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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Reform movement in Upper Canada</b> was a political movement in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> in the mid-19th century. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF7F00; border-bottom:2px solid #FF7F00; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Reformers</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1817<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1817</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1849<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1849</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a><br><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Upper Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radicalism</a> <br> <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <br> <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style 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(October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF7F00;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics of Quebec</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Quebec" title="List of political parties in Quebec">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Quebec">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>It started as a rudimentary grouping of loose coalitions that formed around contentious issues. Support was gained in Parliament through petitions meant to sway MPs. However, <i>organized</i> Reform activity emerged in the 1830s when Reformers, like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Randal" title="Robert Randal">Robert Randal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ketchum" title="Jesse Ketchum">Jesse Ketchum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Perry_(politician)" title="Peter Perry (politician)">Peter Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Spring_Bidwell" title="Marshall Spring Bidwell">Marshall Spring Bidwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Warren_Baldwin" title="William Warren Baldwin">William Warren Baldwin</a>, began to emulate the organizational forms of the British Reform Movement and organized Political Unions under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a>. The British Political Unions had successfully petitioned for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act_of_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act of 1832">Great Reform Act of 1832</a> that eliminated much political corruption in the English Parliamentary system. Those who adopted these new forms of public mobilization for democratic reform in Upper Canada were inspired by the more radical <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenite Socialists</a> who led the British <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanics_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics Institute">Mechanics Institute</a> movements. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_organized_reform_activity_in_Upper_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early organized reform activity in Upper Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#British_Reform_Movement"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">British Reform Movement</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Political_unions_and_the_Reform_Act_1832"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Political unions and the Reform Act 1832</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#National_Union_of_the_Working_Classes_and_the_Coldbath-fields_National_Convention"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">National Union of the Working Classes and the Coldbath-fields National Convention</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Atlantic_Revolution_and_Chartism"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Atlantic Revolution and Chartism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Political_Union_Movement_in_Upper_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Political Union Movement in Upper Canada</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Upper_Canada_Central_Political_Union"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Upper Canada Central Political Union</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Children_of_Peace_and_the_Grand_Convention_of_Delegates"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Children of Peace and the Grand Convention of Delegates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Shepard's_Hall"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Shepard's Hall</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Canadian_Alliance_Society"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canadian Alliance Society</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Provincial_Loan_Bank"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Provincial Loan Bank</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Toronto_Political_Union"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Toronto Political Union</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Atlantic_Revolution_and_the_Rebellions_of_1837"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Atlantic Revolution and the Rebellions of 1837</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Republicanism_vs._responsible_government"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Republicanism vs. responsible government</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_organized_reform_activity_in_Upper_Canada">Early organized reform activity in Upper Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early organized reform activity in Upper Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg/220px-WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg/220px-WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg/330px-WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg/440px-WilliamLyonMackenzie.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>William Lyon Mackenzie, Radical Reform Leader</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertGourlay3862.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RobertGourlay3862.JPG/220px-RobertGourlay3862.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RobertGourlay3862.JPG/220px-RobertGourlay3862.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RobertGourlay3862.JPG/330px-RobertGourlay3862.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RobertGourlay3862.JPG/440px-RobertGourlay3862.