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Considerable correspondence was generated by the long-awaited publication of Variation in animals and plants under domestication. 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class="last leaf menu-mlid-1147"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/origin-species/review-origin-species">Review: The Origin of Species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1126"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/darwins-health">Darwin's health</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-2917"><a href="../../tags/darwin/darwin-on-his-health">Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1128"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin's photographic portraits</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2896"><a href="../../have-you-read-one-about">Have you read the one about....</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2654"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said - and one he did</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2654"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said - and one he did overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2892"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said/evolution-misquotation">The evolution of a misquotation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3673"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3673"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3676"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/11-ellen-sharples-pastel">1.1 Ellen Sharples pastel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3709"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/12-george-richmond-marriage-portrait">1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3718"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/13-thomas-herbert-maguire-lithograph">1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3721"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/14-samuel-laurence-drawing-1">1.4 Samuel Laurence drawing 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3724"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/15-samuel-laurence-drawing-2">1.5 Samuel Laurence drawing 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3727"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/16-ouless-oil-portrait">1.6 Ouless oil portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3730"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/17-ouless-replica">1.7 Ouless replica</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3733"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/18-anonymous-drawing-after-ouless">1.8 anonymous drawing, after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3736"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/19-rajon-etching-after-ouless">1.9 Rajon, etching after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3679"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/110-rajon-etching-variant-state">1.10 Rajon etching, variant state</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3682"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/111-laura-russell-oil">1.11 Laura Russell, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3685"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/112-marian-huxley-drawing">1.12 Marian Huxley, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3688"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/113-louisa-nash-drawing">1.13 Louisa Nash, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3691"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/114-william-richmond-oil">1.14 William Richmond, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3694"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/115-albert-goodwin-watercolour">1.15 Albert Goodwin, watercolour</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3697"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/116-alphonse-legros-drypoint">1.16 Alphonse Legros, drypoint</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3700"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/117-alphonse-legros-drawing">1.17 Alphonse Legros drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3703"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/118-john-collier-oil-linnean">1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3706"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/119-john-collier-oil-npg">1.19 John Collier, oil in NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3712"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/120-leopold-flameng-etching-after-collier">1.20 Leopold Flameng etching, after Collier</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3715"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/121-window-christs-college-cambridge">1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3739"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/21-thomas-woolner-bust">2.1 Thomas Woolner bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3772"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/22-thomas-woolner-metal-plaque">2.2 Thomas Woolner metal plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3802"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/23-wedgwood-medallions">2.3 Wedgwood medallions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3805"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/24-wedgwood-plaque">2.4 Wedgwood plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3808"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/25-wedgwood-medallions-2nd-type">2.5 Wedgwood medallions, 2nd type</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3811"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/26-adolf-von-hildebrand-bust">2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3814"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/27-joseph-moore-midland-union-medal">2.7 Joseph Moore, Midland Union medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3817"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/28-alphonse-legros-medallion">2.8 Alphonse Legros medallion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3820"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/29-legros-medallion-plaster-model">2.9 Legros medallion, plaster model</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3742"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/210-moritz-klinkicht-print-legros">2.10 Moritz Klinkicht, print from Legros</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3745"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/211-christian-lehr-plaster-bust">2.11 Christian Lehr, plaster bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3748"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/212-allan-wyon-royal-society-medal">2.12 Allan Wyon, Royal Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3751"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/213-edgar-boehm-statue-nhm">2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3754"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/214-boehm-westminster-abbey-roundel">2.14 Boehm, Westminster Abbey roundel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3757"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/215-boehm-terracotta-bust-npg">2.15 Boehm terracotta bust (NPG)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3760"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/216-horace-montford-statue-shrewsbury">2.16 Horace Montford statue, Shrewsbury</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3763"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/217-montford-statuette">2.17 Montford, statuette</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3766"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/218-montford-carnegie-bust">2.18 Montford, Carnegie bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3769"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/219-montford-bust-royal-society">2.19 Montford, bust at the Royal Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3775"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/220-montford-terracotta-bust-npg">2.20 Montford, terracotta bust, NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3778"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/221-montford-relief-christs-college">2.21 Montford, relief at Christ's College</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3781"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/222-l-j-chavalliaud-statue-liverpool">2.22 L.-J. Chavalliaud statue in Liverpool</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3784"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/223-hope-pinker-statue-oxford-museum">2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3787"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/224-herbert-hampton-statue-lancaster">2.24 Herbert Hampton statue, Lancaster</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3790"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/225-henry-pegram-statue-birmingham">2.25 Henry Pegram statue, Birmingham</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3793"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/226-linnean-society-medal">2.26 Linnean Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3796"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/227-william-couper-bust-new-york">2.27 William Couper bust, New York</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3799"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/228-couper-bust-cambridge">2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3823"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/31-antoine-claudet-daguerreotype">3.1 Antoine Claudet, daguerreotype</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3856"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/32-maull-and-polyblank-photo-1">3.2 Maull and Polyblank photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3865"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/33-maull-and-polyblank-photo-2">3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3868"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/34-william-darwin-photo-1">3.4 William Darwin, photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3871"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/35-william-darwin-photo-2">3.5 William Darwin, photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3874"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/36-william-darwin-photo-3">3.6 William Darwin, photo 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3877"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/37-leonard-darwin-photo-verandah">3.7 Leonard Darwin, photo on verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3880"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/38-leonard-darwin-interior-photo">3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3883"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/39-leonard-darwin-photo-horseback">3.9 Leonard Darwin, photo on horseback</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3826"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/310-ernest-edwards-men-eminence">3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3829"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/311-edwards-illustrated-london-news">3.11 Edwards, in Illustrated London News</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3832"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/312-edwards-second-group-photos">3.12 Edwards, second group of photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3835"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/313-edwards-representative-men">3.13 Edwards 'Representative Men'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3838"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/314-julia-margaret-cameron-photos">3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3841"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/315-george-charles-wallich-photo">3.15 George Charles Wallich, photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3844"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/316-oscar-rejlander-photos">3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3847"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/317-lock-and-whitfield-men-mark">3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3850"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/318-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1869-1871">3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3853"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/319-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1880-1">3.19 Elliott and Fry photos c.1880-1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/320-elliott-and-fry-c1880-1-verandah">3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3862"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/321-herbert-rose-barraud-photos">3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3886"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/41-albert-way-comic-drawings">4.1 Albert Way, comic drawings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3919"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/42-augustus-earle-caricature-drawing">4.2 Augustus Earle, caricature drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3952"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/43-alfred-crowquill-caricature">4.3 Alfred Crowquill, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3985"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/44-thomas-huxley-caricature-sketch">4.4 Thomas Huxley, caricature sketch</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4018"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/45-william-beard-comic-painting">4.5 William Beard, comic painting</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4051"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/46-thomas-nast-cartoon">4.6 Thomas