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class="mw-page-title-main">Steel mill</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integriertes_H%C3%BCttenwerk" title="Integriertes Hüttenwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Integriertes Hüttenwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کارخانه فولاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارخانه فولاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci%C3%A9rie" title="Aciérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aciérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%B2%A0%EC%86%8C" title="제철소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제철소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_siderurgico" title="Centro siderurgico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centro siderurgico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staalbedrijf" title="Staalbedrijf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staalbedrijf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Металлургический комбинат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлургический комбинат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steel mill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceliare%C5%88" title="Oceliareň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oceliareň" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a mechanical device that produced sparks for lighting in mines, see <a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight#"Steel_mills"" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">mechanically powered flashlight § "Steel mills"</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Steel_Mill" title="Steel Mill">Steel Mill</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Steel+mill%22">"Steel mill"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Steel+mill%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Steel+mill%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Steel+mill%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Steel+mill%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Steel+mill%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoogovens.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hoogovens.JPG/300px-Hoogovens.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hoogovens.JPG/450px-Hoogovens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hoogovens.JPG/600px-Hoogovens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Integrated steel mill in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The two large towers are <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>steel mill</b> or <b>steelworks</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial plant">industrial plant</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacture">manufacture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a> from smelting <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel <a href="/wiki/Semi-finished_casting_products" title="Semi-finished casting products">semi-finished casting products</a> are made from molten <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> or from <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_mill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otis_Steel_Mill,_Ohio,_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg/220px-Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg/330px-Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg/440px-Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> Otis Steel Mill, Ohio, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a>, steel mills have replaced <a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">ironworks</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">puddling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">fining</a> methods. New ways to produce steel appeared later: from scrap melted in an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnace</a> and, more recently, from <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">direct reduced iron</a> processes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegheny_Ludlum_Steele_Corp,_Brackenridge,_Pa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Allegheny_Ludlum_Steele_Corp%2C_Brackenridge%2C_Pa.jpg/220px-Allegheny_Ludlum_Steele_Corp%2C_Brackenridge%2C_Pa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Allegheny_Ludlum_Steele_Corp%2C_Brackenridge%2C_Pa.jpg/330px-Allegheny_Ludlum_Steele_Corp%2C_Brackenridge%2C_Pa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Allegheny_Ludlum_Steele_Corp%2C_Brackenridge%2C_Pa.jpg/440px-Allegheny_Ludlum_Steele_Corp%2C_Brackenridge%2C_Pa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8333" data-file-height="6436" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Brackenridge_Works" title="Brackenridge Works">Brackenridge Works</a>, Pennsylvania, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the world's largest steel mill was the <a href="/wiki/Barrow_Hematite_Steel_Company" title="Barrow Hematite Steel Company">Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Today, the world's largest steel mill is in <a href="/wiki/Gwangyang" title="Gwangyang">Gwangyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrated_mill">Integrated mill<span class="anchor" id="Integrated_mill"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_mill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Integrated mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png/220px-Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png/330px-Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png/440px-Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2187" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the <a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_Steel_Company" title="Lackawanna Steel Company">Lackawanna Steel</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a> ca. 1903, showing the various elements of an integrated steel mill</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VysokePece1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/220px-VysokePece1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/330px-VysokePece1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/440px-VysokePece1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Blast furnaces of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%99inec_Iron_and_Steel_Works" title="Třinec Iron and Steel Works">Třinec Iron and Steel Works</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SteelMill_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SteelMill_interior.jpg/220px-SteelMill_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SteelMill_interior.jpg/330px-SteelMill_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SteelMill_interior.jpg/440px-SteelMill_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a steel mill</figcaption></figure> <p>An integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel production: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironmaking">iron making</a> (conversion of <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> to liquid iron),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steel making</a> (conversion of <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> to liquid steel),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> (solidification of the liquid steel),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">roughing rolling/billet rolling</a> (reducing size of blocks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling mill">product rolling</a> (finished shapes).</li></ul> <p>The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of a few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> or directed to other vessels for further steel making operations. Historically the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a> was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as the <a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic oxygen furnace">basic oxygen furnace</a>. </p><p>Molten steel is cast into large blocks called <i>blooms</i>. During the casting process various methods are used, such as addition of <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, so that impurities in the steel float to the surface where they can be cut off the finished bloom. </p><p>Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on a continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let the blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible. </p><p>Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod, <a href="/wiki/Rail_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail tracks">railway rails</a>, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Long_steel_products" title="Long steel products">long products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe (material)">pipe</a>. </p><p>A major <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazard</a> associated with integrated steel mills is the pollution produced in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, which is an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. </p><p>Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minimill">Minimill<span class="anchor" id="Minimill"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_mill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minimill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="2628" /></a><figcaption>An ingot of steel entering a rolling mill</figcaption></figure> <p>A minimill is traditionally a secondary steel producer; however, <a href="/wiki/Nucor" title="Nucor">Nucor</a> (one of the world's largest steel producers) and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Metals_Company" title="Commercial Metals Company"> Commercial Metals Company (CMC)</a> use