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<ul id="toc-Spacecraft_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Servicing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Servicing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Servicing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Servicing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_telescopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_telescopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Comparison with other telescopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_telescopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Development history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_(development_to_2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_(development_to_2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background (development to 2003) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_(development_to_2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_development_and_replanning_(2003–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development_and_replanning_(2003–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early development and replanning (2003–2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development_and_replanning_(2003–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_design_and_construction_(2007–2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_design_and_construction_(2007–2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Detailed design and construction (2007–2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_design_and_construction_(2007–2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_and_schedule_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_and_schedule_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cost and schedule issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_and_schedule_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Partnership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Naming concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mission goals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_goals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mission goals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbit_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Orbit design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Infrared astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_support_and_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_support_and_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ground support and operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ground_support_and_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ground support and operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ground_support_and_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Micrometeoroid_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micrometeoroid_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Micrometeoroid strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micrometeoroid_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_launch_through_commissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_launch_through_commissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 From launch through commissioning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_launch_through_commissioning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle From launch through commissioning subsection </button> <ul id="toc-From_launch_through_commissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Launch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit_and_structural_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit_and_structural_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Transit and structural deployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit_and_structural_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commissioning_and_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioning_and_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Commissioning and testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioning_and_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allocation_of_observation_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allocation_of_observation_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Allocation of observation time </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allocation_of_observation_time-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Allocation of observation time subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Allocation_of_observation_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Release_Science_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Release_Science_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Early Release Science program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Release_Science_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Observer_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Observer_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 General Observer Program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Observer_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Scientific results </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scientific results subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_full-color_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_full-color_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 First full-color images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_full-color_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bright_early_galaxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bright_early_galaxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bright early galaxies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bright_early_galaxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_noteworthy_observations_and_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_noteworthy_observations_and_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Subsequent noteworthy observations and interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_noteworthy_observations_and_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James Webb Space Telescope</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" > 96 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb-ruimteteleskoop" title="James Webb-ruimteteleskoop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Webb-ruimteteleskoop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مقراب جيمس ويب الفضائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقراب جيمس ويب الفضائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_espacial_James_Webb" title="Telescopio espacial James Webb – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Telescopio espacial James Webb" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D5%83%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A6_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%BA%C2%BB_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="«Ճէյմզ Ուէպ» աստղադիտակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="«Ճէյմզ Ուէպ» աստղադիտակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E2%80%99%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="জেম্‌ছ ৱেব স্পে’চ টেলিস্কোপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জেম্‌ছ ৱেব স্পে’চ টেলিস্কোপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopiu_espacial_James_Webb" title="Telescopiu espacial James Webb – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Telescopiu espacial James Webb" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Vebb_teleskopu" title="Ceyms Vebb teleskopu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Vebb teleskopu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9skop_Antariksa_James_Webb" title="Téléskop Antariksa James Webb – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Téléskop Antariksa James Webb" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="জেমস ওয়েব মহাকাশ দূরবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস ওয়েব মহাকাশ দূরবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Th%C3%A0i-khong_Ti%C3%A0u-ki%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="James Webb Thài-khong Tiàu-kiàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Webb Thài-khong Tiàu-kiàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B1_(%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF)" title="Джэймс Уэб (тэлескоп) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Уэб (тэлескоп)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF)" title="Джеймс Уеб (телескоп) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Уеб (телескоп)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirski_teleskop_%22James_Webb%22" title="Svemirski teleskop "James Webb" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svemirski teleskop "James Webb"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopi_espacial_James_Webb" title="Telescopi espacial James Webb – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telescopi espacial James Webb" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADrn%C3%BD_dalekohled_Jamese_Webba" title="Vesmírný dalekohled Jamese Webba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vesmírný dalekohled Jamese Webba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesgop_Gofod_James_Webb" title="Telesgop Gofod James Webb – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Telesgop Gofod James Webb" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Webb Space Telescope" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="طيليسكوپ دجيمس ويب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طيليسكوپ دجيمس ويب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James-Webb-Weltraumteleskop" title="James-Webb-Weltraumteleskop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James-Webb-Weltraumteleskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webbi_kosmoseteleskoop" title="James Webbi kosmoseteleskoop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Webbi kosmoseteleskoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Διαστημικό τηλεσκόπιο Τζέιμς Γουέμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαστημικό τηλεσκόπιο Τζέιμς Γουέμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_espacial_James_Webb" title="Telescopio espacial James Webb – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telescopio espacial James Webb" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmoteleskopo_James_Webb" title="Kosmoteleskopo James Webb – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmoteleskopo James Webb" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_(teleskopioa)" title="James Webb (teleskopioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Webb (teleskopioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="تلسکوپ فضایی جیمز وب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلسکوپ فضایی جیمز وب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="James Webb (télescope spatial) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Webb (télescope spatial)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1steileasc%C3%B3p_James_Webb" title="Spásteileascóp James Webb – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spásteileascóp James Webb" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_espacial_James_Webb" title="Telescopio espacial James Webb – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Telescopio espacial James Webb" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndurumeni_ya_James_Webb" title="Ndurumeni ya James Webb – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ndurumeni ya James Webb" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%B9_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="제임스 웹 우주망원경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 웹 우주망원경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%A2_(%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Ջեյմս Ուեբ (աստղադիտակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Ուեբ (աստղադիտակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="जेम्स वेब खगोलीय दूरदर्शी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स वेब खगोलीय दूरदर्शी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirski_teleskop_James_Webb" title="Svemirski teleskop James Webb – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svemirski teleskop James Webb" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="James Webb Space Telescope" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop_Luar_Angkasa_James_Webb" title="Teleskop Luar Angkasa James Webb – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teleskop Luar Angkasa James Webb" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb-geimsj%C3%B3naukinn" title="James Webb-geimsjónaukinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Webb-geimsjónaukinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_spaziale_James_Webb" title="Telescopio spaziale James Webb – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telescopio spaziale James Webb" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%91" title="טלסקופ החלל ג'יימס וב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלסקופ החלל ג'יימס וב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95" title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ವೆಬ್ ಬಾಹ್ಯಾಕಾಶ ದೂರದರ್ಶಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ವೆಬ್ ಬಾಹ್ಯಾಕಾಶ ದೂರದರ್ಶಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ვების კოსმოსური ტელესკოპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ ვების კოსმოსური ტელესკოპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF)" title="Джеймс Уэбб (телескоп) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Уэбб (телескоп)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_(darubini_ya_anga-nje)" title="James Webb (darubini ya anga-nje) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Webb (darubini ya anga-nje)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopa_Fezay%C3%AA_ya_James_Webb" title="Teleskopa Fezayê ya James Webb – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Teleskopa Fezayê ya James Webb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopium_spatiale_Webbianum" title="Telescopium spatiale Webbianum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Telescopium spatiale Webbianum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimsa_Veba_kosmiskais_teleskops" title="Džeimsa Veba kosmiskais teleskops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimsa Veba kosmiskais teleskops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James-Webb-Weltraumteleskop" title="James-Webb-Weltraumteleskop – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James-Webb-Weltraumteleskop" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimso_Vebo_kosminis_teleskopas" title="Džeimso Vebo kosminis teleskopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džeimso Vebo kosminis teleskopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb-ruimtetelescoop" title="James Webb-ruimtetelescoop – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James Webb-ruimtetelescoop" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_%C5%B1rt%C3%A1vcs%C5%91" title="James Webb űrtávcső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Webb űrtávcső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1_(%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF)" title="Џејмс Веб (вселенски телескоп) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Веб (вселенски телескоп)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജെയിംസ് വെബ് ബഹിരാകാശ ദൂരദർശിനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് വെബ് ബഹിരാകാശ ദൂരദർശിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3" title="जेम्स वेब अवकाश दुर्बीण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स वेब अवकाश दुर्बीण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმს უებიშ კოსმოსური ტელესკოპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმს უებიშ კოსმოსური ტელესკოპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop_Angkasa_James_Webb" title="Teleskop Angkasa James Webb – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teleskop Angkasa James Webb" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯖꯦꯝꯁ ꯋꯦꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯁꯀꯣꯞ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯦꯝꯁ ꯋꯦꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯁꯀꯣꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B1_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Жеймс Вэб телескоп – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жеймс Вэб телескоп" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%98%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E_%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိန်းစ်ဝဘ် အာကာသ တယ်လီစကုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိန်းစ်ဝဘ် အာကာသ တယ်လီစကုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb-ruimtetelescoop" title="James Webb-ruimtetelescoop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Webb-ruimtetelescoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="ジェイムズ・ウェッブ宇宙望遠鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェイムズ・ウェッブ宇宙望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8B%DF%A1%DF%9B_%DF%A5%DF%8D%DF%93_%DF%9D%DF%8F%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8D_%DF%9D%DF%8F%DF%AC%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%A6%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߖߋߡߛ ߥߍߓ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲߬ߦߋ߬ߟߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߋߡߛ ߥߍߓ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲߬ߦߋ߬ߟߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb-teleskopet" title="James Webb-teleskopet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Webb-teleskopet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb-teleskopet" title="James Webb-teleskopet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Webb-teleskopet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_(telesc%C3%B2pi_espacial)" title="James Webb (telescòpi espacial) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Webb (telescòpi espacial)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A3" title="ଜେମ୍ସ ୱେବ ମହାକାଶ ଦୁରବୀକ୍ଷଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜେମ୍ସ ୱେବ ମହାକାଶ ଦୁରବୀକ୍ଷଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_kosmik_teleskopi" title="James Webb kosmik teleskopi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Webb kosmik teleskopi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੇਮਜ ਵੈੱਬ ਖਗੋਲੀ ਦੂਰਬੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਜ ਵੈੱਬ ਖਗੋਲੀ ਦੂਰਬੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="جیمز ویب خلائی ٹیلیسکوپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز ویب خلائی ٹیلیسکوپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%88%DB%90%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="جېمز وېب خلايي لرليد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جېمز وېب خلايي لرليد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiczny_Teleskop_Jamesa_Webba" title="Kosmiczny Teleskop Jamesa Webba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kosmiczny Teleskop Jamesa Webba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_Espacial_James_Webb" title="Telescópio Espacial James Webb – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telescópio Espacial James Webb" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopul_spa%C8%9Bial_James_Webb" title="Telescopul spațial James Webb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Telescopul spațial James Webb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF)" title="Джеймс Уэбб (телескоп) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джеймс Уэбб (телескоп)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Дьэймс Уэбб Телескоп – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэймс Уэбб Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James Webb Space Telescope" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopi_Hap%C3%ABsinor_James_Webb" title="Teleskopi Hapësinor James Webb – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teleskopi Hapësinor James Webb" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Webb Space Telescope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADrny_%C4%8Falekoh%C4%BEad_Jamesa_Webba" title="Vesmírny ďalekohľad Jamesa Webba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vesmírny ďalekohľad Jamesa Webba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesoljski_teleskop_Jamesa_Webba" title="Vesoljski teleskop Jamesa Webba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vesoljski teleskop Jamesa Webba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="تەلیسکۆپی بۆشاییی جەیمز وێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلیسکۆپی بۆشاییی جەیمز وێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Свемирски телескоп Џејмс Веб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемирски телескоп Џејмс Веб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_-avaruusteleskooppi" title="James Webb -avaruusteleskooppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Webb -avaruusteleskooppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb-teleskopet" title="James Webb-teleskopet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Webb-teleskopet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopyong_Pangkalawakang_James_Webb" title="Teleskopyong Pangkalawakang James Webb – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teleskopyong Pangkalawakang James Webb" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜேம்சு வெப் விண்வெளித் தொலைநோக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்சு வெப் விண்வெளித் தொலைநோக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiliskup_n_usayrar_Jims_Wibb" title="Tiliskup n usayrar Jims Wibb – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tiliskup n usayrar Jims Wibb" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">James Webb Space Telescope</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png/220px-JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png/330px-JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png/440px-JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="664" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Rendering of the fully deployed James Webb Space Telescope</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST; 1996–2002)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute" title="Space Telescope Science Institute">STScI</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-jwstPartners-1">[1]</a> / <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2021-130A">2021-130A</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186447#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">50463<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186447?uselang=en#P377" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/">jwst.nasa.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webbtelescope.org/">webbtelescope.org</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2 years, 11 months, 5 days (elapsed)</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5+1⁄2 years (primary mission)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>10 years (planned)</li><li>20 years (expected life)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace & Technologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/L3Harris" title="L3Harris">L3Harris</a><a href="#cite_note-jwstPartners-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">6,500 kg (14,300 lb)<a href="#cite_note-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_(JWST)-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">21.197 m × 14.162 m (69.54 ft × 46.46 ft),<a href="#cite_note-Webb_Key_Facts-5">[5]</a> sunshield</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">2 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">kW</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 2021 (2021-12-25), 12:20 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="#cite_note-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_(JWST)-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5 ECA+</a> (S/N 5113, Flight <a href="/wiki/Ariane_flight_VA256" title="Ariane flight VA256">VA256</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELA-3" title="ELA-3">ELA-3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entered service</th><td class="infobox-data">July 12, 2022; 2 years ago (2022-07-12)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Sun–Earth L2 orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">Halo orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periapsis altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000 km (160,000 mi)<a href="#cite_note-orbit-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoapsis altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">832,000 km (517,000 mi)<a href="#cite_note-orbit-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 months</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Main telescope</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korsch_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Korsch telescope">Korsch telescope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">6.5 m (21 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal length</th><td class="infobox-data">131.4 m (431 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal ratio</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style>f/20.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Collecting area</th><td class="infobox-data">25.4 m2 (273 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wavelengths</th><td class="infobox-data">0.6–28.5 μm (<a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a> to mid-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Transponders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Band</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommand" title="Telecommand">telecommand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">Ka-band</a>, science data downlink</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bandwidth</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>S-band up: 16 kbit/s</li><li>S-band down: 40 kbit/s</li><li>Ka-band down: up to 28 Mbit/s<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Instruments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_and_Near_Infrared_Imager_and_Slitless_Spectrograph" title="Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph">FGS-NIRISS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)">MIRI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">NIRCam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NIRSpec" title="NIRSpec">NIRSpec</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Elements</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Science_Instrument_Module" title="Integrated Science Instrument Module">Integrated Science Instrument Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element" title="Optical Telescope Element">Optical Telescope Element</a></li> <li>Spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(JWST)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft bus (JWST)">Bus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunshield_(JWST)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshield (JWST)">Sunshield</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Launch_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JWST_Launch_Logo.png/180px-JWST_Launch_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JWST_Launch_Logo.png/270px-JWST_Launch_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JWST_Launch_Logo.png/360px-JWST_Launch_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="901" /></a> James Webb Space Telescope mission logo <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic Science Missions</a> Astrophysics Division</div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a> designed to conduct <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared astronomy</a>. As the largest <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">telescope in space</a>, it is equipped with high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments, allowing it to view objects too old, <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">distant</a>, or faint for the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SA-20221201-9">[9]</a> This enables investigations across many fields of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, such as observation of the <a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">first stars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">formation of the first galaxies</a>, and detailed atmospheric characterization of <a href="/wiki/Potentially_habitable_exoplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentially habitable exoplanet">potentially habitable exoplanets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220823-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP-20220805-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-SA-20230123-12">[12]</a> Although the Webb's mirror diameter is 2.7 times larger than that of the Hubble Space Telescope, it produces images of comparable sharpness because it observes in the longer-wavelength infrared spectrum. The longer the wavelength of the spectrum, the larger the information-gathering surface required (mirrors in the infrared spectrum or antenna area in the millimeter and radio ranges) for an image comparable in clarity to the visible spectrum of the Hubble Space Telescope. The Webb was launched on 25 December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket from <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, French Guiana. In January 2022 it arrived at its destination, a solar orbit near the Sun–Earth <a href="/wiki/L2_point" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 point">L2</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a>, about 1.5 million kilometers (930,000 mi) from Earth. <a href="/wiki/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field" title="Webb's First Deep Field">The telescope's first image</a> was released to the public on 11 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) led Webb's design and development and partnered with two main agencies: the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA). The NASA <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> managed telescope development, while the <a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute" title="Space Telescope Science Institute">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Homewood_Campus_of_Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University">Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University</a> operates Webb. The primary contractor for the project was <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>. The <a href="#Naming_concerns">telescope is named</a> after <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">administrator of NASA</a> from 1961 to 1968 during the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> programs. Webb's <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a> consists of 18 hexagonal <a href="/wiki/Segmented_mirror" title="Segmented mirror">mirror segments</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>-plated <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, which together create a 6.5-meter-diameter (21 ft) mirror, compared with Hubble's 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in). This gives Webb a <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">light-collecting area</a> of about 25 m2 (270 sq ft), about six times that of Hubble. Unlike Hubble, which observes in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">near ultraviolet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a> (0.1 to 0.8 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a> (0.8–2.5 μm)<a href="#cite_note-CWHT-14">[14]</a> spectra, Webb observes a lower frequency range, from long-wavelength visible <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> (red) through mid-infrared (0.6–28.5 μm).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The telescope must be kept extremely cold, below 50 K (−223 °C; −370 °F), so that the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">emitted</a> by the telescope itself does not interfere with the collected light. Its five-layer <a href="/wiki/Sunshield_(JWST)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshield (JWST)">sunshield</a> protects it from warming by the Sun, Earth, and Moon. Initial designs for the telescope, then named the Next Generation Space Telescope, began in 1996. Two concept studies were commissioned in 1999, for a potential launch in 2007 and a US$1 billion budget. The program was plagued with enormous cost overruns and delays. A major redesign was accomplished in 2005, with construction completed in 2016, followed by years of exhaustive testing, at a total cost of US$10 billion. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> The mass of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is about half that of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. Webb has a 6.5 m (21 ft)-diameter <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>-coated <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a> made up of 18 separate hexagonal mirrors. The mirror has a polished area of 26.3 m2 (283 sq ft), of which 0.9 m2 (9.7 sq ft) is obscured by the secondary support struts,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> giving a total collecting area of 25.4 m2 (273 sq ft). This is over six times larger than the collecting area of Hubble's 2.4 m (7.9 ft) diameter mirror, which has a collecting area of 4.0 m2 (43 sq ft). The mirror has a gold coating to provide infrared <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> and this is covered by a thin layer of glass for durability.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Webb is designed primarily for <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">near-infrared astronomy</a>, but can also see orange and red visible light, as well as the mid-infrared region, depending on the instrument being used.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220823-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP-20220805-11">[11]</a> It can detect objects up to 100 times fainter than Hubble can, and objects much earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">history of the universe</a>, back to <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> z≈20 (about 180 million years <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_time" title="Cosmic time">cosmic time</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>).<a href="#cite_note-deepersky-18">[18]</a> For comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">earliest stars</a> are thought to have formed between z≈30 and z≈20 (100–180 million years cosmic time),<a href="#cite_note-FAQ_scientists-19">[19]</a> and the first galaxies may have formed around redshift z≈15 (about 270 million years cosmic time). Hubble is unable to see further back than very early <a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">reionization</a><a href="#cite_note-yale20160303-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-heic1604-21">[21]</a> at about z≈11.1 (galaxy <a href="/wiki/GN-z11" title="GN-z11">GN-z11</a>, 400 million years cosmic time).