CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-fe3d812bd3551e468d3",applicationID:"540571234"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="/node/2658" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/all/themes/utfl_subtheme_primary/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link href="/sites/all/themes/utfl/images/iphone-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" /> <title>Upper-Year Applicants | University of Toronto Faculty of Law</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_lkvHUqwuaMnlSkPLjR6wgdcvM88sr5Mi-fDRQ-vdqKU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_hMt3XEFtoul4uWR3AMEoZfktoYy49uDmlC6F515jLyE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_4K_9pln0GjiI2Fz9--nGQCS-R1ozNbGqH7HmKG0zCHo.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Francois+One" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_zaOco2G8k_Y9ZPkHcPipwrYE0eu9i_I-umrYSytTB3U.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_n2ZAeZinAyNp4KaDpCqIMBTcgoOxlWKcWk8YJ3GC2WY.css" media="all" />    <style type="text/css" media="all"> <![CDATA[/*> </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_OxFfs447FMmNy6B_QJ6cWtx0i8uURHnKUha8mnLIrPY.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_s7yA-hwRxnKty__ED6DuqmTMKG39xvpRyrtyCrbWH4M.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_9UPRFM_M6CprXtgsLI9Nk_cPahVeu2BwTue9xmdsOUo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_RP975CbPvTi1WMS5mBqGDjg8kIQ9ZdOEY7SULoTHwFo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_5IrqzGaT-GZ3-Z-L7bGgcttAy4AYZgdzgUJ-45ojFho.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_ngfzfepmkv0VDz3dJPtHQ_TuVEVvfuO1EfyeZebjj1k.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){ c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)}; t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i; y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y); })(window, document, "clarity", "script", "fjytbl5wya"); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-6NFR2T6V63"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-6NFR2T6V63'); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-2658 node-type-page theme-utfl_subtheme_primary site-www-law-utoronto-ca" > <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KDL5CZV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <div id="page-wrapper"><div id="page"> <div id="header-wrapper"> <div id="header-top"> <div class="container" role="navigation"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Secondary menu</h2><ul id="secondary-menu" class="links"><li class="menu-1302 first"><a href="http://www.utoronto.ca/" title="">U of T</a></li> <li class="menu-1303"><a href="http://library.law.utoronto.ca/" title="The Bora Laskin Law Library">Law Library</a></li> <li class="menu-2194"><a href="/login" title="">e.legal</a></li> <li class="menu-3722"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-1886 last"><a href="/site-map" title="">Site Map</a></li> </ul> <div class="region region-header-top"> <div id="block-user-login" class="block block-user"> <div class="content"> <form action="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants?destination=node/2658" method="post" id="user-login-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><h2>Login to e.legal</h2><strong>the Law School Community</strong><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label for="edit-name">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="15" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label for="edit-pass">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input type="password" id="edit-pass" name="pass" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-63QqoZ2lnK4PXbSVQTPaBXy2ve-slgRdoc1JikMNRhQ" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="user_login_block" /> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><a href="/user/password">Forgot your password?</a><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Sign in" class="form-submit" /></div></div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="header" class="container"> <a href="/" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law Home Page" rel="home" id="logo"> <img src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/all/themes/utfl_subtheme_primary/logo.png" alt="University of Toronto Faculty of Law" /> </a> <div id="header-right-wrapper"> <div class="region region-header"> <div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search"> <div class="content"> <form action="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-mAVUri76JJ1KwKCljMcoKvMY3RXkG1AYAnZnXkbjTGE" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-10" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-10 menu-name-menu-header-mini-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-5743"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/focus-areas" title="">Focus Areas</a></li> <li class="leaf has-children menu-mlid-6825"><a href="/alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="last leaf has-children menu-mlid-6420"><a href="/giving" title="Parent section of "giving"">Giving</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="main-menu-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div id="navigation" class="container"> <div class="region region-main-nav"> <div id="block-superfish-1" class="block block-superfish"> <h2>Main menu</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-8 sf-parent-items-8 sf-single-items-0"><li id="menu-1219-1" class="active-trail first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/admissions" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Admissions</a><ul><li id="menu-1296-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/welcome-university-toronto-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Message from the Dean</a></li><li id="menu-1289-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Why U of T?</a><ul><li id="menu-4553-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/why-u-t" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Why U of T?</a></li><li id="menu-3031-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-university" title="A Great University" class="sf-depth-3">A Great University</a></li><li id="menu-3030-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-city" title="A Great City" class="sf-depth-3">A Great City</a></li><li id="menu-5476-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/inclusivity-and-diversity-faculty-law" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Inclusivity and Diversity at the Faculty of Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3012-1" class="active-trail middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-16 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-13 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="JD Admissions" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Admissions</a><ul><li id="menu-4544-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions" title="" class="sf-depth-3">JD Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-3016-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-policies" title="Admissions Policies" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Policies</a></li><li id="menu-3018-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/jd-admissions-procedure" title="Application Procedure" class="sf-depth-3">Application Procedure</a></li><li id="menu-3017-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-timeline" title="Admissions Timeline" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Timeline</a></li><li id="menu-3019-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/half-time-program" title="Half-Time Program" class="sf-depth-3">Half-Time Program</a></li><li id="menu-4570-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/aboriginal-applicants" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-6386-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/blackfuturelawyers" class="sf-depth-3">Black Future Lawyers</a></li><li id="menu-3020-1" class="active-trail middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants" title="Upper-Year Applicants" class="sf-depth-3 active">Upper-Year Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-3021-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/national-committee-accreditation-applicants" title="National Committee on Accreditation Applicants" class="sf-depth-3">National Committee on Accreditation Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-3023-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/financialaid" title="Financial Aid and Fees" class="sf-depth-3">Financial Aid and Fees</a></li><li id="menu-4102-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-faq" title="Frequently Asked Questions regarding JD admissions" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-4361-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-help" title="JD Admissions Enquiries" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Enquiries</a></li><li id="menu-3013-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissionevents" title="Calendar of Admissions Events" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Events</a></li><li id="menu-3015-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-updates" title="Admissions News Updates" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions News Updates</a></li><li id="menu-4934-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/campustour" class="sf-depth-3">Campus Tours</a></li><li id="menu-5384-1" class="last even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3"><a href="/newadmit" class="sf-depth-3">New Admits - JD Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2999-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions" title="Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?</a><ul><li id="menu-2995-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-admissions-standards" title="Graduate Admissions" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-2998-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-faq" title="Graduate Program FAQ" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-2997-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-application-deadlines" title="Graduate Program Application Deadlines" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Application Deadlines</a></li><li id="menu-2993-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-fees-and-financing" title="Graduate Program Fees and Financing" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Fees and Financing</a></li><li id="menu-2992-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/employment-accommodation-and-more" title="Employment, Accommodation and More" class="sf-depth-3">Employment, Accommodation and More</a></li><li id="menu-2994-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/contact-us" title="Contact Us" class="sf-depth-3">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3028-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/professional-legal-education" title="Executive Education" class="sf-depth-2">Executive Education</a></li><li id="menu-4373-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/nca" class="sf-depth-2">National Committee on Accreditation Options</a></li><li id="menu-2991-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/community-outreach" title="Supporting Tomorrow’s Lawyers - Youth Outreach Activities" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Community outreach</a><ul><li id="menu-4103-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/getstarted" title="A description of the process for becoming a lawyer in Ontario" class="sf-depth-3">So, You Want to Become a Lawyer</a></li><li id="menu-6239-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/youth-outreach/black-future-lawyers" class="sf-depth-3">Black Future Lawyers Conference</a></li><li id="menu-4104-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/youth-outreach/high-school-students-frequently-asked-questions" title="Answers to questions frequently asked by high school students about studying law" class="sf-depth-3">High School Students FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-4362-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/lsap" title="LSAT preparation course for low-income students" class="sf-depth-3">Law