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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rekod_fosil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekod_fosil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Rekod fosil </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rekod_fosil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Rekod fosil </button> <ul id="toc-Rekod_fosil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canis_lepophagus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_lepophagus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Canis lepophagus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_lepophagus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_armbrusteri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_armbrusteri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Canis armbrusteri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_armbrusteri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aenocyon_dirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aenocyon_dirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Aenocyon dirus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aenocyon_dirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_chihliensis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_chihliensis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Canis chihliensis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_chihliensis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canis_antonii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_antonii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Canis antonii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_antonii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_borjgali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_borjgali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Canis borjgali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_borjgali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_mosbachensis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_mosbachensis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Canis mosbachensis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_mosbachensis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_lupus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_lupus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Canis lupus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_lupus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canis_lupus_bohemica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_lupus_bohemica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Canis lupus bohemica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_lupus_bohemica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_cf._familiaris_-_anjing_Paleolitik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_cf._familiaris_-_anjing_Paleolitik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Canis cf. familiaris - anjing Paleolitik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_cf._familiaris_-_anjing_Paleolitik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_familiaris_(anjing_bela_jinak)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_familiaris_(anjing_bela_jinak)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Canis familiaris (anjing bela jinak) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_familiaris_(anjing_bela_jinak)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perbandingan_dengan_serigala_moden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbandingan_dengan_serigala_moden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 Perbandingan dengan serigala moden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbandingan_dengan_serigala_moden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rekod_genetik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekod_genetik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Rekod genetik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rekod_genetik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Rekod genetik </button> <ul id="toc-Rekod_genetik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jujukan_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jujukan_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Jujukan DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jujukan_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isu_penanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isu_penanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Isu penanda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isu_penanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isu_masa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isu_masa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Isu masa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isu_masa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canid_mirip_serigala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canid_mirip_serigala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Canid mirip serigala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canid_mirip_serigala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percampuran_dengan_canid_pupus_yang_tidak_diketahui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percampuran_dengan_canid_pupus_yang_tidak_diketahui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Percampuran dengan canid pupus yang tidak diketahui </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percampuran_dengan_canid_pupus_yang_tidak_diketahui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keluar_dari_Beringia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keluar_dari_Beringia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Keluar dari Beringia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keluar_dari_Beringia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ke_Amerika_dan_ke_Jepun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ke_Amerika_dan_ke_Jepun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ke Amerika dan ke Jepun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ke_Amerika_dan_ke_Jepun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pencapahan_dengan_koyote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pencapahan_dengan_koyote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Pencapahan dengan koyote </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pencapahan_dengan_koyote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anjing_bela_jinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anjing_bela_jinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Anjing bela jinak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anjing_bela_jinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dingo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dingo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Dingo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dingo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_variabilis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_variabilis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Canis variabilis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_variabilis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebangkitan_kepada_pemangsa_dominan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebangkitan_kepada_pemangsa_dominan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Kebangkitan kepada pemangsa dominan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kebangkitan_kepada_pemangsa_dominan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perbezaan_populasi_serigala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbezaan_populasi_serigala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Perbezaan populasi serigala </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perbezaan_populasi_serigala-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Perbezaan populasi serigala </button> <ul id="toc-Perbezaan_populasi_serigala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekotip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekotip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ekotip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekotip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serigala_Pleistosen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serigala_Pleistosen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Serigala Pleistosen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serigala_Pleistosen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Catatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Rujukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Karya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Evolusi serigala</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. 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dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:British_Pleistocene_Mammalia_(1866)_Wolf_Cranium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Pleistocene_Mammalia_%281866%29_Wolf_Cranium.png/250px-British_Pleistocene_Mammalia_%281866%29_Wolf_Cranium.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/British_Pleistocene_Mammalia_%281866%29_Wolf_Cranium.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrasi bagi tengkorak serigala Pleistosen yang ditemukan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kents_Cavern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kents Cavern (laman tidak wujud)">Kents Cavern</a>, Torquay, England<a href="#cite_note-Dawkins1912-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Terdapat persetujuan meluas bahawa zuriat evolusi <a href="/wiki/Serigala_kelabu" title="Serigala kelabu">serigala kelabu</a> dapat dijejak kembali sejauh 2 juta tahun hingga spesies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen_Awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleistosen Awal (laman tidak wujud)">Pleistosen Awal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_etruscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis etruscus (laman tidak wujud)">Canis etruscus</a> dan penggantinya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_mosbachensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis mosbachensis (laman tidak wujud)">Canis mosbachensis</a> Pleistosen Pertengahan.<a href="#cite_note-Cherin2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-BartoliniLucenti2020-3">[3]</a> Serigala kelabu Canis lupus ialah spesies yang sangat mudah menyesuaikan diri dan dapat wujud dalam pelbagai persekitaran serta tersebar secara meluas merentasi <a href="/wiki/Holartik" title="Holartik">Holartik</a>. Kajian-kajian tentang serigala kelabu moden telah mengenal pasti sebilangan subpopulasi berlainan yang hidup dekat dengan satu sama lain.<a href="#cite_note-Musiani2007-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2015a-5">[5]</a> Variasi pada subpopulasi tersebut berkait rapat dengan perbezaan pada habitat – kerpasan, suhu, tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan pengkhususan mangsa – yang mempengaruhi keplastikan tengkorak-gigi.<a href="#cite_note-Geffen2004-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilot2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flower2014-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> Spesimen-spesimen terawal serigala kelabu moden bertarikh ke sekitar 400,000 tahun lalu<a href="#cite_note-Iurino2022-10">[10]</a> atau mungkin lebih awal hingga 1 juta tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a> Kebanyakan serigala moden mengongsi kebanyakan keleluhuran bersamanya dalam tempoh 25,000–23,000 tahun terakhir daripada populasi-populasi serigala Siberia terdahulu.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skoglund2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loog2019-15">[15]</a> Walaupun sesetengah sumber telah mencadangkan bahawa ini ialah hasil daripada <a href="/wiki/Kejejalan_populasi" title="Kejejalan populasi">kejejalan populasi</a>, sumber lain mencadangkan bahawa ini ialah akibat normal bagi <a href="/wiki/Aliran_gen" title="Aliran gen">aliran gen</a> yang menghomogenkan genom-genom serigala merentasi wilayahnya.<a href="#cite_note-Bergström2022-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rekod_fosil">Rekod fosil</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rekod fosil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rekod fosil">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/wiki/Canis#Taksonomi" title="Canis">Evolusi Canis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Canidae#Hubungan_filogenetik" title="Canidae">Hubungan canid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Canisetr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Canisetr.JPG/220px-Canisetr.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Canisetr.JPG/330px-Canisetr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Canisetr.JPG/440px-Canisetr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>Tengkorak Canis etruscus di Muzium Paleontologi <a href="/wiki/Montevarchi" title="Montevarchi">Montevarchi</a></figcaption></figure> Rekod fosil untuk vertebrat-vertebrat purba terdiri daripada serpihan-serpihan jarang. Daripada serpihan-serpihan itu, pemerolehan bahan genetik kerap mustahil. Para penyelidik terbatas kepada <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">analisis morfologi</a> tetapi ada kesukaran untuk menganggarkan variasi dan hubungan dalam spesies dan antara spesies yang wujud sesama spesimen dari pelbagai masa dan dari pelbagai tempat. Sesetengah pemerhatian diperdebatkan oleh para penyelidik yang tidak selalu bersetuju dan hipotesis-hipotesis yang disokong oleh sesetengah pengarang dicabar oleh pengarang lain.