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-deepersky-18">[18]</a> The design emphasizes the near to mid-infrared for several reasons: <ul><li>high-redshift (very early and distant) objects have their visible emissions shifted into the infrared, and therefore their light can be observed only via infrared <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-CWHT-14">[14]</a></li> <li>infrared light passes more easily through <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust#Some_"dusty"_clouds_in_the_universe" title="Cosmic dust">dust clouds</a> than visible light;<a href="#cite_note-CWHT-14">[14]</a></li> <li>colder objects such as <a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">debris disks</a> and planets emit most strongly in the infrared;</li> <li>these infrared bands are difficult to study from the ground or by existing space telescopes such as Hubble.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/530px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="530" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/795px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/1060px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Rough plot of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth#Absorption" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmospheric absorption</a> (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a></figcaption></figure> Ground-based telescopes must look through <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, which is opaque in many infrared bands (see figure at right). Even where the atmosphere is transparent, many of the target chemical compounds, such as water, carbon dioxide, and methane, also exist in the Earth's atmosphere, vastly complicating analysis. Existing space telescopes such as Hubble cannot study these bands since their mirrors are insufficiently cool (the Hubble mirror is maintained at about 15 °C [288 K; 59 °F]) which means that the telescope itself radiates strongly in the relevant infrared bands.<a href="#cite_note-ipac.caltech.edu-24">[24]</a> Webb can also observe objects in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> at an angle of more than 85° from the Sun and having an apparent <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">angular rate of motion</a> less than 0.03 arc seconds per second.<a href="#cite_note-tracking-28">[a]</a> This includes Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, their <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> at or beyond the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">orbit of Mars</a>. Webb has the near-IR and mid-IR sensitivity to be able to observe virtually all known <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper Belt Objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ_scientists-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-SolarSystem-29">[28]</a> In addition, it can observe opportunistic and unplanned targets within 48 hours of a decision to do so, such as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma ray burst">gamma ray bursts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ_scientists-19">[19]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-quarter view of the top"><img alt="Three-quarter view of the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/375px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/563px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/750px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10240" data-file-height="8192" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three-quarter view of the top</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bottom (Sun-facing side)"><img alt="Bottom (Sun-facing side)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_bottom.jpg/375px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_bottom.jpg/563px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_bottom.jpg/750px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10240" data-file-height="8192" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bottom (Sun-facing side)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_orbit">Location and orbit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location and orbit">edit</a>]</div> Webb operates in a <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a>, circling around a point in space known as the Sun–Earth L2 <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a>, approximately 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) beyond Earth's orbit around the Sun. Its actual position varies between about 250,000 and 832,000 km (155,000–517,000 mi) from L2 as it orbits, keeping it out of both Earth and Moon's shadow. By way of comparison, Hubble orbits 550 km (340 mi) above Earth's surface, and the Moon is roughly 400,000 km (250,000 mi) from Earth. Objects near this Sun–Earth <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L2</a> point can orbit the Sun in synchrony with the Earth, allowing the telescope to remain at a roughly constant distance<a href="#cite_note-stsci.edu-30">[29]</a> with continuous orientation of its sunshield and equipment <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(JWST)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft bus (JWST)">bus</a> toward the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Combined with its wide shadow-avoiding orbit, the telescope can simultaneously block incoming heat and light from all three of these bodies and avoid even the smallest changes of temperature from Earth and Moon shadows that would affect the structure, yet still maintain uninterrupted solar power and Earth communications on its sun-facing side. This arrangement keeps the temperature of the spacecraft constant and below the 50 K (−223 °C; −370 °F) necessary for faint infrared observations.<a href="#cite_note-nasasunshield-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunshield_protection">Sunshield protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sunshield protection">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_sunshield" title="James Webb Space Telescope sunshield">James Webb Space Telescope sunshield</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_telescope_sunshield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/James_Webb_telescope_sunshield.jpg/310px-James_Webb_telescope_sunshield.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/James_Webb_telescope_sunshield.jpg/465px-James_Webb_telescope_sunshield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/James_Webb_telescope_sunshield.jpg/620px-James_Webb_telescope_sunshield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Test unit of the sunshield stacked and expanded at the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> facility in California, 2014</figcaption></figure> To make observations in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared spectrum</a>, Webb must be kept under 50 K (−223.2 °C; −369.7 °F); otherwise, infrared radiation from the telescope itself would overwhelm its instruments. Its large sunshield blocks light and heat from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, and its position near the Sun–Earth L2 keeps all three bodies on the same side of the spacecraft at all times.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a> around the <a href="/wiki/L2_point" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 point">L2 point</a> avoids the shadow of the Earth and Moon, maintaining a constant environment for the sunshield and solar arrays.<a href="#cite_note-stsci.edu-30">[29]</a> The resulting stable temperature for the structures on the dark side is critical to maintaining precise alignment of the primary mirror segments.<a href="#cite_note-nasasunshield-31">[30]</a> The sunshield consists of five layers, each approximately as thin as a human hair.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Each layer is made of <a href="/wiki/Kapton_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapton E">Kapton E</a> film, coated with aluminum on both sides. The two outermost layers have an additional coating of <a href="/wiki/Doped_silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Doped silicon">doped silicon</a> on the Sun-facing sides, to better reflect the Sun's heat back into space.<a href="#cite_note-nasasunshield-31">[30]</a> Accidental tears of the delicate film structure during deployment testing in 2018 led to further delays to the telescope deployment.<a href="#cite_note-Clery-35">[34]</a> The sunshield was designed to be folded twelve times so that it would fit within the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> rocket's <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">payload fairing</a>, which is 4.57 m (15.0 ft) in diameter, and 16.19 m (53.1 ft) long. The shield's fully deployed dimensions were planned as 14.162 m × 21.197 m (46.46 ft × 69.54 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Morring-36">[35]</a> Keeping within the shadow of the sunshield limits the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_regard" title="Field of regard">field of regard</a> of Webb at any given time. The telescope can see 40 percent of the sky from any one position, but can see all of the sky over a period of six months.<a href="#cite_note-Readyshield-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optics">Optics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element" title="Optical Telescope Element">Optical Telescope Element</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engineers_Clean_JWST_Secondary_Reflector_with_Carbon_Dioxide_Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Engineers_Clean_JWST_Secondary_Reflector_with_Carbon_Dioxide_Snow.jpg/220px-Engineers_Clean_JWST_Secondary_Reflector_with_Carbon_Dioxide_Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Engineers_Clean_JWST_Secondary_Reflector_with_Carbon_Dioxide_Snow.jpg/330px-Engineers_Clean_JWST_Secondary_Reflector_with_Carbon_Dioxide_Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Engineers_Clean_JWST_Secondary_Reflector_with_Carbon_Dioxide_Snow.jpg/440px-Engineers_Clean_JWST_Secondary_Reflector_with_Carbon_Dioxide_Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4546" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption>Engineers <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_cleaning" title="Carbon dioxide cleaning">cleaning a test mirror with carbon dioxide snow</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Full_Mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JWST_Full_Mirror.jpg/220px-JWST_Full_Mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JWST_Full_Mirror.jpg/330px-JWST_Full_Mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JWST_Full_Mirror.jpg/440px-JWST_Full_Mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Main mirror assembly from the front with primary mirrors attached, November 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_diffraction_spikes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/JWST_diffraction_spikes.svg/220px-JWST_diffraction_spikes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/JWST_diffraction_spikes.svg/330px-JWST_diffraction_spikes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/JWST_diffraction_spikes.svg/440px-JWST_diffraction_spikes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diffraction_spikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffraction spikes">Diffraction spikes</a> due to mirror segments and spider color-coded</figcaption></figure> Webb's <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a> is a 6.5 m (21 ft)-diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector with a collecting area of 25.4 m2 (273 sq ft). If it had been designed as a single, large mirror, it would have been too large for existing launch vehicles. The mirror is therefore composed of 18 hexagonal segments (a technique pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Horn_d%27Arturo" title="Guido Horn d'Arturo">Guido Horn d'Arturo</a>), which unfolded after the telescope was launched. Image plane <a href="/wiki/Wave-front_sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave-front sensing">wavefront sensing</a> through <a href="/wiki/Gerchberg%E2%80%93Saxton_algorithm" title="Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm">phase retrieval</a> is used to position the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror segment">mirror segments</a> in the correct location using precise <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>. Subsequent to this initial configuration, they only need occasional updates every few days to retain optimal focus.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> This is unlike terrestrial telescopes, for example the <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck telescopes</a>, which continually adjust their mirror segments using <a href="/wiki/Active_optics" title="Active optics">active optics</a> to overcome the effects of gravitational and wind loading.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The Webb telescope uses 132 small actuation motors to position and adjust the optics.<a href="#cite_note-wired-20191022-40">[39]</a> The actuators can position the mirror with 10 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a> accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-13-41">[40]</a> Webb's optical design is a <a href="/wiki/Three-mirror_anastigmat" title="Three-mirror anastigmat">three-mirror anastigmat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> which makes use of curved secondary and tertiary mirrors to deliver images that are free from <a href="/wiki/Optical_aberrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical aberrations">optical aberrations</a> over a wide field. The secondary mirror is 0.74 m (2.4 ft) in diameter. In addition, there is a fine steering mirror which can adjust its position many times per second to provide <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image stabilization</a>. Point light sources in images taken by Webb have six <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_spike" title="Diffraction spike">diffraction spikes</a> plus two fainter ones, due to the hexagonal shape of the primary mirror segments.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Nircam1lwres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/JWST_Nircam1lwres.jpg/220px-JWST_Nircam1lwres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/JWST_Nircam1lwres.jpg/330px-JWST_Nircam1lwres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/JWST_Nircam1lwres.jpg/440px-JWST_Nircam1lwres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>NIRCam wrapped up in 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIRSpec_calibration_assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NIRSpec_calibration_assembly.jpg/220px-NIRSpec_calibration_assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NIRSpec_calibration_assembly.jpg/330px-NIRSpec_calibration_assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NIRSpec_calibration_assembly.jpg/440px-NIRSpec_calibration_assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>The Calibration Assembly, one component of the NIRSpec instrument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_MIRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/JWST_MIRI.jpg/220px-JWST_MIRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/JWST_MIRI.jpg/330px-JWST_MIRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/JWST_MIRI.jpg/440px-JWST_MIRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>MIRI</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Science_Instrument_Module" title="Integrated Science Instrument Module">Integrated Science Instrument Module</a> (ISIM) is a framework that provides electrical power, computing resources, cooling capability as well as structural stability to the Webb telescope. It is made with bonded graphite-epoxy composite attached to the underside of Webb's telescope structure. The ISIM holds the four science instruments and a guide camera.<a href="#cite_note-isim-44">[43]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">NIRCam</a> (Near Infrared Camera) is an <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">infrared imager</a> which has spectral coverage ranging from the edge of the visible (0.6 μm) through to the near infrared (5 μm).<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> There are 10 sensors each of 4 megapixels. NIRCam serves as the observatory's wavefront sensor, which is required for wavefront sensing and control activities, used to align and focus the main mirror segments. NIRCam was built by a team led by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>, with principal investigator <a href="/wiki/Marcia_J._Rieke" title="Marcia J. Rieke">Marcia J. Rieke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WhoDoesWhatWeb-47">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIRSpec" title="NIRSpec">NIRSpec</a> (Near Infrared Spectrograph) performs <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> over the same wavelength range. It was built by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) at <a href="/wiki/ESTEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ESTEC">ESTEC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a>, Netherlands. The leading development team includes members from <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a>, Ottobrunn and Friedrichshafen, Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>; with Pierre Ferruit (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">École normale supérieure de Lyon</a>) as NIRSpec project scientist. The NIRSpec design provides three observing modes: a low-resolution mode using a prism, an R~1000 <a href="/wiki/Multi-Object_Spectrometer" title="Multi-Object Spectrometer">multi-object</a> mode, and an R~2700 integral field unit or long-slit spectroscopy mode. Switching of the modes is done by operating a wavelength preselection mechanism called the Filter Wheel Assembly, and selecting a corresponding dispersive element (prism or grating) using the Grating Wheel Assembly mechanism. Both mechanisms are based on the successful ISOPHOT wheel mechanisms of the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">Infrared Space Observatory</a>. The multi-object mode relies on a complex micro-shutter mechanism to allow for simultaneous observations of hundreds of individual objects anywhere in NIRSpec's field of view. There are two sensors, each of 4 megapixels.<a href="#cite_note-nirspec-48">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)">MIRI</a> (Mid-Infrared Instrument) measures the mid-to-long-infrared wavelength range from 5 to 27 μm.<a href="#cite_note-miri-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasamiri-50">[49]</a> It contains both a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal camera">mid-infrared camera</a> and an imaging <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-howBig-51">[50]</a> MIRI was developed as a collaboration between NASA and a consortium of European countries, and is led by <a href="/wiki/George_H._Rieke" title="George H. Rieke">George Rieke</a> (University of Arizona) and <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Wright_(astronomer)" title="Gillian Wright (astronomer)">Gillian Wright</a> (<a href="/wiki/UK_Astronomy_Technology_Centre" title="UK Astronomy Technology Centre">UK Astronomy Technology Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland).<a href="#cite_note-WhoDoesWhatWeb-47">[46]</a> The temperature of the MIRI must not exceed 6 K (−267 °C; −449 °F): a helium gas mechanical cooler sited on the warm side of the environmental shield provides this cooling.<a href="#cite_note-miricooler-52">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_and_Near_Infrared_Imager_and_Slitless_Spectrograph" title="Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph">FGS/NIRISS</a> (Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph), led by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA) under project scientist John Hutchings (<a href="/wiki/NRC_Herzberg_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics_Research_Centre" title="NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre">Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre</a>), is used to stabilize the line-of-sight of the observatory during science observations. Measurements by the FGS are used both to control the overall orientation of the spacecraft and to drive the fine steering mirror for image stabilization. The CSA also provided a Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) module for astronomical imaging and spectroscopy in the 0.8 to 5 μm wavelength range, led by principal investigator René Doyon<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WhoDoesWhatWeb-47">[46]</a> Although they are often referred together as a unit, the NIRISS and FGS serve entirely different purposes, with one being a scientific instrument and the other being a part of the observatory's support infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></li></ul> NIRCam and MIRI feature starlight-blocking <a href="/wiki/Coronagraph" title="Coronagraph">coronagraphs</a> for observation of faint targets such as <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planets">extrasolar planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disks">circumstellar disks</a> very close to bright stars.<a href="#cite_note-nasamiri-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_bus">Spacecraft bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spacecraft bus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(James_Webb_Space_Telescope)" title="Spacecraft bus (James Webb Space Telescope)">Spacecraft bus (James Webb Space Telescope)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpacecraftBus-model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SpacecraftBus-model.jpg/220px-SpacecraftBus-model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SpacecraftBus-model.jpg/330px-SpacecraftBus-model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SpacecraftBus-model.jpg/440px-SpacecraftBus-model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(James_Webb_Space_Telescope)" title="Spacecraft bus (James Webb Space Telescope)">spacecraft bus</a>. The solar panel is in green and the light purple panels are radiators.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(JWST)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft bus (JWST)">spacecraft bus</a> is the primary support component of the JWST, hosting a multitude of computing, communication, electric power, propulsion, and structural parts.<a href="#cite_note-jwstbus-55">[54]</a> Along with the sunshield, it forms the spacecraft element of the <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-observ-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-isimnasa-57">[56]</a> The spacecraft bus is on the Sun-facing "warm" side of the sunshield and operates at a temperature of about 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F).<a href="#cite_note-observ-56">[55]</a> The structure of the spacecraft bus has a mass of 350 kg (770 lb), and must support the 6,200 kg (13,700 lb) space telescope. It is made primarily of graphite composite material.<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby-58">[57]</a> The assembly was completed in California in 2015. It was integrated with the rest of the space telescope leading to its 2021 launch. The spacecraft bus can rotate the telescope with a pointing precision of one <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcsecond</a>, and isolates vibration to two milliarcseconds.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Webb has two pairs of rocket engines (one pair for redundancy) to make course corrections on the way to L2 and for <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">station keeping</a> – maintaining the correct position in the halo orbit. Eight smaller thrusters are used for <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> – the correct pointing of the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The engines use <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> fuel (159 liters or 42 U.S. gallons at launch) and <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> as oxidizer (79.5 liters or 21.0 U.S. gallons at launch).<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Servicing">Servicing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Servicing">edit</a>]</div> Webb is not intended to be serviced in space. A crewed mission to repair or upgrade the observatory, as was done for Hubble, would not be possible,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and according to NASA Associate Administrator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Zurbuchen" title="Thomas Zurbuchen">Thomas Zurbuchen</a>, despite best efforts, an uncrewed remote mission was found to be beyond available technology at the time Webb was designed.<a href="#cite_note-refuel-natgeog-63">[62]</a> During the long Webb testing period, NASA officials referred to the idea of a servicing mission, but no plans were announced.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Since the successful launch, NASA has stated that nevertheless limited accommodation was made to facilitate future servicing missions. These accommodations included precise guidance markers in the form of crosses on the surface of Webb, for use by remote servicing missions, as well as refillable fuel tanks, removable heat protectors, and accessible attachment points.<a href="#cite_note-refuel-verge-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-refuel-natgeog-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> Ilana Dashevsky and Vicki Balzano write that Webb uses a modified version of <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, called Nombas ScriptEase 5.00e, for its operations; it follows the <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript standard</a> and "allows for a modular design flow, where on-board scripts call lower-level scripts that are defined as functions". "The JWST science operations will be driven by ASCII (instead of binary command blocks) on-board scripts, written in a customized version of JavaScript. The script interpreter is run by the flight software, which is written in the programming language <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>. The flight software operates the spacecraft and the science instruments."<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_telescopes">Comparison with other telescopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison with other telescopes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST-HST-primary-mirrors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JWST-HST-primary-mirrors.svg/220px-JWST-HST-primary-mirrors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JWST-HST-primary-mirrors.svg/330px-JWST-HST-primary-mirrors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JWST-HST-primary-mirrors.svg/440px-JWST-HST-primary-mirrors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> primary mirror</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/220px--Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="2560" data-height="1440" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm/Primary_Mirror_Size_Comparison_Between_Webb_and_Hubble.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Primary mirror size comparison between Webb and Hubble</figcaption></figure> The desire for a large infrared space telescope traces back decades. In the United States, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (later called the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>) was planned while the Space Shuttle was in development, and the potential for infrared astronomy was acknowledged at that time.<a href="#cite_note-proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org-69">[68]</a> Unlike ground telescopes, space observatories are free from atmospheric absorption of infrared light. Space observatories opened a "new sky" for astronomers. However, there is a challenge involved in the design of infrared telescopes: they need to stay extremely cold, and the longer the wavelength of infrared, the colder they need to be. If not, the background heat of the device itself overwhelms the detectors, making it effectively blind. This can be overcome by careful design. One method is to put the key instruments in a <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_storage_dewar" title="Cryogenic storage dewar">dewar</a> with an extremely cold substance, such as <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>. The coolant will slowly vaporize, limiting the lifetime of the instrument from as short as a few months to a few years at most.<a href="#cite_note-ipac.caltech.edu-24">[24]</a> It is also possible to maintain a low temperature by designing the spacecraft to enable near-infrared observations without a supply of coolant, as with the extended missions of the Spitzer Space Telescope and the <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a>, which operated at reduced capacity after coolant depletion. Another example is Hubble's <a href="/wiki/Near_Infrared_Camera_and_Multi-Object_Spectrometer" title="Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer">Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer</a> (NICMOS) instrument, which started out using a block of <a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen" title="Solid nitrogen">nitrogen ice</a> that depleted after a couple of years, but was then replaced during the <a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a> servicing mission with a <a href="/wiki/Cryocooler" title="Cryocooler">cryocooler</a> that worked continuously. The Webb Space Telescope is designed to cool itself without a dewar, using a combination of sunshields and radiators, with the mid-infrared instrument using an additional cryocooler.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:10px; text-align:center;"> <caption>Selected space telescopes and instruments<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Launch year</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Wavelength</a> (μm)</th> <th>Aperture (m) </th> <th>Cooling </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spacelab_Infrared_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacelab Infrared Telescope">Spacelab Infrared Telescope</a> (IRT) </td> <td>1985</td> <td>1.7–118</td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>Helium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">Infrared Space Observatory</a> (ISO)<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> </td> <td>1995</td> <td>2.5–240</td> <td>0.60 </td> <td>Helium </td></tr> <tr> <td style="max-width:250px;">Hubble <a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph">Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph</a> (STIS) </td> <td>1997</td> <td>0.115–1.03</td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>Passive </td></tr> <tr> <td style="max-width:250px;">Hubble <a href="/wiki/Near_Infrared_Camera_and_Multi-Object_Spectrometer" title="Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer">Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer</a> (NICMOS) </td> <td>1997</td> <td>0.8–2.4</td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>Nitrogen, later <a href="/wiki/Cryocooler" title="Cryocooler">cryocooler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> </td> <td>2003</td> <td>3–180</td> <td>0.85 </td> <td>Helium </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hubble <a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Camera_3" title="Wide Field Camera 3">Wide Field Camera 3</a> (WFC3) </td> <td>2009</td> <td>0.2–1.7</td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>Passive and thermo-electric<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a> </td> <td>2009</td> <td>55–672</td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>Helium </td></tr> <tr> <td>James Webb Space Telescope </td> <td>2021</td> <td>0.6–28.5</td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>Passive and <a href="/wiki/Cryocooler" title="Cryocooler">cryocooler</a> (MIRI) </td></tr></tbody></table> Webb's delays and cost increases have been compared to those of its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. When Hubble formally started in 1972, it had an estimated development cost of US$300 million (equivalent to $2,185,203,000 in 2023), but by the time it was sent into orbit in 1990, the cost was about four times that. In addition, new instruments and servicing missions increased the cost to at least US$9 billion by 2006<a href="#cite_note-nature06-74">[73]</a> (equivalent to $13,602,509,000 in 2023). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_history">Development history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(development_to_2003)">Background (development to 2003)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Background (development to 2003)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:0.5em; font-size:88%;"> <caption>Major Milestones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Milestone </th></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>Next Generation Space Telescope project first proposed (mirror size: 8 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>NEXUS Space Telescope, a precursor to the Next Generation Space Telescope, cancelled<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Proposed project renamed James Webb Space Telescope, (mirror size reduced to 6 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> awarded contract to build telescope </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> signed between NASA and ESA<a href="#cite_note-2007mou-76">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR) passed </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>Proposed cancellation </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>Final assembly completed </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 December 2021</td> <td>Launch </td></tr></tbody></table> Discussions of a Hubble follow-on started in the 1980s, but serious planning began in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Space_is_changing-77">[76]</a> The Hi-Z telescope concept was developed between 1989 and 1994:<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> a fully baffled<a href="#cite_note-79">[b]</a> 4 m (13 ft) aperture infrared telescope that would recede to an orbit at 3 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">Astronomical unit</a> (AU).<a href="#cite_note-stsci1994-80">[78]</a> This distant orbit would have benefited from reduced light noise from <a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Zodiacal cloud">zodiacal dust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stsci1994-80">[78]</a> Other early plans called for a NEXUS precursor telescope mission.<a href="#cite_note-AANM-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-HIST-NEXUS-82">[80]</a> Correcting the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope#Flawed_mirror" title="Hubble Space Telescope">flawed optics</a> of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in its first years played a significant role in the birth of Webb.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In 1993, NASA conducted <a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope_Servicing_Mission_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 1">the Space Shuttle mission</a> that replaced HST's camera and installed a retrofit for its imaging spectrograph to compensate for the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a>. The HST & Beyond Committee was formed in 1994 "to study possible missions and programs for optical-ultraviolet astronomy in space for the first decades of the 21st century."