development and use of clean and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable energy sources</a> in the technology sector. The goal of green digital governance is to reduce the carbon footprint of the digital economy and to support the transition to a more sustainable and resilient society. </p><p>Both the green and the digital transitions are on the agenda for most European countries, as well as the EU as a whole. Documents and goals such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fit_for_55" title="Fit for 55">fit for 55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Europe_Programme" title="Digital Europe Programme">Digital Europe</a> and others have begun the transitions. These two transitions often contradict each other, as digital technologies have substantial environmental footprints that go against the targets of the green transition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Union sees digitalisation and the adoption of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) solutions as an important tool for creating greener solutions, while also acknowledging that in order to achieve the desired positive environmental impact, the tools themselves must be environmentally sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The green transition may accelerate innovation and adoption of digital solutions offering the ICT sector new opportunities for becoming more competitive. The synergy created as a result of the green transition and digitalisation brings social, economic and environmental benefits, which is a goal of environmentally friendly digital governments and the creation of green ICT solutions in general.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The digital component is expected to also be used to reach the ambitions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. As powerful enablers for the sustainability transition, digital solutions can advance the circular economy, support the decarbonisation of all sectors and reduce the environmental and social footprint of products placed on the EU market. For example, key sectors such as precision agriculture, transport and energy can benefit from digital solutions in pursuing the sustainability objectives of the European Green Deal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>E-government services can provide solutions to the environmental problem.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility for a citizen to fully request and get a service online would render, in addition to cost savings for the public authorities and increased citizen satisfaction, reductions of carbon emissions and paper consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>iMasons Climate Accord Founded in 2022, the (ICA) is a historic cooperative of companies committed to reducing carbon in digital infrastructure materials, products, and power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Savers_Computing_Initiative" title="Climate Savers Computing Initiative">Climate Savers Computing Initiative</a> (CSCI) is an effort to reduce the electric power consumption of PCs in active and inactive states.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCI_pressrel_launch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCI_pressrel_launch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CSCI provides a catalog of green products from its member organizations, and information for reducing PC power consumption. It was started on June 12, 2007. The name stems from the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>'s Climate Savers program, which began in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WWF is a member of the Computing Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCI_pressrel_launch_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCI_pressrel_launch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Electronics_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Electronics Council">Green Electronics Council</a> offers the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Product_Environmental_Assessment_Tool" title="Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool">Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool</a> (EPEAT) to assist in the purchase of "greener" computing systems. The Council evaluates computing equipment on 51 criteria – 23 required and 28 optional - that measure a product's efficiency and sustainability attributes. Products are rated Gold, Silver, or Bronze, depending on how many optional criteria they meet. On January 24, 2007, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> issued Executive Order 13423, which requires all United States Federal agencies to use EPEAT when purchasing computer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Grid" title="The Green Grid">The Green Grid</a> is a global consortium dedicated to advancing energy efficiency in data centers and business computing ecosystems. It was founded in February 2007 by several key companies in the industry – <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Power_Conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="American Power Conversion">APC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rackable_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackable Systems">Rackable Systems</a>, SprayCool (purchased in 2010 by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parker.com/portal/site/Market-Tech/menuitem.e9f921bc8ae21676de92b210237ad1ca/?vgnextoid=e7bfa7bee4a70310VgnVCM10000048021dacRCRD&vgnextfmt=default">Parker</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>. The Green Grid has since grown to hundreds of members, including end-users and government organizations focused on improving <a href="/wiki/Data_center_infrastructure_efficiency" title="Data center infrastructure efficiency">data center infrastructure efficiency</a> (DCIE).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Green500" title="Green500">Green500</a> list rates supercomputers by energy efficiency (<a href="/wiki/Megaflops" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaflops">megaflops</a>/<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>), encouraging a focus on efficiency rather than absolute performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Nvidia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nvidia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Comm_Challenge" title="Green Comm Challenge">Green Comm Challenge</a> is an organization that promotes the development of energy conservation technology and practices in the field of ICT.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Processing_Performance_Council" title="Transaction Processing Performance Council">Transaction Processing Performance Council</a> (TPC) Energy specification augments existing TPC benchmarks by allowing optional publications of energy metrics alongside performance results.