<a href="#cite_note-Sardella2013-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_kepupusan_Kapur%E2%80%93Paleogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peristiwa kepupusan Kapur–Paleogen">Peristiwa kepupusan Kapur–Paleogen</a> berlaku pada 66 juta tahun lalu dan menyebabkan pengakhiran dinosaur bukan burung dan kemunculan karnivoran pertama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford20108-18">[18]</a> Nama karnivoran diberikan kepada anggota dalam order <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>. Karnivoran mempunyai susunan lazim gigi yang dipanggil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencabik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencabik (laman tidak wujud)">pencabik</a>, iaitu apabila <a href="/wiki/Gigi_geraham" title="Gigi geraham">gigi geraham</a> bawah pertama dan <a href="/wiki/Gigi_geraham_kecil" title="Gigi geraham kecil">gigi geraham kecil</a> atas terakhir mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Korona_(gigi)" title="Korona (gigi)">korona</a> enamel mirip bilah yang bertindak serupa dengan sepasang gunting untuk memotong daging. Susunan gigi ini telah diubah suai melalui penyesuaian sepanjang 60 juta tahun lalu untuk diet yang terdiri daripada daging, untuk menghancurkan tumbuh-tumbuhan, atau untuk kehilangan fungsi pencabik sama sekali seperti yang pada anjing laut, singa laut, dan walrus. Kini, bukan semua karnivoran merupakan <a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">karnivor</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Serigala_tanah" title="Serigala tanah">serigala tanah</a> memakan serangga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford20101-19">[19]</a> Leluhur karnivoran bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caniform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caniform (laman tidak wujud)">caniform</a> mirip anjing dan dan <a href="/wiki/Feliform" class="mw-redirect" title="Feliform">feliform</a> mirip kucing memulakan laluan evolusi berasingan sejurus selepas pengakhiran dinosaur. Anggota pertama dalam keluarga anjing <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> muncul pada 40 juta tahun lalu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010116-20">[20]</a> yang dalamnya hanya subkeluarganya <a href="/wiki/Caninae" title="Caninae">Caninae</a> mandiri kini dalam bentuk kanin mirip serigala dan kanin mirip rubah. Caniform berkenaan menyertakan genus mirip rubah <a href="/wiki/Leptocyon" title="Leptocyon">Leptocyon</a> yang dalamnya pelbagai spesies wujud sejak 34 juta tahun sebelum kini sebelum mencabang pada 11.9 juta tahun sebelum kini kepada <a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a> (rubah) dan <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canini</a> (kanin). <a href="/wiki/Eucyon" title="Eucyon">Eucyon</a> yang bersaiz jakal wujud di Amerika Utara sejak 10 juta tahun sebelum kini dan menjelang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliosen_Awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pliosen Awal (laman tidak wujud)">Pliosen Awal</a>, pada sekitar 6–5 juta tahun sebelum kini, <a href="/wiki/Eucyon#Eucyon_davisi" title="Eucyon">Eucyon davisi</a> yang mirip koyote<a href="#cite_note-Fossilworks5-21">[21]</a> menjajah Eurasia. Di Amerika Utara, ia menyebabkan kebangkitan kepada Canis awal yang pertama kali muncul pada <a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen</a> (6 juta tahun sebelum kini) di Amerika Syarikat barat daya dan di Mexico. Menjelang 5 juta tahun sebelum kini, <a href="/wiki/Canis_lepophagus" title="Canis lepophagus">Canis lepophagus</a> yang lebih besar muncul di rantau sama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201058-22">[22]</a> Canid yang telah berhijrah dari Amerika Utara ke Eurasia – <a href="/wiki/Eucyon" title="Eucyon">Eucyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a> – merupakan pemangsa bersaiz kecil hingga sederhana semasa Miosen Akhir dan Pliosen Awal tetapi bukan pemangsa puncak. Kedudukan canid tersebut kemudian berubah dengan ketibaan Canis untuk menjadi pemangsa dominan merentasi <a href="/wiki/Holartik" title="Holartik">Holartik</a>. <a href="#Canis_chihliensis">C. chihliensis</a> yang bersaiz serigala muncul di China utara pada Pliosen Pertengahan pada sekitar 4–3 juta tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148-23">[23]</a> Canis besar yang bersaiz serigala tersebut muncul pada <a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Pliosen</a> Pertengahan pada sekitar 3 juta tahun lalu di Lembangan Yushe, Provinsi <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, China. Menjelang 2.5 juta tahun lalu, wilayahnya menyertakan Lembangan Nihewan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaunti_Yangyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaunti Yangyuan (laman tidak wujud)">Kaunti Yangyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, China dan di Kuruksay, Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-Vislobokova2003-24">[24]</a> Ini diikuti oleh ledakan evolusi Canis merentasi Eurasia pada Pleistosen Awal pada sekitar 1.8 juta tahun sebelum kini dalam peristiwa yang lazimnya dirujuk sebagai peristiwa serigala. Ini dikaitkan dengan pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_mamot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steppe mamot (laman tidak wujud)">steppe mamot</a> dan pengglasieran benua. Canis bersebar ke Eropah dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_arnensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis arnensis (laman tidak wujud)">C. arnensis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_etruscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis etruscus (laman tidak wujud)">C. etruscus</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_falconeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis falconeri (laman tidak wujud)">C. falconeri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148-23">[23]</a> Kajian lain menyatakan bahawa tinggalan Canis tertua yang telah ditemukan di Eropah adalah dari Perancis dan bertarikh ke 3.1 juta tahun sebelum kini,<a href="#cite_note-Lacombat2007-25">[25]</a> yang diikuti oleh Canis cf. etruscus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatanama_terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatanama terbuka (laman tidak wujud)">cf.</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> memaksudkan "bandingkan", "tidak pasti") dari Itali yang bertarikh ke 2.2 juta tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Rook1996-26">[26]</a> Rekod fosil adalah tidak lengkap tetapi serigala berkemungkinan bangkit daripada satu populasi canid awal kecil.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:241 Kedua-dua bukti morfologi<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:239<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a> dan bukti genetik<a href="#cite_note-Wayne1995-29">[29]</a> mencadangkan bahawa serigala ber-evolusi semasa era <a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Pliosen</a> dan era <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen">Pleistosen</a> Awal daripada zuriat sama yang juga menghasilkan koyote,<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:239 dengan spesimen-spesimen fosil yang menunjukkan bahawa koyote dan serigala mencapah daripada leluhur bersama pada 1.5 juta tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:240<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a> Leluhur kepada jakal dan anggota ekstan lain dalam genus Canis telah berpisah daripada zuriat itu sebelum masa ini.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:240 Selepas perpisahan ini daripada leluhur bersama, spesies-spesies yang dipercayai terlibat dalam evolusi lanjut bagi serigala dan koyote – dan kepercayaan sesetengah ahli <a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">paleontologi</a> – mencapah.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:240 Sebilangan penyelidik percaya bahawa susur galur bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canid_edwardii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canid edwardii (laman tidak wujud)">C. priscolatrans</a>, C. etruscus, <a href="/wiki/Canis_rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis rufus">C. rufus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canis_lycaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lycaon">C. lycaon</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus">C. lupus</a> merupakan komponen-komponen yang terlibat dalam cara tertentu yang membawa kepada serigala dan koyote moden.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:240<a href="#cite_note-Hoffmeister1954-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-LawrenceSchevill1967-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-LawrenceSchevill1974-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin1974-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webb1974-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne1991-35">[35]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; width: 248px; float: right; clear: right; vertical-align: middle"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Evolusi serigala </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #dedede; padding: 3px"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_lepophagus" title="Canis lepophagus">Canis lepophagus</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Canis_latrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis latrans">Canis latrans</a> (koyote)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_edwardii#Canis_priscolatrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis edwardii">Canis priscolatrans</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> takson-takson pupus </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_armbrusteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis armbrusteri">Canis armbrusteri</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_dirus" title="Canis dirus">Canis dirus</a> (serigala menggerunkan)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(Aenocyon_dirus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg/80px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg/120px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg/160px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="944" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_nehringi" title="Canis nehringi">Canis nehringi</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/50px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/75px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/100px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_nehringi#Canis_gezi" title="Canis nehringi">Canis gezi</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/50px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/75px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/100px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†Canis etruscus</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_variabilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis variabilis (laman tidak wujud)">Canis variabilis</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Canis_lupus_variabilis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Canis_lupus_variabilis.jpg/50px-Canis_lupus_variabilis.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Canis_lupus_variabilis.jpg/75px-Canis_lupus_variabilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Canis_lupus_variabilis.jpg/100px-Canis_lupus_variabilis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="243" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="#Canis_mosbachensis">Canis mosbachensis</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Canis_rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis rufus">Canis rufus</a> (serigala merah)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_V)_C._l._rufus_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29_C._l._rufus_mod.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29_C._l._rufus_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29_C._l._rufus_mod.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29_C._l._rufus_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29_C._l._rufus_mod.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29_C._l._rufus_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="344" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus">Canis lupus</a> (serigala kelabu)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Canis_familiaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris">Canis familiaris</a> (anjing)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:202104_Dog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/50px-202104_Dog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/75px-202104_Dog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/100px-202104_Dog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%; width: 248px; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cadangan evolusi dan pencabangan genus Canis ke arah serigala<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:240 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_lepophagus">Canis lepophagus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis lepophagus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis lepophagus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Canis_lepophagus" title="Canis lepophagus">Canis lepophagus</a> hidup pada Pliosen Awal di Amerika Utara.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2008-36">[36]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Kurt%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Björn Kurtén (laman tidak wujud)">Kurtén</a> mencadangkan bahawa C. lepophagus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usia_Blanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usia Blanc (laman tidak wujud)">Usia Blanc</a><a href="#cite_note-Fossilworks1-37">[37]</a> diterbitkan daripada spesies Canis <a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen</a> yang lebih kecil di Amerika Utara. Ia kemudian menjadi tersebar meluas merentasi Eurasia. Di sana, ia sama ada seiras atau berkait rapat dengan C. arnensis di Eropah.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:241<a href="#cite_note-Kurtén1974-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurtén1980-39">[39]</a> Johnston memerihalkan C. lepophagus sebagai spesies yang mempunyai tengkorak dan rangka lebih lampai berbanding dengan yang pada koyote moden.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston1938-40">[40]</a>:385 Robert M. Nowak mendapati bahawa populasi-populasi awal mempunyai tengkorak kecil, rapuh, dan berperkadaran sempit yang menyerupai koyote kecil dan terlihat sebagai leluhur kepada <a href="/wiki/Koyote" title="Koyote">C. latrans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:241 Johnston mencatatkan bahawa sesetengah spesimen yang ditemukan di Ngarai Cita, Texas mempunyai tengkorak lebih besar dan lebih lebar<a href="#cite_note-Johnston1938-40">[40]</a> dan, sekali dengan serpihan-serpihan lain, Nowak mencadangkan bahawa spesimen-spesimen ini sedang melalui evolusi ke arah serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:241<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a> Tedford tidak bersetuju dengan para pengarang terdahulu dan mendapati bahawa morfologi tengkorak-giginya kurang mempunyai sesetengah ciri yang dikongsi oleh C. lupus dan C. latrans. Maka, tidak ada hubungan rapat tetapi ini mencadangkan bahawa C. lepophagus ialah leluhur kepada kedua-dua serigala dan koyote.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:119 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_armbrusteri">Canis armbrusteri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis armbrusteri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis armbrusteri">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Serigala Amerika Utara menjadi lebih besar, dengan spesimen-spesimen gigi yang menunjukkan bahawa C. priscolatrans mencapah kepada serigala besar <a href="/wiki/Canis_armbrusteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis armbrusteri">C. armbrusteri</a><a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:242<a href="#cite_note-Berta1995-41">[41]</a> semasa Pleistosen Pertengahan di Amerika Utara.