<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Emboldened by HST's success, its 1996 report explored the concept of a larger and much colder, infrared-sensitive telescope that could reach back in cosmic time to the birth of the first galaxies. This high-priority science goal was beyond the HST's capability because, as a warm telescope, it is blinded by infrared emission from its own optical system. In addition to recommendations to extend the HST mission to 2005 and to develop technologies for finding planets around other stars, NASA embraced the chief recommendation of HST & Beyond<a href="#cite_note-Dressler-1996-85">[83]</a> for a large, cold space telescope (radiatively cooled far below 0 °C), and began the planning process for the future Webb telescope. Preparation for the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics_Decadal_Survey" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey">Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey</a> (a literature review produced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a> that includes identifying research priorities and making recommendations for the upcoming decade) included further development of the scientific program for what became known as the Next Generation Space Telescope,<a href="#cite_note-Stockman-1997-86">[84]</a> and advancements in relevant technologies by NASA. As it matured, studying the birth of galaxies in the young <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, and searching for planets around other stars – the prime goals coalesced as "Origins" by HST & Beyond became prominent. As hoped, the NGST received the highest ranking in the 2000 Decadal Survey.<a href="#cite_note-Decadal-2000-87">[85]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA" title="Administrator of NASA">administrator of NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Dan Goldin</a>, coined the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Faster,_better,_cheaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Faster, better, cheaper">faster, better, cheaper</a>", and opted for the next big paradigm shift for astronomy, namely, breaking the barrier of a single mirror. That meant going from "eliminate moving parts" to "learn to live with moving parts" (i.e. segmented optics). With the goal to reduce mass density tenfold, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> with a very thin layer of glass on top was first looked at, but <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> was selected at the end.<a href="#cite_note-Space_is_changing-77">[76]</a> The mid-1990s era of "faster, better, cheaper" produced the NGST concept, with an 8 m (26 ft) aperture to be flown to <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L2</a>, roughly estimated to cost US$500 million.<a href="#cite_note-stsci1996-88">[86]</a> In 1997, NASA worked with the Goddard Space Flight Center,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace & Technologies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> and <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> to conduct technical requirement and cost studies of the three different concepts, and in 1999 selected <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> and TRW for preliminary concept studies.<a href="#cite_note-webbpast-93">[91]</a> Launch was at that time planned for 2007, but the launch date was pushed back many times (see table <a href="#Time,_budget">further down</a>). In 2002, the project was renamed after NASA's second administrator (1961–1968), <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> (1906–1992).<a href="#cite_note-nameannounce-94">[92]</a> Webb led the agency during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> and established scientific research as a core NASA activity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-95">[93]</a> In 2003, NASA awarded TRW the US$824.8 million prime contract for Webb. The design called for a de-scoped 6.1 m (20 ft) primary mirror and a launch date of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Later that year, TRW was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> in a hostile bid and became Northrop Grumman Space Technology.<a href="#cite_note-webbpast-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development_and_replanning_(2003–2007)">Early development and replanning (2003–2007)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early development and replanning (2003–2007)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JWST_people.jpg/400px-JWST_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JWST_people.jpg/600px-JWST_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JWST_people.jpg/800px-JWST_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Early full-scale model on display at NASA <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> (2005)</figcaption></figure>Development was managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, with <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a> as its project scientist. The primary contractor was Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, responsible for developing and building the spacecraft element, which included the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">satellite bus</a>, sunshield, Deployable Tower Assembly (DTA) which connects the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element" title="Optical Telescope Element">Optical Telescope Element</a> to the spacecraft bus, and the Mid Boom Assembly (MBA) which helps to deploy the large sunshields on orbit,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace & Technologies</a> was subcontracted to develop and build the OTE itself, and the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Science_Instrument_Module" title="Integrated Science Instrument Module">Integrated Science Instrument Module</a> (ISIM).<a href="#cite_note-isim-44">[43]</a> Cost growth revealed in spring 2005 led to an August 2005 re-planning.<a href="#cite_note-replan-98">[96]</a> The primary technical outcomes of the re-planning were significant changes in the integration and test plans, a 22-month launch delay (from 2011 to 2013), and elimination of system-level testing for observatory modes at wavelengths shorter than 1.7 μm. Other major features of the observatory were unchanged. Following the re-planning, the project was independently reviewed in April 2006.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 2005 re-plan, the life-cycle cost of the project was estimated at US$4.5 billion. This comprised approximately US$3.5 billion for design, development, launch and commissioning, and approximately US$1.0 billion for ten years of operations.<a href="#cite_note-replan-98">[96]</a> The ESA agreed in 2004 to contributing about €300 million, including the launch.<a href="#cite_note-ESA_Media_Relations_Service-99">[97]</a> The CSA pledged CA$39 million in 2007<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> and in 2012 delivered its contributions in equipment to point the telescope and detect atmospheric conditions on distant planets.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detailed_design_and_construction_(2007–2021)">Detailed design and construction (2007–2021)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Detailed design and construction (2007–2021)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:632px;max-width:632px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror29.jpg/252px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror29.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror29.jpg/378px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror29.jpg/504px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A JWST mirror segment, 2010</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror37.jpg/252px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror37.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror37.jpg/378px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror37.jpg/504px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mirror segments undergoing <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> tests at the X-ray & Cryogenic Facility at <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%E2%80%99s_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Completes_Environmental_Testing_(50427670958)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NASA%E2%80%99s_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Completes_Environmental_Testing_%2850427670958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/116px-NASA%E2%80%99s_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Completes_Environmental_Testing_%2850427670958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NASA%E2%80%99s_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Completes_Environmental_Testing_%2850427670958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/174px-NASA%E2%80%99s_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Completes_Environmental_Testing_%2850427670958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NASA%E2%80%99s_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Completes_Environmental_Testing_%2850427670958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/232px-NASA%E2%80%99s_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Completes_Environmental_Testing_%2850427670958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3227" data-file-height="4656" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The assembled telescope following environmental testing</div></div></div></div></div> In January 2007, nine of the ten technology development items in the project successfully passed a Non-Advocate Review.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> These technologies were deemed sufficiently mature to retire significant risks in the project. The remaining technology development item (the <a href="/wiki/MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)">MIRI</a> cryocooler) completed its technology maturation milestone in April 2007. This technology review represented the beginning step in the process that ultimately moved the project into its detailed design phase (Phase C). By May 2007, costs were still on target.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> In March 2008, the project successfully completed its Preliminary Design Review (PDR). In April 2008, the project passed the Non-Advocate Review. Other passed reviews include the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Science_Instrument_Module" title="Integrated Science Instrument Module">Integrated Science Instrument Module</a> review in March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element" title="Optical Telescope Element">Optical Telescope Element</a> review completed in October 2009, and the Sunshield review completed in January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In April 2010, the telescope passed the technical portion of its Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR). Passing the MCDR signified the integrated observatory can meet all science and engineering requirements for its mission.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The MCDR encompassed all previous design reviews. The project schedule underwent review during the months following the MCDR, in a process called the Independent Comprehensive Review Panel, which led to a re-plan of the mission aiming for a 2015 launch, but as late as 2018. By 2010, cost over-runs were impacting other projects, though Webb itself remained on schedule.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> By 2011, the Webb project was in the final design and fabrication phase (Phase C). Assembly of the hexagonal segments of the primary mirror, which was done via robotic arm, began in November 2015 and was completed on 3 February 2016. The secondary mirror was installed on 3 March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Final construction of the Webb telescope was completed in November 2016, after which extensive testing procedures began.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> In March 2018, NASA delayed Webb's launch an additional two years to May 2020 after the telescope's sunshield ripped during a practice deployment and the sunshield's cables did not sufficiently tighten. In June 2018, NASA delayed the launch by an additional 10 months to March 2021, based on the assessment of the independent review board convened after the failed March 2018 test deployment.<a href="#cite_note-NASAJWSTdelay2021-110">[108]</a> The review identified that Webb launch and deployment had 344 potential <a href="/wiki/Single-point_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-point failure">single-point failures</a> – tasks that had no alternative or means of recovery if unsuccessful, and therefore had to succeed for the telescope to work.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In August 2019, the mechanical integration of the telescope was completed, something that was scheduled to be done 12 years before in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> After construction was completed, Webb underwent final tests at Northrop Grumman's historic <a href="/wiki/Space_Park" title="Space Park">Space Park</a> in Redondo Beach, California.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> A ship carrying the telescope left California on 26 September 2021, passed through the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, and arrived in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> on 12 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_and_schedule_issues">Cost and schedule issues </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cost and schedule issues">edit</a>]</div> NASA's lifetime cost for the project is[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] expected to be US$9.7 billion, of which US$8.8 billion was spent on spacecraft design and development and US$861 million is planned to support five years of mission operations.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Representatives from ESA and CSA stated their project contributions amount to approximately €700 million and CA$200 million, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> A study in 1984 by the Space Science Board estimated that to build a next-generation infrared observatory in orbit would cost US$4 billion (US$7B in 2006 dollars, or $10B in 2020 dollars).<a href="#cite_note-nature06-74">[73]</a> While this came close to the final cost of Webb, the first NASA design considered in the late 1990s was more modest, aiming for a $1 billion price tag over 10 years of construction. Over time this design expanded, added funding for contingencies, and had scheduling delays. <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:0.5em; font-size:0.9em;"> <caption>Progression of estimates for schedule and cost, along with major milestones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Planned launch </th> <th>Budget plan (billion USD) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>2007<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></td> <td>1<a href="#cite_note-nature06-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>2009<a href="#cite_note-miri-49">[48]</a></td> <td>1.8<a href="#cite_note-nature06-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>2010<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></td> <td>2.5<a href="#cite_note-nature06-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>2011<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></td> <td>2.5<a href="#cite_note-nature06-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>2013</td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>2014</td> <td>4.5<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center">2008: Preliminary Design Review </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>2014</td> <td>5.1<a href="#cite_note-cowen-122">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center">2010: Critical Design Review </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>2015 to 2016</td> <td>6.5<a href="#cite_note-499224main_JWST-ICRP_Report-FINAL-123">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>2018</td> <td>8.7<a href="#cite_note-price-124">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-launch_2019-125">[123]</a></td> <td>8.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>2020<a href="#cite_note-:0-126">[124]</a></td> <td>≥8.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>March 2021<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></td> <td>9.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>Dec 2021<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></td> <td>9.70 </td></tr></tbody></table> By 2008, when the project entered preliminary design review and was formally confirmed for construction, over US$1 billion had already been spent on developing the telescope, and the total budget was estimated at US$5 billion (equivalent to $7.8 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-129">[127]</a> In summer 2010, the mission passed its Critical Design Review (CDR) with excellent grades on all technical matters, but schedule and cost slips at that time prompted Maryland U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a> to call for external review of the project. The Independent Comprehensive Review Panel (ICRP) chaired by J. Casani (JPL) found that the earliest possible launch date was in late 2015 at an extra cost of US$1.5 billion (for a total of US$6.5 billion). They also pointed out that this would have required extra funding in FY2011 and FY2012 and that any later launch date would lead to a higher total cost.<a href="#cite_note-499224main_JWST-ICRP_Report-FINAL-123">[121]</a> On 6 July 2011, the United States House of Representatives' appropriations committee on Commerce, Justice, and Science moved to cancel the James Webb project by proposing an FY2012 budget that removed US$1.9 billion from NASA's overall budget, of which roughly one quarter was for Webb.<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> US$3 billion had been spent and 75% of its hardware was in production.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> This budget proposal was approved by subcommittee vote the following day. The committee charged that the project was "billions of dollars over budget and plagued by poor management".<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-130">[128]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a> issued a statement in support of Webb,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> as did Senator Mikulski.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> A number of editorials supporting Webb appeared in the international press during 2011 as well.<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> In November 2011, Congress reversed plans to cancel Webb and instead capped additional funding to complete the project at US$8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> While similar issues had affected other major NASA projects such as the Hubble telescope, some scientists expressed concerns about growing costs and schedule delays for the Webb telescope, worrying that its budget might be competing with those of other space science programs.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceNov12-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciam15-141">[139]</a> A 2010 Nature article described Webb as "the telescope that ate astronomy".<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> NASA continued to defend the budget and timeline of the program to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-sciam15-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-143">[141]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_L._Robinson" title="Gregory L. Robinson">Gregory L. Robinson</a> was appointed as the new director of the Webb program.<a href="#cite_note-:02-144">[142]</a> Robinson was credited with raising the program's schedule efficiency (how many measures were completed on time) from 50% to 95%.<a href="#cite_note-:02-144">[142]</a> For his role in improving the performance of the Webb program, Robinsons's supervisor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Zurbuchen" title="Thomas Zurbuchen">Thomas Zurbuchen</a>, called him "the most effective leader of a mission I have ever seen in the history of NASA."<a href="#cite_note-:02-144">[142]</a> In July 2022, after Webb's commissioning process was complete and it began transmitting its first data, Robinson retired following a 33-year career at NASA.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> On 27 March 2018, NASA pushed back the launch to May 2020 or later,<a href="#cite_note-:0-126">[124]</a> with a final cost estimate to come after a new launch window was determined with the ESA.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20180327-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 2019, its mission cost cap was increased by US$800 million.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> After launch windows were paused in 2020 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cvdly-150">[148]</a> Webb was launched at the end of 2021, with a total cost of just under US$10 billion. No single area drove the cost. For future large telescopes, there are five major areas critical to controlling overall cost:<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <ul><li>System Complexity</li> <li>Critical path and <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">overhead</a></li> <li>Verification challenges</li> <li>Programmatic constraints</li> <li>Early integration and test considerations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnership">Partnership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Partnership">edit</a>]</div> NASA, ESA and CSA have collaborated on the telescope since 1996. ESA's participation in construction and launch was approved by its members in 2003 and an agreement was signed between ESA and NASA in 2007. In exchange for full partnership, representation and access to the observatory for its astronomers, ESA is providing the NIRSpec instrument, the Optical Bench Assembly of the MIRI instrument, an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5 ECA</a> launcher, and manpower to support operations.<a href="#cite_note-ESA_Media_Relations_Service-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> The CSA provided the Fine Guidance Sensor and the Near-Infrared Imager Slitless Spectrograph and manpower to support operations.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Several thousand scientists, engineers, and technicians spanning 15 countries have contributed to the build, test and integration of Webb.<a href="#cite_note-jenner010620-154">[152]</a> A total of 258 companies, government agencies, and academic institutions participated in the pre-launch project; 142 from the United States, 104 from 12 European countries (including 21 from the U.K., 16 from France, 12 from Germany and 7 international),<a href="#cite_note-jwst_team-155">[153]</a> and 12 from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-jenner010620-154">[152]</a> Other countries as NASA partners, such as Australia, were involved in post-launch operation.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Participating countries: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_concerns">Naming concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Naming concerns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb#NASA" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb § NASA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb#Legacy" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb § Legacy</a></div> In 2002, NASA administrator (2001–2004) <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">Sean O'Keefe</a> made the decision to name the telescope after <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a>, the administrator of NASA from 1961 to 1968 during the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nameannounce-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-95">[93]</a> In 2015, concerns were raised around Webb's possible role in the <a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">lavender scare</a>, the mid-20th-century persecution by the U.S. government targeting <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal employment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In 2022, NASA released a report of an investigation,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> based on an examination of more than 50,000 documents. The report found "no available evidence directly links Webb to any actions or follow-up related to the firing of individuals for their sexual orientation", either in his time in the State Department or at NASA.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_goals">Mission goals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mission goals">edit</a>]</div> The James Webb Space Telescope has four key goals: <ul><li>to search for light from the first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe after the Big Bang</li> <li>to study <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">galaxy formation and evolution</a></li> <li>to understand <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planet_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet formation">planet formation</a></li> <li>to study planetary systems and the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origins of life</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></li></ul> These goals can be accomplished more effectively by observation in near-infrared light rather than light in the visible part of the spectrum. For this reason, Webb's instruments will not measure visible or ultraviolet light like the Hubble Telescope, but will have a much greater capacity to perform <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared astronomy</a>. Webb will be sensitive to a range of wavelengths from 0.6 to 28 μm (corresponding respectively to orange light and deep infrared radiation at about 100 K or −173 °C). Webb may be used to gather information on the dimming light of star <a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">KIC 8462852</a>, which was discovered in 2015, and has some abnormal light-curve properties.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Additionally, it will be able to tell if an exoplanet has methane in its atmosphere, allowing astronomers to determine whether or not the methane is a <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220702-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit_design">Orbit design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orbit design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L2_rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/L2_rendering.jpg/310px-L2_rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/L2_rendering.jpg/465px-L2_rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/L2_rendering.jpg/620px-L2_rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption>Webb is not exactly at the L2 point, but circles around it in a <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carina_Nebula_in_Visible_and_Infrared.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Carina_Nebula_in_Visible_and_Infrared.jpg/310px-Carina_Nebula_in_Visible_and_Infrared.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Carina_Nebula_in_Visible_and_Infrared.jpg/465px-Carina_Nebula_in_Visible_and_Infrared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Carina_Nebula_in_Visible_and_Infrared.jpg/620px-Carina_Nebula_in_Visible_and_Infrared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Alternative <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> views of the <a href="/wiki/Carina_Nebula" title="Carina Nebula">Carina Nebula</a>, comparing ultraviolet and visible (top) and infrared (bottom) astronomy. Far more stars are visible in the latter.</figcaption></figure> Webb orbits the Sun near the second <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a> (L2) of the Sun–Earth system, which is 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) farther from the Sun than the Earth's orbit, and about four times farther than the Moon's orbit. Normally an object circling the Sun farther out than Earth would take longer than one year to complete its orbit. But near the <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L2</a> point, the combined gravitational pull of the Earth and the Sun allow a spacecraft to orbit the Sun in the same time that it takes the Earth. Staying close to Earth allows data rates to be much faster for a given size of antenna. The telescope circles about the Sun–Earth L2 point in a <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a>, which is inclined with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, has a radius varying between about 250,000 km (160,000 mi) and 832,000 km (517,000 mi), and takes about half a year to complete.<a href="#cite_note-stsci.edu-30">[29]</a> Since L2 is just an equilibrium point with no gravitational pull, a halo orbit is not an orbit in the usual sense: the spacecraft is actually in orbit around the Sun, and the halo orbit can be thought of as controlled drifting to remain in the vicinity of the L2 point.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> This requires some <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">station-keeping</a>: around 2.5 m/s per year<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> from the total <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">∆v</a> budget of 93 m/s.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a>: 10  Two sets of thrusters constitute the observatory's propulsion system.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Because the thrusters are located solely on the Sun-facing side of the observatory, all station-keeping operations are designed to slightly undershoot the required amount of thrust in order to avoid pushing Webb beyond the semi-stable <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L2</a> point, a situation which would be unrecoverable. Randy Kimble, the Integration and Test Project Scientist for the JWST, compared the precise station-keeping of Webb to "<a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a> [...] rolling this rock up the gentle slope near the top of the hill – we never want it to roll over the crest and get away from him".<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of James Webb Space Telescope trajectory</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Polar_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Polar_view.gif/200px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Polar_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Polar_view.gif/300px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Polar_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Polar_view.gif/400px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Polar_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Top view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Equatorial_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Equatorial_view.gif/200px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Equatorial_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Equatorial_view.gif/300px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Equatorial_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Equatorial_view.gif/400px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Equatorial_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Side view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Viewed_from_the_Sun.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Viewed_from_the_Sun.gif/200px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Viewed_from_the_Sun.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Viewed_from_the_Sun.gif/300px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Viewed_from_the_Sun.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Viewed_from_the_Sun.gif/400px-Animation_of_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_trajectory_-_Viewed_from_the_Sun.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Side view from the Sun</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  James Webb Space Telescope · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  L2 point</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_astronomy">Infrared astronomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Infrared astronomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HUDF-JD2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HUDF-JD2.jpg/310px-HUDF-JD2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HUDF-JD2.jpg/465px-HUDF-JD2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HUDF-JD2.jpg/620px-HUDF-JD2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Infrared observations can see objects hidden in visible light, such as the <a href="/wiki/HUDF-JD2" title="HUDF-JD2">HUDF-JD2</a> shown here.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Transmission-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Atmospheric_Transmission-en.svg/350px-Atmospheric_Transmission-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Atmospheric_Transmission-en.svg/525px-Atmospheric_Transmission-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Atmospheric_Transmission-en.svg/700px-Atmospheric_Transmission-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Atmospheric windows in the infrared: Much of this type of light is blocked when viewed from the Earth's surface. It would be like looking at a rainbow but only seeing one color.</figcaption></figure> Webb is the formal successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and since its primary emphasis is on <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared astronomy</a>, it is also a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>. Webb will far surpass both those telescopes, being able to see many more and much older stars and galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-RHowardJWST-171">[169]</a> Observing in the infrared spectrum is a key technique for achieving this, because of <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_redshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological redshift">cosmological redshift</a>, and because it better penetrates obscuring dust and gas. This allows observation of dimmer, cooler objects. Since water vapor and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere strongly absorbs most infrared, ground-based infrared astronomy is limited to narrow wavelength ranges where the atmosphere absorbs less strongly. Additionally, the atmosphere itself radiates in the infrared spectrum, often overwhelming light from the object being observed. This makes a space telescope preferable for infrared observation.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> The more distant an object is, the younger it appears; its light has taken longer to reach human observers. Because the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">universe is expanding</a>, as the light travels it becomes red-shifted, and objects at extreme distances are therefore easier to see if viewed in the infrared.<a href="#cite_note-ir_astronomy-173">[171]</a> Webb's infrared capabilities are expected to let it see back in time to the first galaxies forming just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.