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bust of Robert Fleming Gourlay</figcaption></figure> <p>Organized collective reform activity began with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fleming_Gourlay" title="Robert Fleming Gourlay">Robert Fleming Gourlay</a> (pronounced "gore-lay"). Gourlay was a well-connected Scottish emigrant who arrived in 1817, hoping to encourage "assisted emigration" of the poor from Britain. He solicited information on the colony through township questionnaires, and soon became a critic of government mismanagement. When the local legislature ignored his call for an inquiry, he called for a petition to the British Parliament. He organized township meetings, and a provincial convention - which the government considered dangerous and seditious. Gourlay was tried in December 1818 under the 1804 Sedition Act and jailed for 8 months. He was banished from the province in August 1819. His expulsion made him a martyr in the reform community.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A loose committee of the "Friends of Religious Liberty" composed of <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ketchum" title="Jesse Ketchum">Jesse Ketchum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Ryerson" title="Egerton Ryerson">Egerton Ryerson</a>, Joseph Shepard and nineteen others, chaired by <a href="/wiki/William_Warren_Baldwin" title="William Warren Baldwin">William Warren Baldwin</a> (who was one of only 3 Anglicans) circulated a petition against an "<a href="/wiki/Established_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established Church">Established Church</a>" in the province. It gained 10,000 signatures by the time it was sent to the British Parliament in March 1831. The petition gained little due to direct intervention by the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-1831, the leaders of the reform faction in the House of Assembly such as <a href="/wiki/John_Rolph_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rolph (politician)">Rolph</a> and the Baldwins were discouraged and withdrew from politics. At this point, William Lyon Mackenzie organized a "General Committee on the State of the Province" which organized the first truly provincial petitioning campaign to protest a whole series of ills. Although 10,000 signatures were obtained the only real gain was to organize the reformers in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mackenzie's organizational efforts made him many enemies in the House of Assembly. When the House reconvened, Mackenzie was unjustly expelled. Over the next two years, Mackenzie was re-elected only to be expelled a total of five times. As demonstrations in support of Mackenzie were increasingly met with violence by Orangemen, he travelled to England to personally present his appeal in March 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie trip to England was to prove inspirational, as he was exposed to the power of the British form of reform activity, the Political Unions, in the run-up to the passage of the Great Reform Act of 1832. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="British_Reform_Movement">British Reform Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British Reform Movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radicalism (historical)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Movement">Reform Movement</a></div> <p>Upper Canadians saw themselves as citizens of Great Britain with all the rights granted by the British Constitution. It is no surprise then, that the Upper Canadian Reform Movement should adopt the organizational forms of the British Reform Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_unions_and_the_Reform_Act_1832">Political unions and the Reform Act 1832</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political unions and the Reform Act 1832" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg/220px-Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="631"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg/220px-Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg/330px-Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg/440px-Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>First page of the Reform Act 1832</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a></div> <p>During the late 1820s, large scale, national petitioning campaigns were organized through a new form of organization, the "Political Union". One of the first and largest was the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Political_Union" title="Birmingham Political Union">Birmingham Political Union</a> founded in 1830. Its stated aim was to campaign for electoral reform of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, "to be achieved by a general political union of the lower and middle classes of the people". Other more radical Political Unions, like the "Metropolitan Political Union" had their roots in <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenite Socialism</a>. </p><p>The London-based "Metropolitan Political Union" was formed by members of the London Radical Reform Organization, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Henry Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hetherington" title="Henry Hetherington">Henry Hetherington</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lovett" title="William Lovett">William Lovett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a> and William Gast. The MPU was radically democratic, and depended upon its members' input to function. It not only advocated parliamentary reform, but embodied these reforms in the way in which it was organized; it was committed to <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, annual parliaments, and vote by ballot, all eventually incorporated in the Chartist platform.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Representation of the People Act 1832 (commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> or sometimes as the Great Reform Act) was an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 45) that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. William Lyon Mackenzie was in London appealing his expulsion from the Upper Canadian Legislative Assembly to the Colonial Office at the time, and was present in the galleries of the British Parliament for the debate on the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. Seeing the effectiveness of the political unions in the United Kingdom, Mackenzie recommended their adoption in Upper Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Union_of_the_Working_Classes_and_the_Coldbath-fields_National_Convention">National Union of the Working Classes and the Coldbath-fields National Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Union of the Working Classes and the Coldbath-fields National Convention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Disappointment about the refusal to include the working classes in the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to a more protracted campaign for universal suffrage (known as <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a>) by the radical political unions. The London-based, Owenite inspired National Union of the Working Classes was founded in 1831 by former members of the Metropolitan Political Union.