Nast, cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4054"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/47-vanity-fair-caricature">4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4057"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/48-vanity-fair-preliminary-study">4.8 'Vanity Fair', preliminary study</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4060"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/49-graphic-cartoon">4.9 'Graphic', cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3889"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/410-hornet-caricature-darwin">4.10 'Hornet' caricature of Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3892"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/411-fun-cartoon-little-lecture">4.11 'Fun' cartoon, 'A little lecture'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3895"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/412-fun-wedding-procession">4.12 'Fun', Wedding procession</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3898"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/413-fun-cartoon-griset-emotional">4.13 'Fun' cartoon by Griset, 'Emotional'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3901"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/414-fun-cartoon-troubles">4.14 'Fun' cartoon, 'That troubles'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3904"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/415-george-cruikshank-comic-drawing">4.15 George Cruikshank, comic drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3907"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/416-joseph-simms-physiognomy">4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3910"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/417-figaro-unidentifiable-1871">4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3913"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/418-figaro-chromolithograph-1">4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3916"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/419-george-montbard-caricature">4.19 George Montbard, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3922"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/420-frederick-waddy-caricature">4.20 Frederick Waddy, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3925"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/421-gegeef-our-national-church-1">4.21 Gegeef, 'Our National Church', 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3928"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/422-gegeef-et-al-our-national-church-2">4.22 Gegeef et al., 'Our National Church', 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3931"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/423-gegeef-battle-field-science">4.23 Gegeef, 'Battle Field of Science'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3934"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/424-daily-graphic-nast-satire">4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3937"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/425-punch-1877-re-cambridge-doctorate">4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3940"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/426-christmas-card-caricature-monkeys">4.26 Christmas card caricature, monkeys</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3943"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/427-four-founders-darwinismus">4.27 'Four founders of Darwinismus'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3946"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/428-english-celebrities-montage">4.28 'English celebrities' montage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3949"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/429-richard-grant-white-fall-man">4.29 Richard Grant White, 'Fall of man'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3955"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/430-la-petite-lune-gill-cartoon">4.30 'La Petite Lune', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3958"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/431-la-lune-rousse-gill-cartoon">4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3961"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/432-anis-liqueur-label">4.32 Anis liqueur label</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3964"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/433-harpers-weekly-bellew-caricature">4.33 'Harper's Weekly', Bellew caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3967"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/434-punch-sambourne-cartoon-1">4.34 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3970"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/435-frederick-sem-caricature">4.35 Frederick Sem, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3973"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/436-sem-chistmas-card">4.36 Sem, Chistmas card</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3976"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/437-mosquito-satire">4.37 'Mosquito' satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3979"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/438-franz-goedecker-caricature">4.38 Franz Goedecker, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3982"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/439-moonshine-magazine-cartoon">4.39 'Moonshine' magazine cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3988"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/440-phrenological-magazine">4.40 'Phrenological Magazine'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3991"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/441-punch-sambourne-cartoon-2">4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3994"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/442-punch-sambourne-cartoon-3">4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3997"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/443-illustrated-london-news-article">4.43 'Illustrated London News' article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4000"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/444-puck-cartoon-1">4.44 'Puck' cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4003"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/445-puck-cartoon-2">4.45 'Puck' cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4006"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/446-puck-cartoon-3">4.46 'Puck' cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4009"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/447-puck-cartoon-4">4.47 'Puck' cartoon 4</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4012"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/448-puck-cartoon-5">4.48 'Puck', cartoon 5</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4015"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/449-alfred-bryan-caricature">4.49 Alfred Bryan, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4021"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/450-cigar-box-lid-design">4.50 Cigar box lid design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4024"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/451-frederick-holder-life-and-work">4.51 Frederick Holder 'Life and Work'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4027"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/452-wasp-caricature">4.52 'Wasp' caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4030"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/453-claud-warren-outlines-hands">4.53 Claud Warren, 'Outlines of Hands'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4033"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/454-jubilees-queen-victoria">4.54 jubilees of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4036"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/455-harry-furniss-caricature">4.55 Harry Furniss caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4039"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/456-larks-cartoon">4.56 'Larks' cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4042"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/457-silhouette-cartoon">4.57 silhouette cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4045"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/458-simian-savage-drawings">4.58 'Simian, savage' . . . drawings</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4048"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/459-simplicissimus-cartoon">4.59 'Simplicissimus' cartoon</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4066"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed 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href="../../fake-darwin">Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3402"><a href="../../darwins-bad-days">Darwin's bad days</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3644"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/darwin-s-first-love">Darwin's first love</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="../../letters" title="" class="active-trail campl-selected">The letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="../../letters" title="" class="active-trail">The letters overview</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="../darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="../darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1097"><a href="darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107"><a href="darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108"><a href="darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109"><a href="darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110"><a href="darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936"><a href="darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937"><a href="darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111"><a href="darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098"><a href="darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099"><a href="darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100"><a href="darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935"><a href="darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102"><a href="darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1103 campl-current-page"><a href="darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex" class="active-trail active">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104"><a href="darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105"><a href="darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152"><a href="darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049"><a href="darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050"><a href="darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275"><a href="darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894"><a href="darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf 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overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3385"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3400"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the 'big book'</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3400"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the 'big book' overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3401"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book/dates-composition-darwins-manuscript-species">Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3406"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin">Origin</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3407"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions</a> <ul 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href="../darwins-works-letters/expression">Expression</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3389"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3663"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/forms-flowers">Forms of flowers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4084"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/cross-and-self-fertilisation">Cross and self fertilisation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3405"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/life-erasmus-darwin">Life of Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3665"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/movement-plants">Movement in Plants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2264"><a href="../about-letters">About the letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2408"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2408"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2411"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film/editing-letter">Editing a Letter</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2409"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film/working-darwin-archive">Working in the Darwin archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2296"><a href="../capturing-darwin-s-voice-audio-selected-letters">Capturing Darwin's voice: audio of selected letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2266"><a href="../correspondence-women">Correspondence with women</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-878"><a href="../../hunt-new-letters">The hunt for new letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1136"><a href="../editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1136"><a href="../editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3646"><a 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D. Fox, May 1832</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4111"><a href="../favourite-letters/monstrous-stain-j-m-herbert-2-june-1833">That monstrous stain: To J. M. Herbert, 2 June 1833</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4166"><a href="../favourite-letters/my-most-solemn-request-emma-darwin-5-july-1844">My most solemn request: To Emma Darwin, 5 July 1844</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4178"><a