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECpower" title="SPECpower">SPECpower</a> is the first industry standard benchmark that measures power consumption in relation to performance for server-class computers. Other benchmarks which measure energy efficiency include SPECweb, <a href="/wiki/SPECvirt" title="SPECvirt">SPECvirt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/VMmark" title="VMmark">VMmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> systems rely on a complicated mix of people, networks, and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative ideally covers these areas. A solution may also need to address end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, and return on investment (ROI). There are also fiscal motivations for companies to take control of their own power consumption; "of the power management tools available, one of the most powerful may still be simple, plain, common sense."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_longevity">Product longevity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Product longevity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> maintains that the PC manufacturing process accounts for 70% of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a PC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Fujitsu released a <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a> (LCA) of a desktop that show that manufacturing and end of life accounts for the majority of this desktop's ecological footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime. </p><p>Another report from Gartner recommends to "Look for product longevity, including upgradability and modularity."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> than manufacturing a new <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> module to upgrade an existing one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_center_design">Data center design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data center design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data center facilities are heavy consumers of energy, accounting for between 1.1% and 1.5% of the world's total energy use in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that data center facilities consume up to 100 to 200 times more energy than standard office buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-https://energy.gov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https://energy.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy efficient data center design should address all of the energy use aspects included in a data center: from the IT equipment to the HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) equipment to the actual location, configuration and construction of the building. </p><p>The U.S. Department of Energy specifies five primary areas on which to focus energy efficient data center design best practices:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Information technology (IT) systems</li> <li>Environmental conditions</li> <li>Air management</li> <li>Cooling systems</li> <li>Electrical systems</li></ul> <p>Additional energy efficient design opportunities specified by the U.S. Department of Energy include on-site electrical generation and recycling of waste heat.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy efficient data center design should help to better use a data center's space, and increase performance and efficiency. </p><p>In 2018, three new US Patents make use of facilities design to simultaneously cool and produce electrical power by use of internal and external waste heat. The three patents use silo design for stimulating use of internal waste heat, while recirculating the air cooling the silo's computing racks. US Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=4&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=matteo&s2=gravina&OS=matteo+AND+gravina&RS=matteo+AND+gravina">9,510,486</a>, uses the recirculating air for power generation, while sister patent, US Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=2&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=matteo&s2=gravina&OS=matteo+AND+gravina&RS=matteo+AND+gravina">9,907,213</a>, forces the recirculation of the same air, and sister patent, US Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=matteo&s2=gravina&OS=matteo+AND+gravina&RS=matteo+AND+gravina">10,020,436</a>, uses thermal differences in temperature resulting in negative power usage effectiveness. Negative power usage effectiveness, makes use of differences between temperatures at times running the computing facilities, that they would run only from external sources other than the power use for computing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_and_deployment_optimization">Software and deployment optimization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Software and deployment optimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algorithmic_efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Algorithmic efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></div> <p>The efficiency of algorithms affects the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. Algorithm changes, such as switching from a slow (e.g. linear) <a href="/wiki/Search_algorithm" title="Search algorithm">search algorithm</a> to a fast (e.g. hashed or indexed) search algorithm can reduce resource usage for a given task from substantial to close to zero. In 2009, a study by a physicist at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Google disputed this figure, arguing that a typical search produced only 0.2 grams of CO₂.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource_allocation">Resource allocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resource allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">Resource allocation</a></div> <p>Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive. Researchers from MIT, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai have tested an energy allocation algorithm that routes traffic to the location with the lowest energy costs. The researchers project up to 40 percent savings on energy costs if their proposed algorithm were to be deployed. However, this approach does not actually reduce the amount of energy being used; it reduces only the cost to the company using it. Nonetheless, a similar strategy could be used to direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient way. A similar approach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic away from data centers experiencing warm weather; this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger server centers are sometimes located where energy and land are inexpensive and readily available. Local availability of renewable energy, climate that allows outside air to be used for cooling, or locating them where the heat they produce may be used for other purposes could be factors in green siting decisions. </p><p>Approaches to actually reduce the energy consumption of network devices by proper network/device management techniques have been surveyed Bianzino, et al.