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a> Robert A. Martin tidak bersetuju dan percaya bahawa C. armbrusteri<a href="#cite_note-Fossilworks3-42">[42]</a> ialah C. lupus.<a href="#cite_note-Martin1974-33">[33]</a> Nowak tidak bersetuju dengan Martin dan mencadangkan bahawa C. armbrusteri bukan berkaitan dengan C. lupus tetapi dengan C. priscolatrans, yang kemudian menyebabkan kebangkitan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_menggerunkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala menggerunkan">A. dirus</a>. Tedford pula mencadangkan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Canis_nehringi#Canis_genzi" title="Canis nehringi">C. gezi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Canis_nehringi" title="Canis nehringi">C. nehringi</a> dari Amerika Selatan mengongsi keserupaan gigi dan tengkorak yang berkembang untuk hiperkarnivori, lalu mencadangkan bahawa C. armbrusteri ialah leluhur bersama kepada C. gezi, C. nehringi, dan A. dirus.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:148 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aenocyon_dirus">Aenocyon dirus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Aenocyon dirus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Aenocyon dirus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Serigala_menggerunkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala menggerunkan">Serigala menggerunkan</a></div> Pada tahun 1908, ahli paleontologi <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Campbell_Merriam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Campbell Merriam (laman tidak wujud)">John Campbell Merriam</a> mula mengutip banyak serpihan tulang terfosil bagi seekor serigala besar dari lubang tar Rancho La Brea. Menjelang tahun 1912, beliau telah menemukan rangka yang cukup lengkap sehingga dapat secara formal mengiktiraf spesimen-spesimen ini dan spesimen-spesimen yang ditemukan dahulu atas nama C. dirus (Leidy 1858).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] Canis dirus,<a href="#cite_note-Fossilworks4-43">[43]</a> atau sebagaimana ia diiktiraf secara meluas kini, Aneocyon dirus, hidup pada Pleistosen Akhir hingga Holosen Awal di Amerika Utara dan di Amerika Selatan.<a href="#cite_note-Kurtén1984-44">[44]</a> Pada tahun 1987, satu hipotesis baharu mencadangkan bahawa populasi mamalia dapat menyebabkan kebangkitan bagi bentuk lebih besar yang dipanggil hipermorf semasa waktu apabila terdapat makanan melimpah, tetapi apabila kemudian makanan menjadi kurang, hipermorf menyesuaikan diri dengan menjadi bentuk lebih kecil atau menjadi pupus. Hipotesis ini mungkin menjelaskan saiz tubuh besar yang ditemukan pada banyak mamalia Pleistosen Akhir berbanding dengan padanan moden. Kedua-dua kepupusan dan <a href="/wiki/Penspesiesan" title="Penspesiesan">penspesiesan</a> – perpisahan spesies baharu daripada spesies lama – dapat berlaku bersama-sama sewaktu kala iklim ekstrem.<a href="#cite_note-Geist1998-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geist1987-46">[46]</a> Gloria D. Goulet bersetuju dengan Martin dan selanjutnya mencadangkan bahawa hipotesis ini mungkin menjelaskan kemunculan tiba-tiba bagi A. dirus di Amerika Utara dan bahawa, oleh sebab keserupaan rupa bentuk tengkorak bagi kedua-duanya, C. lupus menyebabkan kebangkitan hipermorf A. dirus kerana haiwan buruan melimpah, persekitaran stabil, dan pesaing besar-besar.<a href="#cite_note-Goulet1993-47">[47]</a> Nowak, Kurtén, dan Berta tidak bersetuju dengan Goulet dan mencadangkan bahawa A. dirus tidak diterbitkan daripada C. lupus.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurtén1980-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berta1988-48">[48]</a> Ketiga-tiga orang ahli paleontologi ternama Xiaoming Wang, R. H. Tedford, dan R. M. Nowak kesemuanya telah mencadangkan bahawa A. dirus telah ber-evolusi daripada C. armbrusteri,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201052-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:181 dengan pernyataan Nowak bahawa ada spesimen-spesimen dari Gua Cumberland, Maryland yang menunjukkan bahawa C. armbrusteri mencapah kepada A. dirus.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:243<a href="#cite_note-Nowak2002-50">[50]</a> Kedua-dua takson mengongsi sebilangan ciri (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapomorfi (laman tidak wujud)">sinapomorfi</a>), yang mencadangkan satu asal usul bagi A. dirus pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usia_Irvington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usia Irvington (laman tidak wujud)">Usia Irvington</a> Akhir di rupa bumi terbuka di tengah benua, dan kemudian bersebar ke arah timur dan menyesarkan leluhurnya C. armbrusteri.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:181 Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2021, sebuah kajian menunjukkan serigala menggerunkan sebagai zuriat amat mencapah yang kali terakhir mengongsi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leluhur_bersama_paling_terkini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leluhur bersama paling terkini (laman tidak wujud)">leluhur bersama paling terkini</a> dengan kanin mirip serigala pada 5.7 juta tahun lalu. Keserupaan morfologi antara serigala menggerunkan dengan serigala kelabu disimpulkan sebagai keserupaan kerana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_menumpu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi menumpu (laman tidak wujud)">evolusi menumpu</a>. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa zuriat serigala dan zuriat koyote ber-evolusi secara terasing daripada zuriat serigala menggerunkan. Kajian mencadangkan asal usul awal bagi zuriat serigala menggerunkan di Benua Amerika dan bahawa pengasingan geografi ini membolehkan kedua-duanya mendapatkan suatu darjah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengasingan_pembiakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengasingan pembiakan (laman tidak wujud)">pengasingan pembiakan</a> sejak pencapahan pada 5.7 juta tahun lalu. Koyote, anjing hutan, serigala kelabu, dan <a href="/wiki/Xenocyon" title="Xenocyon">Xenocyon</a> yang pupus ber-evolusi di Eurasia dan bersebar ke Amerika Utara agak lewat semasa Pleistosen Akhir. Maka, tiada percampuran dengan serigala menggerunkan. Hasilnya, kajian mendapati bahawa nama binomial betul bagi serigala menggerunkan ialah Aenocyon dirus, seperti yang dicadangkan oleh Merriam pada tahun 1918. Pengasingan jangka panjang bagi zuriat serigala menggerunkan mengimplikasikan bahawa takson-takson fosil Amerika lain, termasuk C. armbrusteri dan C. edwardii, mungkin juga tergolong dalam zuriat serigala menggerunkan.<a href="#cite_note-Perri2021-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_chihliensis">Canis chihliensis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis chihliensis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis chihliensis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; width: 248px; float: right; clear: right; vertical-align: middle"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Evolusi serigala – cadangan alternatif </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #dedede; padding: 3px"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Eucyon" title="Eucyon">Eucyon</a> davisi</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_lepophagus" title="Canis lepophagus">Canis lepophagus</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> takson-takson pupus </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_edwardii" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis edwardii">Canis edwardii</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan">Canis aureus</a> (jakal keemasan)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_X).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="287" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Canis_latrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis latrans">Canis latrans</a> (koyote)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†Canis chihliensis</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_armbrusteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis armbrusteri">Canis armbrusteri</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_dirus" title="Canis dirus">Canis dirus</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(Aenocyon_dirus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg/50px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg/75px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg/100px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%28Aenocyon_dirus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="944" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_nehringi" title="Canis nehringi">Canis nehringi</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/50px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/75px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/100px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Canis_nehringi#Canis_gezi" title="Canis nehringi">Canis gezi</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/50px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/75px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg/100px-Large_sized_canid_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus">Canis lupus</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Serigala_kelabu" title="Serigala kelabu">serigala kelabu</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing">anjing bela jinak</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:202104_Dog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/50px-202104_Dog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/75px-202104_Dog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/100px-202104_Dog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_falconeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis falconeri (laman tidak wujud)">Canis falconeri</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">takson-takson pupus</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg/50px-Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg/75px-Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg/100px-Cynotherium_sardous_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1048" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">†<a href="/wiki/Xenocyon" title="Xenocyon">Xenocyon</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cuon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuon">Cuon</a> (anjing hutan)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="302" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(genus)" title="Lycaon (genus)">Lycaon</a> (anjing pemburu Afrika)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLIV).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="277" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%; width: 248px; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cadangan terdahulu bagi evolusi dan pencabangan daripada <a href="/wiki/Eucyon" title="Eucyon">Eucyon</a> ke arah serigala (2008)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:181 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiaoming_Wang_(ahli_paleontologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiaoming Wang (ahli paleontologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Wang</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_H._Tedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. Tedford (laman tidak wujud)">Tedford</a> mencadangkan bahawa genus Canis ialah keturunan kepada <a href="/wiki/Eucyon" title="Eucyon">Eucyon</a> davisi yang mirip koyote dan tinggalan-tinggalannya pertama kali muncul pada <a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen</a> (6 juta tahun sebelum kini) di Amerika Syarikat barat daya dan di Mexico. Menjelang <a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Pliosen</a> (5 juta tahun sebelum kini), <a href="/wiki/Canis_lepophagus" title="Canis lepophagus">Canis lepophagus</a> yang lebih besar muncul di rantau sama dan, menjelang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen_Awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleistosen Awal (laman tidak wujud)">Pleistosen Awal</a> (1 juta tahun sebelum kini), Canis latrans (<a href="/wiki/Koyote" title="Koyote">koyote</a>) wujud. Mereka mencadangkan bahawa janjang daripada Eucyon davisi kepada C. lepophagus kepada koyote ialah evolusi linear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201058-22">[22]</a> Sebagai tambahan, C. edwardii, C. latrans, dan C. aureus bersama-sama membentuk satu klad kecil dan oleh sebab C. edwardii muncul paling awal dari Usia Blanc Pertengahan (Pliosen Akhir) hingga penghujung Usia Irvington (Pleistosen Akhir), ia dicadangkan sebagai leluhur.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:175, 180 Nowak dan Tedford juga percaya bahawa ada kemungkinan bahawa C. lupus telah diterbitkan daripada susur galur canid Miosen atau Pliosen yang mendahului C. lepophagus dan terpisah daripadanya.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tedford1996-52">[52]</a> Berdasarkan morfologi dari China, serigala <a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Pliosen</a> C. chihliensis mungkin pernah menjadi leluhur untuk kedua-dua C. armbrusteri dan C. lupus sebelum penghijrahan kedua-duanya ke Amerika Utara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:181 C. chihliensis terlihat lebih primitif dan lebih kecil daripada C. lupus dan ukuran tengkoraknya dan giginya adalah serupa dengan C. lupus tetapi yang ukuran unsur-unsur postkranium adalah lebih kecil.<a href="#cite_note-Tong2012-53">[53]</a> C. armbrusteri muncul di Amerika Utara pada <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen_Pertengahan" title="Pleistosen Pertengahan">Pleistosen Pertengahan</a> dan merupakan bentuk mirip serigala yang lebih besar daripada mana-mana Canis pada masa itu.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a> Pada penghujung unduran glasier paling terkini semasa 30,000 tahun lalu, pemanasan meleburkan penghadang glasier merentasi Kanada utara, lalu membolehkan mamalia Artik meluaskan julat wilayahnya ke Amerika Utara pertengahan latitud, termasuk elk, karibu, bison, dan serigala kelabu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201061-54">[54]</a> Di Eurasia semasa Pleistosen Pertengahan, C. falconeri menyebabkan kebangkitan genus hiperkarnivor <a href="/wiki/Xenocyon" title="Xenocyon">Xenocyon</a>, yang kemudian menyebabkan kebangkitan genus <a href="/wiki/Cuon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuon">Cuon</a> (anjing hutan) dan genus <a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(genus)" title="Lycaon (genus)">Lycaon</a> (anjing pemburu Afrika).