href="../favourite-letters/our-poor-dear-dear-child-emma-darwin-23-april-1851">Our poor dear dear child: To Emma Darwin, [23 April 1851]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4174"><a href="../favourite-letters/i-beg-million-pardons-john-lubbock-3-september-1862">I beg a million pardons: To John Lubbock, [3 September 1862]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4129"><a href="../favourite-letters/prize-possessions-henry-denny-17-january-1865">Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4114"><a href="../favourite-letters/how-manage-it-j-d-hooker-17-june-1865">How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4117"><a href="../favourite-letters/fly-flower-hermann-m-ller-23-october-1867">A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4138"><a href="../favourite-letters/reading-my-roommate-s-illustrious-ancestor-t-h-huxley-10-june-1868">Reading my roommate's illustrious ancestor: To T. H. Huxley, 10 June 1868</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4169"><a href="../favourite-letters/beginning-something-j-d-hooker-22-january-1869">A beginning, & that is something: To J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4135"><a href="../favourite-letters/perfect-copper-plate-hand-adolf-reuter-30-may-1869">Perfect copper-plate hand: From Adolf Reuter, 30 May 1869</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4132"><a href="../favourite-letters/darwin-s-favourite-photographer-o-g-rejlander-30-april-1871">Darwin's favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4172"><a href="../favourite-letters/your-letter-eternalized-us-n-d-doedes-27-march-1873">Your letter eternalized before us: From N. D. Doedes, 27 March 1873</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4120"><a href="../favourite-letters/lost-translation-auguste-forel-12-november-1874">Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4182"><a href="../favourite-letters/i-never-trusted-drosera-e-f-lubbock-after-2-july-1875">I never trusted Drosera: From E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4126"><a href="../favourite-letters/argus-pheasant-mivart-r-wallace-17-june-1876">From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4141"><a href="../favourite-letters/wearing-his-knowledge-lightly-fritz-m-ller-5-april-1878">Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4123"><a href="../favourite-letters/terms-engagement-julius-wiesner-25-october-1881">Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4108"><a href="../favourite-letters/intellectual-capacities-caroline-kennard-26-december-1881">Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4144"><a href="../darwin-plays">Darwin plays</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4144"><a href="../darwin-plays">Darwin plays overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4150"><a href="../darwin-plays/emma-audio-play">'Emma' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4147"><a href="../darwin-plays/frank-audio-play">'Frank' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4153"><a href="../darwin-plays/confessing-murder-audio-play">'Like confessing a murder' audio play</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2294"><a href="../darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2294"><a href="../darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1134"><a href="../../commentary/religion/re-design-dramatisation/dramatisation-script">Dramatisation script</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3377"><a href="/search?sort=date&keyword=darwin&f1-document-type=letter" title="">Browse all Darwin letters in date order</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3391"><a href="../list-correspondents">List of correspondents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-824"><a href="../../commentary">Commentary</a> 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blue-eyed cats, pigs, and poison</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3414"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/natural-selection-trouble-terminology-part-i">Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3415"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/survival-fittest-trouble-terminology-part-ii">Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3671"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/darwin-s-species-notebooks-i-think">Darwin's species notebooks: 'I think . . .'</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-871"><a href="../../commentary/geology" title="">Geology</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-871"><a href="../../commentary/geology" title="">Geology overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2259"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-geology">Darwin and geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1127"><a href="../../topics/geology/darwin-s-introduction-geology">Darwin's introduction to geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1270"><a href="../../commentary/geology/geology-beagle-voyage">The geology of the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1122"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-coral-reefs">Darwin and coral reefs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2258"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-s-earthquakes">Darwin's earthquakes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2257"><a href="../../topics/geology/darwin-geological-society" title="">Darwin and the Geological Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1123"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-glen-roy">Darwin and Glen Roy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1087"><a href="../../topics/geology/bibliography-darwin-s-geological-publications">Bibliography of Darwin's geological publications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2247"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2247"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1117"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1117"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1149"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin's hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4087"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/species-and-varieties">Species and varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1058"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/evolution-honeycomb">The evolution of honeycomb</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1083"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/tale-two-bees">A tale of two bees</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1088"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1088"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1055"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed/mauro-galetti-profile-ecologist">Mauro Galetti: profile of an ecologist</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2261"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/casting-about-darwin-worms">Casting about: Darwin on worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1081"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/was-darwin-ecologist">Was Darwin an ecologist?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3641"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores">Dipsacus and Drosera</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2318"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2318"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2317"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles/darwin-s-study-cirripedia">Darwin's study of the Cirripedia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2280"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2280"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2284"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-draft-petition">Vivisection: draft petition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2285"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-baas-committee-report">Vivisection: BAAS committee report</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2286"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-first-sketch-bill">Vivisection: first sketch of the bill</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2287"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-darwins-testimony-royal-commission">Vivisection: Darwin's testimony</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2288"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/appeal-against-animal-cruelty">'An Appeal' against animal cruelty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2916"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/biodiversity-and-its-histories">Biodiversity and its histories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-873"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-873"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2604"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/darwin-human-evolution">Darwin on human evolution</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1269"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1269"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1262"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1262"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1263"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment/results-darwin-online-emotions">Results of the Darwin Online Emotions Experiment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2256"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/face-emotion">Face of emotion</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2292"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/darwin-s-queries-expression">Darwin's queries on expression</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1052"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1052"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1053"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-key-letters">Language: key letters</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1153"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-interview-gregory-radick">Language: Interview with Gregory Radick</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1140"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/darwin-and-human-nature-film-series">Film series podcasts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-874"><a href="../../commentary/religion" title="">Religion</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-874"><a href="../../commentary/religion" title="">Religion overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-design">Darwin and design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1288"><a href="../../commentary/religion/what-did-darwin-believe">What did Darwin believe?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-church">Darwin and the Church</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1089"><a href="../../commentary/religion/british-association-meeting-1860">British Association meeting 1860</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-religion-america">Darwin and religion in America</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1045"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1045"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2271"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/darwiniana-preface">Darwiniana - Preface</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2272"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-design-versus-necessity">Essay: Design versus necessity</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1046"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-natural-selection-natural-theology">Essay: Natural selection & natural theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1146"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolution-theology">Essay: Evolution and theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2273"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-what-darwinism">Essay: What is Darwinism?