School Access Program (Free LSAT Prep)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3705-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Academic Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-2908-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-12 sf-parent-children-7 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program" title="JD Program" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Program</a><ul><li id="menu-2910-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-requirements" title="JD Program Requirements" class="sf-depth-3">Program Requirements</a></li><li id="menu-2909-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-opportunities" title="JD Program Opportunities" class="sf-depth-3">Program Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-4916-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/experiential-learning-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-3">Experiential Education</a></li><li id="menu-2906-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" title="Programs combining the JD with other degrees" class="sf-depth-3">Combined Programs</a></li><li id="menu-5455-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financing_JD_education" class="sf-depth-3">Financial Support for JD Education</a></li><li id="menu-2947-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financial-aid-and-fees/student-fees-jd-program" title="JD Program Fees" class="sf-depth-3">JD Program Fees</a></li><li id="menu-2971-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards" title="Prizes and Awards in the JD Program" class="sf-depth-3">Prizes and Awards</a></li><li id="menu-2911-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/mooting" title="Mooting" class="sf-depth-3">Mooting</a></li><li id="menu-5095-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/international-opportunities" class="sf-depth-3">International Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-5668-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program" class="sf-depth-3">Leadership Skills Program</a></li><li id="menu-5671-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/lawyers-doing-cool-things" class="sf-depth-3">Lawyers Doing Cool Things</a></li><li id="menu-5738-1" class="last even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program/rotmanlaw" class="sf-depth-3">Rotman@Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2902-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-9 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs" title="Graduate Programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Graduate Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-2815-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/llm-program-master-laws" title="LLM Program (Master of Laws)" class="sf-depth-3">LLM Program (Master of Laws)</a></li><li id="menu-2814-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="https://gpllm.law.utoronto.ca/" title="The Global Professional LLM program" class="sf-depth-3">Global Professional LLM</a></li><li id="menu-2982-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/msl-program-master-studies-in-law" title="MSL Program (Master of Studies in Law)" class="sf-depth-3">MSL Program (Master of Studies in Law)</a></li><li id="menu-2989-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/sjd-program-doctor-juridical-science" title="SJD Program (Doctor of Juridical Science)" class="sf-depth-3">SJD Program (Doctor of Juridical Science)</a></li><li id="menu-2895-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/collaborative-programs" title="Collaborative Programs" class="sf-depth-3">Collaborative Programs</a></li><li id="menu-5471-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/meet-your-graduate-program-team" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Team</a></li><li id="menu-5115-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/see-what-our-alumni-are-doing" class="sf-depth-3">See What Our Alumni Are Doing</a></li><li id="menu-5587-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/current-students" class="sf-depth-3">Resources for Current Students</a></li><li id="menu-5712-1" class="last odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/new-admits-graduate-program" class="sf-depth-3">New Admits - Graduate Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1780-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academic-programs/course-calendar" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Course List</a></li><li id="menu-6270-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/course-match" class="sf-depth-2">Course Match</a></li><li id="menu-4730-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/schedules" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Schedules and Timetables</a><ul><li id="menu-2879-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/timetable-fall-2024" title="Timetable: Fall 2024" class="sf-depth-3">Timetable: Fall 2024</a></li><li id="menu-2880-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/timetable-winter-2024-2025" title="Timetable: Winter 2025" class="sf-depth-3">Timetable: Winter 2025</a></li><li id="menu-2878-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/test-examination-schedules" title="Test & Examination Schedules" class="sf-depth-3">Test & Examination Schedules</a></li><li id="menu-4112-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/intensive-courses-info/intensive-course-schedule" title="Schedule for intensive courses" class="sf-depth-3">Intensive Course Schedule</a></li><li id="menu-2859-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/first-year-mandatory-dates" class="sf-depth-3">First Year Mandatory Dates</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2816-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academic-programs/sessional-dates" title="Sessional Dates" class="sf-depth-2">Sessional Dates</a></li><li id="menu-1560-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="https://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Academic Handbook</a><ul><li id="menu-4379-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/intensive-courses-info/intensive-course-schedule" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Intensive Course Schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2985-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/executive-education" title="Executive Education" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Executive Education</a><ul><li id="menu-4811-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/graduate-programs/gpllm" title="Global Professional LLM" class="sf-depth-2">Global Professional LLM</a></li><li id="menu-5423-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/executive-education/cpd-events" class="sf-depth-2">CPD Events</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2729-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/centres-programs" title="Centres & Programs" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Centres & Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-3060-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/programs-centres/centres" title="Centres" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Centres</a><ul><li id="menu-3061-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/capital-markets-institute" title="Capital Markets Institute" class="sf-depth-3">Capital Markets Institute</a></li><li id="menu-3062-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/centre-innovation-law-and-policy" title="Centre for Innovation Law and Policy" class="sf-depth-3">Centre for Innovation Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-3063-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/centre-legal-profession" title="Centre for the Legal Profession" class="sf-depth-3">Centre for the Legal Profession</a></li><li id="menu-3065-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/david-asper-centre-constitutional-rights" title="David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights" class="sf-depth-3">David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights</a></li><li id="menu-6533-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/future-law-lab" class="sf-depth-3">Future of Law Lab</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3059-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics" title="Legal Clinics" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Legal Clinics</a><ul><li id="menu-3076-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/downtown-legal-services" title="Downtown Legal Services" class="sf-depth-3">Downtown Legal Services</a></li><li id="menu-3073-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics/advocates-injured-workers" title="Advocates for Injured Workers" class="sf-depth-3">Advocates for Injured Workers</a></li><li id="menu-3074-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/barbra-schlifer-commemorative-clinic" title="Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3069-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/clinics/david-asper-centre-constitutional-advocacy-clinic" title="David Asper Centre: Constitutional Advocacy Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">David Asper Centre: Constitutional Advocacy Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3072-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/health-equity-and-law-clinic" title="Health Equity and Law Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Health Equity and Law Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3097-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/international-human-rights-program/ihrp-clinic-course" title="International Human Rights Program Clinic Course" class="sf-depth-3">International Human Rights Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-5231-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics/aboriginal-legal-services-toronto-alst-clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Aboriginal Legal Services Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-6419-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/investor-protection-clinic" title="Investor Protection Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Investor Protection Clinic</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3077-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/programs-centres/programs" title="Programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-3079-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/international-human-rights-program" title="International Human Rights Program" class="sf-depth-3">International Human Rights Program</a></li><li id="menu-3083-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/pbsc-pro-bono-students-canada" title="PBSC (Pro Bono Students Canada)" class="sf-depth-3">PBSC (Pro Bono Students Canada)</a></li><li id="menu-3082-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/laws-law-in-action-within-schools" title="LAWS (Law in Action Within Schools)" class="sf-depth-3">LAWS (Law in Action Within Schools)</a></li><li id="menu-5233-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/indigenous-initiatives-office" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Initiatives Office</a></li><li id="menu-3080-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/irshl-reproductive-and-sexual-health-law" title="International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Program - main page" class="sf-depth-3">International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Program</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1223-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-7 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Scholarship & Publications</a><ul><li id="menu-3276-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship" title="Faculty Scholarship" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Faculty Scholarship</a><ul><li id="menu-4019-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/publications" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Recent Publications</a></li><li id="menu-3277-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/featured-faculty-books" title="Featured Faculty Books" class="sf-depth-3">Featured Faculty Books</a></li><li