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors grouped the approaches into 4 main strategies, namely (i) Adaptive Link Rate (ALR), (ii) Interface Proxying, (iii) Energy Aware Infrastructure, and (iv) Maximum Energy Aware Applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virtualizing">Virtualizing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Virtualizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platform_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform virtualization">Platform virtualization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_platform_virtualization_software" title="Comparison of platform virtualization software">Comparison of platform virtualization software</a></div> <p>Computer virtualization refers to the abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. The concept originated with the IBM <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> operating systems of the 1960s, and was commercialized for <a href="/wiki/X86_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="X86 architecture">x86</a>-compatible computers, and other computer systems, in the 1990s. With virtualization, a system administrator can combine several formerly physical systems as virtual machines on one powerful system, thereby conserving resources by removing need for some of the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption. Virtualization can assist in distributing work so that servers are either busy or put in a low-power sleep state. Several commercial companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a transition to virtual computing. <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> have also built proprietary <a href="/wiki/X86_virtualization#Hardware_support" title="X86 virtualization">virtualization enhancements</a> to the x86 <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> into each of their CPU product lines, in order to facilitate virtual computing. </p><p>New virtual technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Operating-system-level_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating-system-level virtualization">operating-system-level virtualization</a> can also be used to reduce energy consumption. These technologies make a more efficient use of resources, thus reducing energy consumption by design. Also, the consolidation of virtualized technologies is more efficient than the one done in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machines</a>, so more services can be deployed in the same physical machine, reducing the amount of hardware needed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terminal_servers">Terminal servers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terminal servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terminal_server" title="Terminal server">Terminal server</a></div> <p>Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the system operating as if it were on the terminal. These can be combined with <a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin clients</a>, which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to create virtual labs. Examples of terminal server software include <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal Services">Terminal Services</a> for Windows and the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project" title="Linux Terminal Server Project">Linux Terminal Server Project</a> (LTSP) for the <a href="/wiki/Linux_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux operating system">Linux operating system</a>. Software-based remote desktop clients such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Remote_Desktop" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Remote Desktop">Windows Remote Desktop</a> and <a href="/wiki/RealVNC" title="RealVNC">RealVNC</a> can provide similar thin-client functions when run on low power hardware that connects to a server.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_Compression">Data Compression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Data Compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></div> <p>Data compression, which involves using fewer bits to encode information, may also be used in green computing depending on the structure of the data. Since it is highly data specific, data compression strategies may result in using more energy or resources than necessary in some cases. However, choosing a well-suited compression algorithm for the dataset can yield greater power efficiency and reduce network and storage requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a tradeoff between compression ratio and energy consumption. Deciding whether or not this is worthwhile depends on the dataset's compressibility. Compression improves energy efficiency for data with a compression ratio much less than roughly 0.3, and hurts for data with higher compression ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_management">Power management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Power management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power management</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">Advanced Configuration and Power Interface</a> (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power-saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">monitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a> after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system may <a href="/wiki/Hibernation_(computing)" title="Hibernation (computing)">hibernate</a>, when most components (including the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> and the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft standard called <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">Advanced Power Management</a>, which allows a computer's <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> to control power management functions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU, which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed. This process is called <a href="/wiki/Undervolting" class="mw-redirect" title="Undervolting">undervolting</a>. Some CPUs can automatically undervolt the processor, depending on the workload; this technology is called "<a href="/wiki/SpeedStep" title="SpeedStep">SpeedStep</a>" on Intel processors, "<a href="/wiki/PowerNow!" title="PowerNow!">PowerNow!</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Cool%27n%27Quiet" title="Cool'n'Quiet">Cool'n'Quiet</a>" on AMD chips, <a href="/wiki/LongHaul" title="LongHaul">LongHaul</a> on <a href="/wiki/VIA_Technologies" title="VIA Technologies">VIA</a> CPUs, and <a href="/wiki/LongRun" title="LongRun">LongRun</a> with <a href="/wiki/Transmeta" title="Transmeta">Transmeta</a> processors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_center_power">Data center power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Data center power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data centers, which have been criticized for their extraordinarily high energy demand, are a primary focus for proponents of green computing.