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010105-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010149-56">[56]</a> Sejurus sebelum kemunculan C. dirus, Amerika Utara dijajah oleh genus Xenocyon yang sebesar C. dirus dan lebih bersifat hiperkarnivor. Rekod fosil menunjukkan kedua-duanya sebagai makhluk jarang dan kedua-dua makhluk diandaikan tidak dapat bersaing dengan C. dirus yang baru diterbitkan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201060-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canis_antonii">Canis antonii</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis antonii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis antonii">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Serigala besar C. antonii dari China Pliosen Akhir hingga Pleistosen Awal ditaksir sebagai variasi dalam C. chihliensis<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:197 dan serigala besar C. falconeri hadir secara mendadak di Eropah pada Pleistosen Awal, mungkin mewakili kelanjutan ke barat bagi C. antonii.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a>:181 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_borjgali">Canis borjgali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis borjgali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis borjgali">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada tahun 2020, para penyelidik menamai satu spesies C. borjgali yang ditemukan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmanisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmanisi (laman tidak wujud)">Dmanisi</a>, Georgia di sebuah tapak yang bertarikh 1.8—1.75 juta tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Sotnikova2009-58">[58]</a> Spesimen ini tidak menunjukkan kekhususan C. etruscus tetapi terlihat lebih dekat dengan bentuk primitif bagi C. mosbachensis dan dicadangkan sebagai leluhur kepada C. mosbachensis.<a href="#cite_note-BartoliniLucenti2020-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sotnikova2009-58">[58]</a> Serigala C. borjgali barang kali merupakan leluhur kepada spesies-spesies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klad_mahkota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klad mahkota (laman tidak wujud)">klad mahkota</a> mirip serigala <a href="/wiki/Serigala" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala">C. lupus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koyote" title="Koyote">C. latrans</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_keemasan_Afrika" title="Serigala keemasan Afrika">C. lupaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BartoliniLucenti2020-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_mosbachensis">Canis mosbachensis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis mosbachensis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis mosbachensis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/220px-Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/330px-Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/440px-Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Pemulihan hidup bagi C. mosbachensis</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_mosbachensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis mosbachensis (laman tidak wujud)">Canis mosbachensis</a>, kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai serigala Mosbach, ialah serigala kecil pupus yang pernah menghuni Eurasia dari <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen_Pertengahan" title="Pleistosen Pertengahan">Pleistosen Pertengahan</a> hingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen_Akhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleistosen Akhir (laman tidak wujud)">Pleistosen Akhir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kurtén1968-59">[59]</a> Keturunan filogenetik bagi serigala ekstan C. lupus daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_etruscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis etruscus (laman tidak wujud)">C. etruscus</a> melalui C. mosbachensis diterima secara meluas.<a href="#cite_note-Kurtén1968-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nowak2003-27">[27]</a>:239–245 Pada tahun 2010, sebuah kajian mendapati bahawa kepelbagaian kelompok Canis berkurang menjelang penghujung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen_Awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleistosen Awal (laman tidak wujud)">Pleistosen Awal</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen_Pertengahan" title="Pleistosen Pertengahan">Pleistosen Pertengahan</a> dan terbatas di Eurasia kepada serigala kecil daripada kelompok C. mosbachensis–C. variabilis, yang bersaiz setara dengan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_India" title="Serigala India">serigala India</a> (Canis lupus pallipes) ekstan, dan hiperkarnivor besar <a href="/wiki/Xenocyon#Canis_(Xenocyon)_lycaonoides" title="Xenocyon">Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides</a> yang bersaiz setara dengan serigala kelabu utara ekstan.<a href="#cite_note-Sotnikova2009-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_lupus">Canis lupus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis lupus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis lupus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Spesimen terawal Canis lupus ialah sebatang gigi fosil yang ditemukan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Crow,_Yukon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Crow, Yukon (laman tidak wujud)">Old Crow, Yukon</a>, Kanada. Spesimen ini ditemukan di dalam endapan yang bertarikh 1 juta tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a> Walau bagaimanapun, pengatributan geologi bagi endapan ini dipersoalkan.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westgate2013-60">[60]</a> Spesimen-spesimen yang agak lebih muda ditemukan di Cripple Creek Sump, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairbanks (laman tidak wujud)">Fairbanks</a>, Alaska, di dalam strata yang bertarikh 810,000 tahun sebelum kini. Kedua-dua penemuan menunjukkan asal usul bagi serigala-serigala ini di <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> timur semasa <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen_Pertengahan" title="Pleistosen Pertengahan">Pleistosen Pertengahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-11">[11]</a> Di Perancis, subspesies-subspesies C. l. lunellensis Bonifay, 1971<a href="#cite_note-Bonifay1971-61">[61]</a> yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Lunel-Viel" title="Lunel-Viel">Lunel-Viel</a>, Hérault yang bertarikh 400,000–350,000 tahun sebelum kini, C. l. santenaisiensis Argant, 1991<a href="#cite_note-Argant1991-62">[62]</a> dari [[Santenay, Côte-d'Or] yang bertarikh ke 200,000 tahun sebelum kini, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">C. lupus maximus</a> Boudadi-Maligne, 2012<a href="#cite_note-Boudadi-Maligne2012-63">[63]</a> dari Gua Jaurens, <a href="/wiki/Nespouls" title="Nespouls">Nespouls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a> yang bertarikh 31,000 tahun sebelum kini menunjukkan peningkatan progresif dari segi saiz dan dicadangkan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronospesies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronospesies (laman tidak wujud)">krono-subspesies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brugal2011-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sardella2013-17">[17]</a> Di Itali pula, spesimen-spesimen terawal Canis lupus ditemukan di La Polledrara di Cecanibbio, 20 km (12 bt) ke barat laut dari Rom di dalam strata yang bertarikh 340,000–320,000 tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Anzidei2011-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gliozzi1997-66">[66]</a> Pada tahun 2017, sebuah kajian mendapati bahawa dimensi bagi gigi pencabik atas dan gigi pencabik bawah bagi serigala Itali Holosen awal adalah hampir dengan yang pada C. l. maximus. Turun naik dari segi saiz bagi gigi pencabik C. lupus berkorelasi dengan persebaran megafauna. Serigala Itali melalui penyusutan saiz tubuh dengan kelenyapan rusa merah di Itali semasa Renaisans.<a href="#cite_note-Sardella2013-17">[17]</a> Susur galur cadangan ialah: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6366573">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 50px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.5em;padding-top:1.0em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">C. etruscus → C. mosbachensis → C. l. lunellensis → C. l. santenaisiensis → C. l. maximus → C. l. lupus<a href="#cite_note-Sardella2013-17">[17]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canis_lupus_bohemica">Canis lupus bohemica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis lupus bohemica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis lupus bohemica">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada tahun 2022, satu subspesies baharu Canis lupus bohemica <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)#Perihal_taksonomi" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">diperihalkan secara taksonomi</a> setelah ditemukan di dalam sistem Gua Kelawar yang terletak dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/Srbsko" title="Srbsko">Srbsko</a>, Bohemia Tengah, Republik Czech. Serigala Bohemia ialah serigala bertungkai pendek pupus yang pertama kali muncul pada 800,000 tahun lalu (MIS 20, Tempoh Antara Glasier Rhume dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peringkat_Cromer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peringkat Cromer (laman tidak wujud)">Peringkat Cromer</a> awal, Pleistosen Pertengahan) dan pernah menghuni kawasan yang dahulunya sebahagian daripada steppe mamot. Ia dicadangkan sebagai leluhur kepada Canis lupus mosbachensis. Sebagai perbandingan, C. etruscus terlihat sebagai leluhur kepada <a href="/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan">jakal Afro-Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diedrich2022-67">[67]</a> Di Hungary pada tahun 1969, sebatang gigi (<a href="/wiki/Gigi_geraham_kecil" title="Gigi geraham kecil">gigi geraham kecil</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Rahang_atas" title="Rahang atas">rahang atas</a>) ditemukan yang bertarikh ke Pleistosen Pertengahan dan ditaksir sebagai penengah antara Canis mosbachensis dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_gua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala gua (laman tidak wujud)">serigala gua</a> Canis lupus spelaeus, tetapi cenderung ke arah C. l. spelaeus.<a href="#cite_note-Jánossy2012-68">[68]</a> Semasa Pleistosen Pertengahan Akhir pada sekitar 600,000 tahun lalu, serigala Bohemia mempelbagai kepada dua zuriat serigala yang mengkhusus untuk keadaan persekitaran dan keadaan iklim berlainan. Salah satu ialah serigala kelabu antara glasier (iklim panas) selatan di Eropah, yang kemudian menjadi serigala Mosbach, dan yang lagi satu ialah serigala putih glasier utara di Eurasia, yang kemudian menjadi C. l. spelaeus.<a href="#cite_note-Diedrich2022-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_cf._familiaris_-_anjing_Paleolitik">Canis cf. familiaris - anjing Paleolitik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis cf. familiaris - anjing Paleolitik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis cf. familiaris - anjing Paleolitik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Paleolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anjing Paleolitik (laman tidak wujud)">Anjing Paleolitik</a></div> Ada sebilangan spesimen yang baru ditemukan yang dicadangkan sebagai anjing Paleolitik. Walau bagaimanapun, taksonomi bagi spesimen tersebut diperdebatkan. Spesimen-spesimen ini telah ditemukan sama ada di Eropah atau di Siberia dan bertarikh 40,000–17,000 tahun sebelum kini. Ini termasuklah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hohle_Fels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hohle Fels (laman tidak wujud)">Hohle Fels</a> di Jerman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gua_Goyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gua Goyet (laman tidak wujud)">Gua-gua Goyet</a> di Belgium, <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%99edmost%C3%AD_u_P%C5%99erova_(arkeologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Předmostí u Přerova (arkeologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Předmostí</a> di Republik Czech, dan empat buah tapak di Rusia: Gua Razboinichya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostyonki_(tapak_Paleolitik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kostyonki (tapak Paleolitik) (laman tidak wujud)">Kostyonki-8</a>, Ulakhan Sular, dan Eliseevichi 1. Kesan-kesan tapak kaki dari <a href="/wiki/Gua_Chauvet" title="Gua Chauvet">Gua Chauvet</a> di Perancis yang bertarikh 26,000 tahun sebelum kini dicadangkan sebagai milik seekor anjing. Walau bagaimanapun, ini telah dicabar dengan cadangan bahawa pemilik kesan tapak tersebut ialah seekor serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2019-69">[69]</a> Anjing Paleolitik dikaitkan secara langsung dengan kem perburuan manusia di Eropah selama 30,000 tahun sebelum kini dan terdapat cadangan bahawa anjing tersebut dibelajinakkan. Anjing Paleolitik ini juga dicadangkan sama ada sebagai anjing proto dan leluhur kepada anjing bela jinak atau sejenis serigala yang tidak diketahui dalam sains.<a href="#cite_note-Germonpré2008-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_familiaris_(anjing_bela_jinak)">Canis familiaris (anjing bela jinak)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis familiaris (anjing bela jinak)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis familiaris (anjing bela jinak)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Perbezaan_populasi_serigala">Evolusi serigala § Perbezaan populasi serigala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Skull_of_bulldog_-_Keulemans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Skull_of_bulldog_-_Keulemans.png/220px-Skull_of_bulldog_-_Keulemans.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Skull_of_bulldog_-_Keulemans.png/330px-Skull_of_bulldog_-_Keulemans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Skull_of_bulldog_-_Keulemans.png/440px-Skull_of_bulldog_-_Keulemans.