<a href="#cite_note-firstlight-174">[172]</a> Infrared radiation can pass more freely through regions of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">cosmic dust</a> that scatter visible light. Observations in infrared allow the study of objects and regions of space which would be obscured by gas and dust in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ir_astronomy-173">[171]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a> where stars are born, the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disks">circumstellar disks</a> that give rise to planets, and the cores of <a href="/wiki/Active_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Active galaxy">active galaxies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ir_astronomy-173">[171]</a> Relatively cool objects (temperatures less than several thousand degrees) emit their radiation primarily in the infrared, as described by <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's law</a>. As a result, most objects that are cooler than stars are better studied in the infrared.<a href="#cite_note-ir_astronomy-173">[171]</a> This includes the clouds of the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> both in our own and other solar systems, <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt objects</a> that will be observed with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI).<a href="#cite_note-miri-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-firstlight-174">[172]</a> Some of the missions in infrared astronomy that impacted Webb development were <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a> (WMAP).<a href="#cite_note-ssb-2006-175">[173]</a> Spitzer showed the importance of mid-infrared, which is helpful for tasks such as observing dust disks around stars.<a href="#cite_note-ssb-2006-175">[173]</a> Also, the WMAP probe showed the universe was "lit up" at redshift 17, further underscoring the importance of the mid-infrared.<a href="#cite_note-ssb-2006-175">[173]</a> Both these missions were launched in the early 2000s, in time to influence Webb development.<a href="#cite_note-ssb-2006-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ground_support_and_operations">Ground support and operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ground support and operations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute" title="Space Telescope Science Institute">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> (STScI), in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Homewood_Campus_of_Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University">Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University</a>, was selected in 2003 as the Science and Operations Center (S&OC) for Webb with an initial budget of US$162.2 million intended to support operations through the first year after launch.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In this capacity, STScI was to be responsible for the scientific operation of the telescope and delivery of data products to the astronomical community. Data was to be transmitted from Webb to the ground via the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a>, processed and calibrated at STScI, and then distributed online to astronomers worldwide. Similar to how Hubble is operated, anyone, anywhere in the world, will be allowed to submit proposals for observations. Each year several committees of astronomers will <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> the submitted proposals to select the projects to observe in the coming year. The authors of the chosen proposals will typically have one year of private access to the new observations, after which the data will become publicly available for download by anyone from the online archive at STScI.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The bandwidth and digital throughput of the satellite is designed to operate at 458 gigabits of data per day for the length of the mission (equivalent to a sustained rate of 5.42 <a href="/wiki/Mbps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbps">Mbps</a>).<a href="#cite_note-wired-20191022-40">[39]</a> Most of the data processing on the telescope is done by conventional single-board computers.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The digitization of the analog data from the instruments is performed by the custom SIDECAR ASIC (System for Image Digitization, Enhancement, Control And Retrieval <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">Application Specific Integrated Circuit</a>). NASA stated that the SIDECAR ASIC will include all the functions of a 9.1 kg (20 lb) instrument box in a 3 cm (1.2 in) package and consume only 11 milliwatts of power.<a href="#cite_note-Sidecar-178">[176]</a> Since this conversion must be done close to the detectors, on the cold side of the telescope, the low power dissipation is crucial for maintaining the low temperature required for optimal operation of Webb.<a href="#cite_note-Sidecar-178">[176]</a> The telescope is equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drive</a> (SSD) with a capacity of 68 GB, used as temporary storage for data collected from its scientific instruments. By the end of the 10-year mission, the usable capacity of the drive is expected to decrease to 60 GB due to the effects of radiation and read/write operations.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micrometeoroid_strike">Micrometeoroid strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Micrometeoroid strike">edit</a>]</div> The C3<a href="#cite_note-c3Position-181">[c]</a> mirror segment suffered a <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroid</a> strike from a large dust mote-sized particle between 23 and 25 May, the fifth and largest strike since launch, reported 8 June 2022, which required engineers to compensate for the strike using a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_actuator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirror actuator (page does not exist)">mirror actuator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wHarwood-182">[179]</a> Despite the strike, a NASA characterization report states "all JWST observing modes have been reviewed and confirmed to be ready for science use" as of July 10, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Howell_2022-07-18-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_launch_through_commissioning">From launch through commissioning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: From launch through commissioning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Launch_and_commissioning_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Launch and commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope">Launch and commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Launch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ariane_flight_VA256" title="Ariane flight VA256">Ariane flight VA256</a></div> The launch (designated <a href="/wiki/Ariane_flight_VA256" title="Ariane flight VA256">Ariane flight VA256</a>) took place as scheduled at 12:20 UTC on 25 December 2021 on an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> rocket that lifted off from the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AS-20211225-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20211227-185">[182]</a> The telescope was confirmed to be receiving power, starting a two-week deployment phase of its parts<a href="#cite_note-Space_Explored_2021-186">[183]</a> and traveling to its target destination.<a href="#cite_note-WP-20211225-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20211225-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20211225do-189">[186]</a> The telescope was released from the upper stage 27 minutes 7 seconds after launch, beginning a 30-day adjustment to place the telescope in a <a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous orbit</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2_point" title="Lagrange point">L2</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a>. The telescope was launched with slightly less speed than needed to reach its final orbit, and slowed down as it travelled away from Earth, in order to reach L2 with only the velocity needed to enter its orbit there. The telescope reached L2 on 24 January 2022. The flight included three planned course corrections to adjust its speed and direction. This is because the observatory could recover from underthrust (going too slowly), but could not recover from overthrust (going too fast) – to protect highly temperature-sensitive instruments, the sunshield must remain between telescope and Sun, so the spacecraft could not turn around or use its thrusters to slow down.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L2</a> orbit is <a href="/wiki/Stability_theory" title="Stability theory">unstable</a>, so JWST needs to use propellant to maintain its halo orbit around L2 (known as <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">station-keeping</a>) to prevent the telescope from drifting away from its orbital position.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> It was designed to carry enough propellant for 10 years,<a href="#cite_note-HowLong-193">[190]</a> but the precision of the Ariane 5 launch and the first midcourse correction were credited with saving enough onboard fuel that JWST may be able to maintain its orbit for around 20 years instead.<a href="#cite_note-Fuelsave-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ars1-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-196">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a> called the launch "flawless".<a href="#cite_note-reaction2-197">[194]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_launch_configuration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of Webb inside Ariane 5"><img alt="JWST launch configuration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/JWST_launch_configuration.png/99px-JWST_launch_configuration.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/JWST_launch_configuration.png/148px-JWST_launch_configuration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/JWST_launch_configuration.png/198px-JWST_launch_configuration.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of Webb inside Ariane 5</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_(NHQ202112230012).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ariane 5 and Webb at the ELA-3 launch pad"><img alt="JWST and Ariane 5 Rollout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%28NHQ202112230012%29.jpg/195px-Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%28NHQ202112230012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%28NHQ202112230012%29.jpg/293px-Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%28NHQ202112230012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%28NHQ202112230012%29.jpg/391px-Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%28NHQ202112230012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="5477" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ariane 5 and Webb at the <a href="/wiki/ELA-3" title="ELA-3">ELA-3</a> launch pad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch_(NHQ202112250010).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ariane 5 containing the James Webb Space Telescope lifting-off from the launch pad"><img alt="Ariane 5 containing the James Webb Space Telescope lifting-off from the launch pad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch_%28NHQ202112250010%29.jpg/297px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch_%28NHQ202112250010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch_%28NHQ202112250010%29.jpg/446px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch_%28NHQ202112250010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch_%28NHQ202112250010%29.jpg/594px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch_%28NHQ202112250010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3385" data-file-height="3076" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ariane 5 containing the James Webb Space Telescope lifting-off from the launch pad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 325.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 323.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ariane 5 containing Webb moments after lift-off"><img alt="Ariane 5 moments after lift-off" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch.jpg/485px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch.jpg/727px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch.jpg/970px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="894" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ariane 5 containing Webb moments after lift-off</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 322.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 320.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_as_seen_from_the_ESC-D_Cryotechnic_upper_stage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Webb as seen from the ESC-D Cryotechnic upper stage shortly after separation, approximately 29 minutes after launch. Part of the Earth with the Gulf of Aden is visible in the background of the image.[195]"><img alt="JWST as seen from the ESC-D Cryotechnic upper stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/JWST_as_seen_from_the_ESC-D_Cryotechnic_upper_stage.png/481px-JWST_as_seen_from_the_ESC-D_Cryotechnic_upper_stage.png" decoding="async" width="321" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/JWST_as_seen_from_the_ESC-D_Cryotechnic_upper_stage.png/721px-JWST_as_seen_from_the_ESC-D_Cryotechnic_upper_stage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/JWST_as_seen_from_the_ESC-D_Cryotechnic_upper_stage.png/961px-JWST_as_seen_from_the_ESC-D_Cryotechnic_upper_stage.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="918" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Webb as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5#Second_stage" title="Ariane 5">ESC-D Cryotechnic upper stage</a> shortly after separation, approximately 29 minutes after launch. Part of the Earth with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> is visible in the background of the image.<a href="#cite_note-jwstSeparation-198">[195]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit_and_structural_deployment">Transit and structural deployment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transit and structural deployment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWSTDeployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/JWSTDeployment.jpg/440px-JWSTDeployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/JWSTDeployment.jpg/660px-JWSTDeployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/JWSTDeployment.jpg/880px-JWSTDeployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Structural deployment timeline<a href="#cite_note-howBig-51">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> Webb was released from the rocket upper stage 27 minutes after a flawless launch.<a href="#cite_note-AS-20211225-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-reaction-199">[196]</a> Starting 31 minutes after launch, and continuing for about 13 days, Webb began the process of deploying its solar array, antenna, sunshield, and mirrors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-200">[197]</a> Nearly all deployment actions are commanded by the Space Telescope Science Institute in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, except for two early automatic steps, solar panel unfolding and communication antenna deployment.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The mission was designed to give ground controllers flexibility to change or modify the deployment sequence in case of problems.<a href="#cite_note-ExploreDeploy-203">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/220px--James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="107" data-mwtitle="James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm/James-Webb-Space-Telescope-Deployment-Sequence-_Nominal.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Structural deployment sequence</figcaption></figure> At 7:50 p.m. EST on 25 December 2021, about 12 hours after launch, the telescope's pair of primary rockets began firing for 65 minutes to make the first of three planned mid-course corrections.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> On day two, the high gain communication antenna deployed automatically.<a href="#cite_note-ExploreDeploy-203">[200]</a> On 27 December 2021, at 60 hours after launch, Webb's rockets fired for nine minutes and 27 seconds to make the second of three mid-course corrections for the telescope to arrive at its L2 destination.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> On 28 December 2021, three days after launch, mission controllers began the multi-day deployment of Webb's all-important sunshield. On 30 December 2021, controllers successfully completed two more steps in unpacking the observatory. First, commands deployed the aft "momentum flap", a device that provides balance against solar pressure on the sunshield, saving fuel by reducing the need for thruster firing to maintain Webb's orientation.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> On 31 December 2021, the ground team extended the two telescoping "mid booms" from the left and right sides of the observatory.<a href="#cite_note-Twobooms-207">[204]</a> The left side deployed in 3 hours and 19 minutes; the right side took 3 hours and 42 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Firstboom-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Twobooms-207">[204]</a> Commands to separate and tension the membranes followed between 3 and 4 January and were successful.<a href="#cite_note-Twobooms-207">[204]</a> On 5 January 2022, mission control successfully deployed the telescope's secondary mirror, which locked itself into place to a tolerance of about one and a half millimeters.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The last step of structural deployment was to unfold the wings of the primary mirror. Each panel consists of three primary mirror segments and had to be folded to allow the space telescope to be installed in the <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">fairing</a> of the Ariane rocket for the launch of the telescope. On 7 January 2022, NASA deployed and locked in place the port-side wing,<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2022_01_07-210">[207]</a> and on 8 January, the starboard-side mirror wing. This successfully completed the structural deployment of the observatory.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> On 24 January 2022, at 2:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time,<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-21-214">[211]</a> nearly a month after launch, a third and final course correction took place, inserting Webb into its planned <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a> around the Sun–Earth L2 point.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220124-215">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220124-216">[213]</a> The MIRI instrument has four observing modes – imaging, low-resolution spectroscopy, medium-resolution spectroscopy and coronagraphic imaging. "On Aug. 24, a mechanism that supports medium-resolution spectroscopy (MRS), exhibited what appears to be increased friction during setup for a science observation. This mechanism is a grating wheel that allows scientists to select between short, medium, and longer wavelengths when making observations using the MRS mode," said NASA in a press statement.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/220px--Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Animation_Of_Webb's_Orbit.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm/Animation_Of_Webb%27s_Orbit.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Animation of Webb's halo orbit</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioning_and_testing">Commissioning and testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commissioning and testing">edit</a>]</div> On 12 January 2022, while still in transit, mirror alignment began. The primary mirror segments and secondary mirror were moved away from their protective launch positions. This took about 10 days, because the 132<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-19-218">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a> motors are designed to fine-tune the mirror positions at microscopic accuracy (10 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a> increments) and must each move over 1.2 million increments (12.5 mm) during initial alignment.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-12-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-13-41">[40]</a> Mirror alignment requires each of the 18 mirror segments, and the secondary mirror, to be positioned to within 50 nanometers. NASA compares the required accuracy by analogy: "If the Webb primary mirror were the size of the United States, each [mirror] segment would be the size of Texas, and the team would need to line the height of those Texas-sized segments up with each other to an accuracy of about 1.5 inches".<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-03-220">[217]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">James Webb Space Telescope Mirror alignment animations</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Segment_Image_Identification.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Segment image identification. 18 mirror segments are moved to determine which segment creates which segment image. After matching the mirror segments to their respective images, the mirrors are tilted to bring all the images near a common point for further analysis."><img alt="Segment image identification. 18 mirror segments are moved to determine which segment creates which segment image. After matching the mirror segments to their respective images, the mirrors are tilted to bring all the images near a common point for further analysis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JWST_Segment_Image_Identification.gif/401px-JWST_Segment_Image_Identification.gif" decoding="async" width="268" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JWST_Segment_Image_Identification.gif/601px-JWST_Segment_Image_Identification.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/JWST_Segment_Image_Identification.gif 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="388" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Segment image identification. 18 mirror segments are moved to determine which segment creates which segment image. After matching the mirror segments to their respective images, the mirrors are tilted to bring all the images near a common point for further analysis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Segment_Alignment.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Segment alignment begins by defocusing the segment images by moving the secondary mirror slightly. Mathematical analysis, called phase retrieval, is applied to the defocused images to determine the precise positioning errors of the segments. Adjustments of the segments then result in 18 well-corrected "telescopes". However, the segments still do not work together as a single mirror."><img alt="Segment alignment begins by defocusing the segment images by moving the secondary mirror slightly. Mathematical analysis, called phase retrieval, is applied to the defocused images to determine the precise positioning errors of the segments. Adjustments of the segments then result in 18 well-corrected "telescopes". However, the segments still do not work together as a single mirror." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/JWST_Segment_Alignment.gif/401px-JWST_Segment_Alignment.gif" decoding="async" width="268" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/JWST_Segment_Alignment.gif/601px-JWST_Segment_Alignment.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/JWST_Segment_Alignment.gif 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="388" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Segment alignment begins by defocusing the segment images by moving the secondary mirror slightly. Mathematical analysis, called phase retrieval, is applied to the defocused images to determine the precise positioning errors of the segments. Adjustments of the segments then result in 18 well-corrected "telescopes". However, the segments still do not work together as a single mirror.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Image_Stacking.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image stacking. To put all of the light in a single place, each segment image must be stacked on top of one another. In the image stacking step, the individual segment images are moved so that they fall precisely at the center of the field to produce one unified image. This process prepares the telescope for coarse phasing."><img alt="Image stacking. To put all of the light in a single place, each segment image must be stacked on top of one another. In the image stacking step, the individual segment images are moved so that they fall precisely at the center of the field to produce one unified image. This process prepares the telescope for coarse phasing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/JWST_Image_Stacking.gif/401px-JWST_Image_Stacking.gif" decoding="async" width="268" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/JWST_Image_Stacking.gif/601px-JWST_Image_Stacking.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/JWST_Image_Stacking.gif 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="388" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image stacking. To put all of the light in a single place, each segment image must be stacked on top of one another. In the image stacking step, the individual segment images are moved so that they fall precisely at the center of the field to produce one unified image. This process prepares the telescope for coarse phasing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Telescope_Alignment_Over_Instrument_Fields_of_View.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Telescope alignment over instrument fields of view. After fine phasing, the telescope is well aligned at one place in the NIRCam field of view. Next the alignment must be extended to the rest of the instruments."><img alt="Telescope alignment over instrument fields of view. After fine phasing, the telescope is well aligned at one place in the NIRCam field of view. Next the alignment must be extended to the rest of the instruments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JWST_Telescope_Alignment_Over_Instrument_Fields_of_View.gif/401px-JWST_Telescope_Alignment_Over_Instrument_Fields_of_View.gif" decoding="async" width="268" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JWST_Telescope_Alignment_Over_Instrument_Fields_of_View.gif/601px-JWST_Telescope_Alignment_Over_Instrument_Fields_of_View.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/JWST_Telescope_Alignment_Over_Instrument_Fields_of_View.gif 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="388" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Telescope alignment over instrument fields of view. After fine phasing, the telescope is well aligned at one place in the NIRCam field of view. Next the alignment must be extended to the rest of the instruments.</div> </li> </ul> Mirror alignment was a complex operation split into seven phases, that had been repeatedly rehearsed using a 1:6 scale model of the telescope.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-03-220">[217]</a> Once the mirrors reached 120 K (−153 °C; −244 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-31-221">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">NIRCam</a> targeted the 6th magnitude star HD 84406 in <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-GZM-20220204-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT-20220206-225">[221]</a> To do this, NIRCam took 1560 images of the sky and used these wide-ranging images to determine where in the sky each segment of the main mirror initially pointed.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-11-226">[222]</a> At first, the individual primary mirror segments were greatly misaligned, so the image contained 18 separate, blurry, images of the star field, each containing an image of the target star. The 18 images of HD 84406 are matched to their respective mirror segments, and the 18 segments are brought into approximate alignment centered on the star ("Segment Image Identification"). Each segment was then individually corrected of its major focusing errors, using a technique called <a href="/wiki/Phase_retrieval" title="Phase retrieval">phase retrieval</a>, resulting in 18 separate good quality images from the 18 mirror segments ("Segment Alignment"). The 18 images from each segment, were then moved so they precisely overlap to create a single image ("Image Stacking").<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-03-220">[217]</a> With the mirrors positioned for almost correct images, they had to be fine tuned to their operational accuracy of 50 nanometers, less than one <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the light that will be detected. A technique called dispersed fringe sensing was used to compare images from 20 pairings of mirrors, allowing most of the errors to be corrected ("Coarse Phasing"), and then introduced light defocus to each segment's image, allowing detection and correction of almost all remaining errors ("Fine Phasing"). These two processes were repeated three times, and Fine Phasing will be routinely checked throughout the telescope's operation. After three rounds of Coarse and Fine Phasing, the telescope was well aligned at one place in the NIRCam field of view. Measurements will be made at various points in the captured image, across all instruments, and corrections calculated from the detected variations in intensity, giving a well-aligned outcome across all instruments ("Telescope Alignment Over Instrument Fields of View"). Finally, a last round of Fine Phasing and checks of image quality on all instruments was performed, to ensure that any small residual errors remaining from the previous steps, were corrected ("Iterate Alignment for Final Correction"). The telescope's mirror segments were then aligned and able to capture precise focused images.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-03-220">[217]</a> In preparation for alignment, NASA announced at 19:28 UTC on 3 February 2022, that NIRCam had detected the telescope's first <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> (although not yet complete images).<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-03-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-first_photons-227">[223]</a> On 11 February 2022, NASA announced the telescope had almost completed phase 1 of alignment, with every segment of its primary mirror having located and imaged the target star HD 84406, and all segments brought into approximate alignment.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-11-226">[222]</a> Phase 1 alignment was completed on 18 February 2022,<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-18-228">[224]</a> and a week later, phases 2 and 3 were also completed.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-25-229">[225]</a> This meant the 18 segments were working in unison, however until all 7 phases are complete, the segments were still acting as 18 smaller telescopes rather than one larger one.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-25-229">[225]</a> At the same time as the primary mirror was being commissioned, hundreds of other instrument commissioning and calibration tasks were also ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-24-230">[226]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_-_First_images_of_HD_84406_(segments_marked).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phase 1 interim image, annotated with the related mirror segments that took each image"><img alt="Phase 1 interim image, annotated with the related mirror segments that took each image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/JWST_-_First_images_of_HD_84406_%28segments_marked%29.png/276px-JWST_-_First_images_of_HD_84406_%28segments_marked%29.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/JWST_-_First_images_of_HD_84406_%28segments_marked%29.png/415px-JWST_-_First_images_of_HD_84406_%28segments_marked%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/JWST_-_First_images_of_HD_84406_%28segments_marked%29.png/552px-JWST_-_First_images_of_HD_84406_%28segments_marked%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="694" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phase 1 interim image, annotated with the related mirror segments that took each image</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_-_Images_of_HD_84406_after_phase_1_alignment_(segments_marked).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phase 1 annotated completion image of HD 84406"><img alt="Phase 1 annotated completion image of HD 84406" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/JWST_-_Images_of_HD_84406_after_phase_1_alignment_%28segments_marked%29.png/187px-JWST_-_Images_of_HD_84406_after_phase_1_alignment_%28segments_marked%29.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/JWST_-_Images_of_HD_84406_after_phase_1_alignment_%28segments_marked%29.png/281px-JWST_-_Images_of_HD_84406_after_phase_1_alignment_%28segments_marked%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/JWST_-_Images_of_HD_84406_after_phase_1_alignment_%28segments_marked%29.png/374px-JWST_-_Images_of_HD_84406_after_phase_1_alignment_%28segments_marked%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phase 1 annotated completion image of HD 84406</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_animated_segment_alignment.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Phase 2 completion, showing "before and after" effects of segment alignment"><img alt="Phase 2 completion, showing "before and after" effects of segment alignment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_animated_segment_alignment.gif/187px-JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_animated_segment_alignment.gif" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_animated_segment_alignment.gif/281px-JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_animated_segment_alignment.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_animated_segment_alignment.gif 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phase 2 completion, showing "before and after" effects of segment alignment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_after_image_stacking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phase 3 completion, showing 18 segments "stacked" as a single image of HD 84406"><img alt="Phase 3 completion, showing 18 segments "stacked" as a single image of HD 84406" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_after_image_stacking.jpg/187px-JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_after_image_stacking.