</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2274"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolutionary-teleology">Essay: Evolutionary teleology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2249"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2249"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2250"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2254"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-3395"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3395"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4155"><a href="../../commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4096"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-family">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4093"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments">Darwin's plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4090"><a href="../../commentary/curious/behind-scenes">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3664"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks">Darwin's Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3643"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3403"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3409"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3396"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3397"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwins-illness">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3398"><a href="../../commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home">Plant or animal? (Or: Don't try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3399"><a href="../../commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-823"><a href="../../people">People</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-823"><a href="../../people">People overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2150"><a href="../../commentary/key-correspondents" title="">Key correspondents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2153"><a href="../../commentary/beagle-voyage-networks" title="">Beagle voyage networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2152"><a href="../../commentary/family-and-friends" title="">Family and friends</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2159"><a href="../../commentary/darwins-scientific-network" title="">Darwin's scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2155"><a href="../../tags/readers-and-critics" title="">Readers and critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2162"><a href="../../tags/publishers-artists-and-illustrators" title="">Publishers, artists and illustrators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3381"><a href="../../correspondents-alphabetical" title="">People pages in alphabetical order</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3367"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3367"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3372"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-german-and-austrian-scientists">Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3371"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-dutch-admirers">Photograph album of Dutch admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3370"><a href="../../german-poems-presented-darwin">German poems presented to Darwin</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3380"><a href="/search?f1-document-type=people&sort=name" title="">List of all people mentioned in letters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-825"><a href="../../learning-resources" title="">Learning</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-825"><a href="../../learning-resources" title="">Learning overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1739"><a href="../../learning/7-11">Ages 7-11</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1739"><a href="../../learning/7-11">Ages 7-11 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2601"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwin-the-collector">Darwin The Collector</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2602"><a href="../../learning/7-11/detecting-darwin">Detecting Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2603"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwin-and-evolution">Darwin And Evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2600"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwins-fantastical-voyage">Darwin's Fantastical Voyage</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3408"><a href="../../learning/7-11/home-learning-7-11-years">Home learning: 7-11 years</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1744"><a href="../../learning/11-14">Ages 11-14</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1744"><a href="../../learning/11-14">Ages 11-14 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2899"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwin-and-religion">Darwin and Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2898"><a href="../../learning/11-14/doing-darwins-experiments">Doing Darwin's Experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2900"><a href="../../learning/11-14/how-dangerous-was-darwin">How dangerous was Darwin?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2901"><a href="../../learning/11-14/offer-of-a-lifetime">Offer of a lifetime</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2903"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwin-and-slavery">Darwin and slavery</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2902"><a href="../../learning/11-14/beagle-voyage">Beagle Voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2904"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwins-scientific-women">Darwin's scientific women</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1154"><a href="../../case-studies-using-darwin-s-letters-classroom">Schools Gallery: Using Darwin's letters in the classroom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-833"><a href="../../learning/universities">Universities</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-833"><a href="../../learning/universities">Universities overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1063"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1063"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2276"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-networks">Scientific networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2277"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-practice">Scientific practice</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2278"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/controversy">Controversy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2279"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1066"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/discussion-questions-and-essay-questions">Discussion questions and essay questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1286"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1550"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1550"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2144"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/early-days">Early days</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1086"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/barnacles">Barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-932"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1287"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/variation-under-domestication">Variation under domestication</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1259"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1150"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/instinct-and-evolution-mind">Instinct and the evolution of mind</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1048"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1095"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1141"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/floral-dimorphism">Floral dimorphism</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1260"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/power-movement-plants">Power of movement in plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1135"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/earthworms">Earthworms</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1132"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/dining-down-house">Dining at Down House</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2314"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2314"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1155"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/moral-nature">Moral nature</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1261"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/race-civilization-and-progress">Race, civilization, and progress</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1289"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2281"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/women-s-scientific-participation">Women's scientific participation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1290"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/women-scientific-audience">Women as a scientific audience</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1041"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/referencing-women-s-work">Referencing women's work</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2312"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-public-and-private">Darwin in public and private</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2283"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-mentor">Darwin as mentor</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2313"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2311"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2897"><a href="../../learning-resources/timeline" title="">Darwin timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3668"><a href="../../learning-resources/exploring-evolution">Teacher training</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-4186"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4186"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4189"><a href="../../commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition" title="">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4192"><a 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class="campl-content-container"> <h1 class="campl-sub-title">Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="campl-row campl-content campl-recessed-content"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column9 campl-main-content" id="page-content"> <div class=""> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-darwin-sharing-darwin-sharing-add" class="block block-darwin-sharing campl-content-container"> <div> <div class="social-media-share"><a class="icon-sm darwin-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletters%2Fdarwins-life-letters%2Fdarwin-letters-1868-studying-sex" title="Share on Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Darwin+in+letters%2C+1868%3A+Studying+sex&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletters%2Fdarwins-life-letters%2Fdarwin-letters-1868-studying-sex" 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class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"> <div class="content"><a href="/sites/default/files/DARWIN-G-H-01-01224.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="campl-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/DARWIN-G-H-01-01224.jpg" width="1000" height="1265" alt="George Howard Darwin" title="George Howard Darwin"/></a> <div class="field field-name-field-file-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">George Howard Darwin</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-file-identifier field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">CUL DAR 225: 45</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-credit field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">Cambridge University Library</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"> <p> </p> <p>On 6 March 1868, Darwin wrote to the entomologist and accountant John Jenner Weir, 'If any man wants to gain a good opinion of his fellow man, he ought to do what I am doing pester them with letters.' Darwin was certainly true to his word. The quantity of his correspondence increased dramatically in 1868; the increase was due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.</p> <p>In <em>Origin</em>, pp. 87-90, Darwin had briefly introduced the concept of sexual selection to explain certain differences between males and females of the same species, such as the brilliant plumage of some male birds and the huge mandibles of male stag beetles. Such characteristics, he suggested, were advantageous in struggles between males for females, or in satisfying female preference in the mating process. In a letter to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1864, Darwin claimed that sexual selection was 'the most powerful means of changing the races of man' (Correspondence vol. 12, <a href="/DCP-LETT-4510">letter to A. R. Wallace, 28 [May 1864]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin's theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent played a part in leading him to investigate aspects of the structure and behaviour of other animals more extensively. To further this programme, he re-established links with specialists who had provided assistance, sometimes decades before. He also made efforts to expand his network of informants, especially among breeders of domestic animals. His contacts, old and new, were often extremely generous, offering observations of considerable length and detail, from the colour sense of bullfinches to the stridulation of crickets.</p> <p>At the same time, Darwin continued to collect material on emotional expression. Information on crying infants, weeping elephants, and pouting chimpanzees flooded in from leading physiologists, zookeepers, and his immediate circle of friends and relations. In July 1868 Darwin was still anticipating that his book would take the form of a 'short essay' on man (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6265">letter to Ernst Haeckel, 3 July 1868</a>). But this work would eventually swell to two separate books, <em>Descent of man</em> and <em>Expression of the emotions in man and animals</em>, the former comprising two volumes, nearly two-thirds of which was devoted to sexual selection in the animal kingdom. Darwin described his thirst for information on the subject to the zoologist Albert Günther: 'a drunkard might as well say, he would drink a little and not too much' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-7191">letter to Albert Günther, 15 May [1868]</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>My book is horribly delayed owing to the accursed Index-maker</p> </blockquote> <p>Considerable correspondence was also generated by the long-awaited publication of <em>Variation in animals and plants under domestication</em>. Having been advertised by the publisher John Murray as early as 1865, the two-volume work appeared in January 1868. A final delay caused by the indexing gave Darwin much vexation. 'My book is horribly delayed owing to the accursed Index-maker', Darwin <a href="/DCP-LETT-5779">wrote to Joseph Dalton Hooker on 6 January</a>. Darwin had sent the manuscript to the publisher in February 1867, and had spent a good deal of that year reading and correcting proofs.