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Tengkorak buldog – lakaran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Eurowolfskull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Eurowolfskull.jpg/220px-Eurowolfskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Eurowolfskull.jpg/330px-Eurowolfskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Eurowolfskull.jpg/440px-Eurowolfskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Tengkorak serigala Eropah – lakaran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Skull_of_a_dog_diagram2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Skull_of_a_dog_diagram2.svg/220px-Skull_of_a_dog_diagram2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Skull_of_a_dog_diagram2.svg/330px-Skull_of_a_dog_diagram2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Skull_of_a_dog_diagram2.svg/440px-Skull_of_a_dog_diagram2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Tengkorak Canis lupus: 1 – maksila, 2 – frontal, 3 – lakrima, 4 – palatum, 5 – jugum, 6 – nasal, 7 – pramaksila, 8 – parietal, 9 – interparietal, 10 – skuamus, 11 – oksiput, 12 – mandibel</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 2002, sebuah kajian dijalankan tentang tengkorak-tengkorak fosil bagi dua ekor canid besar yang telah ditemukan dalam keadaan tertanam sejauh beberapa meter dari pintu bagi tempat yang pernah menjadi teratak tulang mamot di tapak <a href="/wiki/Paleolitik_Akhir" title="Paleolitik Akhir">Paleolitik Akhir</a> Eliseevichi-I di <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bryansk" title="Wilayah Bryansk">Wilayah Bryansk</a> di Dataran Rusia dan, dengan menggunakan takrifan berdasarkan morfologi yang diterima bagi pembelajinakan, mengisytiharkan canid tersebut sebagai "anjing Zaman Air Batu". Pentarikhan karbon memberikan anggaran usia tahun takwim yang berjulat antara 16,945 dengan 13,905 tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Sablin2002-71">[71]</a> Pada tahun 2013, sebuah kajian meneliti salah sebuah tengkorak ini dan jujukan DNA mitokondrionnya dikenal pasti sebagai Canis familiaris.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a> Pada tahun 2015, seorang ahli zooarkeologi menyatakan bahawa "Dari segi fenotip, anjing dan serigala merupakan haiwan yang berlainan pada asasnya."<a href="#cite_note-Morey2015-73">[73]</a> Pada tahun 1986, sebuah kajian tentang morfologi tengkorak mendapati bahawa anjing bela jinak berbeza secara morfologi daripada semua canid lain kecuali canid mirip serigala. "Perbezaan saiz dan perkadaran sesama sesetengah baka adalah sebesar perbezaan antara mana-mana genus liar, tetapi semua anjing sejelasnya merupakan anggota dalam spesies sama."<a href="#cite_note-Wayne1986-74">[74]</a> Pada tahun 2010, sebuah kajian tentang rupa bentuk tengkorak anjing yang dibandingkan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnivoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnivoran (laman tidak wujud)">karnivoran</a> ekstan mencadangkan bahawa "Jurang rupa bentuk terbesar antara baka anjing sejelasnya mengatasi pencapahan maksimum antara spesies dalam Carnivora. Lebih-lebih anjing, anjing bela jinak menduduki sejulat rupa bentuk baharu di luar domain karnivoran liar."<a href="#cite_note-Drake2010-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perbandingan_dengan_serigala_moden">Perbandingan dengan serigala moden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Perbandingan dengan serigala moden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perbandingan dengan serigala moden">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Anjing bela jinak berbanding dengan serigala menunjukkan variasi terbesar dari segi saiz dan rupa bentuk tengkorak (Evans 1979) dengan julat panjang 7–28 cm (2.8–11.0 in) (McGreevy 2004). Serigala adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolikosefali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolikosefali (laman tidak wujud)">dolikosefalik</a> (bertengkorak panjang) tetapi tidak seekstrem sesetengah baka anjing seperti grehaun dan anjing pemburu serigala Rusia (McGreevy 2004). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brakisefali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brakisefali (laman tidak wujud)">Brakisefali</a> (pendek tengkorak) kanin hanya ditemukan pada anjing bela jinak dan dikaitkan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedomorfosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedomorfosis (laman tidak wujud)">pedomorfosis</a> (Goodwin 1997). Anak anjing lahir dengan muncung pendek, dengan kemunculan tengkorak lebih panjang bagi anjing dolikosefalik pada perkembangan selanjutnya (Coppinger 1995). Perbezaan lain dari segi rupa bentuk kepala antara anjing brakisefalik dengan anjing dolikosefalik termasuk perubahan sudut kranofasial (sudut di antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleksus_basilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleksus basilar (laman tidak wujud)">paksi basilar</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelangit_keras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelangit keras (laman tidak wujud)">lelangit keras</a>) (Regodón 1993), morfologi bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sendi_temporomandibel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sendi temporomandibel (laman tidak wujud)">sendi temporomandibel</a> (Dickie 2001), dan anatomi radiografi bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plat_kribriform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plat kribriform (laman tidak wujud)">plat kribriform</a> (Schwarz 2000).<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-76">[76]</a> Nowak menyatakan bahawa sudut orbit bagi lesung mata ialah ciri penting yang mentakrifkan perbezaan antara anjing dengan serigala, iaitu serigala mempunyai sudut lebih rendah. Nowak membandingkan sudut-sudut orbit bagi empat <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">kanin</a> Amerika Utara (termasuk anjing Indian) dan menghasilkan nilai-nilai berikut dalam unit darjah: koyote-42.8, serigala-42.8, anjing-52.9, serigala menggerunkan-53.1. Sudut orbit bagi lesung mata sejelasnya lebih besar pada anjing berbanding dengan yang pada koyote dan yang pada serigala; kehampiran nilai dengan yang pada serigala menggerunkan tidak dikenakan ulasan.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1979-28">[28]</a> Ramai pengarang telah berkesimpulan bahawa, berbanding dengan serigala ekstan dewasa, anjing bela jinak dewasa mempunyai rostrum (bahagian hadapan tengkorak) yang agak berkurang, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_frontal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang frontal (laman tidak wujud)">tulang frontal</a> tertingkat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelangit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelangit (laman tidak wujud)">lelangit</a> lebih luas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kranium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kranium (laman tidak wujud)">kranium</a> lebih lebar, dan gigi lebih kecil (Hildebrand 1954; Clutton-Brock, Corbet & Hills 1976; Olsen 1985; Wayne 1986; Hemmer 1990; Morey 1990). Pengarang-pengarang lain tidak bersetuju dan telah menyatakan bahawa trait-trait ini dapat bertindih dan berbeza-beza antara kedua-duanya (Crockford 1999; Harrison 1973). Anak serigala mempunyai perkadaran tengkorak nisbi serupa dengan anjing dewasa dan ini dicadangkan sebagai bukti bahawa anjing bela jinak ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoteni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoteni (laman tidak wujud)">serigala neotenik</a>. Ini dicadangkan sama ada kerana pemilihan manusia untuk penampilan juvenil atau kerana kesan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiotropi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleiotropi (laman tidak wujud)">pleiotropik</a> oleh sebab pemilihan untuk tingkah laku juvenil (Clutton-Brock 1977; Belyaev 1979; Wayne 1986; Coppinger & Schneider 1995). Wayne (1986) berkesimpulan bahawa sampel-sampel anjing beliau tidak mempunyai pemendekan nisbi ketara bagi rostrum berbanding dengan serigala, lalu mempersoalkan ciri pengenal pasti ini.<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> Sebuah kajian tahun 2004 yang menggunakan 310 buah tengkorak serigala dan lebih daripada 700 buah tengkorak anjing yang mewakili 100 baka berkesimpulan bahawa evolusi tengkorak anjing pada umumnya tidak dapat diperihalkan dengan proses-proses heterokroni seperti neoteni tetapi sesetengah baka anjing pedomorfik mempunyai tengkorak yang menyerupai tengkorak serigala juvenil.<a href="#cite_note-Drake2004-78">[78]</a> "Anjing bukan serigala pedomorfik."<a href="#cite_note-Drake2011-79">[79]</a> Berbanding dengan serigala, kegigian anjing agak kurang teguh (Olsen 1985; Hemmer 1990), yang dicadangkan bersebabkan pengenduran pemilihan semula jadi apabila serigala menjadi pebangkai komensal, atau bersebabkan pemilihan buatan (Olsen 1985; Clutton-Brock 1995). Walau bagaimanapun, Kieser dan Groeneveld (1992) membandingkan ukuran-ukuran rahang-gigi bagi jakal (C. adustus, C. mesomelas) dan rubah Cape (Vulpes chama) dengan anjing bersaiz setara dan mendapati bahawa gigi asu pada canid lain ini cenderung bersaiz lebih kecil sedikit dan geraham keduanya cenderung bersaiz lebih besar berbanding dengan anjing. Selain itu, perkadaran pada asasnya adalah sama pada semua spesies. Mereka berkesimpulan bahawa "...gigi canid kelihatan telah ber-evolusi secara serentak dengan satu sama lain dan agak tidak bersandar pada perbezaan dimorfisme, saiz, atau permintaan fungsi". Ini mempersoalkan andaian bahawa gigi anjing adalah agak kecil kerana pemilihan terkini, lalu mencadangkan bahawa kegigian anjing adalah plesiomorfik daripada leluhur yang lebih kecil daripada serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> Saiz badan yang berkurang pada anjing awal berbanding dengan serigala disangkakan disebabkan oleh pemilihan ceruk (Olsen 1985; Morey 1992; Coppinger & Coppinger 2001). Morey (1992:199) menyatakan bahawa "Hasil...adalah tekal dengan hipotesis bahawa anjing bela jinak awal ialah pedomorf evolusi, hasil daripada pemilihan kuat untuk pengurangan saiz tersalur secara ontogenetik dan perubahan masa pembiakan yang berkaitan dengan cara hidup domestik baharu."<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> Walau bagaimanapun, dalam satu uji kaji pembelajinakan, rubah bela jinak mengekalkan saiz sama seperti rubah tidak terpilih (Trutt 1999:167).<a href="#cite_note-Morey2015-73">[73]</a> Wayne (1986) berkesimpulan bahawa anjing adalah lebih rapat dari segi morfologi tengkorak dengan C. latrans, C. aureus, C. adustus, C. mesomelas, Cuon alpinus, dan Lycaon pictus berbanding dengan kerapatan dengan serigala. Dahr (1942) berkesimpulan bahawa rupa bentuk tempurung otak anjing adalah lebih hampir dengan yang pada koyote berbanding dengan yang pada serigala. Manwell dan Baker (1983) menyemak karya Dahr dengan tambahan data gigi untuk canid dan berkesimpulan bahawa leluhur anjing barang kali mempunyai julat berat 13.6–20.5 kg (30–45 lb), yang lebih kecil daripada julat berat 27–54 kg (60–119 lb) untuk serigala ekstan (Mech 1970) dan dapat sebanding dengan <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahagian_timpanum_tulang_temporal" title="Bahagian timpanum tulang temporal">Bula</a> pendengaran pada anjing adalah agak lebih kecil dan lebih rata berbanding dengan yang pada serigala (Harrison 1973; Clutton-Brock, Corbet & Hill 1976; Nowak 1979; Olsen 1985; Wayne 1986), yang dicadangkan bersebabkan pemilihan kendur dalam pembelajinakan kerana anjing tidak lagi memerlukan pendengaran tajam serigala. Walau bagaimanapun, rupa bentuk bula telah ditunjukkan memudahkan kepekaan tertingkat terhadap frekuensi-frekuensi spesifik tetapi rupa bentuk dan saiz mungkin tidak berkorelasi dengan ketajaman (Ewer 1973). Maka, perbezaan tercerap dapat bermaksud bahawa bula anjing telah mengekalkan rupa bentuk seperti yang pada leluhurnya.<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> Sisi hadapan bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramus_rahang_bawah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramus rahang bawah (laman tidak wujud)">ramus rahang bawah</a> mendatar pada anjing mempunyai lekukan cembung yang tidak wujud pada serigala (Olsen 1985; Clutton-Brock 1995) dan tidak ada perbincangan tentang perbezaan ini yang dapat ditemukan dalam kesusasteraan. Walau bagaimanapun, Biknevicius dan Van Valkenburgh (1997) mengamati bahawa ramus mendatar pada pemangsa pemproses tulang adalah lebih tebal di hadapan dan di belakang pada titik yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istilah_lokasi_anatomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istilah lokasi anatomi (laman tidak wujud)">kaudal</a> kepada tapak pemprosesan tulang. Penebalan ini mungkin telah menjadi fungsi untuk penyesuaian ceruk oleh leluhur anjing.<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> Satu perihal bagi morfologi otak superfisial pada jakal (C. mesomelas, C. aureus), koyote (C. latrans), serigala (C. lupus, C. rufus), dan anjing menunjukkan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Serebelum" title="Serebelum">serebelum</a> pada anjing dekat-dekat menghampiri yang pada koyote, yang hampir sejajar dengan jakal, dan bahawa serigala menunjukkan banyak trait otak yang berbeza daripada spesies lain (Atkins & Dillon 1971). Serigala juga mempunyai trait serologi dan trait biokimia yang berbeza daripada anjing (Leone & Wiens 1956; Lauer, Kuyt & Baker 1969).<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> Ekor pada anjing bela jinak cenderung untuk melingkar ke arah atas, yang tidak didapati pada canid lain.<a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock1995-80">[80]</a> Anjing mempunyai dahi kubah, yang mudah dilihat dari pandangan sisi dengan bonjolan di atas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_(anatomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbit (anatomi) (laman tidak wujud)">orbit</a> (lesung tulang) bagi mata. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otot_temporalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otot temporalis (laman tidak wujud)">Otot temporalis</a> yang menutup rahang adalah lebih tegu pada serigala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010158-81">[81]</a> Berbanding dengan serigala yang bersaiz setara, anjing mempunyai tengkorak yang 20% lebih kecil dan, berbanding dengan serigala dengan berat setara, anjing mempunyai otak yang 20% lebih kecil.<a href="#cite_note-Serpell1995-82">[82]</a>:47 <a href="/wiki/Bula_pendengaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Bula pendengaran">Bula-bula timpanum</a> adalah besar, cembung, dan hampir berbentuk sfera pada serigala, sementara bula-bula pada anjing adalah lebih kecil, termampat, dan sedikit renyuk.<a href="#cite_note-Mech1974-83">[83]</a> Anjing mempunyai "stop" distingtif di antara dahi dengan hidung.<a href="#cite_note-Janssens2015-84">[84]</a> Anjing bela jinak tidak dibezakan daripada serigala melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroforesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroforesis (laman tidak wujud)">elektroforesis</a> gel kanji bagi <a href="/wiki/Fosfatase" title="Fosfatase">fosfatase</a> asid sel darah merah.