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_after_image_stacking.jpg/281px-JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_after_image_stacking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_after_image_stacking.jpg/374px-JWST_commissioning_-_HD_84406_after_image_stacking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phase 3 completion, showing 18 segments "stacked" as a single image of HD 84406</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Star 2MASS J17554042+6551277[e] captured by NIRCam instrument"><img alt="Star 2MASS J17554042+6551277[e] captured by NIRCam instrument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JWST_Telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.jpg/296px-JWST_Telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JWST_Telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.jpg/445px-JWST_Telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JWST_Telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.jpg/592px-JWST_Telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5437" data-file-height="3438" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Star 2MASS J17554042+6551277<a href="#cite_note-232">[e]</a> captured by NIRCam instrument</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWST_Nircam_alignment_selfie_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A "selfie" taken by the NIRCam during the alignment process"><img alt="A "selfie" taken by the NIRCam during the alignment process" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/JWST_Nircam_alignment_selfie_labeled.jpg/173px-JWST_Nircam_alignment_selfie_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/JWST_Nircam_alignment_selfie_labeled.jpg/259px-JWST_Nircam_alignment_selfie_labeled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/JWST_Nircam_alignment_selfie_labeled.jpg/345px-JWST_Nircam_alignment_selfie_labeled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1173" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A "selfie" taken by the NIRCam during the alignment process</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MIRI_test_image_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud_-_Spitzer_vs_webb_LMC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image comparison between "old" Spitzer and new Webb[228]"><img alt="Image comparison between "old" Spitzer and new JWST" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MIRI_test_image_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud_-_Spitzer_vs_webb_LMC.png/245px-MIRI_test_image_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud_-_Spitzer_vs_webb_LMC.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MIRI_test_image_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud_-_Spitzer_vs_webb_LMC.png/368px-MIRI_test_image_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud_-_Spitzer_vs_webb_LMC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MIRI_test_image_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud_-_Spitzer_vs_webb_LMC.png/490px-MIRI_test_image_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud_-_Spitzer_vs_webb_LMC.png 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="1265" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image comparison between "old" <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> and new Webb<a href="#cite_note-UT-20220502-233">[228]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Webb_in_Full_Focus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alignment of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope's sensors[229]"><img alt="Alignment of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope's sensors[229]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Webb_in_Full_Focus.jpg/354px-Webb_in_Full_Focus.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Webb_in_Full_Focus.jpg/532px-Webb_in_Full_Focus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Webb_in_Full_Focus.jpg/707px-Webb_in_Full_Focus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4174" data-file-height="2208" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alignment of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope's sensors<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fine_Guidance_Sensor_Test_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Webb's Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)[230]"><img alt="Webb's Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)[230]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_Test_Image.jpg/196px-Fine_Guidance_Sensor_Test_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_Test_Image.jpg/294px-Fine_Guidance_Sensor_Test_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_Test_Image.jpg/392px-Fine_Guidance_Sensor_Test_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="2104" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Webb's Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allocation_of_observation_time">Allocation of observation time</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Allocation of observation time">edit</a>]</div> Webb observing time is allocated through a General Observers (GO) program, a Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program, and a Director's Discretionary Early Release Science (DD-ERS) program.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> The GTO program provides guaranteed observing time for scientists who developed hardware and software components for the observatory. The GO program provides all astronomers the opportunity to apply for observing time and will represent the bulk of the observing time. GO programs are selected through peer review by a Time Allocation Committee (TAC), similar to the proposal review process used for the Hubble Space Telescope. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Release_Science_program">Early Release Science program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Early Release Science program">edit</a>]</div> In November 2017, the Space Telescope Science Institute announced the selection of 13 Director's Discretionary Early Release Science (DD-ERS) programs, chosen through a competitive proposal process.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> The observations for these programs – Early Release Observations (ERO)<a href="#cite_note-MNRAS-20230101-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yan2023-240">[235]</a> – were to be obtained during the first five months of Webb science operations after the end of the commissioning period. A total of 460 hours of observing time was awarded to these 13 programs, which span science topics including the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>, nearby and distant <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lenses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a>. These 13 ERS programs were to use a total of 242.8 hours of observing time on the telescope (not including Webb observing overheads and <a href="/wiki/Slew_(spacecraft)" title="Slew (spacecraft)">slew</a> time). <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Early Release Science programs </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">Principal Investigator</a> </th> <th>Category </th> <th>Observation time (hours) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars as Traced by Multiband Imaging and Spectroscopic Mosaics </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Bern%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Berné (page does not exist)">Olivier Berné</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Bern%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Olivier Berné">fr</a>] </td> <td>Stellar Physics </td> <td>8.3<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">IceAge: Chemical Evolution of Ices during Star Formation </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melissa_McClure_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melissa McClure (astronomer) (page does not exist)">Melissa McClure</a> </td> <td>Stellar Physics </td> <td>13.4<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Through the Looking GLASS: A JWST Exploration of Galaxy Formation and Evolution from Cosmic Dawn to Present Day </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Treu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommaso Treu (page does not exist)">Tommaso Treu</a> </td> <td>Galaxies and the <a href="/wiki/Warm%E2%80%93hot_intergalactic_medium" title="Warm–hot intergalactic medium">IGM</a> </td> <td>24.3<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">A JWST Study of the Starburst-AGN Connection in Merging LIRGs </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Armus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Armus (page does not exist)">Lee Armus</a> </td> <td>Galaxies and the IGM </td> <td>8.7<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">The Resolved Stellar Populations Early Release Science Program </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Weisz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Weisz (page does not exist)">Daniel Weisz</a> </td> <td>Stellar Populations </td> <td>20.3<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Q-3D: Imaging Spectroscopy of Quasar Hosts with JWST Analyzed with a Powerful New PSF Decomposition and Spectral Analysis Package </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominika_Wylezalek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominika Wylezalek (page does not exist)">Dominika Wylezalek</a> </td> <td>Massive Black Holes and their Galaxies </td> <td>17.4<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">The Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Finkelstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Finkelstein (page does not exist)">Steven Finkelstein</a> </td> <td>Galaxies and the IGM </td> <td>36.6<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Establishing Extreme Dynamic Range with JWST: Decoding Smoke Signals in the Glare of a Wolf-Rayet Binary </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Lau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryan Lau (page does not exist)">Ryan Lau</a> </td> <td>Stellar Physics </td> <td>6.5<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">TEMPLATES: Targeting Extremely Magnified Panchromatic Lensed Arcs and Their Extended Star Formation </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jane_Rigby_(astrophysicist)" title="Jane Rigby (astrophysicist)">Jane Rigby</a> </td> <td>Galaxies and the IGM </td> <td>26.0<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Nuclear Dynamics of a Nearby Seyfert with NIRSpec Integral Field Spectroscopy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Misty_C._Bentz" title="Misty C. Bentz">Misty Bentz</a> </td> <td>Massive Black Holes and their Galaxies </td> <td>1.5<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Batalha" title="Natalie Batalha">Natalie Batalha</a> </td> <td>Planets and Planet Formation </td> <td>52.1<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">ERS observations of the Jovian System as a Demonstration of JWST's Capabilities for Solar System Science </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imke_de_Pater" title="Imke de Pater">Imke de Pater</a> </td> <td>Solar System </td> <td>9.3<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;">High Contrast Imaging of Exoplanets and Exoplanetary Systems with JWST </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasha_Hinkley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasha Hinkley (page does not exist)">Sasha Hinkley</a> </td> <td>Planets and Planet Formation </td> <td>18.4<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Observer_Program">General Observer Program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General Observer Program">edit</a>]</div> For GO Cycle 1 there were 6,000 hours of observation time available to allocate, and 1,173 proposals were submitted requesting a total of 24,500 hours of observation time.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> Selection of Cycle 1 GO programs was announced on 30 March 2021, with 266 programs approved. These included 13 large programs and treasury programs producing data for public access.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> The Cycle 2 GO program was announced on May 10, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> Webb science observations are nominally scheduled in weekly increments. The observation plan for every week is published on Mondays by the Space Telescope Science Institute.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> In Cycle 4 the telescope showed its continued popularity in the astronomy community by garnering 2,377 proposals for 78,000 hours of observing time, nine times more than the available amount.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_results">Scientific results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Scientific results">edit</a>]</div> The JWST completed its commissioning and was ready to begin full scientific operations on 11 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> With some exceptions, most experiment data is kept private for one year for the exclusive use of scientists running that particular experiment, and then the raw data will be released to the public.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Hubble (2017) compared to Webb (2022)<a href="#cite_note-NBC-20220712-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC-20220714-262">[257]</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DeepField-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NASA-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DeepField-2017.jpg/250px-NASA-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DeepField-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NASA-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DeepField-2017.jpg/375px-NASA-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DeepField-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NASA-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DeepField-2017.jpg/500px-NASA-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DeepField-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field_%28adjusted%29.jpg/250px-Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field_%28adjusted%29.jpg/375px-Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field_%28adjusted%29.jpg/500px-Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4479" data-file-height="4554" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field" title="Webb's First Deep Field">Deep Field</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">Galaxy cluster</a> <a href="/wiki/SMACS_J0723.3-7327" class="mw-redirect" title="SMACS J0723.3-7327">SMACS J0723.3-7327</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220711-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220711-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-SA-202207-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNET-20120713-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-UT-20220502-233">[228]</a></div></div></div></div> JWST observations substantially advanced understanding of exoplanets, the first billion years of the universe,<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> and many other astrophysical and cosmological phenomena. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_full-color_images">First full-color images</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: First full-color images">edit</a>]</div> The first full-color images and spectroscopic data were released on 12 July 2022, which also marked the official beginning of Webb's general science operations. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> revealed the first image, <a href="/wiki/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field" title="Webb's First Deep Field">Webb's First Deep Field</a>, on 11 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220711-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220711-264">[259]</a> Additional releases around this time include:<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-first-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220712-270">[265]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carina_Nebula" title="Carina Nebula">Carina Nebula</a> – young, star-forming region called <a href="/wiki/NGC_3324" title="NGC 3324">NGC 3324</a> about 8,500 light-years from Earth, described by NASA as "Cosmic Cliffs".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-96b" title="WASP-96b">WASP-96b</a> – including an analysis of atmosphere with evidence of water around a <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">giant gas</a> planet orbiting a distant star 1120 light-years from Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ring_Nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ring Nebula">Southern Ring Nebula</a> – clouds of gas and dust expelled by a dying star 2,500 light-years from Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan%27s_Quintet" title="Stephan's Quintet">Stephan's Quintet</a> – a visual display of five galaxies with colliding gas and dust clouds creating new stars; four central galaxies are 290 million light-years from Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMACS_J0723.3-7327" class="mw-redirect" title="SMACS J0723.3-7327">SMACS J0723.3-7327</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">galaxy cluster</a> at redshift 0.39, with distant background galaxies whose images are distorted and magnified due to <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational lensing">gravitational lensing</a> by the cluster. This image has been called Webb's First Deep Field. It was later discovered that in this picture the JWST had also revealed three ancient galaxies that existed shortly after the Big Bang. Its images of these distant galaxies are views of the universe 13.1 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-first-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a></li></ul> On 14 July 2022, NASA presented images of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and related areas by the JWST, including infrared views.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220715-273">[268]</a> In a preprint released around the same time, NASA, ESA and CSA scientists stated that "almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected". The document described a series of observations during the commissioning, when the instruments captured spectra of transiting exoplanets with a precision better than 1000 ppm per data point, and tracked moving objects with speeds up to 67 milliarcseconds/second, more than twice as fast as the requirement.<a href="#cite_note-tracking-28">[a]</a> It also obtained the spectra of hundreds of stars simultaneously in a dense field towards the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a>. Other targets included:<a href="#cite_note-Rigby_2022-07-12-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>Moving targets: <a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's rings">Jupiter's rings</a> and moons (particularly <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> <a href="/wiki/2516_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="2516 Roman">2516 Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/118_Peitho" title="118 Peitho">118 Peitho</a>, <a href="/wiki/6481_Tenzing" class="mw-redirect" title="6481 Tenzing">6481 Tenzing</a>, <a href="/wiki/1773_Rumpelstilz" class="mw-redirect" title="1773 Rumpelstilz">1773 Rumpelstilz</a>, <a href="/wiki/216_Kleopatra" title="216 Kleopatra">216 Kleopatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/2035_Stearns" title="2035 Stearns">2035 Stearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">4015 Wilson-Harrington</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_JX20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 JX20 (page does not exist)">2004 JX20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">NIRCam</a> <a href="/wiki/Grism" title="Grism">grism</a> time-series, NIRISS SOSS and <a href="/wiki/NIRSpec" title="NIRSpec">NIRSpec</a> BOTS mode: the Jupiter-sized planet <a href="/wiki/HAT-P-14b" title="HAT-P-14b">HAT-P-14b</a></li> <li>NIRISS <a href="/wiki/Aperture_masking_interferometry" title="Aperture masking interferometry">aperture masking interferometry</a> (AMI): A clear detection of the very low-mass companion star <a href="/wiki/AB_Doradus" title="AB Doradus">AB Doradus</a> C, which had a separation of only 0.3 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcseconds</a> to the primary. This observation was the first demonstration of AMI in space.</li> <li>MIRI low-resolution spectroscopy (LRS): a hot <a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earth</a> planet <a href="/wiki/L_168-9_b" class="mw-redirect" title="L 168-9 b">L 168-9 b</a> (TOI-134) around a bright <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M-dwarf</a> star (<a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> star)<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bright_early_galaxies">Bright early galaxies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bright early galaxies">edit</a>]</div> Within two weeks of the first Webb images, several preprint papers described a wide range of high redshift and very luminous (presumably large) galaxies believed to date from 235 million years (z=16.7) to 280 million years after the Big Bang, far earlier than previously known.<a href="#cite_note-MNRAS-20230101-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yan2023-240">[235]</a> On 17 August 2022, NASA released a large mosaic image of 690 individual frames taken by the NIRCam on Webb of numerous very early galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-UT-20220817-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-ES-20220818-276">[271]</a> Some early galaxies observed by Webb like <a href="/wiki/CEERS-93316" title="CEERS-93316">CEERS-93316</a>, which has an estimated redshift of approximately z=16.7 corresponding to 235.8 million years after the Big Bang, are high redshift galaxy candidates.<a href="#cite_note-EDIN-20220801-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Planck_2018age-278">[273]</a> In September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">primordial black holes</a> were proposed as explaining these unexpectedly large and early galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-jwst1-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-jwst2-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> In May 2024, the JWST identified the most distant known galaxy, JADES-GS-z14-0,<a href="#cite_note-:2-282">[277]</a> seen just 290 million years after the Big Bang, corresponding to a redshift of 14.32. Part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), this discovery highlights a galaxy significantly more luminous and massive than expected for such an early period. Detailed analysis using JWST's NIRSpec and MIRI instruments revealed this galaxy's remarkable properties, including its significant size and dust content, challenging current models of early galaxy formation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-282">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_noteworthy_observations_and_interpretations">Subsequent noteworthy observations and interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Subsequent noteworthy observations and interpretations">edit</a>]</div> In June 2023 detection of organic molecules 12 billion light-years away in a galaxy called <a href="/wiki/SPT0418-47" title="SPT0418-47">SPT0418-47</a> using the Webb telescope was announced.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> On 12 July 2023, NASA celebrated the first year of operations with the release of Webb's image of a small star-forming region in the <a href="/wiki/Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex" title="Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex">Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex</a>, 390 light years away.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> In September 2023, two astrophysicists questioned the accepted <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model_of_Cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Model of Cosmology">Standard Model of Cosmology</a>, based on the latest JWST studies.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230902-285">[280]</a> In December 2023, NASA released Christmas holiday-related images by JWST, including the <a href="/wiki/NGC_2264" title="NGC 2264">Christmas Tree Galaxy Cluster</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231219-286">[281]</a> In May 2024, the JWST detected the farthest known black hole merger.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> Occurring within the galaxy system ZS7, 740 million years after the Big Bang, this discovery suggests a fast growth rate for black holes through mergers, even in the young Universe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">First images by the James Webb Space Telescope – released 12 July 2022</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs,_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cosmic Cliffs of Carina Nebula (NGC 3324) (NIRCam)"><img alt="Cosmic Cliffs of Carina Nebula (NGC 3324) (NIRCam)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth.jpg/259px-NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth.jpg/389px-NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth.jpg/518px-NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14575" data-file-height="8441" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cosmic Cliffs of <a href="/wiki/Carina_Nebula" title="Carina Nebula">Carina Nebula</a> (<a href="/wiki/NGC_3324" title="NGC 3324">NGC 3324</a>) (NIRCam)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 290.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 288.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs,_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth_-_Flickr_-_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carina Nebula (NGC 3324) (MIRI)"><img alt="Carina Nebula (NGC 3324) (MIRI)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth_-_Flickr_-_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.png/433px-NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth_-_Flickr_-_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.png" decoding="async" width="289" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth_-_Flickr_-_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.png/650px-NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth_-_Flickr_-_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth_-_Flickr_-_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.png/866px-NASA%E2%80%99s_Webb_Reveals_Cosmic_Cliffs%2C_Glittering_Landscape_of_Star_Birth_-_Flickr_-_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.png 2x" data-file-width="11264" data-file-height="3904" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carina_Nebula" title="Carina Nebula">Carina Nebula</a> (<a href="/wiki/NGC_3324" title="NGC 3324">NGC 3324</a>) (MIRI)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Ring_Nebula_(NIRCam_and_MIRI_Images_Side_by_Side).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern Ring Nebula (NGC 3132; Left: NIRCam; Right: MIRI)"><img alt="Southern Ring Nebula (NGC 3132; Left: NIRCam; Right: MIRI)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Southern_Ring_Nebula_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png/324px-Southern_Ring_Nebula_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Southern_Ring_Nebula_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png/485px-Southern_Ring_Nebula_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Southern_Ring_Nebula_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png/647px-Southern_Ring_Nebula_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png 2x" data-file-width="9284" data-file-height="4310" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ring_Nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ring Nebula">Southern Ring Nebula</a> (<a href="/wiki/NGC_3132" title="NGC 3132">NGC 3132</a>; Left: NIRCam; Right: MIRI)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Webb%E2%80%99s_First_Deep_Field_(MIRI_and_NIRCam_Images_Side_by_Side).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Webb's First Deep Field (SMACS 0723; Left: MIRI; Right: NIRCam)"><img alt="Webb's First Deep Field (SMACS 0723; Left: MIRI; Right: NIRCam)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Webb%E2%80%99s_First_Deep_Field_%28MIRI_and_NIRCam_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png/221px-Webb%E2%80%99s_First_Deep_Field_%28MIRI_and_NIRCam_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Webb%E2%80%99s_First_Deep_Field_%28MIRI_and_NIRCam_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png/331px-Webb%E2%80%99s_First_Deep_Field_%28MIRI_and_NIRCam_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Webb%E2%80%99s_First_Deep_Field_%28MIRI_and_NIRCam_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png/441px-Webb%E2%80%99s_First_Deep_Field_%28MIRI_and_NIRCam_Images_Side_by_Side%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6317" data-file-height="4295" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field" title="Webb's First Deep Field">Webb's First Deep Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/SMACS_0723" title="SMACS 0723">SMACS 0723</a>; Left: <a href="/wiki/MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)">MIRI</a>; Right: <a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">NIRCam</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephan's Quintet (NIRCam/MIRI composite)"><img alt="Stephan's Quintet (NIRCam/MIRI composite)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/156px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/235px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/313px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12654" data-file-height="12132" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stephan%27s_Quintet" title="Stephan's Quintet">Stephan's Quintet</a> (NIRCam/MIRI composite)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_(NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum)_(weic2206a).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spectrum of WASP-96b"><img alt="Spectrum of WASP-96b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg/223px-Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="149" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg/335px-Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg/446px-Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2583" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spectrum of <a href="/wiki/WASP-96b" title="WASP-96b">WASP-96b</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_by_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Images by the James Webb Space Telescope">Images by the James Webb Space Telescope</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> – to JWST in 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libration_point_orbit" title="Libration point orbit">Libration point orbit</a> – Quasiperiodic orbit around a Lagrange point</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">List of deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_infrared_telescopes" title="List of largest infrared telescopes">List of largest infrared telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical reflecting telescopes">List of largest optical reflecting telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> – planned launch no later than May 2027</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a> – proposed occulter for the JWST</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a> – Branch of cosmology which studies mathematical models of the universe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">Satellite bus</a> – Main body and structural component of the satellite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">Solar panels on spacecraft</a> – Photovoltaic solar panels on spacecraft operating in the inner Solar System</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">Spacecraft attitude control</a> – Process of controlling orientation of an aerospace vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_thermal_control" title="Spacecraft thermal control">Spacecraft thermal control</a> – Process of keeping all parts of a spacecraft within acceptable temperature ranges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown:_Cosmic_Time_Machine" title="Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine">Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine</a>, Netflix documentary about JWST</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tracking-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tracking_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracking_28-1">b</a> JWST was designed with the requirement to track objects that move as fast as Mars, which has a maximum apparent speed on the sky of 30 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Symbols_and_abbreviations" title="Minute and second of arc">mas</a>/s, which is the value given in the technical specification, i.e. the nominal value.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher_2022-07-14-25">[25]</a> During commissioning, various asteroids were observed to determine the actual limitation for the speed of objects and it turned out to be 67 mas/s, which is more than twice the nominal value. Tracking at rates of 30–67 mas/s showed accuracies similar to tracking of slower targets. Thus, the telescope is able to observe also <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroids">near-Earth asteroids</a> (NEAs), comets closer to perihelion and <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">interstellar objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby_2022-07-12-26">[26]</a>: 8  Later, after more experience with <a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_and_Near_Infrared_Imager_and_Slitless_Spectrograph" title="Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph">FGS</a> had been gained, the tracking speed limit was finally set to 75 mas/s for routine observations. Higher rates up to 100 mas/s are also possible on special request, as FGS needs multiple guide stars to this end, which introduces complexity and inefficiency. The first observation with a super-fast rate was the <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> impact experiment on 26 September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Cesari_2023-02-08-27">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "Baffled", in this context, means enclosed in a tube in a similar manner to a conventional <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">optical telescope</a>, which helps to stop stray light entering the telescope from the side. For an actual example, see the following link: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreniere,_E.R.1981" class="citation conference cs1">Freniere, E.R. (1981). "First-order design of optical baffles". Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, First-order design of optical baffles. Radiation Scattering in Optical Systems. Vol. 257. pp. 19–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SPIE..257...19F">1981SPIE..257...19F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.959598">10.1117/12.959598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=First-order+design+of+optical+baffles&rft.btitle=Society+of+Photo-Optical+Instrumentation+Engineers+%28SPIE%29+Conference+Series%2C+First-order+design+of+optical+baffles&rft.pages=19-28&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.959598&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981SPIE..257...19F&rft.au=Freniere%2C+E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c3Position-181"><a href="#cite_ref-c3Position_181-0">^</a> The C3 mirror segment is positioned in the outer ring of segments, located at the '5 o'clock' number of a <a href="/wiki/Clock_face" title="Clock face">clock face</a>, when viewing the primary mirror face-on.