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They organized a constitutional convention at Coldbath-Fields to challenge the British parliament in the spring of 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called for adult male suffrage, the secret ballot, annual elections, equally sized electoral districts, as well as for salaries and the elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament. The government prohibited the meeting, and sent 1,800 police against a crowd of 3,000 or 4,000, leading to a general riot.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie was no doubt aware of the riot as he was living a ten-minute walk away, and news of the riot was published back in Upper Canada by his newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Advocate" title="Colonial Advocate">Colonial Advocate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic_Revolution_and_Chartism">Atlantic Revolution and Chartism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Atlantic Revolution and Chartism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/220px--Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="245" data-mwtitle="Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall,_Monmouth,_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall,_Monmouth,_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="852" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="1066" data-height="600"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video></span><figcaption>Dramatisation of the trial of the Chartists at <a href="/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Monmouth" title="Shire Hall, Monmouth">Shire Hall, Monmouth</a>, including background information</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></div> <p>The membership of the NUWC was later integrated into the <a href="/wiki/London_Working_Men%27s_Association" title="London Working Men's Association">London Working Men's Association</a><b>,</b> an organization established in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1836, that led the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> movement. The founders were <a href="/wiki/William_Lovett" title="William Lovett">William Lovett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Place" title="Francis Place">Francis Place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hetherington" title="Henry Hetherington">Henry Hetherington</a>. They were associated with <a href="/wiki/Owenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Owenite">Owenite</a> socialism and the movement for general <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>. They published a People's Charter on 8 May 1838 calling for universal suffrage. The London Working Men's Association was aware of the unrest in the Canadas in early 1837, and themselves petitioned the British Parliament after a public meeting to protest the "base proposals of the Whigs to destroy the principle of Universal Suffrage in the Canadas". To implement the Chartist plan, they called a series of mass meetings across the country in the summer of 1838 to select delegates to a "General Convention of the Industrious Classes". After the General Convention of the Industrious Classes met in May 1839, their Charter petition was rejected by Parliament. This rejection led to the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport Uprising</a> of 1839 in Wales, suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bond_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Bond Head">Sir Francis Bond Head</a>'s cousin, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Walker_Head" title="Edmund Walker Head">Edmund Walker Head</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than view each rebellion in isolation, the Newport Rising (1839), the two <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions of 1837">Canadian Rebellions</a> (1837–38) and the subsequent American <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a> (1838–39) can be seen to share a similar republican impetus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They should all be viewed in the context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_history" title="Atlantic history">Atlantic revolutions</a> that took their inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism of the American Revolution</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Political_Union_Movement_in_Upper_Canada">Political Union Movement in Upper Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political Union Movement in Upper Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Canada_Central_Political_Union">Upper Canada Central Political Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Upper Canada Central Political Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_David_Morrison.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Thomas_David_Morrison.png/220px-Thomas_David_Morrison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Thomas_David_Morrison.png/220px-Thomas_David_Morrison.png" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Thomas_David_Morrison.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Thomas D. Morrison</figcaption></figure> <p>The Upper Canada Central Political Union was organized in 1832–33 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_David_Morrison" title="Thomas David Morrison">Thomas David Morrison</a> while <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a> was in England.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although inspired by British examples, the Upper Canada Central Political Union was more radical than most reform organizations of the period. The goals proposed by Thomas Morrison at the York election hustings in late 1832 mirrored those of the Metropolitan Political Union, and the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes. The Union's objects began with the usual invocation of Upper Canada having been "singularly blessed with a Constitution the very image and transcript of that of Great Britain" but continued with a list of the ways in which that constitution had been abridged before concluding on a radical democratic note. It was not an electoral organization per se, but, like its British model, a voluntary political organization devoted towards electoral reform. It, like its successor, the Canadian Alliance Society, was formed immediately after an election, not before, since their aim was to influence the legislature rather than elect candidates. This union collected 19,930 signatures by May 1833 on a petition protesting Mackenzie's unjust expulsion from the House of Assembly by the Family Compact.