</p> <p>The index of <em>Variation</em> had been entrusted to William Sweetland Dallas, a naturalist with long experience as a translator of German works, and an editor of the Zoological Record. Dallas had begun the work in November 1867 and had expected to complete it in a fortnight. But at Darwin's request, he modified his original plan, and included the names of every author mentioned in the text. This increased the amount of work substantially. Darwin asked Murray to intervene, <a href="/DCP-LETT-5781">complaining on 9 January</a>, 'M<sup>r</sup>. Dallas' delay … is intolerable … I am prepared to throw the Index overboard … though it would be a great loss to the Book'. But Darwin's angry letter to Murray crossed one from Dallas to himself, announcing that the work had been finished, and pleading the case of the beleaguered indexer: 'I can only hope that now it is finished you <will be> pleased with it & think the delay not wholly thrown away.- I also hope that I may never again let myself in for such another job… . As regards the relation of labour to remuneration I shall look rather blank' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5780">letter from W. S. Dallas, 8 January 1868</a>). Darwin sympathised, <a href="/DCP-LETT-5783">replying on 14 January</a>, 'I sh<sup>d</sup> have a very bad heart, as hard as stone, if it were not quite mollified by your note'. Darwin enclosed a cheque to Dallas for £55 <em>s</em>., and recommended to Murray that Dallas receive additional payment.</p> <p>Darwin had entertained many doubts about the success of <em>Variation</em>, because of its great length and the detail of its subject matter. 'I have been for some time in despair about my book', he wrote several days after publication, '& if I try to read a few pages feel fairly nauseated' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5835">letter to J. D. Hooker, 3 February [1868]</a>). But such worries were laid to rest when all copies of the book were sold within a month of its release, and Murray made immediate arrangements for a second printing.</p> <h4><em>Variation</em>: Commentators and critics</h4> <p>By the end of April, <em>Variation</em> had received nearly twenty reviews in newspapers and periodicals in England and North America, and on the continent. Generally favourable accounts appeared in some of London's leading weeklies such as the <em>Saturday Review</em>, in popular science journals and in publications devoted to rural pursuits, such as <em>Land and Water</em> and <em>Gardeners' Chronicle</em>. One of the most detailed reviews, published in three parts in the <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, was by George Henry Lewes, well-known in London's literary circles and an author of popular works on natural history. Lewes had serious scientific ambitions, especially in the fields of animal morphology and physiology. Later in the year, he published a more lengthy four-part series of reflections on variation and descent in the <em>Fortnightly Review</em>, and asked Darwin for comments. Darwin was clearly impressed by Lewes's reviews. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6308">On 7 August 1868</a>, he wrote him a lengthy letter from the Isle of Wight on the formation of luminous organs in insects and fish, when he was supposed to be convalescing.</p> <blockquote> <p>he is a scamp & I begin to think a veritable ass</p> </blockquote> <p>Despite the many positive notices of the book, it was a highly critical piece claiming that belief in common descent was 'fast passing away' that sparked the most discussion. Darwin <a href="/DCP-LETT-5918">wrote to Hooker on 23 February</a>, 'did you look at the Review in the Athenæum, showing profound contempt of me. I feel convinced it is by Owen'. John Edward Gray, a colleague of Richard Owen's in the British Museum, agreed about the authorship. John Murray thought it was by Gray himself, but Darwin corrected him: 'D<sup>r</sup> Gray would strike me in the face, but not behind my back' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5931">letter to John Murray, 25 February [1868]</a>). Wallace commiserated: 'I am sure all Naturalists will be disgusted at that malicious and ignorant article… . It is a disgrace to the paper' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5922">letter from A. R. Wallace, 24 February [1868]</a>). The review was in fact by John Robertson, a Scottish journalist and former editor of the <em>London and Westminster Review</em>. When Hooker later tried to refute the claims of the review about the demise of descent theory in his presidential address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Robertson published a rejoinder, arousing Darwin's ire still further: 'he is a scamp & I begin to think a veritable ass' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6342">letter to J. D. Hooker, 1 September [1868]</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>I am bothered with heaps of foolish letters on all sorts of subjects</p> </blockquote> <p>In writing <em>Variation</em>, Darwin had been careful to acknowledge the contributions of a wide range of experts on different domestic animals and plants, often indicating that the information had come to him through correspondence. The publication of <em>Variation</em> gave rise, in turn, to a great influx of unsolicited letters from persons unknown to Darwin, offering additional facts that they hoped might be of interest. Charles Henry Binstead, a civil engineer in Yorkshire, wrote of the colour of duck claws <a href="/DCP-LETT-6126">on 17 April 1868</a>. The letter was addressed to 'the Rev<sup>d</sup> C. Darwin M.d'; Binstead evidently assumed Darwin to be both a clergyman and a medical doctor, two vocations he had once considered, but never fulfilled. He was sent a news clipping on 6 July from the <em>Maryport Weekly Advertiser</em> headed 'Freak of Nature', describing a cross between a goldfinch and a green linnet that had been discovered in a thornbush in Cumberland. An unidentified correspondent offered facts on Clydesdale horses, Chillingham cattle, Leicester sheep, Italian silk worms, and baldness: 'I think … the baldness of Englishmen is caused by their tight hard brimed hats … there are more balded heads in the House of Commons than any assembly in the world' (from ?, 6 April 1868). <a href="/DCP-LETT-6196">On 21 May</a>, Darwin complained to Hooker, 'I am bothered with heaps of foolish letters on all sorts of subjects.' The topic of variation in domestic animals seemed to prompt an outpouring of details and untoward examples even from Darwin's inner circle of expert naturalists. The Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle described <a href="/DCP-LETT-6269">on 6 July</a> the inheritance over eight generations of powerful scalp muscles, able to throw off thick dictionaries by flexing. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6094">On 5 April</a>, Edward Blyth, who had supplied Darwin with a wealth of information on cats, pigs, cattle, and poultry for Variation, now extended his knowledge to sailors' toes: 'I remember being much struck with the appearance of the natural human foot when first I observed it, & I did think of procuring specimens from the dissecting rooms to send in spirit to the Col[onial] Surg[ical] Museum… . I have several times observed in the naked feet of sailors an abnormity in which the great toe exhibits a very strong tendency to be opposed to the other toes'.</p> <h4>An ever-growing network</h4> <p>In some cases the opportunities provided by <em>Variation</em> for expanding Darwin's network of informers proved very fruitful. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6157">On 1 May</a>, Darwin received a letter from George Cupples, who was encouraged to write by Darwin's 'frequent references to facts communicated by "breeders"'. Cupples was an expert on Scottish deer-hounds, and he offered his knowledge, remarking that the person whom Darwin quoted in Variation on the breed 'was no authority whatever'. Darwin's reply opened the door to a long-running correspondence with the enthusiastic breeder, who apologised in <a href="/DCP-LETT-6169">a letter of 11-13 May 1868</a> for his 'voluminuous zeal', and offered repeatedly to select and rear for Darwin a deer-hound puppy, an offer that Darwin accepted several years later.</p> <blockquote> <p>It was very kind almost heroic, in you to sacrifice your hair and pay 3<sup>d</sup> in the cause of science</p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/DCP-LETT-5942">On 27 February</a>, Darwin sent a letter of thanks to the naturalist and customs offcial John Jenner Weir for a paper on apterous Lepidoptera that praised 'the Darwinian Theory' for shedding light on the existence of obsolete organs. Darwin had just resumed the systematic collection of materials on sexual selection, and he asked Weir to 'call to mind any facts bearing on this subject with Birds, insects or any animals'. Weir showed great initiative, visiting birdcatchers in Club Row and Brick Lane in east London, and volunteering to have his hair cut ('although it was very short already') by a hairdresser in Tabernacle Row who was a great authority on the 'London fancy'. Weir received a 'Newgate cut' and much information on colour changes in the canary (letters from J. J. Weir, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6056">[26] March 1868</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-6226">3 June 1868</a>). 'It was very kind', <a href="/DCP-LETT-6232">Darwin wrote on 5 June</a>, 'almost heroic, in you to sacrifice your hair and pay 3<sup>d</sup> in the cause of science.' Darwin began to make an index of Weir's correspondence in April, and by the end of the year he had received twenty-two letters. 'I daresay', Darwin wrote on 18 April, 'you hardly knew yourself how much curious information was lying in yr mind till I began the severe pumping process.' 'Heaven have mercy on you', he later added, 'for it is clear that I have none' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6215">letter to J. J. Weir, 30 May [1868]</a>).</p> <h4>Sexual selection</h4> <p><a href="/DCP-LETT-5858">On 11 February</a>, Darwin wrote to the entomologist Henry Walter Bates, 'I have just found that I much require information on the proportion of males & females throughout, as far as possible, the animal kingdom. Unfortunately I did not see this, or rather I saw it only obs[c]urely, & have kept only a few references.' Darwin had initially thought that in most animals in which secondary sexual characters were prominent, the males would considerably outnumber the females. Darwin found, however, that precise information on sex ratios was scanty, and he spent much of the first half of 1868 collecting facts on this question, sending out dozens of letters to specialists on different animal groups.</p> <p>He asked Bates, who was president of the Entomological Society of London, to raise the question at one of the society's meetings. A lively debate ensued about the differing results obtained from breeding and collecting insects in the wild, and Darwin was soon contacted by several other entomologists who had been present at the society's meeting. Darwin circulated his query about the proportions of the sexes in <em>Land and Water</em>, the <em>Field</em>, and <em>Gardeners' Chronicle</em>. Enormous assistance on the topic was provided by the poultry expert and editor of the <em>Field</em>, William Bernhard Tegetmeier, who tabulated results from various other serial publications, such as the <em>Racing Calendar</em> and <em>Coursing Calendar</em>. As on previous occasions, Darwin offered payment to Tegetmeier for his labours, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6210">writing on 26 May</a>, 'I do not at all care about any necessary expense for a scientific purpose.'</p> <blockquote> <p>females alluring the males . . . victorious males getting wives</p> </blockquote> <p>One week into his research on sex ratios, Darwin remarked, 'the whole subject is very intricate, far more so than I anticipated, but I have often found that by patiently collecting facts, or supposed facts, in relation to various classes, a dim ray of light may be gained' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5907">letter to H. T. Stainton, 21 February [1868]</a>). From the beginning, Darwin had supposed that female choice, as well as contests between males, were the driving forces of sexual selection (see <em>Descent</em> 1: 262). He thus sought observations of 'females alluring the males', as well as of 'victorious males getting wives' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5929">letter to W. D. Fox, 25 February [1868]</a>).</p> <p>Yet a number of Darwin's correspondents were doubtful about the selective powers of females. 'I do not believe that with Insects there is anything deserving the name of "attachment" or "love"', wrote the American entomologist Benjamin Dann Walsh on <a href="/DCP-LETT-6051">25 March 1868</a>. Wallace maintained that males got whatever females they could, while females necessarily submitted to the strongest and fastest males. The 'quieter' and 'more retired' nature of females was remarked upon by other entomologists (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5902">letter from Roland Trimen, 20 February 1868</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-5910">letter from Robert MacLachlan, 21 February 1868</a>). Regarding mammals, however, views differed. Of deer-hounds, Cupples wrote <a href="/DCP-LETT-6169">between 11 and 13 May</a>, 'much depends on the actions of the female', and of rats, John Bush <a href="/DCP-LETT-6072">observed on 30 March</a> that two members of the 'lecherous race' had 'lived in peace & love' until 'in due course young family branches sprung up'.</p> <p>Darwin gathered much information on the role of colour, sound, and smell in attracting females. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6152">J. J. Weir reported on 14 April 1868</a> that a bullfinch had piped a German waltz and was much admired for it by other birds. Fritz Müller sent information on the auditory organs of Orthoptera and Coleoptera <a href="/DCP-LETT-6359">on 9 September</a>. Darwin annotated a letter sent on <a href="/DCP-LETT-6087">3 April by Henry Doubleday</a> that contained a deathwatch beetle: 'I held a tapping conversation with my friend'. A great beetle collector in his student days, Darwin encouraged his son Francis, now an undergraduate at Cambridge, in this regard: 'I told Frank … that next spring he must collect at Cambridge lots of Cerambyx moschatus for as sure as life he wd find the odour sexual!' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6368">letter to A . R. Wallace, 16 September [1868]</a>). Francis sought additional advice from the entomologist and librarian at Cambridge, George Robert Crotch, writing to his mother Emma in a letter dated <a href="/DCP-LETT-5761">[after 16 October 1868]</a>: 'I had a long work with Crotch to day at stridulation, & we are going to send a box of preparations to papa … I will write a less beetley letter soon.'</p> <p>Other relations offered assistance. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6453">Edmund Langton wrote from the south of France to Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood on 9 Novembe</a>r, describing sphinx moths that were attracted to flowers painted on walls. Darwin suggested several experiments to test the colour sense of birds. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6017">On 17 March</a>, he encouraged Tegetmeier to paint a pigeon magenta. To Weir, <a href="/DCP-LETT-5942">he wrote on 27 February</a>: 'It w<sup>d</sup> be a fine trial to cut off the eyes of the tail-feathers of male-peacocks, but who w<sup>d</sup> sacrifice the beauty of their bird for which reason to please a mere naturalist!' Weir's brother, Harrison, later recounted his experience as a poultry judge at Birmingham, where he had disqualified an almond tumbler whose owner had dyed it; he added, however, that a male pigeon present had taken no particular interest in the dyed hen (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6066">letter from Harrison Weir, 28 March 1868</a>). Writing on the same day, Edward Hewitt reported that female gamecocks chose 'the most salacious and vigourous male' irrespective of colour.</p> <h5>Sexual selection v. natural selection: the debate with Wallace</h5> <p>Darwin's views on the role of sexual selection in producing marked differences in colour between males and females of certain species were strongly challenged by Wallace, who had recently argued for the protective role of colour in birds, suggesting that females had been made less conspicuous through the operation of natural selection. Darwin resumed the debate with Wallace that he had begun the previous year, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6196">writing to Hooker on 21 May</a>, 'I always distrust myself when I differ from him'. Wallace kept trying to reach agreement on various points. Darwin seemed convinced that they were bound to differ, but remained uncomfortable. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6368">On 16 September</a>, he wrote, 'you will be pleased to hear that I am undergoing severe distress about the protection & sexual selection: this morning I oscillated with joy towards you: this evening I have swung back to old position'.</p> <p>Wallace persisted, producing a fifteen-point argument in his favour on <a href="/DCP-LETT-6375">18 September</a>. Darwin, possibly alluding to the great expansion of his manuscript on sexual selection, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6386">replied on 23 September</a>, 'to answer … would require at least 200 folio pages!' Wallace was sorry that their differences had caused anxiety: 'Pray do not let it be so. The truth will come out at last … this question is only an episode (though an important one) in the great question of the "Origin of Species"' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6408">letter from A. R. Wallace, 4 October 1868</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>Heaven protect my stomach whenever I attempt following your argument</p> </blockquote> <p>Disagreements between Darwin and Wallace about the power and limits of natural selection were further underscored in a lengthy exchange about hybrid sterility. Darwin's view had shifted since the early 1860s, and his extensive botanical research had led him to consider sterility in the offspring of hybrids to be an outcome of complex factors, not the direct result of natural selection (<em>Variation</em> 2: 185-9). Wallace seized upon this point in a series of lengthy letters. His reasoning took a mathematical form that Darwin found painful to read. 'Heaven protect my stomach' <a href="/DCP-LETT-6058">he remarked on 27 March</a>, 'whenever I attempt following your argument.'</p> <p>Darwin passed Wallace's pages over to his son George, now a Cambridge-trained mathematician, who detected some flaws in logic. But Wallace only redoubled his efforts, so that Darwin felt as though his stomach was firmly in a vice. 'Life is too short for so long a discussion', <a href="/DCP-LETT-6095">he wrote on 6 April</a>. Yet Wallace continued to press him, concerned that Darwin's views on hybrid sterility would 'become a formidable weapon in the hands of the enemies of Nat. Selection' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6104">letter from A. R. Wallace, 8 [April] 1868</a>).</p> <h4>Researching emotion</h4> <p>Darwin's other major subject of research in 1868 was emotional expression. His questionnaire, first sent out in 1867, was circulated to remote parts of the world. A correspondent of Hooker's distributed it in Japan (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6349">letter from J. D. Hooker, 5 September 1868</a>); Edward Wilson, a neighbour of Darwin's, used his contacts to supply copies to Aboriginal mission stations in Victoria, Australia (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6314">letter from R. B. Smyth, 13 August 1868</a>); lengthy replies were received from India, Malaysia, and Africa, revealing much about British sentiments for indigenous peoples, and suggesting the diffculty of observing emotions in a colonial setting. 'I have got quite into the habit of observing the expression of natives faces as I meet them,' wrote George Henry Kendrick Thwaites <a href="/DCP-LETT-6080">on 1 April</a> from Ceylon (Sri Lanka), '& really there is usually very little expression at all even when they are talking together, but there is sometimes slyness & sometimes vindictiveness very evidently indicated'. The British envoy in China, Robert Swinhoe, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6303">remarked on 4 August</a> that Darwin's queries had 'bothered [him] immensely': 'the Chinese face has the skin <em>tightly</em> drawn over it and is not nearly so capable of expression as the skin of European faces; and … it is a part of the <em>Le</em> or "rules of courtesy" studied by all Chinese … to hide emotions.'</p> <p>Darwin also sought information on expression in animals. He was interested in whether tears were secreted automatically following violent, non-volitional contraction of the eye muscles. He asked the zoo-keeper at Regent's Park to observe whether elephants wept when trumpeting, and had himself watched elephants cry (letters to W. E. Darwin, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6067">[15 March 1868]</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-6103">8 April [1868]</a>). Such facts proved diffcult to gather in the wild; as one of his correspondents in Ceylon reported, trumpeting usually signalled that elephants were about to charge, and observers then fled the scene.</p> <p>Darwin also tried to determine the age at which tears began to flow down the cheeks in humans, and received a number of reports from family members. Emma Darwin's niece, Cicely Mary Hawkshaw, remarked on the weeping of her two-month old daughter Katherine (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6112">letter from C. M. Hawkshaw to Emma Darwin, 9 February [1868]</a>). Darwin's eldest son, William, met on occasion with a Southampton surgeon, Charles Langstaff, who observed screaming in patients undergoing vaccination (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6100">letter from W. E. Darwin, [7 April 1868]</a>). Francis was also drafted into the programme, playing the role of the screamer while his father observed his engorged neck veins, and the action of his platysma muscle (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6122">letter from W. E. Darwin, [15 April 1868]</a>). The flow of blood through the neck and head during violent acts of expiration, such as screaming, was later described by Darwin in <em>Expression</em>, p. 158.</p> <h4>Botanical interludes</h4> <p>Though not a major focus of research in 1868, botany remained a continuing source of interest for Darwin. He completed two papers in January, 'Specific difference in <em>Primula</em>' and 'Illegitimate offspring of dimorphic and trimorphic plants'. They were read before the Linnean Society of London on 19 March. In a letter <a href="/DCP-LETT-6196">to Hooker on 21 May</a>, he enthused over an experiment showing self-sterility in <em>Reseda odorata</em>, work he would later report in <em>Cross and self fertilisation</em>, pp. 119-20. He also enlisted Hooker to identify grasses that had grown from seeds embedded in locust dung sent from Africa the previous year by James Philip Mansel Weale (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6190">letter to J. D. Hooker, [20 May 1868]</a>).</p> <p>Botanical subjects were a favourite topic in his correspondence with Fritz Müller, who was one of the few naturalists engaged in similar experimental work on pollination mechanisms and the comparative fertility of different flower forms. Müller offered observations of orchids, bright seeds, Chinese cabbage, and trimorphism in <em>Oxalis</em> (letters from Fritz Müller, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6140">22 April 1868</a>, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6248A">17 June 1868</a>, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6359">9 September 1868</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-6439">31 October 1868</a>). 'Heaven knows', Darwin wrote, 'whether I shall ever live to make use of half the valuable facts which you have communicated to me' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6224">letter to Fritz Müller, 3 June 1868</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>it is a fatal fault to reason whilst observing, though so necessary before hand, & so useful afterwards</p> </blockquote> <p>Darwin began a long correspondence on orchids with Thomas Henry Farrer, permanent secretary to the Board of Trade, and a distant relation. Farrer had been keenly interested in Darwin's work on pollination in orchids and offered a correction of one of Darwin's descriptions of the caudicle of <em>Ophrys muscifera</em> (letters from T. H. Farrer, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6178">17 May 1868</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-6183">18 May 1868</a>). 'I suppose I reasoned from the shape of the caudicle', Darwin <a href="/DCP-LETT-6185">replied on 19 May</a>, '& it is a fatal fault to reason whilst observing, though so necessary before hand, & so useful afterwards.' Farrer went on to repeat some of Darwin's experiments, using a quill to apply pollen through the narrow opening in the nectary of <em>Habenaria viridis</em> and other species. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6365">On 15 September</a>, Darwin suggested that Farrer communicate some of his results to a scientific journal, adding: 'what a capital observer you are-a first rate naturalist has been sacrificed or partly sacrificed to Public life.' Farrer replied: 'You don't know how kind I think your note. This encouragement given to what is of real interest to oneself … is no slight gain' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6373">letter from T. H. Farrer, 17 September 1868</a>). Darwin continued to provide botanical advice, and supported Farrer's candidacy for fellowship of the Linnean Society (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6405">letter from George Bentham, [after 29 September 1868]</a>).</p> <h4><em>Variation</em>: the reaction in Europe</h4> <p><em>Variation</em> had been immediately translated into German, French, and Russian, and its publication abroad prompted considerable correspondence from continental naturalists, showing that the reception of Darwin's work in Europe was a complex affair, not reducible to acceptance or rejection of his transmutation theory. Ernest Faivre, professor and curator of the botanical garden at Lyon, had written critically of Darwin's theory of descent, but nonetheless was much gratified to receive a presentation copy of <em>Variation</em> and a letter from Darwin: 'It was an Encouragement for me' … 'We may differ in our opinions, dear Sir, but we do not differ at all in our sincere desire to penetrate Truth' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6102">letter from Ernest Faivre, 7 April 1868</a>). Armand de Quatrefages, who had also criticised Darwin's theory in print, wrote on 4 March, 'you force public attention to bear on the natural sciences and they can only gain from this.'</p> <blockquote> <p>what an impetus you have given to the minds of France! </p> </blockquote> <p>Other French naturalists were less reserved in their praise. Camille Dareste, who was investigating the boundaries of species through the study of monstrosities, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6088">remarked on 3 April</a>, 'your works are destined to renew the natural sciences entirely.' Gaston de Saporta similarly hoped that his own work on fossil plants would contribute 'to the advancement of [Darwin's] doctrine': 'what an impetus you have given to the minds of France! … All friends of scientific truth must rally around the flag that you have raised and regard you as their leader' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6352">letter from Gaston de Saporta, 6 September 1868</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>The support which I receive from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views will ultimately prevail</p> </blockquote> <p>Support for Darwin in Germany was equally enthusiastic. <a href="/DCP-LETT-5774">Friedrich Hildebrand sent his praise for <em>Variation</em> on 2 January</a>, and reported on experiments with potatoes, maize, and apples that lent support to Darwin's theory of pangenesis. Darwin quickly inserted this information in the second printing of the book in February. Hermann Müller remarked in <a href="/DCP-LETT-5920">a letter dated [after 23 February 1868]</a> that two of his correspondents, the lepidopterist Adolf Speyer and the plant geographer August Röse were 'ardent followers of [Darwin's] theories'. The botanists Ludwig Molendo and Alexander Walther <a href="/DCP-LETT-6305">addressed themselves on 5 August</a> to 'the Reformator of Natural Philosophy', and enclosed an essay applying Darwin's theory of natural selection to the study of mosses. The zoologist Oskar Schmidt <a href="/DCP-LETT-6256">declared on 22 June</a> that he had been 'scientifically reborn' through Darwin's writings. August Weismann sent Darwin a copy of his inaugural lecture at the University of Frieburg on the justification of Darwinian theory (Weismann 1868; <a href="/DCP-LETT-6427">letter to August Weismann, 22 October 1868</a>). To the physiologist William Preyer <a href="/DCP-LETT-6075">Darwin wrote on 31 March</a>, 'The support which I receive from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views will ultimately prevail.'