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> study, data centers represent 21% of the electricity consumed by the IT sector, which is about 382 billion kWh a year.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data centers can potentially improve their energy and space efficiency through techniques such as storage consolidation and virtualization. Many organizations are aiming to eliminate underused servers, resulting in lower energy usage.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. federal government set a minimum 10% reduction target for data center energy usage by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the aid of a self-styled ultra-efficient evaporative cooling technology. Google Inc. claims to have reduced its energy consumption to 50% of the industry average.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a> mining, particularly for proof-of-work currencies like Bitcoin, also uses significant amounts of energy globally.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates have argued that cryptocurrency can help to drive investment in green energy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operating_system_support">Operating system support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operating system support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> has included limited <a href="/wiki/PC_power_management" title="PC power management">PC power management</a> features since <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These initially provided for stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power state. Further iterations of Windows added hibernate (suspend-to-disk) and support for the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a> standard. <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> was the first NT-based operating system to include power management. This required major changes to the underlying operating system architecture and a new hardware driver model. Windows 2000 also introduced <a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a>, a technology that allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features. However, power management was not one of those features. This is probably because the power management settings design relied upon a connected set of per-user and per-machine binary registry values,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively leaving it up to each user to configure their own power management settings. </p><p>This approach, which is not compatible with Windows Group Policy, was repeated in <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>. The reasons for this design decision by Microsoft are not known, and it has resulted in heavy criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft significantly improved this in Windows Vista<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by redesigning the power management system to allow basic configuration by Group Policy. The support offered is limited to a single per-computer policy. Windows 7 retains these limitations but includes refinements for <a href="/wiki/Timer_coalescing" title="Timer coalescing">timer coalescing</a>, processor power management,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and display panel brightness. The most significant change in Windows 7 is in the user experience. The prominence of the default High Performance power plan has been reduced with the aim of encouraging users to save power. </p><p>Third-party <a href="/wiki/PC_power_management" title="PC power management">PC power management</a> software for adds features beyond those built-in to the Windows operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most products offer <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> integration and per-user/per-machine settings with the more advanced offering multiple power plans, scheduled power plans, anti-insomnia features and enterprise power usage reporting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> systems started to provide laptop-optimized power-management in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with power-management options being mainstream since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_supply">Power supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Power supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desktop <a href="/wiki/Computer_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer power supply">computer power supplies</a> are in general 70–75% efficient,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dissipating the remaining energy as heat. A certification program called <a href="/wiki/80_Plus" title="80 Plus">80 Plus</a> certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form factor. As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storage">Storage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smaller form factor (e.g., 2.5 inch) <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk drives">hard disk drives</a> often consume less power per gigabyte than physically larger drives.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike hard disk drives, <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> store data in flash memory or <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>. With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low-capacity flash-based devices.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As hard drive prices have fallen, storage farms have tended to increase in capacity to make more data available online. This includes archival and backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage. The increase in online storage has increased power consumption. Reducing the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_card">Video card</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Video card"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fast <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> may be the largest power consumer in a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy-efficient <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">display</a> options include: </p> <ul><li>No video card – use a shared terminal, shared <a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin client</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Desktop_sharing" title="Desktop sharing">desktop sharing</a> software if display is required.</li> <li>Use motherboard video output – typically low 3D performance and low power.