minimills exclusively. Usually it obtains most of its iron from <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> steel, recycled from used automobiles and equipment or byproducts of manufacturing. <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct reduced iron</a> (DRI) is sometimes used with scrap, to help maintain desired chemistry of the steel, though usually DRI is too expensive to use as the primary raw steelmaking material. A typical mini-mill will have an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnace</a> for scrap melting, a <a href="/wiki/Ladle_(metallurgy)" title="Ladle (metallurgy)">ladle furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_furnace" title="Vacuum furnace">vacuum furnace</a> for precision control of chemistry, a strip or billet <a href="/wiki/Continuous_Casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous Casting">continuous caster</a> for converting molten steel to solid form, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reheat_furnace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reheat furnace (page does not exist)">reheat furnace</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling mill">rolling mill</a>. </p><p>Originally the minimill was adapted to production of bar products only, such as <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">reinforcing bar</a>, flats, angles, channels, pipe, and light rails. Since the late 1980s, successful introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_casting#Direct_strip_casting" title="Continuous casting">direct strip casting</a> process has made minimill production of strip feasible. Often a minimill will be constructed in an area with no other steel production, to take advantage of local markets, resources, or lower-cost labour. Minimill plants may specialize, for example, in making coils of rod for <a href="/wiki/Wire_drawing" title="Wire drawing">wire-drawing</a> use, or pipe, or in special sections for transportation and agriculture. </p><p>Capacities of minimills vary: some plants may make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year, a typical size is in the range 200,000 to 400,000 tons per year, and some old or specialty plants may make as little as 50,000 tons per year of finished product. <a href="/wiki/Nucor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucor Corporation">Nucor Corporation</a>, for example, annually produces around 9,100,000 tons of sheet steel from its four sheet mills, 6,700,000 tons of bar steel from its 10 bar mills and 2,100,000 tons of plate steel from its two plate mills. </p><p>Since the electric arc furnace can be easily started and stopped on a regular basis, minimills can follow the market demand for their products easily, operating on 24-hour schedules when demand is high and cutting back production when sales are lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_mill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel#Industry" title="Steel">Steel § Industry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_mill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819160207/http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/about_us/ironbridge_archaeology/projects/barrow/">"Barrow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a> Museum Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/about_us/ironbridge_archaeology/projects/barrow/">the original</a> on 2007-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barrow&rft.pub=Ironbridge+Gorge+Museum+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ironbridge.org.uk%2Fabout_us%2Fironbridge_archaeology%2Fprojects%2Fbarrow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720005735/http://posco-india.com/website/press-room/news/posco-board-meeting-in-india.htm">"POSCO Steel's Fourth Quarter Executive Board Meeting in India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/POSCO" title="POSCO">POSCO</a></i>. New Delhi. October 18, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posco-india.com/website/press-room/news/posco-board-meeting-in-india.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POSCO&rft.atitle=POSCO+Steel%27s+Fourth+Quarter+Executive+Board+Meeting+in+India&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fposco-india.com%2Fwebsite%2Fpress-room%2Fnews%2Fposco-board-meeting-in-india.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_mill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McGannon, Harold E. (editor) (1971). <i>The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Ninth Edition</i>. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Steel Corporation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_mill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="http://www.travelchannel.com/video/steel-city-usa">Travel Channel video 1 of the Homestead Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stahlseite.de/">An extensive picture gallery of all methods of production in North America and Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/clydebridge">History of steelworks in Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722214317/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/clydebridge/">Archived</a> 2018-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steelonthenet.com/kb/eaf-technology-trends.html">Trends in EAF quality capability 1980–2010</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template talk:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_and_steel_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron production<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">Bloomery</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">sponge iron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_blast" title="Cold blast">Cold blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_iron" title="Anthracite iron">Anthracite iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct reduced iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">Finery forge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">Puddling</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">Furnace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Cupola_furnace" title="Cupola furnace">Cupola furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">Induction furnace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steel mill</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Pre-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(furnace)" title="Tatara (furnace)">Tatara furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">Cementation process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Post-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">Open hearth furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking" title="Basic oxygen steelmaking">Basic oxygen process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-slag_remelting" title="Electro-slag remelting">Electro-slag remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_oxygen_decarburization" title="Argon oxygen decarburization">Argon oxygen decarburization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treatment</a> methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_hydrogen_annealing" title="Low hydrogen annealing">Low hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_by_short_circuit" title="Annealing by short circuit">Short circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardening_(metallurgy)" title="Hardening (metallurgy)">Hardening</a> / <br /><a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">Case-hardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausforming" title="Ausforming">Ausforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boriding" title="Boriding">Boriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonitriding" title="Carbonitriding">Carbonitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">Carburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Cryogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritic_nitrocarburizing" title="Ferritic nitrocarburizing">Ferritic nitrocarburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_hardening" title="Induction hardening">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">Nitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quench_polish_quench" title="Quench polish quench">Quench polish quench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">Tempering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austempering" title="Austempering">Austempering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martempering" title="Martempering">Martempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_treatment" title="Cryogenic treatment">Cryogenic treatment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deburring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic deburring">Deburring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashing" title="Cryogenic deflashing">Deflashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Hardening</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_heat_treatment" title="Differential heat treatment">Differential heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">Decarburization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_weld_heat_treatment" title="Post weld heat treatment">Post weld heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">Quenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superplastic_forming" title="Superplastic forming">Superplastic forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">Production by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy" title="Steel industry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Steel industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> 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