id="menu-5240-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/faculty-honours" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Honours</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4229-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2"><a href="/blog/faculty" title="Commentary by our faculty" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Blog</a></li><li id="menu-5463-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/student-scholarship" class="sf-depth-2">Student scholarship</a></li><li id="menu-3275-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences" title="Conferences" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Conferences</a><ul><li id="menu-6380-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/equity-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">The Equity Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3397-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/archives" title="Conference Archives" class="sf-depth-3">Archives</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3278-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications" title="Journals and Publications" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Journals and Publications</a><ul><li id="menu-3416-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/university-toronto-law-journal" title="University of Toronto Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-3414-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/u-t-faculty-law-review" title="U of T Faculty of Law Review" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Faculty of Law Review</a></li><li id="menu-3410-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/canadian-business-law-journal" title="Canadian Business Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">Canadian Business Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-5128-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/critical-analysis-law-international" class="sf-depth-3">Critical Analysis of Law: An International & Interdisciplinary Law Review</a></li><li id="menu-3412-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/journal-international-law-and-international" title="Journal of International Law and International Relations" class="sf-depth-3">Journal of International Law and International Relations</a></li><li id="menu-3413-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/middle-east-law-and-governance-journal-melg" title="Middle East Law and Governance journal (MELG)" class="sf-depth-3">Middle East Law and Governance journal (MELG)</a></li><li id="menu-3411-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/indigenous-law-journal" title="Indigenous Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Indigenous Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-3415-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/u-t-journal-law-and-equality" title="U of T Journal of Law and Equality" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Journal of Law and Equality</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3279-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures" title="Special Lectures" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Special Lectures</a><ul><li id="menu-3424-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/cecil-wright-memorial-lecture" title="Cecil A. Wright Memorial Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Cecil A. Wright Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3425-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/david-b-goodman-lecture" title="David B. Goodman Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">David B. Goodman Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3463-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/edwards-memorial-lecture" title="John LI J Edwards Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">John LI J Edwards Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3428-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/morris-gross-memorial-lecture" title="Morris A. Gross Memorial Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Morris A. Gross Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-5457-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/katherine-baker-memorial-lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Katherine Baker Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3430-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/other-lectures" title="Other Lectures" class="sf-depth-3">Other Lectures</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3468-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-projects" title="Special projects of faculty members, on the Bora Laskin Law Library website" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Special Projects</a><ul><li id="menu-3469-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/chaoulli-case-resources-and-commentary" title="Chaoulli case: resources and commentary" class="sf-depth-3">Chaoulli case: resources and commentary</a></li><li id="menu-3470-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/khadr-case-resources-page" title="Khadr Case Resources Page" class="sf-depth-3">Khadr Case Resources Page</a></li><li id="menu-4106-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/lignes-directrices-facultatives-en-mati%C3%A8re-de-pensions-alimentaires-pour-%C3%A9poux" title="Lignes directrices facultatives en matière de pensions alimentaires pour époux" class="sf-depth-3">Lignes directrices facultatives ...</a></li><li id="menu-4387-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/external?site=http://www.aspercentre.ca/constitutional-cases/scc-facta.htm" title="Asper Centre collection of case materials from key Charter cases at the Supreme Court of Canada" class="sf-depth-3">SCC Charter Case Materials</a></li><li id="menu-4105-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/spousal-support-advisory-guidelines" title="Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines" class="sf-depth-3">Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines</a></li><li id="menu-2727-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-projects/law-religion-and-society" title="Law, Religion and Society" class="sf-depth-3">Law, Religion and Society</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3280-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-16 sf-parent-children-11 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars" title="Workshops and Seminars" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Workshops and Seminars</a><ul><li id="menu-6911-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/animals-in-law-and-humanities" class="sf-depth-3">Animals in the Law and Humanities</a></li><li id="menu-3472-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/constitutional-roundtable" title="Constitutional Roundtable" class="sf-depth-3">Constitutional Roundtable</a></li><li id="menu-3474-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/critical-analysis-law-workshop" title="Critical Analysis of Law Workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Critical Analysis of Law Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-6946-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/faculty-colloquium" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Colloquium</a></li><li id="menu-4919-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/globalization-law-justice-workshop-series" class="sf-depth-3">Globalization, Law & Justice Workshop Series</a></li><li id="menu-3478-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/health-law-ethics-and-policy-seminar-series" title="Health Law, Policy and Ethics Seminar Series" class="sf-depth-3">Health Law, Policy and Ethics Seminar Series</a></li><li id="menu-6826-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/innovation-law-and-policy-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Innovation Law and Policy Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3480-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/law-economics-workshop" title="Law & Economics Workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Law & Economics Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-4555-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/law-and-humanities-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Law and Humanities Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3483-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/legal-theory-workshops" title="Legal Theory Workshops" class="sf-depth-3">Legal Theory Workshops</a></li><li id="menu-3485-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/toronto-legal-history-group" class="sf-depth-3">Osgoode Society Legal History Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3484-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/tax-law-and-policy-workshop-series" title="Tax Law and Policy Workshop Series" class="sf-depth-3">Tax Law and Policy Workshop Series</a></li><li id="menu-6938-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/group-ownership-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">The Group Ownership Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-6882-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/university-toronto-annual-patent-colloquium" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Annual Patent Colloquium</a></li><li id="menu-6549-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/yale-toronto-private-law-theory-discussion-group" class="sf-depth-3">Yale-Toronto Private Law Theory Discussion Group</a></li><li id="menu-6449-1" class="last even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3"><a href="/decolonizing-canadian-constitutional-law" class="sf-depth-3">Decolonizing Canadian Constitutional Law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1591-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-5 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Faculty & Staff</a><ul><li id="menu-1802-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Faculty</a><ul><li id="menu-3638-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty" title="Single-page list of faculty (without photos)" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty - List View</a></li><li id="menu-5710-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/emeritus-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Emeritus Faculty</a></li><li id="menu-5501-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/faculty-honours" title="Honours awarded to faculty" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Honours</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3035-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/endowed-chairs" title="Endowed Chairs" class="sf-depth-2">Chairholders</a></li><li id="menu-3859-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Distinguished Visitors</a><ul><li id="menu-3038-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors/about-distinguished-visitors" title="About Distinguished Visitors" class="sf-depth-3">About Distinguished Visitors</a></li><li id="menu-3862-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors/archives" class="sf-depth-3">Distinguished Visitor Archives</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2251-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/adjunct-visiting-faculty" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Adjunct and Visiting Faculty</a><ul><li id="menu-3036-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/adjunct-visiting-faculty/about-adjunct-and-visiting-faculty" title="About Adjunct and Visiting Faculty" class="sf-depth-3">About Adjunct and Visiting Faculty</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-6033-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-visitors-university-toronto-faculty-law/postgraduate-fellows" class="sf-depth-2">Postdoctoral Fellows</a></li><li id="menu-1823-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Staff Directory</a><ul><li id="menu-1887-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/by-department" title="" class="sf-depth-3">By Department</a></li><li id="menu-6880-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/research-associates" class="sf-depth-3">Research Associates</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3033-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-employment" title="Academic Employment