</li> <li>Select a GPU based on low idle power, average wattage, or <a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">performance per watt</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Display">Display</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other display technologies, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">electronic paper</a> does not use any power while displaying an image.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CRT_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="CRT monitor">CRT monitors</a> typically use more power than LCD monitors. They also contain significant amounts of lead. <a href="/wiki/LCD_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD monitor">LCD monitors</a> typically use a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold-cathode fluorescent bulb</a> to provide light for the display. Most newer displays use an array of <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which further reduces the amount of electricity used by the display.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluorescent back-lights also contain mercury, whereas LED back-lights do not. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">light-on-dark color scheme</a>, also called <i>dark mode</i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">color scheme</a> that requires less energy to display on new display technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This positively impacts battery life and energy consumption. While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image that is primarily black, it can use more than three times as much power to display an image with a white background, such as a document or web site.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can lead to reduced battery life and increased energy use, unless a light-on-dark color scheme is used. A 2018 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> suggests that "Dark mode is easier on the eyes and battery"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and displaying white on full brightness uses roughly six times as much power as pure black on a Google Pixel, which has an OLED display.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple's <a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">iOS 13</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">iPadOS 13</a> both feature a light-on dark mode, which would allow third-party developers to implement their own dark themes.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google's <a href="/wiki/Android_10" title="Android 10">Android 10</a> features a system-level dark mode.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_recycling">Materials recycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Materials recycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">computer recycling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive</a></div> <p>Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>, and can replace equipment that otherwise would need to be manufactured, saving further energy and emissions. Computer systems that have outlived their original function can be re-purposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many charities have recently imposed minimum system requirements for donated equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and municipal or private recycling centers. Computing supplies, such as <a href="/wiki/Ink_cartridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink cartridges">printer cartridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">paper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">batteries</a> may be recycled as well.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A drawback to many of these schemes is that computers gathered through recycling drives are often shipped to <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalition" title="Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition</a> has estimated that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the collection rate of e-waste remained low, even in the most ecology-responsible countries like France. In the U.S., e-waste collection was at a 14% annual rate between electronic equipment sold and e-waste collected for 2006 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recycling of old computers raises a privacy issue. The old storage devices still hold private information, such as emails, passwords, and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by using software available freely on the Internet. Deletion of a file does not actually remove the file from the hard drive. Before recycling a computer, users should remove the hard drive, or hard drives if there is more than one, and physically destroy it or store it somewhere safe. There are some authorized hardware recycling companies to whom the computer may be given for recycling, and they typically sign a non-disclosure agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_computing">Cloud computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cloud computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></div> <p>Cloud computing may help to address two major ICT challenges related to green computing – energy usage and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_emissions" title="Embedded emissions">embodied carbon</a>. Hyperscale data centers such as those operated by <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">AWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">GCP</a> can benefit from economies of scale, and <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a>, dynamic provisioning environment, multi-tenancy and <a href="/wiki/Green_data_center" title="Green data center">green data center</a> approaches can enable more efficient resource allocation. Organizations may be able to reduce their direct energy consumption and carbon emissions by up to 30% and 90% respectively by moving certain on-premises applications into the public cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, critics point to shortcomings in the carbon tracking and management tools provided by major cloud providers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> GreenOps, also known as DevGreenOps, DevSusOps or DevSustainableOps, is emerging as a framework to include sustainability into cloud management.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon-aware computing and grid-aware computing can form part of a GreenOps approach. This includes techniques like demand shifting, which means moving computational workloads to locations or times of day with cleaner energy in the grid.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand shaping is a similar technique, which focuses on adjusting workloads according to the amount of clean energy currently available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edge_Computing">Edge Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Edge Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a></div> <p>New technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">fog computing</a> are a solution to reducing energy consumption. These technologies allow redistributing computation near its use, thus reducing energy costs in the network.