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot1972-85">[85]</a> Semasa Maksimum Glasier Terakhir, ada <a href="/wiki/Kepelbagaian_genetik" title="Kepelbagaian genetik">kepelbagaian genetik</a> serigala yang lebih besar daripada yang ada kini<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a> dan, dalam populasi serigala kelabu Pleistosen, variasi antara persekitaran setempat sepatutnya menggalakkan pelbagai ekotip serigala yang berbeza secara genetik, morfologi, dan ekologi daripada satu sama lain.<a href="#cite_note-Perri2016-86">[86]</a> Salah seorang pengarang telah mencadangkan bahawa penjelasan paling berkemungkinan untuk ciri morfologi berlainan pada anjing berbanding dengan serigala ialah bahawa leluhur anjing tersesuai terhadap ceruk berbeza daripada serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rekod_genetik">Rekod genetik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Rekod genetik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rekod genetik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jujukan_DNA">Jujukan DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Jujukan DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jujukan DNA">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrion" title="Mitokondrion">Mitokondrion-mitokondrion</a> di dalam setiap <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> mengandungi banyak salinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genom_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genom DNA (laman tidak wujud)">genom DNA</a> bulatan kecil dan pada mamalia, panjangnya ialah 16,000–18,000 <a href="/wiki/Pasangan_bes" title="Pasangan bes">pasangan bes</a>. Satu sel mengandungi ratusan atau ribuan mitokondrion dan, oleh itu, <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen-gen</a> yang terkandung di dalam mitokondrion tersebut adalah lebih banyak daripada gen yang hadir di dalam nukleus sel.<a href="#cite_note-Rand2001-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a> Kelimpahan <a href="/wiki/DNA_mitokondrion" title="DNA mitokondrion">DNA mitokondrion</a> (mDNA) adalah berguna untuk analisis genetik bagi tinggalan-tinggalan purba bilamana DNA telah berdegradasi.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hofreiter2001-89">[89]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jujukan_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jujukan DNA (laman tidak wujud)">Jujukan-jujukan DNA</a> mitokondrion mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_mutasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar mutasi (laman tidak wujud)">kadar mutasi</a> lebih tinggi berbanding dengan kadar mutasi bagi gen-gen nuklear dan, untuk mamalia, kadar ini adalah 5–10 kali lebih cepat.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li1997-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pesole1999-91">[91]</a> Gen-gen pengekodan protein mitokondrion ber-evolusi dengan jauh lebih cepat dan merupakan penanda berkuasa untuk inferens bagi sejarah evolusi pada peringkat-peringkat kategori seperti keluarga, genus, dan spesies. Walau bagaimanapun, gen-gen ini telah ber-evolusi pada kadar lebih cepat berbanding dengan mana-mana penanda DNA lain dan ada perbezaan masa pada jam molekul yang perlu divalidasi menentang sumber lain. Status taksonomi bagi spesies tidak tentu lebih baik diselesaikan melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">DNA nuklear</a> daripada nukleus sel, yang lebih sesuai untuk analisis terhadap sejarah terkini.<a href="#cite_note-Wan2004-92">[92]</a> Dalam kebanyakan kes, mDNA diwarisi daripada leluhur maternal.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birky2001-93">[93]</a> Maka, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_filogenetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis filogenetik (laman tidak wujud)">analisis filogenetik</a> bagi jujukan-jujukan mDNA dalam spesies menyediakan sejarah zuriat maternal yang dapat diwakili sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik">pokok filogenetik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avise1993-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avise2000-95">[95]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350820">.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .caption{display:table-row;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .caption>div{display:table-cell;display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox .thumb img{background:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images img{border:solid var(--border-color-muted,#dadde3)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg img{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox div{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="title"><div>Daripada spesimen kepada pokok filogenetik</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images" style="line-height:130%;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Razboinichya_canid.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Tengkorak berusia 33,500 tahun bagi "anjing Altai""><img alt="Tengkorak berusia 33,500 tahun bagi "anjing Altai"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Razboinichya_canid.tif/lossy-page1-130px-Razboinichya_canid.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Razboinichya_canid.tif/lossy-page1-195px-Razboinichya_canid.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Razboinichya_canid.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Razboinichya_canid.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1078" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tengkorak berusia 33,500 tahun bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Paleolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anjing Paleolitik (laman tidak wujud)">"anjing Altai"</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lokasi DNA nuklear di dalam kromosom-kromosom bagi satu nukleus sel"><img alt="Lokasi DNA nuklear di dalam kromosom-kromosom bagi satu nukleus sel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/130px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/195px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/260px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="734" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lokasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">DNA nuklear</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom-kromosom</a> bagi satu <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_sel" title="Nukleus sel">nukleus sel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DNA_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Struktur bahagian satu heliks ganda dua DNA"><img alt="Struktur bahagian satu heliks ganda dua DNA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DNA_animation.gif/127px-DNA_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="127" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/DNA_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="313" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Struktur bahagian satu <a href="/wiki/Heliks_ganda_dua" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliks ganda dua">heliks ganda dua</a> DNA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasil-hasil penjujukan DNA yang menyenaraikan nukleobes-nukleobes bagi molekul DNA berkenaan (terkod sebagai G, C, A, atau T)"><img alt="Hasil-hasil penjujukan DNA yang menyenaraikan nukleobes-nukleobes bagi molekul DNA berkenaan (terkod sebagai G, C, A, atau T)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/130px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/195px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg/260px-Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="594" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasil-hasil <a href="/wiki/Penjujukan_DNA" title="Penjujukan DNA">penjujukan DNA</a> yang menyenaraikan <a href="/wiki/Nukleobes" title="Nukleobes">nukleobes-nukleobes</a> bagi molekul DNA berkenaan (terkod sebagai <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitosina" title="Sitosina">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">A</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Timina" title="Timina">T</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dna-SNP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Molekul DNA 1 berbeza daripada molekul DNA 2 di satu lokasi tunggal pasangan bes yang dipanggil polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal (mutasi SNP)"><img alt="Molekul DNA 1 berbeza daripada molekul DNA 2 di satu lokasi tunggal pasangan bes yang dipanggil polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal (mutasi SNP)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dna-SNP.svg/130px-Dna-SNP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dna-SNP.svg/195px-Dna-SNP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dna-SNP.svg/260px-Dna-SNP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="333" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Molekul DNA 1 berbeza daripada molekul DNA 2 di satu lokasi tunggal <a href="/wiki/Pasangan_bes" title="Pasangan bes">pasangan bes</a> yang dipanggil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimorfisme_nukleotida_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal (laman tidak wujud)">polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">mutasi</a> SNP)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Phylogenetic_tree_for_wolves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pokok filogenetik bagi serigala-serigala dalam kajian"><img alt="Pokok filogenetik bagi serigala-serigala dalam kajian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phylogenetic_tree_for_wolves.jpg/130px-Phylogenetic_tree_for_wolves.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phylogenetic_tree_for_wolves.jpg/195px-Phylogenetic_tree_for_wolves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phylogenetic_tree_for_wolves.jpg/260px-Phylogenetic_tree_for_wolves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="952" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik">Pokok filogenetik</a> bagi serigala-serigala dalam kajian</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:left; margin-left:5px; width:900px; border:#C0C0C0 solid 4px; padding:5px; overflow-x:auto; max-width:100%; box-sizing:border-box"> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; width: 248px; float: right; clear: right; vertical-align: middle"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Pokok filogenetik </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #dedede; padding: 3px"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">leluhur bersama</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan">jakal keemasan</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_X).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="287" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Koyote" title="Koyote">koyote</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Serigala_kelabu" title="Serigala kelabu">serigala kelabu</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing">anjing</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:202104_Dog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/50px-202104_Dog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/75px-202104_Dog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/100px-202104_Dog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%; width: 248px; border: 0; padding: 0;">Hubungan filogenetik sesama empat canid.<a href="#cite_note-Lindblad-Toh2005-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Mutasi-mutasi yang berlainan pada 4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jajaran_jujukan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jajaran jujukan (laman tidak wujud)">jujukan</a> ini telah dinombori dan ditebalkan. Mutasi-mutasi ini kemudian dapat digunakan untuk membina <a href="/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik">pokok filogenetik</a> untuk keempat-empat canid. Dalam contoh ini, anjing dan serigala kelabu berbeza sebanyak dua penggantian (ditonjolkan dengan warna merah) dan setiap satu berbeza daripada koyote sebanyak empat penggantian.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a>  <code>1 2 3 4 5 67</code> Jakal keemasan  <code>A-G-C-T-G-T-C-GA-T-TC-CA</code> Koyote  <code>A-G-C-T-A-T-C-GA-A-TC-GA</code> Serigala  <code>T-G-C-T-A-T-G-GA-T-TC-CT</code> Anjing  <code>T-G-G-T-A-T-G-GA-T-TC-CA</code> </div> Jujukan-jujukan mDNA bagi anjing dan serigala berbeza hanya sebanyak 0–12 penggantian dalam 261 pasangan bes, sementara anjing sentiasa berbeza daripada koyote dan jakal sekurang-kurangnya sebanyak 20 penggantian.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès1997-98">[98]</a> Penemuan ini mengimplikasikan bahawa anjing diterbitkan daripada serigala dan bahawa pernah ada penyilangan balik berulang-ulang<a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès1997-98">[98]</a> atau bahawa anjing mungkin telah diturunkan daripada satu spesies canid yang kini pupus yang kerabat hidup terhampirnya ialah serigala moden.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne1999-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isu_penanda">Isu penanda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Isu penanda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Isu penanda">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kajian-kajian DNA mungkin memberikan hasil bercanggahan kerana spesimen-spesimen yang dipilih, teknologi yang digunakan, dan andaian-andaian yang dibuat oleh para penyelidik.<a href="#cite_note-Boyko2009-100">[100]</a> Mana-mana satu daripada panel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penanda_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penanda genetik (laman tidak wujud)">penanda genetik</a> dapat dipilih untuk penggunaan dalam kajian. Teknik-teknik yang digunakan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyarian_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyarian DNA (laman tidak wujud)">menyarikan</a> jujukan-jujukan genetik, <a href="/wiki/Penjujukan_DNA" title="Penjujukan DNA">menentukan lokasi</a> jujukan-jujukan, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis DNA (laman tidak wujud)">membandingkan</a> jujukan-jujukan itu dapat diterapkan dengan menggunakan kemajuan teknologi yang membolehkan penyelidik memerhatikan panjang lebih besar bagi <a href="/wiki/Pasangan_bes#Ukuran_panjang" title="Pasangan bes">pasangan-pasangan bes</a> yang menyedikan lebih data untuk memberikan resolusi <a href="/wiki/Filogenetik" title="Filogenetik">filogenetik</a> lebih baik.