Opportunities" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Employment Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-6925-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-visitors-university-toronto-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Visitors to the University of Toronto Faculty of Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2731-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-14 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/student-life" title="Student Life & Services" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Student Life & Services</a><ul><li id="menu-6968-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/meet-your-student-services-team" class="sf-depth-2">Meet your Student Services Team</a></li><li id="menu-4335-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Career Development Office</a><ul><li id="menu-4345-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/students-seeking-employment" class="sf-depth-3">Current Students</a></li><li id="menu-4414-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/prospective-students" class="sf-depth-3">Prospective Students</a></li><li id="menu-4350-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/employers-seeking-students" class="sf-depth-3">Employers</a></li><li id="menu-4349-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-guides-and-resources" class="sf-depth-3">What We Offer</a></li><li id="menu-4357-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-workshops-and-programs" class="sf-depth-3">Upcoming Events</a></li><li id="menu-4346-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-who-we-are" class="sf-depth-3">Contact Us</a></li><li id="menu-4352-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions" class="sf-depth-3">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-5998-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/career-explorer" class="sf-depth-3">Career Explorer: A Map for U of T Law Students</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3505-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/academic-support" title="Academic Support" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Support</a></li><li id="menu-5662-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/mentorship-and-peer-programs-u-t-law" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Mentorship and Peer Programs at U of T Law</a><ul><li id="menu-5669-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-information-alumni-student-mentorship-program" class="sf-depth-3">Alumni-Student Mentorship Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3528-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/personal-support" title="Supporting your life outside of academics" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Student Life</a><ul><li id="menu-3530-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/family-care" title="Students with Families" class="sf-depth-3">Students with Families</a></li><li id="menu-3532-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/housing" title="Housing" class="sf-depth-3">Housing</a></li><li id="menu-4532-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/lgbt-students-uoft-law" class="sf-depth-3">LGBTQ Students at UofT Law</a></li><li id="menu-4534-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/mature-students" class="sf-depth-3">Mature Students</a></li><li id="menu-3534-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/safety-campus" title="Safety on Campus" class="sf-depth-3">Safety on Campus</a></li><li id="menu-5473-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/spiritual-diversity-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Spiritual Diversity at the Law School</a></li><li id="menu-3533-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/other-university-toronto-services" title="Other University of Toronto Services" class="sf-depth-3">Other University of Toronto Services</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3531-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being" title="Health and Wellness" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Health and Wellness</a><ul><li id="menu-3529-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/accessibility-services" title="Accessibility Services / Accommodations" class="sf-depth-3">Accessibility Services / Accommodations</a></li><li id="menu-4562-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Counselling & Support Services</a></li><li id="menu-4563-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-university" class="sf-depth-3">Health & Medical Services</a></li><li id="menu-6369-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/mindfulness-program-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-3">Mindfulness program at the Faculty of Law</a></li><li id="menu-4564-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-local-community" class="sf-depth-3">Other Wellness Resources</a></li><li id="menu-5633-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/tips-staying-well-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Tips for Staying Well at Law School</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5981-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://uoftbookstore.com/law_faculty.asp" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Bookstore (external link)</a></li><li id="menu-5746-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Graduate Health & Wellness</a><ul><li id="menu-5747-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/accessibility-servicesaccommodations" class="sf-depth-3">Accessibility Services/Accommodations</a></li><li id="menu-5748-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/counseling-and-support-services" class="sf-depth-3">Counseling and Support Services</a></li><li id="menu-5749-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/health-and-medical-services" class="sf-depth-3">Health and Medical Services</a></li><li id="menu-5750-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/other-wellness-resources" class="sf-depth-3">Other Wellness Resources</a></li><li id="menu-5751-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/self-assessment-tools" class="sf-depth-3">Self-Assessment Tools</a></li><li id="menu-5752-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/tips-staying-well-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Tips for Staying Well at Law School</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5644-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/programs-centres/programs/indigenous-initiatives-office" title="Indigenous Initiatives Office" class="sf-depth-2">Indigenous Initiatives Office</a></li><li id="menu-3502-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-36 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-35 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events" title="Student Clubs and Events" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Student Clubs and Events</a><ul><li id="menu-3537-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/artists-legal-advice-services" title="Artists' Legal Advice Services" class="sf-depth-3">Artists' Legal Advice Services</a></li><li id="menu-3543-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/asia-law-society" title="Asia Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Asia Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3538-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/black-law-students-association-blsa" title="Black Law Students Association (BLSA)" class="sf-depth-3">Black Law Students Association (BLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-3539-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/business-law-society" title="Business Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Business Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5984-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/canadian-association-refugee-lawyers-carl" class="sf-depth-3">The Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers (CARL)</a></li><li id="menu-6892-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/canadian-hispanic-bar-association" class="sf-depth-3">Canadian Hispanic Bar Association (CHBA), U of T Chapter</a></li><li id="menu-3541-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/clf" title="Christian Legal Fellowship - University of Toronto Chapter" class="sf-depth-3">Christian Legal Fellowship</a></li><li id="menu-6958-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/competition-law-group" class="sf-depth-3">Competition Law Group</a></li><li id="menu-3542-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/criminal-law-students-society-clsa" title="Criminal Law Students' Association (CLSA)" class="sf-depth-3">Criminal Law Students' Association (CLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-6377-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/disabled-law-students-association" class="sf-depth-3">The Disabled Law Students’ Association</a></li><li id="menu-3545-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/environmental-law-club" title="Environmental Law Club" class="sf-depth-3">Environmental Law Club</a></li><li id="menu-3550-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/intramural-sports" title="Intramural Sports" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty of Law Athletic Association/Intramurals</a></li><li id="menu-5685-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/first-generation-network" class="sf-depth-3">First Generation Network</a></li><li id="menu-3547-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/health-law-club" title="Health Law Club" class="sf-depth-3">Health Law Club</a></li><li id="menu-3535-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/indigenous-law-students-association" title="Indigenous Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3549-1" class="middle even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/international-law-society" title="International Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">International Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3552-1" class="middle odd sf-item-17 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/jewish-law-students-association" title="Jewish Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Jewish Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-6914-1" class="middle even sf-item-18 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/korean-law-students-association-klsa" class="sf-depth-3">Korean Law Students’ Association (KLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-5461-1" class="middle odd sf-item-19 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/leap-labour-and-employment-law-in-actual-practice" class="sf-depth-3">The Labour & Employment Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3555-1" class="middle even sf-item-20 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/law-follies" title="Law Follies" class="sf-depth-3">Law Follies</a></li><li id="menu-3556-1" class="middle odd sf-item-21 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/law-games" title="Law Games" class="sf-depth-3">Law Games</a></li><li id="menu-6974-1" class="middle even sf-item-22 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events" title="" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Mock Trial Association</a></li><li id="menu-3558-1" class="middle odd sf-item-23 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/litigation-association" title="Litigation Association" class="sf-depth-3">Litigation Association</a></li><li id="menu-3560-1" class="middle even sf-item-24 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/muslim-law-students-association" title="Muslim Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Muslim Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3561-1" class="middle odd sf-item-25 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/outlaws" title="OutLaws" class="sf-depth-3">OutLaws</a></li><li id="menu-6447-1" class="middle even sf-item-26 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/privacy-and-cybersecurity-law-group" title="Privacy and Cybersecurity Law Group" class="sf-depth-3">Privacy and Cybersecurity Law Group</a></li><li id="menu-6551-1" class="middle odd sf-item-27 