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It dissolved shortly thereafter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children_of_Peace_and_the_Grand_Convention_of_Delegates">Children of Peace and the Grand Convention of Delegates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Children of Peace and the Grand Convention of Delegates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SharonTemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SharonTemple.jpg/220px-SharonTemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="1697"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 242px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SharonTemple.jpg/220px-SharonTemple.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="242" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SharonTemple.jpg/330px-SharonTemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SharonTemple.jpg/440px-SharonTemple.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Sharon Temple National Historic Site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_wilson_Ontario_Archives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/David_wilson_Ontario_Archives.jpg/220px-David_wilson_Ontario_Archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 359px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/David_wilson_Ontario_Archives.jpg/220px-David_wilson_Ontario_Archives.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="359" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/David_wilson_Ontario_Archives.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Willson_(1778%E2%80%931866)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Willson (1778–1866)">David Willson</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Peace" title="The Children of Peace">Children of Peace</a>, in old age</figcaption></figure> <p>In the absence of Mackenzie, the village of Hope (now <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Ontario" title="Sharon, Ontario">Sharon</a>), founded by the <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Peace" title="The Children of Peace">Children of Peace</a>, a branch of Quakerism, became the new focus of reform activity. They were leaders in the new Fourth Riding of York (a part of the riding that had continued to re-elect Mackenzie over the years). A member of the group, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hughes_(Children_of_Peace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Hughes (Children of Peace)">Samuel Hughes</a>, the president of Canada's first farmers' cooperative (the <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Farmers' Storehouse</a>), established a "committee of vigilance" to nominate an "independent member" for the Assembly in June 1832. Half the committee were members of the Children of Peace, including the leader of the Children of Peace, <a href="/wiki/David_Willson_(1778%E2%80%931866)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Willson (1778–1866)">David Willson</a>. The group also included Randal Wixson, the editor of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Advocate" title="Colonial Advocate">Colonial Advocate</a> in Mackenzie's absence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mackenzie returned to Toronto from his London journey in the last week of August, 1833, to find his appeals to the British Parliament had been ultimately ineffective. At an emergency meeting of Reformers, David Willson proposed extending the nomination process for members of the House of Assembly they had begun in Hope to all four Ridings of York, and to establish a "General Convention of Delegates" from each riding in which to establish a common political platform. This convention could then become the core of a "permanent convention" or political party – an innovation not yet seen in Upper Canada. The organization of this convention was a model for the "Constitutional Convention" Mackenzie organized for the Rebellion of 1837, where many of the same delegates were to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Convention was held on 27 February 1834 with delegates from all four of the York ridings. The week before, Mackenzie published Willson's call for a "standing convention" (political party). The day of the convention, the Children of Peace led a "Grand Procession" with their choir and band (the first civilian band in the province) to the Old Court House where the convention was held. David Willson was the main speaker before the convention and "he addressed the meeting with great force and effect".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention nominated 4 Reform candidates, all of whom were ultimately successful in the election. The convention stopped short, however, of establishing a political party. Instead, they formed yet another Political Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shepard's_Hall"><span id="Shepard.27s_Hall"></span>Shepard's Hall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shepard's Hall" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_market_in_York_(Toronto).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg/220px-Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6419" data-file-height="3638"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg/220px-Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg/330px-Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg/440px-Second_market_in_York_%28Toronto%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Second market in York (Toronto)</figcaption></figure> <p>As they were organizing the Convention of Delegates, the reformers also built their own meeting place, which they proposed to call "Shepard's Hall" in honour of Joseph Shepard, one of the political union organizers. The reformers built the hall because their open public electoral meetings were under attack from the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>. Shepard's Hall was to move several times; it began in a converted court house, moved to Mackenzie's old newspaper office in the second Market building, before taking its final home in "Turton's Building", which they shared with Mackenzie's newspaper <i>The Constitution</i>, and William O'Grady's newspaper, <i>The Correspondent & Advocate</i>. Shepard Hall shared its large meeting space with the <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics' Institute">Mechanics' Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Peace" title="The Children of Peace">Children of Peace</a>. The Mechanics' Institute was a working class educational institute that had its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Owenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Owenite">Owenite</a> London Radical Reform Organization; the Toronto Institute was formed by a member of the London Mechanics' Institute in 1831. The three legs of the