</p> <blockquote> <p>a sublime monument to human intelligence</p> </blockquote> <p>Perhaps the most glowing acclaim, however, was from the Italian pathologist, Paolo Mantegazza, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6025">who described <em>Variation</em> on 19 March</a> as 'a sublime monument to human intelligence'. He sent Darwin his paper on cross-species organ grafting in animals, adding 'at least as a shade I want to enter the sanctuary in which you are reforming science, where you are opening up unlimited horizons for meditation and for the philosophy of the future.'</p> <p>Further afield, Edward Wilson <a href="/DCP-LETT-6419">remarked on 14 October</a> that his cousin Dyson Lacy was avidly reading <em>Variation</em> in Queensland, Australia: 'Let your labours be cheered therefore with the reflection that your teaching soon reaches, & influences, even distant Aramac.' And from southern Africa, Darwin received from Hooker an account by Mary Elizabeth Barber of local variations in the stone grasshopper that was supportive of Darwin's views on modification through adaptation to local conditions (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6511">letter from J. D. Hooker, [23 December 1868]</a>). Barber's paper was read before the Linnean Society on 4 February 1869, but remained unpublished until it appeared as an appendix to volume 16 of <em>The Correspondence of Charles Darwin</em>.</p> <h4>Religion in theory . . . </h4> <p><em>Variation</em> also brought a renewal of discussion on the compatibility of Darwin's theory of descent with belief in God and natural theology. In the concluding paragraphs of <em>Variation</em>, Darwin had remarked that the theology favoured by some of his supporters, notably Asa Gray, seemed to render natural selection superfluous. Gray had maintained in his first reviews of <em>Origin</em> that Darwin's theory was not inconsistent with natural theology, and that variations might be guided along beneficial lines by God. Of Darwin's discussion in <em>Variation</em>, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6206">Gray wrote on 25 May</a>: 'I found your … argument unanswerable in substance (for the notion of design must after all rest mostly on faith, and on accumulation of adaptations, &c) … Of course I understand your argument perfectly, & feel the weight of it.'</p> <p>Some thought Gray's position still a strong one. An Edinburgh newspaper maintained that Gray could show natural selection to be simply 'an instrument in the hands of an omnipotent and omniscient Creator' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6167">letter to Asa Gray, 8 May [1868]</a>). Others were concerned that Darwin's soul might have been corrupted. Joseph Plimsoll, who had sent four letters the previous year, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6411">wrote again on 5 October</a>, 'I am quite distressed that you have not written me to say, -that you have cordially embraced the offers of salvation so freely made in the gospel of God's dear Son … Are you not anxious to escape so deplorable a fate as that of consignment to the regions of everlasting woe?'</p> <blockquote> <p>I am not sure whether it w<sup>d</sup> not be wisest for scientific men quite to ignore the whole subject of religion</p> </blockquote> <p>Following his British Association address vindicating Darwinian theory against its recent critics, Hooker also found himself decried as one who had 'spent his life … in combating the idea of "Creation"', and whose appointment as the association's president reflected a 'deep-seated enmity to Revealed Religion' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6342">letter to J. D. Hooker, 1 September [1868], n. 11</a>). 'I am not sure', Darwin reflected in a letter dated <a href="/DCP-LETT-6357">[8-10 September 1868]</a>, 'whether it w<sup>d</sup> not be wisest for scientific men quite to ignore the whole subject of religion.'</p> <p>Yet Darwin continued to receive support and assistance from correspondents who either declined to accept his theory of descent, or who accomodated it with some form of theology. The entomologist Robert McLachlan, who supplied Darwin with much information on sexual selection, <a href="/DCP-LETT-5910">commented on 21 February 1868</a>: 'You are aware that I do not follow you to the full extent, yet I believe that you have accounted for many of the hitherto inexplicable phenomena of nature, & that instead of lessening our respect for the Great First Cause, you have given reason for increased admiration of the laws whereby the whole System is sustained.' The former Down clergyman, John Brodie Innes, passed easily over Darwin's concluding paragraphs in <em>Variation</em> <a href="/DCP-LETT-6335">on 31 August</a>: 'The Theological diffculty of the predestination of variations had never occurred to me; nor do I think it is really any diffculty. We know we do as we please with what we have, and certain results follow . . . We know there must be a First Cause … and it has never been a diffculty with me to understand that my powers of thought are totally unfit to understand what is so far above me'.</p> <h4>. . . and in practice</h4> <p>Darwin was in correspondence with Innes at intervals throughout the year over more practical religious affairs. Beginning the previous year, the Down villagers had experienced troubles securing the services of a reliable clergyman. Though resident in Scotland, Innes still held the offce of vicar and was responsible for the appointment of the local curate. <a href="/DCP-LETT-6242">On 15 June</a>, Darwin complained of the prolonged absence of the present curate, Samuel James O'Hara Horsman, and reported that, owing to diffculties in accessing church funds under Horsman's care, he had had to advance the salary of the schoolmaster. Darwin also acted as intermediary for Horsman, who excused his long absence as due to his needing a 'change of air' and being invited by some friends, 'who kindly took me about in their yacht & otherwise made it pleasant to me.' In addition, 'the wretched & miserable lodgings at Downe' and all kinds of 'wicked reports & misrepresentations' induced him to stay away (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6223">letter from S. J. O'H. Horsman, 2 June [1868]</a>).</p> <p>But if Horsman had turned out to be a 'complete & premeditated swindler' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6486">letter to J. B. Innes, 1 December 1868</a>), his replacement, John Warburton Robinson, proved no better. He immediately absented himself for three months, and then was rumoured to have walked with village girls at night (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6497">letter to J. B. Innes, 10 December [1868]</a>). 'The Church will be lowered in the estimation of the whole neighbourhood', Darwin warned (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6486">letter to J. B. Innes, 1 December 1868</a>). Innes tried to discharge his duties as patron upon the archbishop, and was very grateful for Darwin's efforts on behalf of the church, the school, and local charities: 'I do not forget that you have taken, and are taking, a great deal of trouble as a labour of love, having no responsibility but the desire to do good, and help an old friend out of a most distressing dilemma' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6502">letter from J. B. Innes, 14 December 1868</a>).</p> <h4>A proud father</h4> <p>If village affairs brought worry and distress, Darwin's family was a great source of consolation and joy. Satisfaction in one's children, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6479">Darwin wrote to John Price on 26 November</a>, was 'the Chief thing left to us now in life'. In January, the family learned the news that George's performance on the mathematical tripos at Cambridge had earned him the rank of second wrangler. Success in the mathematics examination had long been one of the most prestigious achievements in the University. 'I am so pleased', Darwin <a href="/DCP-LETT-5796">wrote to his son on 24 January</a>, 'I always said from your early days that such energy, perseverance & talent as yours, would be sure to succeed; but I never expected such brilliant success as this. Again & again I congratulate you. But you have made my hand tremble so I can hardly write.'</p> <blockquote> <p>He is living proof of your beautiful theory of descent with modification</p> </blockquote> <p>The examination list was published in <em>The Times</em> and other national papers, and within a few days Darwin and Emma were receiving letters of congratulation from family, friends, and colleagues. For the zoologist Alfred Newton, the achievement of the son reflected the merits of the father in Darwinian terms: 'He is living proof of your beautiful theory of descent with modification' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-5810">letter from Alfred Newton, 29 January 1868</a>).</p> <p>Leonard also excelled in highly competitive exams in 1868. In January, he was placed high on the list for Sandhurst, and in July he was second in the entrance examination for the Royal military academy at Woolwich. 'I shall burst with pleasure at Leonards success', <a href="/DCP-LETT-6289">Darwin wrote to his youngest son, Horace, on 26 July</a>, 'is it not splendid?'</p> <p>A different order of pride <a href="/DCP-LETT-6452">was expressed on 9 November</a> by Ernst Haeckel on the birth of his son Walter: 'For the moment he really reminds me of our "<em>quadrumane</em>" ancestors of the tertiary period with the atavistic movements that he makes gripping with the big toe . . . I have high hopes of making him into a really competent naturalist and of course a real "<em>Darwinist</em>"'. 'I know well the look of a baby's "hind legs"', <a href="/DCP-LETT-6466">Darwin replied on 19 November</a>, 'but I sh<sup>d</sup> think you were the first father who had ever triumphed in their retaining a resemblance to those of a monkey'.</p> <h4>Worshippers at the 'shrine of Dr Darwin'</h4> <p>Haeckel continued to promote Darwinism after a fashion in Germany, producing a popular edition of his lectures, and naming a supposed hybrid from the male hare and female rabbit <em>Lepus Darwinii</em> in honour of his hero (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6255">letter from Ernst Haeckel, 22 June 1868</a>).</p> <p>Darwin's star was clearly in the ascendant. His great public defender in England, Thomas Henry Huxley, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6363">remarked on 12 September</a> on 'the terrible "Darwinismus"' that had crept over the British Association meeting, with Darwinian theory appearing even in a lecture on Buddhist temples: 'You will have the rare happiness to see your ideas triumphant during your life time- I am preparing to go into opposition- I can't stand it'. Diplomas and honorary memberships continued to be bestowed on him, including the order of merit of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and Arts, which Hooker considered 'the only scientific distinction of the kind … worth a fig' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6247">letter from J. D. Hooker, 16 June 1868</a>). Requests for autographs and visits grew more persistent. 'I have long been a great admirer of your genius', <a href="/DCP-LETT-6490">wrote Frederick Behrens on 3 December</a>, 'I presume you are much plagued by applications for your autograph … but grant my request.'</p> <p>Huxley drew an amusing sketch of a German naturalist, Wilhelm Kühne, who wished to pay 'his devotions at the shrine of D<sup>r</sup>. Darwin' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6283">letter from T. H. Huxley, 20 July 1868</a>). Darwin received a resumé of publications by a chemist at Iowa State University, proving 'that all <em>elements are formed from one substance</em>, Pantogen', and likening his work to Darwin's because it had been assailed furiously and even '<em>preached</em> against' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6311">letter from G. D. Hinrichs, [before 13 August 1868]</a>). Finally, Darwin was induced to pose for the sculptor Thomas Woolner, who had made likenesses of clergymen, statesmen, poets, and men of science, including Adam Sedgwick, John Stevens Henslow, and William Jackson Hooker. 'I … am undergoing the purgatory of sitting for hours to Woolner, who, however, is wonderfully pleasant & lightens, as much as man can, the penance.- As far as I can judge he will make a fine Bust, & I tell my wife she will be proud of her old husband' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6476">letter to J. D. Hooker, 26 November [1868]</a>).