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, having smaller data centers, the energy used in operations such as refrigerating and maintenance is reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_work">Remote work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Remote work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a> using <a href="/wiki/Teleconference" title="Teleconference">teleconference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence</a> technologies is often implemented in green computing initiatives. The advantages include increased worker satisfaction, reduction of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> related to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting accounting for 70% of all energy consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other related initiatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Hoteling" title="Hoteling">Hoteling</a>, reduce the square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when needed.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many types of jobs, such as sales, consulting, and field service, integrate well with this technique. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">Voice over IP (VoIP)</a> reduces the telephony wiring infrastructure by sharing the existing Ethernet copper.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VoIP and phone extension mobility also made <a href="/wiki/Hot_desking" title="Hot desking">hot desking</a> more practical. Wi-Fi consume 4 to 10 times less energy than 4G.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication_network_devices_energy_indices">Telecommunication network devices energy indices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Telecommunication network devices energy indices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013 ICT energy consumption, in the US and worldwide, was estimated respectively at 9.4% and 5.3% of the total electricity produced.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy consumption of ICTs is today significant even when compared with other industries. Some studies have tried to identify the key energy indices that allow a relevant comparison between different devices (network elements).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This analysis was focused on how to optimise device and network consumption for carrier telecommunication by itself. The target was to allow an immediate perception of the relationship between the network technology and the environmental effect. These studies are at the start and further research will be necessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercomputers">Supercomputers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Supercomputers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Green500" title="Green500">Green500</a> list was first announced on November 15, 2007, at SC|07. As a complement to the TOP500, the listing of the Green500 began a new era where supercomputers can be compared by performance-per-watt.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, two Japanese supercomputers topped the Green500 energy efficiency ranking with performance exceeding 16 GFLOPS/watt, and two IBM AC922 systems followed with performance exceeding 15 GFLOPS/watt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_certification">Education and certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education and certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_computing_programs">Green computing programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Green computing programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Degree and postgraduate programs provide training in a range of information technology concentrations along with sustainable strategies to educate students on how to build and maintain systems while reducing its harm to the environment. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> (ANU) offers "ICT Sustainability" as part of its information technology and engineering masters programs.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a> offers a similar course "Green ICT Strategies",<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adapted from the ANU course notes by Tom Worthington.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University" title="Leeds Beckett University">Leeds Beckett University</a> offers an MSc Sustainable Computing program in both full- and part-time access modes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_computing_certifications">Green computing certifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Green computing certifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some certifications demonstrate that an individual has specific green computing knowledge, including: </p> <ul><li>Green Computing Initiative – GCI offers the Certified Green Computing User Specialist (CGCUS), Certified Green Computing Architect (CGCA) and Certified Green Computing Professional (CGCP) certifications.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Systems_Examination_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Systems Examination Board">Information Systems Examination Board</a> (ISEB) Foundation Certificate in Green IT is appropriate for showing an overall understanding and awareness of green computing and where its implementation can be beneficial.</li> <li>Singapore Infocomm Technology Federation (SiTF) Singapore Certified Green IT Professional is an industry endorsed professional level certification offered with SiTF authorized training partners. Certification requires completion of a four-day instructor-led core course, plus a one-day elective from an authorized vendor.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Computer_Society" title="Australian Computer Society">Australian Computer Society</a> (ACS) The ACS offers a certificate for "Green Technology Strategies" as part of the Computer Professional Education Program (CPEP). Award of a certificate requires completion of a 12-week e-learning course designed by Tom Worthington, with written assignments.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratings">Ratings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ratings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2010, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> has maintained a list of ratings of prominent technology companies in several countries based on how clean the energy used by that company is, ranging from A (the best) to F (the worst).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICT_and_energy_demand">ICT and energy demand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: ICT and energy demand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digitalization has brought additional energy consumption; energy-increasing effects have been greater than the energy-reducing effects. Four energy consumption increasing effects are: </p> <ol><li>Direct effect – Strong increases of (technical) energy efficiency in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a> are countered by the growth of the sector.