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/real-estate-law-society" title="Real Estate Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Real Estate Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5731-1" class="middle even sf-item-28 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/runnymede-society" class="sf-depth-3">Runnymede Society</a></li><li id="menu-3564-1" class="middle odd sf-item-29 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/south-asian-law-students-association-salsa" title="South Asian Law Students' Association (SALSA)" class="sf-depth-3">South Asian Law Students' Association (SALSA)</a></li><li id="menu-3566-1" class="middle even sf-item-30 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/sports-and-entertainment-law-society" title="Sports and Entertainment Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Sports and Entertainment Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5238-1" class="middle odd sf-item-31 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/tax-law-society" class="sf-depth-3">Tax Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3569-1" class="middle even sf-item-32 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/ultra-vires" title="Ultra Vires" class="sf-depth-3">Ultra Vires</a></li><li id="menu-3567-1" class="middle odd sf-item-33 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/student-animal-legal-defense-fund" title="University of Toronto Animal Justice" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Animal Justice</a></li><li id="menu-5108-1" class="middle even sf-item-34 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/u-t-law-union" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Law Union</a></li><li id="menu-4384-1" class="middle odd sf-item-35 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/venture-law-society" class="sf-depth-3">Venture Capital Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3570-1" class="last even sf-item-36 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/women-and-law-student-group" title="Women and the Law (Student Group)" class="sf-depth-3">Women and the Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3504-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/students-law-society-sls" title="Students' Law Society (SLS)" class="sf-depth-2">Students' Law Society (SLS)</a></li><li id="menu-3501-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-law-students-association" title="Graduate Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-2">Graduate Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3503-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-journals" title="Student Journals" class="sf-depth-2">Student Journals</a></li><li id="menu-4915-1" class="last even sf-item-14 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-participation-in-university-and-faculty-law-governance" class="sf-depth-2">Student Participation in University and Faculty of Law Governance</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2730-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-10 sf-parent-children-5 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/about-law-school" title="About the Law School" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About</a><ul><li id="menu-5647-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/about/building-orientation" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Building Orientation</a><ul><li id="menu-5648-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/student-life/building-faqs" class="sf-depth-3">Building FAQs</a></li><li id="menu-5661-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/building-orientation/special-features-jackman-law-building" class="sf-depth-3">Special Features of the Jackman Law Building</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2733-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/brief-history" title="Brief History of the Law School" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Brief History of the Law School</a><ul><li id="menu-2737-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/brief-history/class-1951" title="Class of 1951" class="sf-depth-3">Class of 1951</a></li><li id="menu-2738-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s" title="Trailblazers from the 1970s" class="sf-depth-3">Trailblazers from the 1970s</a></li><li id="menu-2746-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades" title="Women in Law Through the Decades" class="sf-depth-3">Women in Law Through the Decades</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2734-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/fact-sheet" title="Fact Sheet" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Fact Sheet</a><ul><li id="menu-5468-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/jd-first-year-class-profile" class="sf-depth-3">JD First Year Class Profile</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5475-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/inclusivity-and-diversity-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Inclusivity and Diversity at the Faculty of Law</a></li><li id="menu-2805-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings" title="Law School Buildings" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Law School Buildings</a><ul><li id="menu-2806-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings/flavelle-ceiling" title="Flavelle Ceiling" class="sf-depth-3">Flavelle Ceiling</a></li><li id="menu-5949-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings/building-tour" class="sf-depth-3">Building Tour</a></li><li id="menu-4817-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/blog/construction" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Construction Blog</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5670-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/statement-acknowledgement-traditional-land" class="sf-depth-2">Statement of Acknowledgement of Traditional Land</a></li><li id="menu-5975-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/truth-and-reconciliation-commission-implementation-committee" class="sf-depth-2">Truth and Reconciliation Commission Implementation Committee</a></li><li id="menu-2803-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/visitor-frequently-asked-questions" title="Visitor Frequently Asked Questions" class="sf-depth-2">Visitor Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-2811-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/visitor-info/how-find-us" title="How to Find Us" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">How to Find Us</a><ul><li id="menu-2812-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/law-school-buildings-internal-maps" title="Law School Buildings: Internal Maps" class="sf-depth-3">Law School Buildings: Internal Maps</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1301-1" class="last even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/contact-us" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div id="main-wrapper"> <div id="main" class="container layout-three-col"> <div id="content-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="column"> <div id="breadcrumb"><h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><span class="first"><a href="/">Home</a></span><a href="/admissions">Admissions</a><span class="separator">></span><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="JD Admissions">JD Admissions</a><span class="separator">></span>Upper-Year Applicants</div></div> <a id="main-content" accesskey="m"></a> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Upper-Year Applicants</h1> <div id="main-content-region" role="main"> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div id="node-2658" class="node node-page node-page-full clearfix" about="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Upper-Year Applicants" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p><em>updated August 9, 2024<br /> </em></p><ul><li><strong>JD Degree</strong></li><ul><ul><li><a href="#Transfers">Transfer Applicants</a><br /><br /></li></ul></ul><li><strong>JD courses on a Non-Degree basis</strong></li><ul><ul><li><div><a href="#Permission">Visiting law students on a Letter of Permission (LOP)</a></div></li><li><div><a href="#NCA">National Committee on Accreditation Program (NCA)</a></div></li></ul><ul><li><div><a href="#AuditStudents">Auditing JD Courses</a></div></li><li><div><a href="#Exchange">Student Exchange to U of T</a></div></li></ul></ul></ul><hr /><p><span style="color: #00204f; font-family: 'Francois One', sans-serif; font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1em;"><a name="Transfers"></a>Transfer Applicants</span></p><p>The Faculty of Law welcomes applications from students seeking admission to the second year of the JD program as transfer students. We expect that there will be from ten to twenty places to be filled every year.</p><p><strong>Degree Completion & Transfer Credit<br /></strong>Transfer students will be eligible for the University of Toronto’s JD degree upon the successful completion of two years of academic work in residence at the University of Toronto and subject to meeting the Faculty’s academic requirements as set out in the <a href="http://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank">Academic Handbook</a>. </p><p>Transfer credit will be considered and granted, where appropriate, for first-year law courses successfully completed at another common law school (Canadian or non-Canadian). Transfer credits are determined after the review of the transfer application for admissibility, and not in advance. Notification of any granted credit will be included in an offer of admission package. If admitted, any shortfall from our first-year required courses will need to be taken in addition to upper year courses in order to complete our JD.</p><p>Transfer credit will not be granted for law courses completed at another law school after its traditional first-year terms, e.g. no credit for summer courses if your law school's traditional first-year spans the fall and winter terms only.</p><p class="indent"><em>Please note that transfer students are not eligible to participate in the Student Exchange Program</em></p><p><strong><strong> <br />Course Offerings<br /></strong></strong>The academic year begins in early September, for which the year's course offerings are listed only a couple of months earlier during late-June to early-July. Please view the <a title="JD Course List" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/course-calendar" target="_blank">current course list online.  </a>  </p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Combined JD Programs for Transfers<br /></strong>Applicants applying to transfer into the second year of the JD program may also apply for admission to one of our <a title="JD Combined programs" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" target="_blank">combined programs</a>.</p><ul><li>If you intend to, or are contemplating whether to, study a JD combined program, then on the OLSAS application form for the JD, you must pick the JD-only selection <strong>and also</strong> the desired JD combined program selection. <strong>Please ensure that the selections are made <span>before</span> the OLSAS application deadline</strong>, after which your ability to add a new program selection on the OLSAS application form is disabled.  The additional selection of the combined program at OLSAS enables the law school to check with applicants, later in the cycle, on the outcome of their application to the partner program. It does not influence the admission to the JD. An independent application to the partner program is still required, regardless of the combination selected at OLSAS.<br /><br /></li><li>Applicants must apply directly to, and be admitted to, the partner program separately, for the same entry year as the JD transfer. Applicants are strongly encouraged to ascertain the application deadline relevant to the other faculty or department involved in the combined program in which they are interested, and meet all admission requirements, application deadlines and procedures for each degree program.<br /><br /></li><li>The law school will assess admission to the JD only, independently of the outcome of the admission of the partner program. If one is admitted independently to both the JD and the partner, then one may enrol in both programs as a combination. It is the enrolment after admission that is combined, and not the admission consideration.