developing Reform movement were thus the political union, the Children of Peace and the Mechanics Institute; the Tories referred to it as the "Holy Alliance Hay Loft" in the market buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Alliance_Society">Canadian Alliance Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canadian Alliance Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In January 1835, shortly after the elections, the Upper Canada Political Union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society, with <a href="/wiki/James_Lesslie_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lesslie (publisher)">James Lesslie</a>, a city Alderman, as president, and Timothy Parsons as secretary. They were also leaders in the Toronto <a href="/wiki/Mechanics_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics Institute">Mechanics Institute</a>. It was at this time that they moved into Turton's Building, built on land owned by William W. Baldwin. The Canadian Alliance Society adopted much of the platform (such as secret ballot & universal suffrage) of the <a href="/wiki/Owenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Owenite">Owenite</a> National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> movement in England. </p><p>The Children of Peace immediately formed a branch of the Canadian Alliance Society in January 1835, and elected <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hughes_(Children_of_Peace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Hughes (Children of Peace)">Samuel Hughes</a> its president. This branch met every two weeks during the parliamentary session to discuss the bills before the assembly. One of their more interesting proposals was to create a petitioning campaign for a written provincial constitution; Hughes was appointed to the committee. A constitution would be the means by which "the proceedings of our government may be bounded – the legislative council rendered elective, and the government and council made responsible – and that all Eccliastics be prohibited from holding seats in the council and that no officer of the government should be irresponsible". this may have been the inspiration for the constitution Mackenzie published just before the rebellion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provincial_Loan_Bank">Provincial Loan Bank</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Provincial Loan Bank" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The first of the petition movements initiated by the Canadian Alliance Society was a call to form a "Provincial Loan Office". This was a source of loans for pioneer farmers hard pressed to meet expenses in bad years; its inspiration lay with the credit union formed by the Children of Peace in 1832. A province wide "loan office" had been discussed in the colony for more than a decade. This provincially sponsored bank would loan farmers small sums of <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>1 or £2 against the security of their farms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The petition called for the establishment of a loan office in each district associated with the registry office; these offices would issue "provincial loan notes" equal to twice the provincial debt which would be legal tender. These notes would be loaned in small amounts to farmers on security of their property, due in fifteen years, at 6% simple interest. It offered long term credit, as opposed to the 90-day loans of the Bank of Upper Canada, and would be repaid yearly rather than quarterly, since farmers had only one crop a year to sell. As these farmers paid their yearly installments, this money would be reloaned to others, on a shorter period, so that at the end of fifteen years, the original pool of notes would provide compound interest; the profits from this compound interest would be sufficient, after expenses, to pay off the provincial debt at the end of fifteen years. The petitions were referred first to a select committee of the House of Assembly composed of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lount" title="Samuel Lount">Samuel Lount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(Upper_Canada_Rebellion)" title="Charles Duncombe (Upper Canada Rebellion)">Charles Duncombe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_David_Morrison" title="Thomas David Morrison">Thomas D. Morrison</a>; they drafted a bill, but the session ended before it could be enacted. Lount and Duncombe would be key organizers of the Rebellion of 1837. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toronto_Political_Union">Toronto Political Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Toronto Political Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a></div> <p>The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, when it was led by the more moderate reformer, William W. Baldwin. After the disastrous 1836 elections, it took the final form as the Toronto Political Union in October 1836, again with Baldwin as president. By March 1837, however, the more moderate reformers withdrew in disappointment with their electoral loss, leaving William Lyon Mackenzie to fill the political vacuum. </p><p>The Toronto Political Union called for a Constitutional Convention in July 1837, and began organizing local "Vigilance Committees" to elect delegates. The structure of the convention was much like that of the "General Convention of Delegates in 1834, and many of the same delegates were elected. This became the organizational structure for the Rebellion of 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Toronto Political Union complained of many issues, but none more than the effects of the financial panic of 1836, and the effects of bankrupt banks like the Bank of Upper Canada suing poor farmers and other debtors. </p><p>The meetings in the Home District met with an increasing degree of <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> violence, so that the reformers began to protect themselves and resort to arms to do so. As the violence continued, peaceable reform meetings tapered off in October, to be replaced by instances of men drilling for battle. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Rebellion</a> of December 7, 1837, marked the end of the Political Union movement in Upper Canada. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Atlantic_Revolution_and_the_Rebellions_of_1837">Atlantic Revolution and the Rebellions of 1837</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Atlantic Revolution and the Rebellions of 1837" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions of 1837">Rebellions of 1837</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <p>The rebellions in 1837 must be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic revolutions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> of 1775–1783, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789–1799, the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> of 1791–1804, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, and Spanish America (1810–1825) were all inspired by the same republican ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Great Britain's <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a> sought the same democratic goals. The Canadian rebels believed that the right of citizens to participate in the political process through the election of representatives was the most important right, and they sought to make the legislative council elective rather than appointed. When the British military crushed the rebellions, they ended any possibility the two Canadas would become republics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicanism_vs._responsible_government">Republicanism vs. responsible government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Republicanism vs. responsible government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></div> <p>In 1838, <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">John Lambton (Lord Durham)</a>, the author of the Great Reform Bill of 1832, arrived in the Canadas to investigate the causes of the Rebellion and make recommendations for reform of the political system. He was to recommend "<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>", not republicanism. Historian Paul Romney has argued that the turn to "responsible government" was a strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. In his view, the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada made any demand for democracy a challenge to colonial sovereignty. Later, struggling to avoid the charge of sedition, the reformers purposefully obscured their true aims of independence from Britain and focused on their grievances against the Family Compact; responsible government thus became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of this pragmatic policy was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a>, who spent the next decade fighting for (implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, it was not achieved until after Baldwin and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine" title="Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine">Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine</a>, the Premiers of the Canadas, shepherded the Rebellion Losses Bill through Parliament in 1849. It sparked Orange riots, and the burning of the Parliament buildings as much of Europe was similarly engulfed in a <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">wave of republican revolutions</a> and counter-revolutions. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li>Hamil, Fred Coyne, "The Reform Movement in Upper Canada," in <i>Profiles of a Province: Studies in Ontario History," (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1967), 9-19.</i></li> <li>Wilton, Carol (2000). <i>Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850.</i> (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2000).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCraig1963" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Gerald (1963). <i>Upper Canada: the Formative Years 1784-1841</i>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. pp. 93–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upper+Canada%3A+the+Formative+Years+1784-1841&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=93-99&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+movement+%28Upper+Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Carol (2000). <i>Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850</i>. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 51–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Politics+and+Political+Culture+in+Upper+Canada+1800-1850&rft.place=Montreal%2FKingston&rft.pages=51-53&rft.pub=McGill-Queens+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+movement+%28Upper+Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Carol (2000). <i>Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850</i>. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 66–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Politics+and+Political+Culture+in+Upper+Canada+1800-1850&rft.place=Montreal%2FKingston&rft.pages=66-84&rft.pub=McGill-Queens+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+movement+%28Upper+Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Carol (2000). <i>Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850</i>. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 85–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Politics+and+Political+Culture+in+Upper+Canada+1800-1850&rft.place=Montreal%2FKingston&rft.pages=85-114&rft.pub=McGill-Queens+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+movement+%28Upper+Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2008" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Nancy (2008). <i>Transatlantic Subjects: Ideas, Institutions, and Social Experience in Post-Revolutionary British North America</i>. Kingston / Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 3–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transatlantic+Subjects%3A+Ideas%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Social+Experience+in+Post-Revolutionary+British+North+America&rft.place=Kingston+%2F+Montreal&rft.pages=3-41&rft.pub=McGill-Queens+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+movement+%28Upper+Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoPatin1991" class="citation journal cs1">LoPatin, Nancy (1991). "Political Unions and the Great Reform Act". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 109–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.1991.tb00253.x">10.1111/j.1750-0206.1991.tb00253.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=Political+Unions+and+the+Great+Reform+Act&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-10&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.1991.tb00253.x&rft.aulast=LoPatin&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+movement+%28Upper+Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoPatin1991" class="citation journal cs1">LoPatin, Nancy (1991). 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Toronto: Penguin Books. pp. 89–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis-Hippolyte+LaFontaine+%26+Robert+Baldwin&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=89-108&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=John+Ralston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+movement+%28Upper+Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/15389">Cold Bath Fields Riot</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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