</p> <h4>Holiday snaps with a difference: Darwin by Julia Margaret Cameron</h4> <h6>(<em>Image: Charles Darwin, 1868, Julia Margaret Cameron, Dar 225:139, ©Cambridge University Library)</em></h6> <p><img alt="Image: Charles Darwin, 1868, Julia Margaret Cameron, Dar 225:139, ©Cambridge University Library" class="right" src="/sites/default/files/MS-DAR-00225-00139-000-00002.jpg" style="height:246px; width:200px"/>Darwin was in good spirits for most of the year, but suffered one bout of poor health, <a href="/DCP-LETT-6275">complaining to Charles Lyell on 14 July</a>: 'the last 3 weeks I have been good for nothing & have had to stop almost all work'. Hoping to improve his weakened state, he went on 17 July with his family to the Isle of Wight for about five weeks. Staying in a house owned by the photographer Julia Margaret Cameron, Darwin complained at first of the cramped quarters and the general dullness of a forced holiday from his scientific work. But he came to enjoy the situation, and a number of other family members and friends came to visit. On leaving their host, his usually phlegmatic brother Erasmus exclaimed, 'M<sup>rs</sup> Cameron there are six people in this house all in love with you' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6327">letter to J. D. Hooker, 23 August [1868]</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>merely a modified, hardly an improved, Gorilla</p> </blockquote> <p>Darwin remarked that the outing had done nothing for his health (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6316">letter to Asa Gray, 15 August [1868]</a>), but it did result in several striking portraits of himself, other members of the family, and Hooker. Darwin was very fond of Cameron's photographs, writing on one, 'I like this … very much better than any other which has been taken of me' (Down House collection, English Heritage 88204438). They were evidently a decided improvement on the previous lot, which according to Darwin himself, showed him as 'merely a modified, hardly an improved, Gorilla' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6117">to Roland Trimen, 14 April [1868]</a>). </p> <p>Darwin was also taken by Cameron's portrait of Hooker. He hung it on the chimney piece in his study, where it remains today, a reminder of the role his friend often played in their scientific correspondence. As he wrote to Hooker on Christmas Day, 'you look down so sharp on me that I shall never be bold enough to wriggle myself out of any contradiction' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6512">letter to J. D. Hooker 25 December [1868]</a>). The following morning, Darwin began revising <em>Origin of species</em> for the fifth edition, finding strength in Hooker's letters: 'you have given me heart and I will fight my battle better than I shd otherwise have done' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-6515">letter to J. D. Hooker, 29 December 1868</a>).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-terms field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Terms: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="../../tags/ccd-intro" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CCD intro</a></div> <div class="field-item odd"><a href="../../tags/sexual-selection" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Sexual selection</a></div> <div class="field-item even"><a href="../../tags/variation" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Variation</a></div> <div class="field-item odd"><a href="../../tags/natural-selection" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">natural selection</a></div> <div class="field-item even"><a href="../../commentary/emotion" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">emotion</a></div> <div class="field-item odd"><a href="../../commentary/primula" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Primula</a></div> <div class="field-item even"><a href="../../commentary/asa-gray" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Asa Gray</a></div> <div class="field-item odd"><a href="../../taxonomy/term/64" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Featured</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-bibliography field-type-text-long field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Further information: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <p>See also the article on <a href="../../people/about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin's photographic portraits</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-related-bibliographic-refe field-type-text field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Related bibliographic reference: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Variation</i>: <i>The variation of animals and plants under domestication.</i> By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1868.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">[Lewes, George Henry.] 1868a. Darwin on domestication and variation. [Review of <i>Variation.</i>] <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> 7: 555, 636-7, 652.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">Anon. 1868a. Variations of animals and plants under domestication. [Review of <i>Variation.</i>] <i>Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature and Art</i> 1: 179-88.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Origin</i>: <i>On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Descent</i>: <i>The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex.</i> By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Expression</i>: <i>The expression of the emotions in man and animals.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1872.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">'Specific difference in <i>Primula</i>': On the specific difference between <i>Primula veris</i>, Brit. Fl. (var. <i>officinalis</i> of Linn.), <i>P. vulgaris</i>, Brit. Fl. (var. <i>acaulis</i>, Linn.), and <i>P. elatior</i>, Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally produced hybrids in the genus <i>Verbascum.</i> By Charles Darwin. [Read 19 March 1868.] <i>Journal of the Linnean Society</i> (<i>Botany</i>) 10 (1869): 437-54.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">'Illegitimate offspring of dimorphic and trimorphic plants': On the character and hybrid-like nature of the offspring from the illegitimate unions of dimorphic and trimorphic plants. By Charles Darwin. [Read 20 February 1868.] <i>Journal of the Linnean Society of London</i> (<i>Botany</i>) 10 (1869): 393-437.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Cross and self fertilisation</i>: <i>The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="campl-column3 campl-secondary-content"> <div class="region region-sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>In this section:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-3"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1097 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/FITZROY-R-01-05660.jpg?itok=GaagKH0Z)"><a href="darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-E-01-01218.jpg?itok=ozj0QpGk)"><a href="darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-02-02357.jpg?itok=SchxeKwK)"><a href="darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-01-02357.jpg?itok=UCAmJ_At)"><a href="darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-01-01203.jpg?itok=0Jm0VtzG)"><a href="darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/TEGETMEIER-W-B-01-04682.jpg?itok=A2QjtG5o)"><a href="darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/WALLACE-A-R-01-01832.jpg?itok=2Ptl2OXa)"><a href="darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/OWEN-R-01-03629.jpg?itok=f53MuCPx)"><a href="darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/BENTHAM-G-01-00398.jpg?itok=tM3UqtiG)"><a href="darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Down-house1_4.jpg?itok=4_rtOp2x)"><a href="darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg?itok=BBVkiqVO)"><a href="darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00113.jpg?itok=sF2FC3ni)"><a href="darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-01-00001.jpg?itok=XL8-zA8v)"><a href="darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00116.jpg?itok=N9ikp1AD)"><a href="darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00340-00001-C-00007-00004-000-p471.jpg?itok=amNzEpLQ)"><a href="darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1103 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-G-H-01-01224.jpg?itok=MmoeVmv4)"><a href="darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex" class="active-trail active">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00072.jpg?itok=E2w1KsMz)"><a href="darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00040.jpg?itok=W-VC37wq)"><a href="darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-05-00001.jpg?itok=eEVkSzQ3)"><a href="darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00140-00004-000-00007.jpg?itok=II3d31Wn)"><a href="darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00162-000-00201.jpg?itok=wTj1bEPM)"><a href="darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg?itok=tBvrwyfP)"><a href="darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg?itok=LlpKTTUy)"><a href="darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-R-01-01205.jpg?itok=t7EJx2F1)"><a href="darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Christ's%20College%20Library%20monkey.JPG?itok=ANjwgfNC)"><a href="darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/frontispiece_bernard_darwin_MS-ADD-08904-00004-01158-000-00001-s.jpg?itok=KfoObDs8)"><a href="darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg?itok=b1GlRz8m)"><a href="darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_28_frontispiece.jpg?itok=uiPDp-CE)"><a href="darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-T-00992-B-00001-00045-000-FANCY-PORTRAIT-NO-54_CD.jpg?itok=0uAnSj_J)"><a href="darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/The_funeral_ceremony_of_the_Charles_Darwin_at_Westminster_Ab_Wellcome_V0018693_final.jpg?itok=ws9uiIeg)"><a href="darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-cudl-related-people" class="block block-cudl"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Related people</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1163.xml">Cupples, George</a></h3> <div class="date">1822-91</div> <div class="summary">Scottish writer and dog breeder. Served as an apprentice on an eighteen-month voyage to India and back on the Patriot King, circa 1838; had his indentures cancelled on his return. Studied arts and theology at Edinburgh University for eight years. Published a number of novels and other books, and wrote many articles and stories for journals. Bred Scottish deer-hounds.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1179.xml">Dallas, W. S.</a></h3> <div class="date">1824-90</div> <div class="summary">Entomologist, author, and translator. Prepared lists of insects for the British Museum, 1847-58. Curator of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society's museum, 1858-68. Assistant secretary to the Geological Society of London, 1868-90. Translated Fritz Müller's Für Darwin (1869); prepared the index for Variation and the glossary for Origin 6th ed. Editor, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1868-90, Popular Science Review, 1877-81.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_271.xml">Bowker, M. E.Barber, M. E.</a></h3> <div class="date">1818-99</div> <div class="summary">British-born naturalist, artist, and writer in South Africa. Sister of James Henry Bowker. Emigrated to South Africa with her family in 1820. Married Frederick William Barber, a chemist, in 1845. Studied birds, moths, reptiles, and plants, and corresponded with leading scientists, providing them with specimens and drawings. Published a number of scientific papers.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2911.xml">Lewes, G. H.</a></h3> <div class="date">1817-78</div> <div class="summary">Writer. Author of a biography of Goethe (1855). Contributed articles on literary and philosophical subjects to numerous journals. Editor, Fortnightly Review, 1865-6. Published on physiology and on the nervous system in the 1860s and 1870s. Lived with Marian Evans (George Eliot) from 1854.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_5048.xml">Weir, J. J.</a></h3> <div class="date">1822-94</div> <div class="summary">Naturalist and accountant. Worked in HM Customs as an accountant, 1839-85. Studied entomology, especially microlepidoptera; conducted experiments on the relations between insects and insectivorous birds and published papers in 1869 and 1870. Member of the Entomological Society of London from 1845, serving many times on the council. Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, 1865; Zoological Society of London, 1876.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-my-sidebar-block" class="block block-views"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-08e81fb1b8d58ce56669e51df9816472"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-side-text"> <div class="field-content"> <h3>About this article</h3> <p>Based on the introduction to <strong><em>The correspondence of Charles Darwin</em>, volume 16:</strong> <strong>1868</strong></p> <p>Parts 1 and 2: Edited by Frederick Burkhardt, James A. Secord, Sheila Ann Dean, Samantha Evans, Shelley Innes, Alison M. Pearn, Paul White. (Cambridge University Press 2008)</p> <p>Order this volume online from <a href="http://admin.cambridge.org/ps/academic/subjects/life-sciences/darwin/series/correspondence-charles-darwin" target="_blank">Cambridge University Press</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-57" class="block block-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Darwin's letters: a timeline</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <p><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline"><img alt="Timeline of letters to and from represented as a chart" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_letter_timeline/timeline-promo.png"/></a></p> <p><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline">Explore the letters to and from Charles Darwin over time</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-local-footer"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"><div 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