</li></ul><p> </p><p><span style="color: #242424; font-family: 'Francois One', sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.4em;">Admissions Policy for Transfer Applicants</span></p><p><strong><br />Eligibility<br /></strong>Applications will only be considered for candidates, regardless of immigration status in Canada, who have completed, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">all of</span>:</p><ol><li>At least three years of full-time undergraduate degree studies (exclusive of law school studies).</li><li>No more than the first year only, of an LLB or JD program at another<strong> common law</strong> school (Canadian or non-Canadian), prior to entry at UofT Law.</li><li>At least four of the following courses successfully, which are required at the Faculty of Law:</li></ol><ul><ul><ul><li>Administrative Law</li><li>Canadian Constitutional Law</li><li>Contract Law</li><li>Criminal Law</li><li>Legal Process</li><li>Property Law</li><li>Torts</li></ul></ul></ul><p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. In addition to the academic requirements the standardized LSAT test is required, please <a title="LSAT info" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions/application-procedure#Test" target="_blank">read an overview of the LSAT and when it should be written.</a>  Other academic aptitude standardized tests such as the GRE and GMAT are not acceptable.</p><p> </p><p><strong>The Personal Statement for Transfer Applicants<br /></strong>The Personal Statement is an opportunity to discuss your intellectual and academic background and personal interests, as well as provide information about yourself that is not otherwise evident through other information you provide in your application. The Admissions Committee wants to get a sense of who you are as a person and as a potential student and graduate of the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law.  Being authentic and thoughtful is the best approach in writing your statement.<br /> </p><p><strong>Selection<br /></strong>Admission to transfer into the second year of our JD program is based on a holistic assessment of a candidate’s profile, including undergraduate record (and, if applicable, graduate work), LSAT score, all first year JD or LLB grades from a common law school, and a personal statement.  </p><p>The Admissions Committee will take into account the differences in the quality of the law schools, as well as differences in grading policies, etc. Unless this is evident from the transcript, applicants are encouraged to support their applications with information from their law school Registrar or Dean on the grading practices at their law school and to provide their class ranking, if available.</p><p>Some applicants have compassionate grounds for seeking admission. As the Admissions Committee finds it extremely difficult to choose among deserving compassionate reasons, selection is not based on these factors.</p><p>Transfer applications will only be reviewed after the application deadline, and thenceforth after all application documentation has been received. Decisions are made on a rolling basis.</p><p> </p><h3>Application Procedure for Transfer Applicants</h3><p>Transfer applicants must submit the following documentation <strong>directly to the <strong>Ontario Law School Application Service (OLSAS):</strong></strong></p><ol><li>An OLSAS application.</li><li>Official and original copies of all post-secondary study academic transcripts, including law school transcripts.</li><li><a title="LSAT info" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions/application-procedure#Test" target="_blank">LSAT Score(s)</a></li><li>Personal Statement (required for all), Optional Essay (optional for all), and BSAP Essay (required for BSAP candidates)</li><li>A letter from their current law school indicating they are in good standing and have not been subject to disciplinary actions (including both academic and non-academic actions). Arrange with the current law school to have the letter sent by the law school (Registrar's Office) directly to OLSAS.</li></ol><p><strong> <br />International Transcripts & WES Canada Evaluations<br /></strong>Applicants who completed at least one academic year of courses at post-secondary institutions outside of Canada or the USA are required to provide a third-party <em>course-by-course</em> assessment of their transcripts from <a title="World Education Services (WES)" href="https://www.wes.org/ca/" target="_blank">World Education Services</a> (WES Canada) for their applications.  A WES Canada evaluation is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> required for the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">law school</span> transcripts of transfer applicants. Apply to WES Canada for transcript evaluation, and instruct WES Canada to submit the results to OLSAS directly.<strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>English Language Proficiency Tests (TOEFL, IELTS etc.)<br /></strong>A proficiency test is not required, however the LSAT is required, no exceptions.</p><p><strong>References & Interviews</strong><br />Letters of recommendation are not required and, if submitted, will not form part of the applicant's file. Interviews are not used for selection.</p><p><strong>Application Deadline<br /></strong>For admission to enter in the 2025-2026 academic year, applications open in August 2024 and are to be received by 11:59 pm (Toronto time) on May 1, 2025.  Applications must be received by this deadline even if law school marks for the current year are not yet available. </p><p>For applicants currently enrolled in a law school, if the documents to be provided directly by your law school (official final grades and/or letter of good standing) become available after the deadline, then still apply by the deadline and submit those documents to OLSAS as soon as possible after the deadline.</p><p><strong>Late Applications<br /></strong>The Faculty of Law at the University of Toronto is prepared to consider requests to submit late applications. Any interested applicants must apply in writing to the JD Admissions Office at the University of Toronto asking to be considered as a late applicant and outlining reasons for failing to meet the deadline. Student copies of all post-secondary academic transcripts (including law school marks for the current year) and LSAT scores should be enclosed with the letter. </p><p>Requests will only be reviewed when all of these required documents have been received. The request can be emailed with attachments to <strong><a href="mailto:admissions.law@utoronto.ca">admissions.law@utoronto.ca</a></strong>. The Faculty usually provides a response within five business days.</p><p><strong>Application Fee</strong><br />For the Ontario law schools, the base application fee is CAD $200 with an additional CAD $115 for each law school selection. All application fees are non-refundable. </p><p><strong>Submission of Applications Online & Application Fee<br /></strong>Obtain applications from, and submit to:</p><div style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Ontario Law School Application Service (OLSAS)</strong></div><div style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Ontario Universities’ Application Centre</strong></div><div style="padding-left: 30px;">170 Research Lane</div><div style="padding-left: 30px;">Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5E2</div><div style="padding-left: 30px;"> </div><div style="padding-left: 30px;"><div>Web: <a href="http://www.ouac.on.ca/olsas/" target="_blank">ouac.on.ca/olsas</a></div><div>Email: <a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants">olsas@ouac.on.ca<br /></a>Tel: 519.823-1063</div></div><hr /><h2><span class="Heading3-Class"><a name="Permission"></a></span></h2><p><span style="color: #00204f; font-family: 'Francois One', sans-serif; font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1em;">Letter of Permission (LOP) Applicants</span></p><p>Candidates who have successfully completed two years in an LL.B. or JD program at another law school may apply to study for up to one academic year at the University of Toronto on a LOP issued by the candidate's law school. Enrolment will be in JD courses only. LOP students are not eligible for JD combined program admission or enrolment.</p><p>LOP students do not receive a JD from the University of Toronto. Rather, they will receive a law degree from their home institution (subject to the requirements of their home institution). LOP students pay the <a title="UofT JD tuition fees" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/financialaid" target="_blank">host institution's tuition and ancillary fees</a>, and as visiting students on a non-degree basis, are not eligible for the U of T T Faculty of Law financial aid programs.</p><p>We expect that there will be from ten to twenty places to be filled every year. </p><p><strong>Course Offerings</strong><br />The academic year begins in early September, for which the year's course offerings are listed only a couple of months earlier during late-June to early-July.</p><ul><li>Please view the <a title="JD Course List" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/course-calendar" target="_blank">current course list online</a></li><li>Enrolment in certain courses may be restricted for non-degree students.</li></ul><p> </p><p><span style="color: #242424; font-family: 'Francois One', sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.4em;">Admissions Policy for LOP Applicants</span></p><p> The Admissions Committee will take into account the differences in the quality of the law schools, as well as differences in grading policies, etc. Unless this is evident from the transcript, applicants are encouraged to support their applications with information from their law school Registrar or Dean on the grading practices at their law school and to provide their class ranking, if available.</p><p>LOP applications will only be reviewed after the application deadline, and thenceforth after all application documentation has been received. Decisions are made on a rolling basis.</p><h3>Application Procedure for LOP Applicants</h3><p>LOP applicants must submit the following documentation <strong>directly to the <strong>Ontario Law School Application Service (OLSAS):</strong></strong></p><ol><li>An OLSAS application.</li><li>Official and original copies of all post-secondary study academic transcripts, including law school transcripts.</li><li><a title="LSAT info" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions/application-procedure#Test" target="_blank">LSAT Score(s)</a></li><li>Personal Statement and Optional Essay (both are submitted on the online OLSAS application)</li><li>A letter of permission (LOP) from their home institution which allows them to register at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law.</li><li>A letter from their current law school indicating they are in good standing and have not been subject to any disciplinary actions (including both academic and non-academic actions).. Arrange with the law school to have the letter sent by the law school (Registrar's Office) directly to OLSAS.</li></ol><p><strong> <br /></strong></p><p><strong>International Transcripts & WES Canada Evaluations<br /></strong>Applicants who completed at least one academic year of courses at post-secondary institutions outside of Canada or the USA are required to provide a third-party <em>course-by-course</em> assessment of their transcripts from <a title="World Education Services (WES)" href="https://www.wes.org/ca/" target="_blank">World Education Services</a> (WES Canada) for their applications.  A WES Canada evaluation is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> required for the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">law school</span> transcripts of letter of permission applicants. Apply to WES Canada for transcript evaluation, and instruct WES Canada to submit the results to OLSAS directly.<strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>English Language Proficiency Tests (TOEFL, IELTS etc.)