<a href="#cite_note-c3Segment-180">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> HD 84406 is a star approximately 258.5 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> away in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>. The star is a <a href="/wiki/Spectral_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral type">spectral type</a> <a href="/wiki/G_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G star">G star</a> and has a high <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-222">[219]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> 2MASS J17554042+6551277 is a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>. It is located almost 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light years</a> away from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, within a degree of the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_pole" title="Orbital pole">north ecliptic pole</a>. Its visual <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> mv is 10.95, which makes it much too faint to be observed with the naked eye. It is cooler than the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, but some 13 to 16 times brighter in visible light,<a href="#cite_note-klu1-231">[227]</a> and is consequently not a <a href="/wiki/Solar_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar analogue">sun-like star</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jwstPartners-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jwstPartners_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jwstPartners_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/faq.html#partners">"NASA JWST "Who are the partners in the Webb project?""</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129213226/http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/faq.html#partners">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+JWST+%22Who+are+the+partners+in+the+Webb+project%3F%22&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jwst.nasa.gov%2Ffaq.html%23partners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/faq.html#howlong">"FAQ Full General Public Webb Telescope/NASA"</a>. jwst.nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723142004/https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/faq.html#howlong">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jwst.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=FAQ+Full+General+Public+Webb+Telescope%2FNASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwst.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fabout%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq.html%23howlong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/29/nasa-says-webbs-excess-fuel-likely-to-extend-its-lifetime-expectations/">"NASA Says Webb's Excess Fuel Likely to Extend its Lifetime Expectations – James Webb Space Telescope"</a>. blogs.nasa.gov. 29 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106191652/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/29/nasa-says-webbs-excess-fuel-likely-to-extend-its-lifetime-expectations/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+Says+Webb%27s+Excess+Fuel+Likely+to+Extend+its+Lifetime+Expectations+%E2%80%93+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2021%2F12%2F29%2Fnasa-says-webbs-excess-fuel-likely-to-extend-its-lifetime-expectations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_(JWST)-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_(JWST)_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_(JWST)_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2021-130A">"James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</a>. 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Retrieved 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JWST%3A+Mid-Infrared+Instrument+%28MIRI%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwst.nasa.gov%2Fmiri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-howBig-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howBig_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howBig_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/faq.html#howbig">"JWST"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163752/http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/faq.html#howbig">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JWST&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwst.nasa.gov%2Ffaq.html%23howbig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-miricooler-52"><a href="#cite_ref-miricooler_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanksLarsonAymergenZhang2008" class="citation book cs1">Banks, Kimberly; Larson, Melora; Aymergen, Cagatay; Zhang, Burt (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/MIRI/miricooler.pdf">"James Webb Space Telescope Mid-Infrared Instrument cooler systems engineering"</a> (PDF). In Angeli, George Z.; Cullum, Martin J. (eds.). Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy III. Vol. 7017. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7017E..0AB">2008SPIE.7017E..0AB</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.791925">10.1117/12.791925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17507846">17507846</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006144251/http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/MIRI/miricooler.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2016. <q>Fig. 1. Cooler Architecture Overview</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+Mid-Infrared+Instrument+cooler+systems+engineering&rft.btitle=Modeling%2C+Systems+Engineering%2C+and+Project+Management+for+Astronomy+III&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17507846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.791925&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SPIE.7017E..0AB&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft.au=Larson%2C+Melora&rft.au=Aymergen%2C+Cagatay&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Burt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fircamera.as.arizona.edu%2FMIRI%2Fmiricooler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/planetary-radio/2021-jwst-pre-launch-rene-doyon-heidi-hammel-mike-mcelwain">"JWST is ready for launch and amazing science"</a>. 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"The JWST Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) and Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS)". In Clampin, Mark C; Fazio, Giovanni G; MacEwen, Howard A; Oschmann, Jacobus M (eds.). Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave. Vol. 8442. pp. 84422R. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8442E..2RD">2012SPIE.8442E..2RD</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.926578">10.1117/12.926578</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120702854">120702854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+JWST+Fine+Guidance+Sensor+%28FGS%29+and+Near-Infrared+Imager+and+Slitless+Spectrograph+%28NIRISS%29&rft.btitle=Space+Telescopes+and+Instrumentation+2012%3A+Optical%2C+Infrared%2C+and+Millimeter+Wave&rft.pages=84422R&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120702854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.926578&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012SPIE.8442E..2RD&rft.aulast=Doyon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Hutchings%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Beaulieu%2C+Mathilde&rft.au=Albert%2C+Loic&rft.au=Lafreni%C3%A8re%2C+David&rft.au=Willott%2C+Chris&rft.au=Touahri%2C+Driss&rft.au=Rowlands%2C+Neil&rft.au=Maszkiewicz%2C+Micheal&rft.au=Fullerton%2C+Alex+W.&rft.au=Volk%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Martel%2C+Andr%C3%A9+R.&rft.au=Chayer%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Sivaramakrishnan%2C+Anand&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Ferrarese%2C+Laura&rft.au=Jayawardhana%2C+Ray&rft.au=Johnstone%2C+Doug&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Pipher%2C+Judith+L.&rft.au=Sawicki%2C+Marcin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) "FGS features two modules: an infrared camera dedicated to fine guiding of the observatory and a science camera module, the Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS)" </li> <li id="cite_note-jwstbus-55"><a href="#cite_ref-jwstbus_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/bus.html">"The Spacecraft Bus"</a>. NASA James Webb Space Telescope. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706094238/https://jwst.nasa.gov/bus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spacecraft+Bus&rft.pub=NASA+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwst.nasa.gov%2Fbus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-observ-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-observ_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-observ_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/observatory.html">"The JWST Observatory"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2016. <q>The Observatory is the space-based portion of the James Webb Space Telescope system and is comprisedof three elements: the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM), the Optical Telescope Element (OTE), which includes the mirrors and backplane, and the Spacecraft Element, which includes the spacecraft bus and the sunshield</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+JWST+Observatory&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwst.nasa.gov%2Fobservatory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-isimnasa-57"><a href="#cite_ref-isimnasa_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203070235/http://jwst.nasa.gov/isim.html">"Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM)"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+Completes+Webb+Telescope+Review%2C+Commits+to+Launch+in+Early+2021&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-completes-webb-telescope-review-commits-to-launch-in-early-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2018" class="citation web cs1">Achenbach, Joel (26 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/07/26/northrop-grumman-ceo-is-grilled-about-james-webb-space-telescope-errors/">"Northrop Grumman CEO is grilled about James Webb Space Telescope errors"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+James+Webb+Space+Telescope+to+be+Launched+Spring+2019&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fnasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-to-be-launched-spring-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/40102-james-webb-space-telescope-launch-delay-2020.html">"NASA Delays Launch of James Webb Space Telescope to 2020"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=James+Webb%3A+world%27s+most+powerful+telescope+makes+its+first+call+to+Australia+on+Christmas+Day&rft.date=2021-12-25&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2Fdec%2F25%2Fjames-webb-worlds-most-powerful-telescope-makes-its-first-call-to-australia-on-christmas-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis" class="citation web cs1">Francis, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewfrancis/2015/06/11/the-problem-with-naming-observatories-for-bigots/">"The Problem With Naming Observatories For Bigots"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Webb+telescope+still+performing+well+after+micrometeoroid+impact+on+mirror+segment%2C+NASA+says&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwebb-telescope-micrometeoroid-impact-mirror-segment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell_2022-07-18-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Howell_2022-07-18_183-0">^</a> Howell, Elizabeth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-micrometeoroid-damage">(18 July 2022) James Webb Space Telescope picture shows noticeable damage from micrometeoroid strike</a> cites a NASA-ESA-CSA joint report (12 July 2022) by 611 co-authors from 44 institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby_2022-07-12-26">[26]</a>: 2  </li> <li id="cite_note-AS-20211225-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS-20211225_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS-20211225_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arianespace.com/press-release/ariane-5-successful-launch-webb-space-telescope/">"Ariane 5 goes down in history with successful launch of Webb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a> (Press release). 25 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310095539/https://www.arianespace.com/press-release/ariane-5-successful-launch-webb-space-telescope/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022. 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Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104054403/https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-launch-nasa-reaction">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+truly+Christmas%27%3A+James+Webb+Space+Telescope%27s+yuletide+launch+has+NASA+overjoyed&rft.date=2021-12-25&rft.aulast=Pultarova&rft.aufirst=Tereza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fjames-webb-space-telescope-launch-nasa-reaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jwstSeparation-198"><a href="#cite_ref-jwstSeparation_198-0">^</a> Camera on ESC-D Cryotechnic upper stage <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nT7JGZMbtM&t=6637s">(25 Dec 2021) view of newly separated JWST, as seen from the ESC-D Cryotechnic upper stage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225214400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nT7JGZMbtM&t=6637s">Archived</a> 25 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reaction-199"><a href="#cite_ref-reaction_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPultarova2021" class="citation web cs1">Pultarova, Tereza (25 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-launch-nasa-reaction">"'It's truly Christmas': James Webb Space Telescope's yuletide launch has NASA overjoyed"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104054403/https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-launch-nasa-reaction">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+truly+Christmas%27%3A+James+Webb+Space+Telescope%27s+yuletide+launch+has+NASA+overjoyed&rft.date=2021-12-25&rft.aulast=Pultarova&rft.aufirst=Tereza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fjames-webb-space-telescope-launch-nasa-reaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-200"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzGLKQ7_KZQ">James Webb Space Telescope Deployment Sequence (Nominal)</a>, 12 November 2021, pp. 1:47, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/RzGLKQ7_KZQ">archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021, retrieved 23 December 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+Deployment+Sequence+%28Nominal%29&rft.pages=1%3A47&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRzGLKQ7_KZQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2021" class="citation web cs1">Warren, Haygen (27 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/james-webb-deployment-sequence-underway/">"James Webb Space Telescope en route to L2; deployment sequence underway"</a>. NASA spaceflight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105013628/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/james-webb-deployment-sequence-underway/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+spaceflight.com&rft.atitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+en+route+to+L2%3B+deployment+sequence+underway&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Haygen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2021%2F12%2Fjames-webb-deployment-sequence-underway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2022" class="citation news cs1">Achenbach, Joel (4 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/01/04/webb-telescope-sun-shield-deployed/">"NASA thrilled: Webb Space Telescope deploys sun shield, evades many potential 'single-point failures'"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104233214/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/01/04/webb-telescope-sun-shield-deployed/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=NASA+thrilled%3A+Webb+Space+Telescope+deploys+sun+shield%2C+evades+many+potential+%27single-point+failures%27&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft.aulast=Achenbach&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2F01%2F04%2Fwebb-telescope-sun-shield-deployed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExploreDeploy-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ExploreDeploy_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ExploreDeploy_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webb.nasa.gov/content/webbLaunch/deploymentExplorer.html">"Gimbaled Antenna Assembly"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127113812/https://webb.nasa.gov/content/webbLaunch/deploymentExplorer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.atitle=Gimbaled+Antenna+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebb.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2FwebbLaunch%2FdeploymentExplorer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2021" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Karen (25 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/25/the-first-mid-course-correction-burn/">"The First Mid-Course Correction Burn"</a>. NASA Blogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226224905/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/25/the-first-mid-course-correction-burn/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Blogs&rft.atitle=The+First+Mid-Course+Correction+Burn&rft.date=2021-12-25&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2021%2F12%2F25%2Fthe-first-mid-course-correction-burn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2021" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Karen (27 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/27/webbs-second-mid-course-correction-burn/">"Webb's Second Mid-Course Correction Burn"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229005346/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/27/webbs-second-mid-course-correction-burn/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=Webb%27s+Second+Mid-Course+Correction+Burn&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2021%2F12%2F27%2Fwebbs-second-mid-course-correction-burn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2021" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Alise (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/30/webbs-aft-momentum-flap-deployed/">"Webb's Aft Momentum Flap Deployed"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230221838/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/30/webbs-aft-momentum-flap-deployed/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=Webb%27s+Aft+Momentum+Flap+Deployed&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2021%2F12%2F30%2Fwebbs-aft-momentum-flap-deployed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twobooms-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twobooms_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twobooms_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twobooms_207-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2021" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Patrick (31 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/31/with-webbs-mid-booms-extended-sunshield-takes-shape/">"With Webb's Mid-Booms Extended, Sunshield Takes Shape"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524194046/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/31/with-webbs-mid-booms-extended-sunshield-takes-shape/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=With+Webb%27s+Mid-Booms+Extended%2C+Sunshield+Takes+Shape&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2021%2F12%2F31%2Fwith-webbs-mid-booms-extended-sunshield-takes-shape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firstboom-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Firstboom_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2021" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Patrick (31 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/31/first-of-two-sunshield-mid-booms-deploys/">"First of Two Sunshield Mid-Booms Deploys"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429111850/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2021/12/31/first-of-two-sunshield-mid-booms-deploys/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=First+of+Two+Sunshield+Mid-Booms+Deploys&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2021%2F12%2F31%2Ffirst-of-two-sunshield-mid-booms-deploys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2022" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Alise (5 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/05/secondary-mirror-deployment-confirmed/">"Secondary Mirror Deployment Confirmed"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105225237/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/05/secondary-mirror-deployment-confirmed/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=Secondary+Mirror+Deployment+Confirmed&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F05%2Fsecondary-mirror-deployment-confirmed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_2022_01_07-210"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_2022_01_07_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2022" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Alise (7 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/07/first-of-two-primary-mirror-wings-unfolds/">"First of Two Primary Mirror Wings Unfolds"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107230121/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/07/first-of-two-primary-mirror-wings-unfolds/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=First+of+Two+Primary+Mirror+Wings+Unfolds&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F07%2Ffirst-of-two-primary-mirror-wings-unfolds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2022" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Alise (8 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/08/primary-mirror-wings-deployed-all-major-deployments-complete/">"Primary Mirror Wings Deployed, All Major Deployments Complete"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123110611/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/08/primary-mirror-wings-deployed-all-major-deployments-complete/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=Primary+Mirror+Wings+Deployed%2C+All+Major+Deployments+Complete&rft.date=2022-01-08&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F08%2Fprimary-mirror-wings-deployed-all-major-deployments-complete%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2022" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (8 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cansciencenews.com/2022/01/08/remarkably-nasa-has-completed-deployment-of-the-webb-space-telescope/">"Remarkably, NASA has completed deployment of the Webb space telescope"</a>. cansciencenews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109071434/https://cansciencenews.com/2022/01/08/remarkably-nasa-has-completed-deployment-of-the-webb-space-telescope/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cansciencenews.com&rft.atitle=Remarkably%2C+NASA+has+completed+deployment+of+the+Webb+space+telescope&rft.date=2022-01-08&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcansciencenews.com%2F2022%2F01%2F08%2Fremarkably-nasa-has-completed-deployment-of-the-webb-space-telescope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-01-space-telescope-golden-eye-major.html">"Space telescope's 'golden eye' opens, last major hurdle"</a>. phys.org. 8 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108210342/https://phys.org/news/2022-01-space-telescope-golden-eye-major.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Space+telescope%27s+%27golden+eye%27+opens%2C+last+major+hurdle&rft.date=2022-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-01-space-telescope-golden-eye-major.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-21-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-01-21_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2022" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Alise (21 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/21/webbs-journey-to-l2-is-nearly-complete">"Webb's Journey to L2 Is Nearly Complete"</a>. James Webb Space Telescope (NASA Blogs). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125000731/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/21/webbs-journey-to-l2-is-nearly-complete/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+%28NASA+Blogs%29&rft.atitle=Webb%27s+Journey+to+L2+Is+Nearly+Complete&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F21%2Fwebbs-journey-to-l2-is-nearly-complete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20220124-215"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20220124_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoulette2022" class="citation news cs1">Roulette, Joey (24 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/24/science/james-webb-telescope-arrival.html">"After Million-Mile Journey, James Webb Telescope Reaches Destination – The telescope's safe arrival is a relief to scientists who plan to spend the next 10 or more years using it to study ancient galaxies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124191053/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/24/science/james-webb-telescope-arrival.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Million-Mile+Journey%2C+James+Webb+Telescope+Reaches+Destination+%E2%80%93+The+telescope%27s+safe+arrival+is+a+relief+to+scientists+who+plan+to+spend+the+next+10+or+more+years+using+it+to+study+ancient+galaxies.&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.aulast=Roulette&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F24%2Fscience%2Fjames-webb-telescope-arrival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20220124-216"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20220124_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/24/orbital-insertion-burn-a-success-webb-arrives-at-l2/">"Orbital Insertion Burn a Success, Webb Arrives at L2 – James Webb Space Telescope"</a>. Blogs.nasa.gov. 24 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212041650/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/24/orbital-insertion-burn-a-success-webb-arrives-at-l2/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blogs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Orbital+Insertion+Burn+a+Success%2C+Webb+Arrives+at+L2+%E2%80%93+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F24%2Forbital-insertion-burn-a-success-webb-arrives-at-l2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/james-webb-space-telescope-runs-into-technical-issue-8163593/">"James Webb Space Telescope runs into technical issue"</a>. The Indian Express. 21 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928094528/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/james-webb-space-telescope-runs-into-technical-issue-8163593/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+runs+into+technical+issue&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ftechnology%2Fscience%2Fjames-webb-space-telescope-runs-into-technical-issue-8163593%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-19-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-01-19_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/19/webb-mirror-segment-deployments-complete">"Webb Mirror Segment Deployments Complete – James Webb Space Telescope"</a>. 19 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124072108/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/19/webb-mirror-segment-deployments-complete/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Webb+Mirror+Segment+Deployments+Complete+%E2%80%93+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F19%2Fwebb-mirror-segment-deployments-complete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-12-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-01-12_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/12/webb-begins-its-months-long-mirror-alignment">"Webb Begins Its Months-Long Mirror Alignment – James Webb Space Telescope"</a>. 12 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116205042/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/12/webb-begins-its-months-long-mirror-alignment/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Webb+Begins+Its+Months-Long+Mirror+Alignment+%E2%80%93+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F12%2Fwebb-begins-its-months-long-mirror-alignment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-03-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-02-03_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-02-03_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-02-03_220-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-02-03_220-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-02-03_220-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/02/03/photons-incoming-webb-team-begins-aligning-the-telescope">"Photons Incoming: Webb Team Begins Aligning the Telescope – James Webb Space Telescope"</a>. 3 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083322/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/02/03/photons-incoming-webb-team-begins-aligning-the-telescope/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photons+Incoming%3A+Webb+Team+Begins+Aligning+the+Telescope+%E2%80%93+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F02%2F03%2Fphotons-incoming-webb-team-begins-aligning-the-telescope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-01-31-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-01-31_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/31/following-webbs-arrival-at-l2-telescope-commissioning-set-to-begin/">"Following Webb's Arrival at L2, Telescope Commissioning Set to Begin – James Webb Space Telescope"</a>. 31 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205043153/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/01/31/following-webbs-arrival-at-l2-telescope-commissioning-set-to-begin/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Following+Webb%27s+Arrival+at+L2%2C+Telescope+Commissioning+Set+to+Begin+%E2%80%93+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F01%2F31%2Ffollowing-webbs-arrival-at-l2-telescope-commissioning-set-to-begin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-222"><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+84406">"HD 84406"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIMBAD&rft.atitle=HD+84406&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-basic%3FIdent%3DHD%2B84406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GZM-20220204-224"><a href="#cite_ref-GZM-20220204_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorsky2022" class="citation news cs1">Dvorsky, George (4 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/james-webb-space-telescop-first-star-light-hd-84406-1848480785">"Webb Space Telescope Successfully Sees Its First Glimmer of Light – HD 84406 will go down in history as the first star spotted by the $10 billion space telescope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224094756/https://gizmodo.com/james-webb-space-telescop-first-star-light-hd-84406-1848480785">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=Webb+Space+Telescope+Successfully+Sees+Its+First+Glimmer+of+Light+%E2%80%93+HD+84406+will+go+down+in+history+as+the+first+star+spotted+by+the+%2410+billion+space+telescope.&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft.aulast=Dvorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fjames-webb-space-telescop-first-star-light-hd-84406-1848480785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT-20220206-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FT-20220206_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2022" class="citation news cs1">Hood, Abby Lee (6 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futurism.com/the-byte/james-webb-telescope-first-signal">"The James Webb Space Telescope Just Detected Its First Signal – We're Watching The Future Unfold In Real Time"</a>. Futurism.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319005008/https://futurism.com/the-byte/james-webb-telescope-first-signal">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Futurism.com&rft.atitle=The+James+Webb+Space+Telescope+Just+Detected+Its+First+Signal+%E2%80%93+We%27re+Watching+The+Future+Unfold+In+Real+Time&rft.date=2022-02-06&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Abby+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffuturism.com%2Fthe-byte%2Fjames-webb-telescope-first-signal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_blog_2022-02-11-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-02-11_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_blog_2022-02-11_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/02/11/photons-received-webb-sees-its-first-star-18-times/">"Photons Received: Webb Sees Its First Star – 18 Times – James Webb Space Telescope"</a>. Blogs.nasa.gov. 11 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211235906/https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/02/11/photons-received-webb-sees-its-first-star-18-times/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blogs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Photons+Received%3A+Webb+Sees+Its+First+Star+%E2%80%93+18+Times+%E2%80%93+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fwebb%2F2022%2F02%2F11%2Fphotons-received-webb-sees-its-first-star-18-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-first_photons-227"><a href="#cite_ref-first_photons_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobile.twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1489319970324496386">"Our NIRCam instrument's detectors saw their 1st photons of starlight! While #NASAWebb is not yet ready for science, this is the first of many steps to capture images that are at first unfocused, used to slowly fine-tune the optics"</a>. Twitter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208224751/https://mobile.twitter.com/nasawebb/status/1489319970324496386">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2022. 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Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Resolved+Stellar+Populations+Early+Release+Science+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1334-weisz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominika_Wylezalek" class="citation web cs1">Dominika Wylezalek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1335-wylezalek.pdf">"Q-3D: Imaging Spectroscopy of Quasar Hosts with JWST Analyzed with a Powerful New PSF Decomposition and Spectral Analysis Package"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144624/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1335-wylezalek.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q-3D%3A+Imaging+Spectroscopy+of+Quasar+Hosts+with+JWST+Analyzed+with+a+Powerful+New+PSF+Decomposition+and+Spectral+Analysis+Package&rft.au=Dominika+Wylezalek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1335-wylezalek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1345-finkelstein.pdf">"The Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144624/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1345-finkelstein.