</li> <li>Efficiency and rebound effects – <a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effects</a> are high for ICT and increased productivity often leads to new behaviors that are more energy intensive.</li> <li>Economic growth – Positive effect of digitalization on economic growth.</li> <li>Sectoral change – Growth of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a> services tends not to replace, but come on top of existing services.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sustainability" title="Computational sustainability">Computational sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camara_(charity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camara (charity)">Camara (charity)</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenging_the_Chip" title="Challenging the Chip">Challenging the Chip</a></i>, a book about labor rights and environmental justice in the global <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_virtualization" title="Desktop virtualization">Desktop virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_migration" title="Data migration">Data migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digger_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Digger gold">Digger gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="E-cycling">e-cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDay" title="EDay">eDay</a>, an electronic waste collection day in New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Electronic_Waste_Recycling_Act" title="California Electronic Waste Recycling Act">California Electronic Waste Recycling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Efficient_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Efficient Ethernet">Energy Efficient Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_use_in_the_United_States#Energy_consumption_of_computers_in_the_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy use in the United States">Energy consumption of computers in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1680" title="IEEE 1680">IEEE 1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnect_bottleneck" title="Interconnect bottleneck">Interconnect bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_energy_management" title="IT energy management">IT energy management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(computing)" title="Minimalism (computing)">Minimalism (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark color scheme</a> (Dark Mode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber cable">Optical fiber cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_optical_interface" title="Parallel optical interface">Parallel optical interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_power_management" title="PC power management">PC power management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_usage_effectiveness" title="Power usage effectiveness">Power usage effectiveness</a> (PUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)" title="Rebound effect (conservation)">Rebound effect</a> (paradoxical negative effect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive</a> (RoHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_power" title="Standby power">Standby power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Electronics_Initiative" title="Sustainable Electronics Initiative">Sustainable Electronics Initiative</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeback" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeback">Takeback</a>, when sellers or manufacturers accept returns of products at the end of their lives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_application" title="Virtual application">Virtual application</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Curry, B. Guyon, C. Sheridan, and B. Donnellan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardcurry.org/publications/MISQE_SustainableIT_Intel_2012.pdf">“Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel's Journey,”</a> <i><a href="/wiki/MIS_Quarterly_Executive" title="MIS Quarterly Executive">MIS Quarterly Executive</a></i>, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61–74, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enerdata.net/publications/executive-briefing/between-10-and-20-electricity-consumption-ict-sector-2030.html">"Between 10 and 20% of electricity consumption from the ICT* sector in 2030?"</a>. <i>www.enerdata.net</i>. 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May 23, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207075733/http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/464080">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Technology+Strategies+Course&rft.pub=Australian+Computer+Society&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org.au%2Fcpeprogram%2Findex.cfm%3Faction%3Dshow%26conID%3Dgreenict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clickclean.org/">"Greenpeace #ClickClean"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greenpeace+%23ClickClean&rft.pub=Greenpeace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickclean.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangePohlSantarius2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (October 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800919320622">"Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?"</a>. <i>Ecological Economics</i>. <b>176</b>: 106760. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EcoEc.17606760L">2020EcoEc.17606760L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2020.106760">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-8009">0921-8009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224947774">224947774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=Digitalization+and+energy+consumption.+Does+ICT+reduce+energy+demand%3F&rft.volume=176&rft.pages=106760&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2020.106760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224947774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-8009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EcoEc.17606760L&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft.au=Pohl%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Santarius%2C+Tilman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0921800919320622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426151931/http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS09-07.pdf">Green IT Factsheet</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.css.snre.umich.edu/">Center for Sustainable Systems</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" 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