<br /></strong>A proficiency test is not required for applying, however, after the review of a submitted application, we may ask for proof of proficiency, if it is warranted.</p><p><strong>References & Interviews</strong><br />Letters of recommendation are not required and, if submitted, will not form part of the applicant's file. Interviews are not used for selection.</p><p><strong>Application Deadline<br /></strong>For admission to enter in the 2025-2026 academic year, applications open in August 2024 and are to be received by 11:59 pm (Toronto time) on May 1, 2024.  Applications must be received by this deadline even if law school marks for the current year are not yet available.</p><p>For applicants currently enrolled in a law school, if the documents to be provided directly by your law school (official final grades, the LOP or letter of good standing) become available after the deadline, then still apply by the deadline and submit those documents to OLSAS as soon as possible after the deadline.</p><p><strong>Late Applications<br /></strong>the Faculty of Law at the University of Toronto is prepared to consider requests to submit late applications. Any interested applicants must apply in writing to the JD Admissions Office at the University of Toronto asking to be considered as a late applicant and outlining in detail, the reasons for failing to meet the deadline. Student copies of academic transcripts (including law school marks for the current year) and, if attained, LSAT scores, should be enclosed with the letter.</p><p>Requests will only be reviewed when all of these required documents have been received. The request can be emailed with attachments to<strong> <a href="mailto:admissions.law@utoronto.ca">admissions.law@utoronto.ca</a></strong>. The Faculty will provide a response within five business days.</p><p><strong>Application Fee<br /></strong>For the Ontario law schools, the base application fee is CAD $200 with an additional CAD $115 for each law school selection. All application fees are non-refundable. </p><div><strong>Submission of Applications Online</strong></div><div>Obtain applications from, and submit to:</div><div style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong><br />Ontario Law School Application Service (OLSAS)</strong></div><div style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Ontario Universities’ Application Centre</strong></div><div style="padding-left: 30px;">170 Research Lane</div><div style="padding-left: 30px;">Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5E2</div><div style="padding-left: 30px;"> </div><div style="padding-left: 30px;">Web: <a href="http://www.ouac.on.ca/olsas/" target="_blank">ouac.on.ca/olsas</a></div><div style="padding-left: 30px;">Email: <a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants">olsas@ouac.on.ca<br /></a>Tel: 519.823-1063</div><hr /><h2><a name="AuditStudents"></a>Auditing JD Courses </h2><div><strong>Who May Audit</strong></div><div><ul><li>Currently registered UofT graduate students, except for GPLLM students</li><li>UofT Faculty of Law alumni of our LLB, JD, LLM and SJD programs only</li><li>Members of the public</li><li><em>Undergraduates registered/enrolled at any institution are not permitted to audit</em></li></ul></div><p><strong>Permitted Studies</strong><br />With the approval of the Faculty of Law, auditors may engage in non-degree studies by attending lectures and other class meetings and take part in class discussions. Online and distance education courses are not offered. Auditors may not enrol in courses in the first year of the JD program. The University's Code of Student Conduct applies to auditors.</p><p><strong>Course Participation & Credit</strong><br />Except with special permission, auditors will not receive evaluations of participation, and will not be permitted to submit assignments or write examinations and tests. Auditors receive no credit towards a JD degree. </p><p><strong>Certificate of Attendance</strong><br />Upon request, auditors may receive written Certificate of Attendance. Certificates of Attendance will not be part of the Official Student Academic Record.</p><p><strong>Auditing Course Fee<br /></strong></p><ul><li>Graduate students registered in the University, and graduates who have earned their LLB, JD, LLM, or SJD at the Faculty of Law will not be charged an audit fee for auditing except in cases where Certificates of Attendance are requested.<br /><br /></li><li>For all others, the non-refundable audit fee is CAD $3,500 per JD course, plus HST (13% government tax).</li><li><p>The auditing fee is for auditing only. Non-registered students who wish to use other University services (for example, the UofT Library) may have access to them on terms normally available to members of the community at large.</p></li></ul><div><strong>Application & Selection<br /></strong>To apply, please email a request to audit to the JD Admissions Office at <a title="email JD Admissions" href="mailto:admissions.law@utoronto.ca" target="_blank">admissions.law@utoronto.ca</a> and include:</div><div><ol><li>Your reason for auditing</li><li>Whether you are either: a currently registered graduate student at the UofT or a member of the public</li><li>Whether you are a alumna/alumnus of the UofT Faculty of Law</li><li>If you are a member of the public who is NOT an alumna/alumnus of the UofT Faculty of Law, provide a current resume</li><li>The specific desired course name and number from the <a title="JD Course List" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/course-calendar" target="_blank">online course list</a>. <em>The academic year begins in early September, for which the year's course offerings are listed only a couple of months earlier during late-June to early-July.</em></li></ol></div><p>Acceptance into courses is subject to available spaces. Often, a decision cannot be made until immediately prior to, or shortly after, the beginning of classes in each term.</p><hr /><h2><a name="NCA"></a>National Committee on Accreditation Program (NCA)</h2><p>For detailed information see the <a id="National Committee on Accreditation Programme" title="National Committee on Accreditation Program" href="/admissions/jd-admissions/national-committee-accreditation-applicants" target="_self">National Committee on Accreditation</a> application web page.<br /><br /><em>Note: Candidates whose NCA assessments require the completion of 60 credits will be considered as transfer applicants to the JD degree program.</em></p><hr /><h2><a name="Exchange"></a>Student Exchange to UofT Law</h2><p>We welcome incoming students from our exchange partner institutions into the upper years of study.</p><ul><li>Read the <a title="Impressions of visiting Exchange Students" href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/student-exchange-programs/incoming-exchange-students/visiting-exchange" target="_blank">impressions</a> of recent exchange students to UofT Law.</li><li>Get application details from the UofT <a title="Centre for International Experience" href="https://learningabroad.utoronto.ca/inbound-visiting/inbound-exchange/am-i-eligible/" target="_blank">Centre for International Experience</a>. </li></ul><p> </p><p><strong>Course Offerings<br /></strong>The academic year begins in early September, for which the year's course offerings are listed only a couple of months earlier during late-June to early-July.</p><ul><li>Please view the <a title="JD Course List" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/course-calendar" target="_blank">current course list online</a></li><li>Enrolment in certain courses may be restricted for exchange students </li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar-second" class="column sidebar"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second-bottom"> <div id="block-nodeblock-8903" class="block block-nodeblock"> <div class="content"> <div id="node-8903" class="node node-featured-block node-featured_block-full clearfix" about="/featuredblock/admissions-events-sidebar" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Admissions Events sidebar" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-field-featured-block-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/featured_block_images/admissionsevents2.jpg" width="190" height="244" alt="JD Admissions Events" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-featured-block-image-desc field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Admissions Events</strong></p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Attend our <a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions/admissions-calendar-events">Admissions Events </a>for first-hand information from our friendly admissions advisors.</p><p> </p></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div> <div id="sidebar-first" class="column sidebar"> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <h2><a href="/admissions" class="active-trail">Admissions</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1296"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/welcome-university-toronto-faculty-law">Message from the Dean</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t">Why U of T?</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-3012"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="JD Admissions" class="active-trail">JD Admissions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-4544"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions" title="">JD Admissions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3016"><a href="/jd-admissions-policies" title="Admissions Policies">Admissions Policies</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-3018"><a href="/jd-admissions-procedure" title="Application Procedure">Application Procedure</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3017"><a href="/jd-admissions-timeline" title="Admissions Timeline">Admissions Timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3019"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/half-time-program" title="Half-Time Program">Half-Time Program</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-4570"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/aboriginal-applicants">Indigenous Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-6386"><a href="/blackfuturelawyers">Black Future Lawyers</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-3020"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants" title="Upper-Year Applicants" class="active-trail active">Upper-Year Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3021"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/national-committee-accreditation-applicants" title="National Committee on Accreditation Applicants">National Committee on Accreditation Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3023"><a href="/financialaid" title="Financial Aid and Fees">Financial Aid and Fees</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4102"><a href="/jd-admissions-faq" title="Frequently Asked Questions regarding JD admissions">Admissions FAQ</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4361"><a href="/jd-admissions-help" title="JD Admissions Enquiries">Admissions Enquiries</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3013"><a href="/admissionevents" title="Calendar of Admissions Events">Admissions Events</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3015"><a href="/jd-admissions-updates" title="Admissions News Updates">Admissions News Updates</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4934"><a href="/campustour">Campus Tours</a></li> <li class="last collapsed menu-mlid-5384"><a href="/newadmit">New Admits - JD Program</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-2999"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions" title="Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?">Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3028"><a href="/admissions/professional-legal-education" title="Executive Education">Executive Education</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4373"><a href="/nca">National Committee on Accreditation Options</a></li> <li class="last collapsed menu-mlid-2991"><a href="/admissions/community-outreach" title="Supporting Tomorrow’s Lawyers - Youth Outreach Activities">Community outreach</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-36" class="block block-block"> <h2>Related