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Evolution+Early+Release+Science+%28CEERS%29+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1345-finkelstein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1349-lau.pdf">"Establishing Extreme Dynamic Range with JWST: Decoding Smoke Signals in the Glare of a Wolf-Rayet Binary"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144625/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1349-lau.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Establishing+Extreme+Dynamic+Range+with+JWST%3A+Decoding+Smoke+Signals+in+the+Glare+of+a+Wolf-Rayet+Binary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1349-lau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1355-rigby.pdf">"TEMPLATES: Targeting Extremely Magnified Panchromatic Lensed Arcs and Their Extended Star Formation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144625/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1355-rigby.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TEMPLATES%3A+Targeting+Extremely+Magnified+Panchromatic+Lensed+Arcs+and+Their+Extended+Star+Formation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1355-rigby.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1364-bentz.pdf">"Nuclear Dynamics of a Nearby Seyfert with NIRSpec Integral Field Spectroscopy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144625/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1364-bentz.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Dynamics+of+a+Nearby+Seyfert+with+NIRSpec+Integral+Field+Spectroscopy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1364-bentz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1366-batalha.pdf">"The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144626/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1366-batalha.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Transiting+Exoplanet+Community+Early+Release+Science+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1366-batalha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1373-depater.pdf">"ERS observations of the Jovian System as a Demonstration of JWST's Capabilities for Solar System Science"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144626/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1373-depater.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ERS+observations+of+the+Jovian+System+as+a+Demonstration+of+JWST%27s+Capabilities+for+Solar+System+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1373-depater.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1386-hinkley.pdf">"High Contrast Imaging of Exoplanets and Exoplanetary Systems with JWST"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144626/https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/news-events/news/pre-2018/_documents/ers-1386-hinkley.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Contrast+Imaging+of+Exoplanets+and+Exoplanetary+Systems+with+JWST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ffiles%2Fhome%2Fjwst%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpre-2018%2F_documents%2Fers-1386-hinkley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/contents/news/jwst/2020/jwst-cycle-1-general-observer-submission-statistics">"JWST Cycle 1 General Observer Submission Statistics"</a>. Space Telescope Science Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144630/https://www.stsci.edu/contents/news/jwst/2020/jwst-cycle-1-general-observer-submission-statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JWST+Cycle+1+General+Observer+Submission+Statistics&rft.pub=Space+Telescope+Science+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Fcontents%2Fnews%2Fjwst%2F2020%2Fjwst-cycle-1-general-observer-submission-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/contents/news/jwst/2021/stsci-announces-the-jwst-cycle-1-general-observer-program">"STScI Announces the JWST Cycle 1 General Observer Program"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715144630/https://www.stsci.edu/contents/news/jwst/2021/stsci-announces-the-jwst-cycle-1-general-observer-program">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STScI+Announces+the+JWST+Cycle+1+General+Observer+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsci.edu%2Fcontents%2Fnews%2Fjwst%2F2021%2Fstsci-announces-the-jwst-cycle-1-general-observer-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsci.edu/contents/news/jwst/2023/stsci-announces-the-jwst-cycle-2-general-observer-program">"STScI Announces the JWST Cycle 2 General Observer Program"</a>. Space Telescope Science Institute. 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Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIR+SPACE+News&rft.atitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope+Marks+First+Year+of+Science+Operations&rft.date=2023-07-15&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairspacenews.net%2Fjames-webb-space-telescope-marks-first-year-of-science-operations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20230902-285"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20230902_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankGleiser2023" class="citation news cs1">Frank, Adam; Gleiser, Marcelo (2 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/02/opinion/cosmology-crisis-webb-telescope.html">"The Story of Our Universe May Be Starting to Unravel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230902161629/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/02/opinion/cosmology-crisis-webb-telescope.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Our+Universe+May+Be+Starting+to+Unravel&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Gleiser%2C+Marcelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F09%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fcosmology-crisis-webb-telescope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20231219-286"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20231219_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2023" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Katrina (19 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/19/science/christmas-stars-galaxies-webb-nasa.html">"It's Christmastime in the Cosmos - Astronomers have a long tradition of finding holiday cheer in outer space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231219114751/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/19/science/christmas-stars-galaxies-webb-nasa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It%27s+Christmastime+in+the+Cosmos+-+Astronomers+have+a+long+tradition+of+finding+holiday+cheer+in+outer+space.&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F19%2Fscience%2Fchristmas-stars-galaxies-webb-nasa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Webb/Webb_detects_most_distant_black_hole_merger_to_date">"Webb detects most distant black hole merger to date"</a>. www.esa.int. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=Webb+detects+most+distant+black+hole+merger+to+date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FSpace_Science%2FWebb%2FWebb_detects_most_distant_black_hole_merger_to_date&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Jonathan P.; et al. (November 2006). "The James Webb Space Telescope". Space Science Reviews. 123 (4): 484–606. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0606175">astro-ph/0606175</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SSRv..123..485G">2006SSRv..123..485G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-006-8315-7">10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118865272">118865272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=484-606&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0606175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118865272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-006-8315-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006SSRv..123..485G&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> The formal case for JWST science presented in 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalirai2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kalirai, Jason (April 2018). "Scientific discovery with the James Webb Space Telescope". Contemporary Physics. 59 (3): 259–290. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.06941">1805.06941</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ConPh..59..251K">2018ConPh..59..251K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107514.2018.1467648">10.1080/00107514.2018.1467648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85539627">85539627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Physics&rft.atitle=Scientific+discovery+with+the+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-290&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1805.06941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85539627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00107514.2018.1467648&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ConPh..59..251K&rft.aulast=Kalirai&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"> A review of JWST capabilities and scientific opportunities.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigbyPerrinMcElwainKimble2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rigby, Jane; Perrin, Marshall; McElwain, Michael; Kimble, Randy; Friedman, Scott; et al. (2023). "The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 135 (1046): 048001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.05632">2207.05632</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PASP..135d8001R">2023PASP..135d8001R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1538-3873%2Facb293">10.1088/1538-3873/acb293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253735464">253735464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=The+Science+Performance+of+JWST+as+Characterized+in+Commissioning&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1046&rft.pages=048001&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2207.05632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253735464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1538-3873%2Facb293&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PASP..135d8001R&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Perrin%2C+Marshall&rft.au=McElwain%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kimble%2C+Randy&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Webb+Space+Telescope" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" class="extiw" title="commons:James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Official <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/webbLaunch/index.html">NASA</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webbtelescope.org/">STScI</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Webb">ESA</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.fr/">French</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/webbLaunch/whereIsWebb.html?units=metric">JWST NASA – Tracking Page − Launch to Final Calibrations</a> (and more)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/orbit.html">JWST NASA – About page</a> − Timeline details / Webb orbit / L2 / Communicating</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jameswebbdiscovery.com/#h.7id6m55fvut9">Chronological List of James Webb Telescope Discoveries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211230000734/https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/5-critical-moments-will-determine-the-success-or-failure-of-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-b405414a062b">JWST Text – Most Critical Events – Launching and Deployment</a> (2021)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aICaAEXDJQQ">JWST Video (031:22): Highlights − Technical Engineering Details</a> (2021)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ihVeEoUdo">JWST Video (012:02): 1st Month – Launching and Deployment</a> (animation; 2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUAvXYW5bmI">JWST Video (008:06): 1st Month − Launching and Deployment</a> (update; 2021)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlwatKpla8s">JWST Video (003:00): 2nd Month − Mirror Alignment details</a> (2/11/2022)</li> <li>JWST Videos (Mission Control Live) – Deployment Events − Now Successfully Completed (2022): <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViXoWdbF-Ys">LAUNCH (005:07; 25 Dec 2021)</a> ⇒ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRqHlta6lr8">SEPARATION (003:14; 25 Dec 2021)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2021/12/Webb_separation_from_Ariane_5">mirror</a>) ⇒ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBPNi7uGgWM">James Webb Space Telescope: Sunshield Deployment – Mission Control Live SUNSHIELD (152:45; 04 Jan 2022)</a> ⇒</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EnlaXnFcGs">James Webb Space Telescope: Secondary Mirror Deployment – Mission Control Live SECONDARY MIRROR (087:15; 05 Jan 2022)</a> ⇒ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlGTem8vkB0">James Webb Space Telescope: Primary Mirror Deployment – Mission Control Live PRIMARY MIRROR (242:29; 08 Jan 2022)</a> ⇒ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hET2MS1tIjA">News Update on James Webb Space Telescope's Full Deployment FINAL DEPLOYMENT (085:15; 08 Jan 2022)</a> ⇒</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmD8pefGG2k">Media Briefing: What's Next for the James Webb Space Telescope ARRIVAL AT L2 (077:14; 24 Jan 2022)</a> ⇒ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYDNS471jc8">JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE First Photos, Data & Calibrations Explained TESTINGS & CALIBRATIONS</a> ⇒ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Pl749Dgx0A">The First Thing That James Webb Will See FIRST LIGHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Template:James Webb Space Telescope"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Template talk:James Webb Space Telescope"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Webb Space Telescope"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb Space Telescope</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">Timeline of JWST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments and sensors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_and_Near_Infrared_Imager_and_Slitless_Spectrograph" title="Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph">Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)">Mid-Infrared Instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">Near-Infrared Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIRSpec" title="NIRSpec">Near-Infrared Spectrograph</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg/100px-Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg/150px-Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg/200px-Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4537" data-file-height="4630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png/100px-JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png/150px-JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png/200px-JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="664" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Science_Instrument_Module" title="Integrated Science Instrument Module">Integrated Science Instrument Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element" title="Optical Telescope Element">Optical Telescope Element (mirrors)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(James_Webb_Space_Telescope)" title="Spacecraft bus (James Webb Space Telescope)">Spacecraft bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_sunshield" title="James Webb Space Telescope sunshield">Sunshield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_commissioning_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Launch and commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope">Launch and commissioning</a> (2021-2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_flight_VA256" title="Ariane flight VA256">Ariane flight VA256</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field" title="Webb's First Deep Field">Webb's First Deep Field</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEERS-93316" title="CEERS-93316">CEERS-93316</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLASS-z12" title="GLASS-z12">GLASS-z12</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JADES-GS-z13-0" title="JADES-GS-z13-0">JADES-GS-z13-0</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_475_b" title="LHS 475 b">LHS 475 b</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AzTECC71" title="AzTECC71">AzTECC71</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute" title="Space Telescope Science Institute">Space Telescope Science Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OTE_Pathfinder" title="OTE Pathfinder">OTE Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> (namesake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">List of deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown:_Cosmic_Time_Machine" title="Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine">Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine</a> (2023 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Category:James Webb Space Telescope">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exoplanet_search_projects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Template:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Template talk:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanet_search_projects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Exoplanet search projects</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Planet_Search" title="Anglo-Australian Planet Search">AAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Planet_Finder" title="Automated Planet Finder">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_1.2-metre_Leonhard_Euler_Telescope" title="Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope">CORALIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-Asian_Planet_Search_Network" title="East-Asian Planet Search Network">EAPSNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELODIE_spectrograph" title="ELODIE spectrograph">ELODIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope#Instrumentation" title="Extremely Large Telescope">EPICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPRESSO" title="ESPRESSO">ESPRESSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_Improved_Next-generation_Doppler_Search_for_Exo-Earths" title="Fiber-optic Improved Next-generation Doppler Search for Exo-Earths">FINDS Exo-Earths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Extrasolar_Planet_Search" title="Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search">Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Accuracy_Radial_Velocity_Planet_Searcher" title="High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher">HARPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HARPS-N" title="HARPS-N">HARPS-N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_Planet_Imager" title="Gemini Planet Imager">GPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HATNet_Project" title="HATNet Project">HATNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_for_Exomoons_with_Kepler" title="Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler">HEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiCIAO" class="mw-redirect" title="HiCIAO">HiCIAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIRES" class="mw-redirect" title="HIRES">HIRES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilodegree_Extremely_Little_Telescope" title="Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope">KELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lick%E2%80%93Carnegie_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey">LCES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Planet_Search_Program" title="Magellan Planet Search Program">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARVELS" class="mw-redirect" title="MARVELS">MARVELS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASCARA" title="MASCARA">MASCARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEarth_Project" title="MEarth Project">MEarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroFUN" title="MicroFUN">MicroFUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_Exoplanet_Radial_Velocity_Array" title="Miniature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array">MINERVA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA-Australis" title="MINERVA-Australis">Australis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics" title="Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics">MOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N2K_Consortium" title="N2K Consortium">N2K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Transit_Survey" title="Next-Generation Transit Survey">NGTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Exoplanet_Spectroscopic_Survey_Instrument" title="New Mexico Exoplanet Spectroscopic Survey Instrument">NESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">OGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayama_Planet_Search_Program" title="Okayama Planet Search Program">OPSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetPol" title="PlanetPol">PlanetPol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_1640" title="Project 1640">Project 1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRL_Advanced_Radial-velocity_All-sky_Search" title="PRL Advanced Radial-velocity All-sky Search">PARAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Explorations_of_Exoplanets_and_Disks_with_Subaru" title="Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru">SEEDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOPHIE_%C3%A9chelle_spectrograph" title="SOPHIE échelle spectrograph">SOPHIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECULOOS" title="SPECULOOS">SPECULOOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectro-Polarimetric_High-Contrast_Exoplanet_Research" title="Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research">SPHERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Angle_Search_for_Planets" title="Wide Angle Search for Planets">SuperWASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_(amateur_extrasolar_planet_search_project)" title="Systemic (amateur extrasolar planet search project)">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey">TrES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="XO Telescope">XO Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIMPOL/CHEOPS" title="ZIMPOL/CHEOPS">ZIMPOL/CHEOPS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/80px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/120px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/160px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/80px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/120px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/160px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="416" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:LombergA1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/80px-LombergA1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/120px-LombergA1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/160px-LombergA1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1206" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> (2003–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Window_Eclipsing_Extrasolar_Planet_Search" title="Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search">SWEEPS</a> using <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> using <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> (2008–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> (2009–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">detected exoplanets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> (2017–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> (mid-2020s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanet_Imaging_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Interferometer_For_Exoplanets" title="Large Interferometer For Exoplanets">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEGASE" title="PEGASE">PEGASE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">Space Interferometry Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Lists of exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">nearest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Category:Exoplanet search projects">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exoplanet_search_projects" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Exoplanet search projects">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_telescopes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_observatories" title="Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_observatories" title="Template talk:Space observatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_observatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_telescopes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio and Microwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Science_payloads" title="Chang'e 4">NCLE</a> (since 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (since 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> (since 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a> (since 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> (since 2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> (since 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> (since 2008)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb</a> (since 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stars-AO" title="Stars-AO">Aoi</a> (since 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRITE" title="BRITE">BRITE</a> constellation (since 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (since 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (since 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (since 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> (since 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> (since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a> (since 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> (since 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> (since 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (since 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> (since 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> (since 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> (since 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> (since 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> (since 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibari (satellite)">Hibari</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> (since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> (since 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> (since 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (since 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> (since 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (since 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> (since 2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra (AXAF)</a> (since 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> (since 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT (Insight)</a> (since 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (since 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> (since 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> (since 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXPE" title="IXPE">IXPE</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> (since 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> (since 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> (since 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Valier_(satellite)" title="Max Valier (satellite)">Max Valier Sat</a> (since 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a> (since 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS-2</a> (since 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a> (since 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> (since 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">LEIA</a> (since 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a> (since 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a> (since 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (since 1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (particle or unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> (since 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a> (since 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> (since 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment#ISS-CREAM" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a> (since 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">Mini-EUSO</a> (since 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (since 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (since 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (since 2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PETREL" title="PETREL">PETREL</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">K-EUSO</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26#Scientific_payload" title="Luna 26">LORD</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASMINE_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="JASMINE (satellite)">JASMINE</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-C_EUVST" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-C EUVST">Solar-C EUVST</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVEX" title="UVEX">UVEX</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a> (2030+)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a> (2032)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiji_Program_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiji Program in Space">Taiji</a> (2033)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> (2035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed space observatories">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astro-1_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astro-1 Telescope (page does not exist)">Astro-1 Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel Imager">Fresnel Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(spacecraft)" title="FOCAL (spacecraft)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST-PMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanets_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanets Observatory">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory">HWO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertelescope">Hypertelescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_experiment)#iWF-MAXI" title="MAXI (ISS experiment)">iWF-MAXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">JEM-EUSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ultraviolet_Cosmic_Imager" title="Lunar Ultraviolet Cosmic Imager">LUCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">Nano-JASMINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_National_Reconnaissance_Office_space_telescope_donation_to_NASA" title="2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA">NRO donation to NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Binary_Black_Hole_Investigation_Satellite" title="Orbiting Binary Black Hole Investigation Satellite">ORBIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXSI_Sounding_Rocket" title="FOXSI Sounding Rocket">PhoENiX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar-D (page does not exist)">Solar-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" title="Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy">THEIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a> (2007–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari (Astro-F)</a> (2006–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors" title="Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors">ALEXIS</a> (1993–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a> (1962–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_1" title="Ariel 1">Ariel 1</a> (1962, 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_2" title="Ariel 2">Ariel 2</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_3" title="Ariel 3">Ariel 3</a> (1967–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_4" title="Ariel 4">Ariel 4</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_5" title="Ariel 5">Ariel 5</a> (1974–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel 6">Ariel 6</a> (1979–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">ATM</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA (Astro-D)</a> (1993–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">Astro-1</a> (1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Band_X-ray_Telescope" title="Broad Band X-ray Telescope">BBXRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">Astro-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a>) (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Netherlands_Satellite" title="Astronomical Netherlands Satellite">ANS</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a> (2003–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton (CGRO)</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN-2" title="CXBN-2">CXBN-2</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-54#Mission_highlights" title="STS-54">DXS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI#EPOCh" title="EPOXI">EPOCh</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">Explorer 11</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">EUVE</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">FUSE</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> (1987–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a> (2003–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga (Astro-C)</a> (1987–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho (CORSA-b)</a> (1979–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA (MUSES-B)</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_1" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1">HEAO-1</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a> (1981–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki (SPRINT-A)</a> (2013–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)</a> (1978–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_3" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3">HEAO-3</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-2</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-X</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">IRTS</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IXAE</a> (1996–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> (2009–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> (1990–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGRI" title="LEGRI">LEGRI</a> (1997–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> (2003–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment">MSX</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a> (2016–2019?