Links</h2> <div class="content"> <p><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-requirements">JD Program Requirements</a></p><p><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-opportunities">JD Program Opportunities</a></p><p><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs">JD Combined Programs</a></p><p><a href="/student-life">Student Life & Services</a></p><p><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/student-exchange-programs/incoming-exchange-students">Incoming Exchange Students</a></p> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-53" class="block block-block"> <h2>Social Media</h2> <div class="content"> <p>Check out the Faculty of Law and its related programs and faculty on our <a href="/news/media-resources/social-media">social media page</a></p><table style="height: 40px; width: 190px;" border="0"><tbody><tr><td><ul id="social-media"><li class="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/uoftlaw" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li><li class="facebook"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/UTorontoLaw" target="_blank">Facebook</a></li><li class="linked-in"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/authwall?trk=bf&trkInfo=AQF3FOspMgmkaQAAAYmI6AuAAe93LchVsXZ_j10nFlB3BS2DnYIKlMzBOzHGH5sh852JzzGvIIAN6zYGx2KBAWZqvdNDz6kpE1rne-4onkgy6KkA9JSMDoDeg-nMIIYqTtwjWiM=&original_referer=&sessionRedirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fcompany%2Funiversity-of-toronto-faculty-of-law" target="_blank">Linked In</a></li><li class="youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/UTorontoLaw/" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li><li class="tumblr"><a href="http://84queenspark.tumblr.com/" target="_blank">Tumblr</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="footer-wrapper"> <div id="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer-top"> <div id="block-block-2" class="block block-block"> <h2>Social media</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="social-media"> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/uoftlaw" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li> <li class="facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/UofTLaw" target="_blank">Facebook</a></li> <li class="linked-in"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/university-of-toronto-faculty-of-law" target="_blank">Linked In</a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/UTorontoLaw/" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li> <li class="instagram"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/UofTLaw/" target="_blank">Instagram</a></li> <li class="tumblr"><a href="http://84queenspark.tumblr.com/" target="_blank">Tumblr</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-superfish-3" class="block block-superfish"> <h2>Footer menu</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-3" class="menu sf-menu sf-menu-footer-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-5 sf-parent-items-5 sf-single-items-0"><li id="menu-1310-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-11 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-11 menuparent"><a href="/future-students" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Future Students</a><ul><li id="menu-4536-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/welcome-university-toronto-faculty-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Message from the Dean</a></li><li id="menu-3726-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-3727-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/financialaid" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Financial Aid</a></li><li id="menu-3728-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Combined Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3729-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/focus-areas" class="sf-depth-2">Focus Areas</a></li><li id="menu-3730-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Special Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3731-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Student Life</a></li><li id="menu-3732-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty</a></li><li id="menu-3839-3" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/brief-history" title="" class="sf-depth-2">History</a></li><li id="menu-3840-3" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law School Buildings</a></li><li id="menu-3841-3" class="last odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-city" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Toronto</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1311-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/current-students" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Current Students</a><ul><li id="menu-5488-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" title="Academic Handbook (external link)" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Handbook</a></li><li id="menu-3843-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/course-calendar" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Course Calendar</a></li><li id="menu-3844-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/sessional-dates" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Sessional Dates</a></li><li id="menu-5489-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/schedules" title="Schedules and Timetables" class="sf-depth-2">Schedules and Timetables</a></li><li id="menu-5490-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/bookstore" title="Bookstore" class="sf-depth-2">Bookstore</a></li><li id="menu-4374-3" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Career Development Office</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1312-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-9 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-9 menuparent"><a href="/visitors" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Visitors</a><ul><li id="menu-5491-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Welcome to the Law School</a></li><li id="menu-3849-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty & Staff Directories</a></li><li id="menu-3850-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://library.law.utoronto.ca" title="Bora Laskin Law Library (external link)" class="sf-depth-2">Bora Laskin Law Library</a></li><li id="menu-3851-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/executive-education" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Executive Education</a></li><li id="menu-3852-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics" title="Legal Clinics" class="sf-depth-2">Legal Clinics</a></li><li id="menu-3853-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs" title="Centers & Programs" class="sf-depth-2">Centers & Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3854-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Special Lectures, Workshops, Seminars, and Conferences</a></li><li id="menu-3855-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/visitor-frequently-asked-questions" title="Frequently Asked Questions" class="sf-depth-2">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-3857-3" class="last odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/events/month" title="Events Calendar (this month)" class="sf-depth-2">Events Calendar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1314-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff" title="" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Faculty & Staff</a><ul><li id="menu-5494-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="Faculty Directory, with photos" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Directory (Photo)</a></li><li id="menu-5495-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty" title="Faculty Directory, one-page list" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Directory (List)</a></li><li id="menu-5496-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff" title="Staff Directory, list view" class="sf-depth-2">Staff Directory</a></li><li id="menu-5497-3" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/by-department" title="Staff Directory by department" class="sf-depth-2">Staff Directory (Department)</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4232-3" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-15 sf-parent-children-14 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/focus-areas" title="" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Focus Areas</a><ul><li id="menu-2149-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/aboriginal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Aboriginal Law</a></li><li id="menu-6887-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/focus-area/animal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Animal Law</a></li><li id="menu-2153-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/business-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Business Law</a></li><li id="menu-2156-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/constitutional-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Constitutional Law</a></li><li id="menu-4522-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/criminal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Criminal Law</a></li><li id="menu-2159-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/environmental-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Environmental Law</a></li><li id="menu-2162-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/health-law-and-policy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Health Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-5143-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/innovation-law" title="Innovation Law focus area" class="sf-depth-2">Innovation Law</a></li><li id="menu-2165-3" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/international-law-and-policy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">International Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-5732-3" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-economics" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Economics</a></li><li id="menu-6383-3" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-history" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and History</a></li><li id="menu-2168-3" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-literature" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Literature</a></li><li id="menu-2171-3" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-philosophy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Philosophy</a></li><li id="menu-2174-3" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/public-interest-and-diversity" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Public Interest and Diversity</a></li><li id="menu-2177-3" class="last odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/women-law-and-social-change" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Women in Law and Social Change</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer-bottom"> <div id="block-menu-block-8" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-8 menu-name-menu-footer-utility parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-2128"><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5578"><a href="/privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2129"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Contact the Faculty</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2130"><a href="/comments-or-questions">Comments or Questions?</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-3" class="block block-block"> <h2>University of Toronto Faculty of Law</h2> <div class="content"> <p>78 Queen's Park ( <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/about/contact-us"><span style="color: #ffffff;">View Map</span></a></span> )<br />Toronto, ON M5S 2C5<br />Tel: 416-978-0210 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div></div>  <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-fe3d812bd3551e468d3","applicationID":"540571234","transactionName":"ZVxVZ0YCCBVSWhIPC1wWYkFdTEkPXV0DHkpCUUc=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":366,"atts":"SRtWEQ4YGxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>