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a> (1968–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-3_(Copernicus)" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-3 (Copernicus)</a> (1972–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 1</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 2</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a> (2006–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicSat" title="PicSat">PicSat</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a> (1983–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">R/HESSI</a> (2002–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a> (1990–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">RXTE</a> (1995–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">SAMPEX</a> (1992–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">SAS-B</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">SAS-C</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> (1979–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku (Astro-EII)</a> (2005–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a> (1975–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma (Astro-B)</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_3" title="Vanguard 3">Vanguard 3</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> (2001–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> (2009–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yokoh (Solar-A)</a> (1991–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hibernating (Mission completed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">SWAS</a> (1998–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> (1998–2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost/Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-1" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-1</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-B" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-B</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN" title="CXBN">CXBN</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO C</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-1</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">WIRE</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)#ASTRO-E" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Astro-E</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSUBAME_(satellite)" title="TSUBAME (satellite)">Tsubame</a> (2014–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi (Astro-H)</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelita_(spacecraft)" title="Aelita (spacecraft)">Aelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation-X_Observatory" title="Constellation-X Observatory">Constellation-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Energy Space Telescope">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-sky_Astrometric_Mapping_Explorer" title="Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer">FAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism">GEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Origins_Probe" title="Hubble Origins Probe">HOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_X-ray_Observatory" title="International X-ray Observatory">IXO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Dark_Energy_Mission" title="Joint Dark Energy Mission">JDEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_J" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO J">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_K" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO K">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">SIM & SIMlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">SNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Polarization_Observatory" title="Sky Polarization Observatory">SPOrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAUVEX" title="TAUVEX">TAUVEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">TPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS">XEUS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIPE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XIPE (page does not exist)">XIPE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_telescopes" title="List of proposed space telescopes">List of proposed space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetariums" title="List of planetariums">List of planetariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown:_Cosmic_Time_Machine" title="Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine">Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine</a> (2023 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Category:Space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History (<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a> (human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)">Solar System Family Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GSFC" title="Template:GSFC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GSFC" title="Template talk:GSFC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GSFC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GSFC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="History of the Goddard Space Flight Center">GSFC History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility (WFF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Scientific_Balloon_Facility" title="Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility">Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Magnetic_Test_Facility" title="Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility">Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson_Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" title="Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility (IV&V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Fabrication_Facility_(Goddard)" title="Spacecraft Fabrication Facility (Goddard)">Spacecraft Fabrication Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable missions and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope (HST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Earth_Observing_System" title="Goddard Earth Observing System">Goddard Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dennis J. Andrucyk (Director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Kinney" title="Anne L. Kinney">Anne L. Kinney</a> (Deputy Center Director)</li> <li>Christyl Johnson (Deputy Director, Technology and Research Investments)</li> <li>Ray Rubilotta (Associate Center Director)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scientists and engineers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Louis_Band" title="David Louis Band">David Louis Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bindschadler" title="Robert Bindschadler">Robert Bindschadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Espenak" title="Fred Espenak">Fred Espenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Carl_Feldman" title="Gene Carl Feldman">Gene Carl Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figueroa" title="Orlando Figueroa">Orlando Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Kuchner" title="Marc Kuchner">Marc Kuchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissette_Martinez" title="Lissette Martinez">Lissette Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Roman" title="Nancy Roman">Nancy Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> (2035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a>) (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in italics <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Template:Canadian Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:Canadian Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canadian astronauts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenni_Sidey-Gibbons" title="Jenni Sidey-Gibbons">Jenni Sidey-Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Kutryk" title="Joshua Kutryk">Joshua Kutryk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Marc Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Bondar" title="Roberta Bondar">Roberta Bondar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_MacLean_(astronaut)" title="Steve MacLean (astronaut)">Steven MacLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Tryggvason" title="Bjarni Tryggvason">Bjarni Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McKay_(astronaut)" title="Michael McKay (astronaut)">Michael McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Money" title="Ken Money">Ken Money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alouette_2" title="Alouette 2">Alouette 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_(satellite)" title="Anik (satellite)">Anik series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRITE" title="BRITE">BRITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASSIOPE" title="CASSIOPE">CASSIOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Technology_Satellite" title="Communications Technology Satellite">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_(satellite)" title="ISIS (satellite)">ISIS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_(satellite)" title="ISIS (satellite)">ISIS 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Monitoring_and_Messaging_Microsatellite" title="Maritime Monitoring and Messaging Microsatellite">M3MSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSAT" title="MSAT">MSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimiq" title="Nimiq">Nimiq series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radarsat-1" title="Radarsat-1">RADARSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">RADARSAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RADARSAT_Constellation" title="RADARSAT Constellation">RADARSAT Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCISAT-1" title="SCISAT-1">SCISAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_(satellite)" title="Sapphire (satellite)">Sapphire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other space technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)" title="Black Brant (rocket)">Black Brant rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Servicing_System" title="Mobile Servicing System">Canadarm2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_and_Near_Infrared_Imager_and_Slitless_Spectrograph" title="Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph">FGS/NIRISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOPITT" title="MOPITT">MOPITT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin-OSIRIS" title="Odin-OSIRIS">OSIRIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Chapman_Space_Centre" title="John H. Chapman Space Centre">John H. Chapman Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Florida_Laboratory" title="David Florida Laboratory">David Florida Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_Place_Research_Park" title="Innovation Place Research Park">Saskatoon CSA Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contractors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COM_DEV_International" class="mw-redirect" title="COM DEV International">COM DEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald,_Dettwiler_and_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates">MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates</a> (<a href="/wiki/MDA_Space_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="MDA Space Missions">MDA Space Missions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spar_Aerospace" title="Spar Aerospace">Spar Aerospace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Aerospace" title="Magellan Aerospace">Magellan Aerospace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aerospace" title="Bristol Aerospace">Bristol Aerospace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesat" title="Telesat">Telesat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Geospace_Monitoring" title="Canadian Geospace Monitoring">Canadian Geospace Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Research_Centre_Canada" title="Communications Research Centre Canada">Communications Research Centre Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Canada" title="Defence Research and Development Canada">Defence Research and Development Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish National Space Board">SNSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Rocket_Research_Range" title="Churchill Rocket Research Range">Churchill Rocket Research Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Direct" title="Shaw Direct">Shaw Direct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2021_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_in_space" title="Template:2021 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2021_in_space" title="Template talk:2021 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2021_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2021 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2021_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2021 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2020_in_space" title="Template:2020 in space">2020</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_in_space" title="Template:2022 in space">2022</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">Space probe and telescope launches</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2021" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2021"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a> <a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a> (April 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> (Oct 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> / <a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a> (Nov 2021)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (Dec 2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/150px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/225px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/300px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/150px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/225px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/300px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="1034" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/150px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/225px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/300px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_meteorite" title="Winchcombe meteorite">Winchcombe meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2021" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2021">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_AV7" title="2021 AV7">2021 AV7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_XR" title="2020 XR">2020 XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_DV1" title="2016 DV1">2016 DV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_DW1" title="2021 DW1">2021 DW1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(231937)_2001_FO32" title="(231937) 2001 FO32">(231937) 2001 FO32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_GW4" title="2021 GW4">2021 GW4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_PH27" title="2021 PH27">2021 PH27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_AJ193" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 AJ193">2016 AJ193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_SG" title="2021 SG">2021 SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_TP21" title="2021 TP21">2021 TP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_UA1" title="2021 UA1">2021 UA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_XS" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 XS">2019 XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3361_Orpheus" title="3361 Orpheus">3361 Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_WR12" title="1994 WR12">1994 WR12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4660_Nereus" title="4660 Nereus">4660 Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(163899)_2003_SD220" title="(163899) 2003 SD220">(163899) 2003 SD220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AH" title="2018 AH">2018 AH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">Exoplanets</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2021"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate 1">Alpha Centauri Ab</a> (unconfirmed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COCONUTS-2b" title="COCONUTS-2b">COCONUTS-2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_486" title="Gliese 486">Gliese 486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_108236#Planetary_system" title="HD 108236">HD 108236 f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_110082_b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 110082 b">HD 110082 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1704b" title="Kepler-1704b">Kepler-1704b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-5#Planetary_system" title="KOI-5">KOI-5Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_98-59#Planetary_system" title="L 98-59">L 98-59</a> <ul><li>e</li> <li>f?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185#Planetary_system" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Serpentis#Planetary_system" title="Lambda Serpentis">Lambda Serpentis b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_1678" title="LHS 1678">LHS 1678</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-13b" title="NGTS-13b">NGTS-13b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-14Ab" title="NGTS-14Ab">NGTS-14Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb" title="OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb">OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDS_70c" class="mw-redirect" title="PDS 70c">PDS 70c</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIC_172900988_b" class="mw-redirect" title="TIC 172900988 b">TIC 172900988 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-178#Orbital_resonance" title="TOI-178">TOI-178</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-178c" title="TOI-178c">c</a></li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li> <li>f</li> <li>g</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_110113" title="HD 110113">TOI-755</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega#Possible_planetary_system" title="Vega">Vega b</a> (unconfirmed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YSES_2_b" title="YSES 2 b">YSES 2 b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QSO_J0313%E2%88%921806" title="QSO J0313−1806">QSO J0313−1806</a> (distant quasar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID2299" title="ID2299">ID2299</a> (elliptical galaxy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIC_168789840" title="TIC 168789840">TIC 168789840</a> sextuple system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V723_Monocerotis" title="V723 Monocerotis">V723 Mon</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nearest black holes">black hole</a> candidate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG37</a> (TNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_DR15" title="2021 DR15">2021 DR15</a> (TNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALESS_073.1" title="ALESS 073.1">ALESS 073.1</a> (spiral galaxy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ352%E2%80%9315" title="PJ352–15">PJ352–15</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">astrophysical jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J03480772%E2%88%926022270" title="2MASS J03480772−6022270">2MASS J0348−6022</a> (rapidly-rotating brown dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTF_J1901%2B1458" title="ZTF J1901+1458">ZTF J1901+1458</a> (massive white dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_1534%E2%80%931043" title="WISE 1534–1043">WISE 1534–1043</a> (brown dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy%27s_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy's object">Andy's object</a> (radio source)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2021" title="Category:Comets in 2021"><img alt="Comets in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_J1_(Maury-Attard)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)">C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(248370)_2005_QN173" title="(248370) 2005 QN173">(248370) 2005 QN173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8P/Tuttle" title="8P/Tuttle">8P/Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_OG392_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 OG392 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 OG392 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli-Bernstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein)">C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_T4_(Lemmon)" title="C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)">C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2021_U3_(Attard-Maury)" title="P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury)">P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Hope Mars mission</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> Mars landing: Feb 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong rover</a> Mars landing: May 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:2020_in_outer_space" title="Category:2020 in outer space">Category:2020 in outer space</a> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2021_in_outer_space" title="Category:2021 in outer space">Category:2021 in outer space</a> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2022_in_outer_space" title="Category:2022 in outer space">Category:2022 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2020Orbital_launches_in_20212022_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2021" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2021"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2021" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2021"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2021" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2021"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2020Orbital_launches_in_20212022_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight">← 2020</a></div><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">Orbital launches in 2021</a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2022_in_spaceflight" title="2022 in spaceflight">2022 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_5A" title="Türksat 5A">Türksat 5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="PICS (satellite)">PICS 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PICS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="PICS (satellite)">PICS 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q-PACE" title="Q-PACE">Q-PACE</a>, <a href="/wiki/TechEdSat#TechEdSat-7" title="TechEdSat">TechEdSat-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_(Satellite)" title="Tiantong (Satellite)">Tiantong-1 03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L16</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink v1.0 R1</a> (10 satellites), <a href="/wiki/ION_Satellite_Carrier" title="ION Satellite Carrier">ION-SCV 002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-4s × 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 12), <a href="/wiki/Capella_Space#Satellites" title="Capella Space">Capella 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capella_Space#Satellites" title="Capella Space">Capella 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE#Satellites" title="ICEYE">ICEYE</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/HawkEye_360#Technology" title="HawkEye 360">Hawk</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/Astrocast#Satellites_launched" title="Astrocast">Astrocast</a> × 5, <a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-4s</a> × 40, <a href="/wiki/NanoAvionics#Implemented_missions" title="NanoAvionics">HYPSO-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler</a> × 8, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 8, <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Technology_Demonstrator" title="Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator">PTD-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 24</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 31-02</a> (3 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2549</a> / Lotos-S1 №4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L18</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxin_Jishu_Shiyan" title="Tongxin Jishu Shiyan">TJS 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-16" title="Progress MS-16">Progress MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L19</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-15" title="Cygnus NG-15">Cygnus NG-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/MMSAT-1" title="MMSAT-1">MMSAT-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GuaraniSat-1" class="mw-redirect" title="GuaraniSat-1">GuaraniSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya-2" title="Maya-2">Maya-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPUSAT-II" title="OPUSAT-II">OPUSAT-II</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSP-01" title="RSP-01">RSP-01</a>, <a href="/wiki/STARS-EC" title="STARS-EC">STARS-EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/WARP-01" title="WARP-01">WARP-01</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 31-03</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia-1" title="Amazônia-1">Amazônia-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 12</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L17</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L20</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 31-04</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L21</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAS500" title="CAS500">CAS500-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suisen" title="Suisen">Suisen / Fukui Prefectural Satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications#Satellites_launched" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications#Satellites_launched" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Photon" title="Rocket Lab Photon">Photon Pathstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_Industries#BlackSky" title="Spaceflight Industries">BlackSky Global 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L22</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L5</a> (36 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaofen (satellite)">Gaofen 12-02</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L23</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan 6-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-18" title="Soyuz MS-18">Soyuz MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2" title="SpaceX Crew-2">SpaceX Crew-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L6</a> (36 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-314</a> / <a href="/wiki/KH-11" class="mw-redirect" title="KH-11">KH-11 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)">Pléiades-Neo 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2 AMANDA-SVANTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2 SPECIAL K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L24</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L25</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-08</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L27</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L26</a> (52 satellites), <a href="/wiki/Capella_Space#Satellites" title="Capella Space">Capella 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-315" title="USA-315">USA-315</a> / <a href="/wiki/Space-Based_Infrared_System#SBIRS-GEO" title="Space-Based Infrared System">SBIRS-GEO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiyang_(satellite)" title="Haiyang (satellite)">HaiYang-2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L28</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_2" title="Tianzhou 2">Tianzhou 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L7</a> (36 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-22" title="SpaceX CRS-22">SpaceX CRS-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM#Satellites" title="Sirius XM">SXM-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-316</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-317</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_12" title="Shenzhou 12">Shenzhou 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-319" title="USA-319">USA-319</a> / <a href="/wiki/GPS_Block_III" title="GPS Block III">GPS IIIA</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites#Block_III" title="List of GPS satellites">05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-09</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2550</a> / Pion-NKS №1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-17" title="Progress MS-17">Progress MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brik-II_(satellite)" title="Brik-II (satellite)">Brik-II</a>, <a href="/wiki/SatRevolution#Satellites" title="SatRevolution">STORK-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/SatRevolution#Satellites" title="SatRevolution">STORK-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-R2</a> (3 satellites), <a href="/wiki/ION_Satellite_Carrier" title="ION Satellite Carrier">ION-SCV 003</a> (<a href="/wiki/EnduroSat#Missions" title="EnduroSat">SPARTAN</a>), <a href="/wiki/SHERPA_(space_tug)" title="SHERPA (space tug)">SHERPA FX2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lynk_Global#Satellites_launched" title="Lynk Global">Lynk 05</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrocast#Satellites_launched" title="Astrocast">Astrocast</a> × 5, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 12), <a href="/wiki/SHERPA_(space_tug)" title="SHERPA (space tug)">SHERPA LTE1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kleos_Space#Satellite_constellation" title="Kleos Space">KSF1</a> × 4), <a href="/wiki/Capella_Space#Satellites" title="Capella Space">Capella 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE#Satellites" title="ICEYE">ICEYE</a> × 4, <a href="/wiki/HawkEye_360#Technology" title="HawkEye 360">Hawk</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat</a> × 4, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interconnect_and_Networking_Communication_System" title="Laser Interconnect and Networking Communication System">LINCS A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interconnect_and_Networking_Communication_System" title="Laser Interconnect and Networking Communication System">LINCS B</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 12, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE NZ</a> × 4, <a href="/wiki/NanoAvionics#Implemented_missions" title="NanoAvionics">Tiger-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TROPICS_(spacecraft_constellation)" title="TROPICS (spacecraft constellation)">TROPICS Pathfinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L8</a> (36 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Wideband_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D</a> x 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun-3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian I-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-10</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)">Nauka</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_Quantum" title="Eutelsat Quantum">Eutelsat Quantum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_One_D2" title="Star One D2">Star One D2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Other_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Mofang-01A</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat" class="mw-redirect" title="ChinaSat">ChinaSat 2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-16" title="Cygnus NG-16">Cygnus NG-16</a></li> <li>EOS-03 / <a href="/wiki/GISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="GISAT">GISAT-1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)">Pléiades Neo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L9</a> (34 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxin_Jishu_Shiyan" title="Tongxin Jishu Shiyan">TJS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-23" title="SpaceX CRS-23">SpaceX CRS-23</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_satellites" title="List of Philippine satellites">Maya-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_satellites" title="List of Philippine satellites">Maya-4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 5-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat" class="mw-redirect" title="ChinaSat">ChinaSat 9B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2551</a> / EO MKA №1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink G2-1</a> (51 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L10</a> (34 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_3" title="Tianzhou 3">Tianzhou 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Ultraviolet_Transit_Experiment" title="Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment">CUTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-19" title="Soyuz MS-19">Soyuz MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L11</a> (36 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_13" title="Shenzhou 13">Shenzhou 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES-17" title="SES-17">SES-17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_(satellite)" title="Syracuse (satellite)">Syracuse 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QZS-1R" title="QZS-1R">QZS-1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellite" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-18" title="Progress MS-18">Progress MS-18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAISE-2" title="RAISE-2">RAISE-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIBARI_(satellite)" title="HIBARI (satellite)">HIBARI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z-Sat" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-Sat">Z-Sat</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRUMS" title="DRUMS">DRUMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TeikyoSat-4" class="mw-redirect" title="TeikyoSat-4">TeikyoSat-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASTERISC" title="ASTERISC">ASTERISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARICA" class="mw-redirect" title="ARICA">ARICA</a>, <a href="/wiki/NanoDragon" title="NanoDragon">NanoDragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/KOSEN-1" title="KOSEN-1">KOSEN-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-3" title="SpaceX Crew-3">SpaceX Crew-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERES_(satellite)" title="CERES (satellite)">CERES</a> x 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> (<a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-UM" title="Progress M-UM">Progress M-UM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prichal_(ISS_module)" title="Prichal (ISS module)">Prichal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 32-2</a> (2 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 35</a> (3 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> 24 (48 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-20" title="Soyuz MS-20">Soyuz MS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXPE" title="IXPE">IXPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress-AMU3" title="Ekspress-AMU3">Ekspress-AMU3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress-AMU7" title="Ekspress-AMU7">Ekspress-AMU7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> 25 (52 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_5B" title="Türksat 5B">Türksat 5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-24" title="SpaceX CRS-24">SpaceX CRS-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat-6_F1" title="Inmarsat-6 F1">Inmarsat-6 F1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Webb Space Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186447#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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