<a href="#cite_note-Pang2009-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik">Pokok-pokok filogenetik</a> yang disusun dengan menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penanda_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penanda genetik (laman tidak wujud)">penanda genetik</a> berlainan telah memberikan hasil bercanggahan tentang hubungan antara serigala, anjing, dengan koyote. Salah sebuah kajian berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimorfisme_nukleotida_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal (laman tidak wujud)">SNP</a><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2014-102">[102]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">mutasi</a> tunggal) dan sebuah lagi kajian berdasarkan jujukan-jujukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gen nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">gen nuklear</a><a href="#cite_note-Bardeleben2005-103">[103]</a> (diambil daripada <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_sel" title="Nukleus sel">nukleus sel</a>) menunjukkan bahawa anjing bergugus dengan koyote dan terpisah daripada serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Gray2010-104">[104]</a> Kajian-kajian lain berdasarkan sebilangan penanda menunjukkan hasil yang lebih diterima meluas bahawa serigala bergugus dengan anjing yang dan terpisah daripada koyote.<a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès1997-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne2012-105">[105]</a> Hasil-hasil ini menunjukkan bahawa waspada diperlukan semasa pentafsiran hasil-hasil yang disediakan oleh penanda-penanda genetik.<a href="#cite_note-Cronin2014-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isu_masa">Isu masa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Isu masa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Isu masa">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Ada dua andaian kekunci yang dibuat untuk mentarikhkan masa pencapahan untuk spesies: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_generasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa generasi (laman tidak wujud)">masa generasi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_mutasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar mutasi (laman tidak wujud)">kadar mutasi</a> genetik untuk setiap generasi. Masa antara generasi untuk serigala diandaikan sebanyak tiga tahun berdasarkan serigala kelabu ekstan dan dua tahun untuk anjing berdasarkan anjing ekstan.<a href="#cite_note-Lindblad-Toh2005-96">[96]</a> Sebuah kajian besar terkini mengandaikan masa generasi sebanyak 2 tahun untuk anjing selama sejauh 10,000 tahun lalu dan kemudian mengandaikan masa generasi sebanyak 3 tahun (sama dengan serigala) sebelum itu untuk menghitung masa pencapahan tercadang antara kedua-duanya.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a> Pada tahun 2017, ahli sains penyelidikan serigala <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._David_Mech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. David Mech (laman tidak wujud)">L. David Mech</a> bertanya tentang sebab penghitungan oleh para ahli biologi evolusi bagi masa anggaran pencapahan anjing daripada serigala melalui penggunaaan masa generasi serigala sebanyak tiga tahun apabila karya-karya terbitan yang menggunakan set-set data besar menunjukkan angka 4.2–4.7 tahun. Mereka digalakkan untuk menghitung tarikh-tarikh pencapahan mereka semula sewajarnya.<a href="#cite_note-Mech2017-106">[106]</a> Kajian-kajian DNA dijalankan tetapi dengan "kadar mutasi sebagai sumber dominan bagi ketidakpastian".<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a> Pada tahun 2005, Lindblad-Toh menjujukkan genom draf pertama bagi anjing ekstan dan menghitung kadar mutasi tercadang sebanyak 1x10−8 mutasi untuk setiap generasi.<a href="#cite_note-Lindblad-Toh2005-96">[96]</a> Pada tahun 2015, Skoglund dapat menjujukkan genom draf pertama bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">serigala Taimyr</a> berusia 35,000 tahun sebelum kini dan menggunakan tarikh radiokarbonnya untuk memvalidasi kadar mutasi genetik tercadang sebanyak 0.4x10−8 mutasi untuk setiap generasi.<a href="#cite_note-Skoglund2015-14">[14]</a> Perbezaannya ialah faktor masa sebanyak 2.5. Walau bagaimanapun, sebuah lagi kajian menyatakan bahawa hanya oleh sebab hanya ada satu spesimen serigala Pleistosen yang telah dijujukkan setakat ini, maka hasilnya patut dilayan dengan waspada, dan kajian itu kemudian menyediakan kedua-dua anggaran untuk menghitung masa-masa pencapahan antara serigala dengan anjing.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2016, kadar mutasi bagi <a href="/wiki/Pembelajinakan_anjing#Percampuran_serigala_Pleistosen_Akhir" title="Pembelajinakan anjing">anjing Newgrange</a> berusia 4,800 tahun sebelum kini memadani kadar mutasi serigala Taimyr.<a href="#cite_note-Frantz2016-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canid_mirip_serigala">Canid mirip serigala</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Canid mirip serigala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canid mirip serigala">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/wiki/Canidae#Hubungan_filogenetik" title="Canidae">Canidae § Hubungan filogenetik</a></div> Canid-canid mirip serigala (subkeluarga canid <a href="/wiki/Caninae" title="Caninae">Caninae</a>) merupakan sekelompok karnivor besar yang rapat secara genetik oleh sebab nombor <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> 78. Kelompok ini menyertakan genus Canis, Cuon, dan Lycaon. Anggota-anggotanya merupakan <a href="/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing">anjing</a> (C. familiaris), <a href="/wiki/Serigala_kelabu" title="Serigala kelabu">serigala kelabu</a> (C. lupus), <a href="/wiki/Koyote" title="Koyote">koyote</a> (C. latrans), <a href="/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan">jakal keemasan</a> (C. aureus), <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Habsyah" title="Serigala Habsyah">serigala Habsyah</a> (C. simensis), <a href="/wiki/Jakal_berbelakang_hitam" title="Jakal berbelakang hitam">jakal berbelakang hitam</a> (Lupulella mesomelas), <a href="/wiki/Jakal_tepi_berbelang" title="Jakal tepi berbelang">jakal tepi berbelang</a> (Lupulella adusta), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anjing_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anjing hutan (laman tidak wujud)">anjing hutan</a> (Cuon alpinus), dan <a href="/wiki/Anjing_liar_Afrika" title="Anjing liar Afrika">anjing liar Afrika</a> (Lycaon pictus).<a href="#cite_note-Wayne1993-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne1989-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès2012-110">[110]</a> Anggota yang baru tercadang termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Serigala_merah" title="Serigala merah">serigala merah</a> (Canis rufus), <a href="/wiki/Serigala_timur" title="Serigala timur">serigala timur</a> (Canis lycaon), dan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_keemasan_Afrika" title="Serigala keemasan Afrika">serigala keemasan Afrika</a> (C. anthus). Oleh sebab kesemua anggota mempunyai 78 kromosom, semua anggota genus Canis (koyote, serigala, jakal) tidak dapat dibezakan secara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kariologi (laman tidak wujud)">kariologi</a> antara satu sama lain dan daripada anjing hutan dan anjing pemburu Afrika.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne2006-88">[88]</a>:279<a href="#cite_note-Wurster-Hill1982-111">[111]</a> Anggota-anggota Canis berpotensi untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibrid_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibrid (biologi) (laman tidak wujud)">saling membiak</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne1999-99">[99]</a> dan ada bukti bahawa serigala Habsyah telah berhibrid dengan anjing.<a href="#cite_note-Gottelli1994-112">[112]</a> Menurut ahli zoologi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Innes_Pocock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Innes Pocock (laman tidak wujud)">Reginald Pocock</a>, seekor anjing hutan saling membiak dengan seekor jakal keemasan.<a href="#cite_note-Pocock1941-113">[113]</a> Anjing pemburu Afrika adalah besar dan sangat mudah alih dan diketahui bersebar menjangkau jarak jauh dan adalah jarang di seluruh julat geografinya,<a href="#cite_note-Girman2001-114">[114]</a> yang menjadikan kesempatan untuk penghibridan sukar. Sebuah kajian tentang <a href="/wiki/DNA_mitokondrion" title="DNA mitokondrion">DNA mitokondrion</a> maternal bagi jakal berbelakang hitam tidak dapat menemukan sebarang bukti tentang <a href="/wiki/Genotip" class="mw-redirect" title="Genotip">genotip-genotip</a> daripada pasangan paling berkemungkinan – jakal tepi berbelang ataupun jakal keemasan – yang menunjukkan bahawa jakal berbelakang hitam jantan belum membiak dengan kedua-dua jakal berkenaan.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne1990-115">[115]</a> Pencarian kesusasteraan sains tidak dapat menemukan bukti tentang penghibridan untuk jakal tepi berbelang yang jarang. Satu penjajaran jujukan DNA untuk canid-canid mirip serigala memberikan pokok filogenetik dengan serigala kelabu dan anjing sebagai canid berkait rapat, yang diikuti oleh hubungan rapat dengan koyote, jakal keemasan, dan serigala Habsyah dan anjing dapat berhibrid di dunia liar dengan ketiga-tiga spesies ini. Yang seterusnya rapat dengan kelompok ini merupakan anjing hutan dan anjing liar Afrika yang kedua-duanya memiliki gigi penghiris daging yang unik, yang mencadangkan bahawa penyesuaian ini kemudian hilang pada anggota-anggota lain.<a href="#cite_note-Lindblad-Toh2005-96">[96]</a> Kedua-dua jakal Afrika ditunjukkan sebagai anggota-anggota paling basal bagi klad ini, yang bererti bahawa pokok ini menunjukkan asal usul di Afrika untuk klad ini.<a href="#cite_note-Lindblad-Toh2005-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaminski2014-116">[116]</a> Pokok ini menggambarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembezaan_genotip%E2%80%93fenotip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembezaan genotip–fenotip (laman tidak wujud)">pembezaan genotip–fenotip</a>, iaitu bilamana <a href="/wiki/Genotip" class="mw-redirect" title="Genotip">genotip</a> ialah maklumat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warisan (laman tidak wujud)">warisan</a> lengkap bagi sesuatu organisma dan <a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">fenotip</a> ialah sifat terperhati sebenar bagi sesuatu organisma tersebut, seperti <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">perkembangan</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Tingkah_laku" title="Tingkah laku">tingkah laku</a>. Menurut fenotip, anjing hutan (genus Cuon) dan anjing pemburu Afrika (genus Lycaon) tidak dikelaskan sebagai anggota dalam genus Canis, tetapi menurut genotip kedua-duanya lebih rapat dengan anjing, serigala, dan koyote berbanding dengan kedua-dua genus jakal Canis – jakal tepi berbelang (C. adustus) dan jakal berbelakang hitam (C. mesomelas). Pada tahun 2015, sebuah kajian tentang jujukan-jujukan genom mitokondrion dan jujukan-jujukan genom nuklear bagi canid-canid Afrika dan Eurasia menunjukkan bahawa canid-canid mirip serigala ekstan telah menjajah Afrika dari Eurasia sekurang-kurangnya sebanyak 5 kali sepanjang Pliosen dan Pleistosen, yang tekal dengan bukti fosil yang mencadangkan bahawa kebanyakan kepelbagaian canid Afrika terhasil daripada penghijrahan masuk leluhur-leluhur Eurasia, kemungkinan berkebetulan dengan ayunan-ayunan iklim Plio-Pleistosen antara keadaan gersang dengan keadaan lembap.<a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a> Pokok filogenetik untuk canid-canid mirip serigala mungkin memberikan kedudukan bercanggahan untuk jakal berbelakang hitam dan jakal tepi berbelang dalam hubungan dengan anggota-anggota genus Canis bergantung pada dasar penanda-penanda sama ada pada DNA mitokondrion atau DNA nuklear. Penjelasan yang dicadangkan untuk percanggahan mito-nuklear ialah bahawa <a href="/wiki/Introgresi" title="Introgresi">introgresi</a> DNA mitokondrion berlaku daripada leluhur purba dalam genus Canis ke dalam zuriat yang membawa kepada jakal berbelakang hitam pada sekitar 6.2–5.2 juta tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Hassanin2021-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik">Pokok filogenetik</a> bagi canid-canid mirip serigala esktan,<a href="#cite_note-mtdna_seq_desc-130">[a]</a> dengan lorekan merah jambu yang mewakili species Canis lupus <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4792842">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:‑25px;;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:25px;;">3.5 jtl</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:25px;;">3.0 jtl</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:25px;;">2.5 jtl</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:25px;;">2.0 jtl</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:25px;;">1.5 jtl</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:25px;;">1.0 jtl</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:25px;;">0.5 jtl</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:150px;max-width:150px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;text-align:left;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:‑25px;;">kini</div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:150px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;background-color:#aaaaff;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;background-color:#aaaaff;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;background-color:#aaaaff;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;background-color:#aaaaff;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;border-left:1px solid black;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:38px;max-width:38px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Jakal_tepi_berbelang" title="Jakal tepi berbelang">jakal tepi berbelang</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XIII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:262px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:262px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Jakal_berbelakang_hitam" title="Jakal berbelakang hitam">jakal berbelakang hitam</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:262px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:38px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">2.62 jtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:250px;max-width:250px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anjing_liar_Afrika" title="Anjing liar Afrika">anjing liar Afrika</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLIV).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:250px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:50px;max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:200px;max-width:200px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anjing_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anjing hutan (laman tidak wujud)">anjing hutan</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLI).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:200px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:104px;max-width:104px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:96px;max-width:96px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Habsyah" title="Serigala Habsyah">serigala Habsyah</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_VI).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:96px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:104px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:104px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:36px;max-width:36px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:60px;max-width:60px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan">jakal keemasan</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_X).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:60px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:36px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:36px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:22px;max-width:22px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:38px;max-width:38px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Serigala_keemasan_Afrika" title="Serigala keemasan Afrika">serigala keemasan Afrika</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:38px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:22px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:22px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:14px;max-width:14px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:24px;max-width:24px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Koyote" title="Koyote">koyote</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:24px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:14px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:14px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:12px;max-width:12px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:12px;max-width:12px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Himalaya" title="Serigala Himalaya">serigala Himalaya</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:12px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:12px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:12px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:4px;max-width:4px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:8px;max-width:8px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Serigala_India#Canis_indica" title="Serigala India">serigala dataran India</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:8px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:4px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:4px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:5px;max-width:5px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:1px;max-width:1px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">serigala Pleistosen Akhir</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:1px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:5px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:5px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4792842"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first clade-fixed-width" style="width:3px;max-width:3px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Serigala" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala">serigala kelabu moden</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:3px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:3px;padding:0em;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing">anjing</a> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:202104_Dog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/50px-202104_Dog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/75px-202104_Dog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/100px-202104_Dog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:3px;padding:0em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:5px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">25 rtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:4px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">80 rtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:12px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">120 rtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:14px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">240 rtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:22px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">380 rtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:36px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">600 rtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:104px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">960 rtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">2.0 jtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">2.5 jtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">3.0 jtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last clade-fixed-width" style="max-width:50px;padding:0em;overflow:visible;"><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;white‑space:nowrap;right:0px;">3.5 jtl</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Percampuran_dengan_canid_pupus_yang_tidak_diketahui">Percampuran dengan canid pupus yang tidak diketahui</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Percampuran dengan canid pupus yang tidak diketahui" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Percampuran dengan canid pupus yang tidak diketahui">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Canis_early_hybridisation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Canis_early_hybridisation.jpg/400px-Canis_early_hybridisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Canis_early_hybridisation.jpg/600px-Canis_early_hybridisation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Canis_early_hybridisation.jpg/800px-Canis_early_hybridisation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Penghibridan Canis pada masa lampau<a href="#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan2018-118">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 2018, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjujukan_seluruh_genom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjujukan seluruh genom (laman tidak wujud)">penjujukan seluruh genom</a> digunakan untuk membandingkan anggota-anggota genus Canis, bersama-sam dengan anjing hutan (Cuon alpinus) dan anjing pemburu Afrika (Lycaon pictus). Ada bukti tentang aliran gen sesama <a href="/wiki/Serigala_keemasan_Afrika" title="Serigala keemasan Afrika">serigala keemasan Afrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan">jakal keemasan</a>, dan serigala kelabu. Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa serigala keemasan Afrika ialah keturunan bagi canid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percampuran_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percampuran genetik (laman tidak wujud)">tercampur</a> secara genetik dengan keleluhuran 72% <a href="/wiki/Serigala" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala">serigala</a> kelabu dan 28% <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Habsyah" title="Serigala Habsyah">serigala Habsyah</a> dan bahawa serigala Habsyah pernah mempunyai julat wilayah lebih luas di Afrika. Seekor serigala keemasan Afrika dari <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Sinai" title="Semenanjung Sinai">Semenanjung Sinai</a> di Mesir menujukkan percampuran tinggi dengan serigala kelabu Timur Tengah dan anjing, yang menandakan peranan jambatan darat di antara benua Afrika dengan benua Eurasia dalam evolusi canid. Ada bukti tentang aliran gen sesama jakal keemasan dengan serigala Timur Tengah, kurang sedemikian sesama serigala Eropah dan serigala Asia, dan paling kurang sesama serigala-serigala Amerika Utara. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa leluhur bersama bagi <a href="/wiki/Koyote" title="Koyote">koyote</a> dan serigala kelabu telah bercampur secara genetik dengan suatu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Populasi_hantu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Populasi hantu (laman tidak wujud)">populasi hantu</a> bagi canid pupus yang tidak dikenal pasti. Canid ini adalah rapat secara genetik dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anjing_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anjing hutan (laman tidak wujud)">anjing hutan</a> dan telah ber-evolusi selepas pencapahan anjing liar Afrika daripada spesies canid lain. Kedudukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal_(filogenetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basal (filogenetik) (laman tidak wujud)">basal</a> bagi koyote berbanding dengan serigala dicadangkan bersebabkan koyote yang mengekalkan lebih genom mitokondrion bagi canid yang tidak diketahui ini.<a href="#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan2018-118">[118]</a> Sebuah kajian genom tentang serigala di China menyertakan spesimen-spesimen muzium bagi serigala dari China selatan yang dikumpulkan pada antara tahun 1963 dengan tahun 1988. Serigala-serigala dalam kajian membentuk 3 klad: serigala Asia utara yang menyertakan serigala dari China utara dan dari Rusia timur, <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Himalaya" title="Serigala Himalaya">serigala Himalaya</a> dari Penara Tibet, dan suatu populasi unik dari China selatan. Satu spesimen yang terletak setenggara Provinsi <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> menunjukkan bukti tentang percampuran antara serigala yang berkaitan dengan serigala Tibet dengan serigala lain di China. Satu spesimen dari Provinsi <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> di China timur pula mengongsi aliran den dengan serigala-serigala dari China selatan. Walau bagaimanapun, genomnya bercampur sebanyak 12–14 peratus dengan canid yang mungkin merupakan anjing hutan atau canid yang belum diketahui yang mendahului pencapahan genetik bagi anjing hutan. Populasi serigala dari China selatan dipercayai masih wujud di rantau berkenaan.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2019-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keluar_dari_Beringia">Keluar dari Beringia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Keluar dari Beringia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Keluar dari Beringia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Serigala kelabu terkesan daripada <a href="/wiki/Kejejalan_populasi" title="Kejejalan populasi">kejejalan populasi</a> (pengurangan) seluruh spesies pada sekitar 25,000 tahun sebelum kini semasa Maksimum Glasier Terakhir. Ini diikuti oleh satu populasi tunggal serigala moden yang bersebar ke luar dari <a href="/wiki/Beringia#Suaka" title="Beringia">suaka Bering</a> untuk menduduki semula bekas wilayah serigala, lalu menggantikan populasi-populasi serigala Pleistosen Akhir tersisa merentasi Eurasia dan Amerika Utara seperti yang berlaku.<a href="#cite_note-Loog2019-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werhahn2018-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2020-129">[129]</a> Populasi sumber ini barang kali tidak menyebabkan kebangkitan anjing, tetapi bercampur dengan anjing yang membolehkan serigala-serigala ini menyesuaikan diri terhadap persekitaran-persekitaran altitud tinggi (cth. Tibet). Ini mencadangkan bahawa pencapahan genetik bagi anjing Eropah dan anjing Asia Timur dapat berdasarkan percampuran dengan subpopulasi berlainan bagi serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2020-129">[129]</a> Hanya ada sedikit maklumat genetik yang tersedia tentang serigala purba yang wujud sebelum kejejalan. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian menunjukkan bahawa satu atau lebih populasi purba ini lebih berkait rapat secara keleluhuran dengan anjing berbanding dengan serigala moden dan mungkin ada lebih kecenderungan terhadap pembelajinakan oleh manusia-manusia pertama yang menjajah Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2020-129">[129]</a> Setakat tahun 2020, tinggalan serigala utuh tertua yang diketahui ialah tinggalan milik seekor anak termumia yang bertarikh 56,000 tahun sebelum kini yang diperoleh daripada ibun abadi di sepanjang sebatang anak sungai bagi Last Chance Creek dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a>, Yukon, Kanada. Analisis DNA menunjukkan bahawa ia tergolong dalam klad serigala Bering, bahawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leluhur_bersama_paling_terkini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leluhur bersama paling terkini (laman tidak wujud)">leluhur bersama paling terkini</a> bagi klad ini bertarikh ke 86,700–67,500 tahun sebelum kini, dan bahawa klad ini adalah basal kepada semua serigala lain kecuali serigala Himalaya.<a href="#cite_note-Meachen2020-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ke_Amerika_dan_ke_Jepun">Ke Amerika dan ke Jepun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Ke Amerika dan ke Jepun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ke Amerika dan ke Jepun">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Jepun" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala Jepun">Serigala Jepun</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Ezo" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala Ezo">Serigala Ezo</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pengecutan jambatan darat Bering"><img alt="Pengecutan jambatan darat Bering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/320px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif" decoding="async" width="320" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/480px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/640px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Pengecutan jambatan darat Bering</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Japan_glaciation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Japan_glaciation.gif/220px-Japan_glaciation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Japan_glaciation.gif/330px-Japan_glaciation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Japan_glaciation.gif/440px-Japan_glaciation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Kepulauan Jepun pada 20,000 tahun lalu dengan Pulau Hokkaido yang berjambatan dengan tanah besar, garis hitam tipis menandakan garis pesisir kini</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 2016, sebuah kajian, berdasarkan kerja sebuah lagi kajian besar,<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a> membina dan menganalisis jujukan-jujukan bagi 12 gen yang terletak pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bebenang_berat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bebenang berat (laman tidak wujud)">bebenang berat</a> bagi genom mitokondrion bagi C. lupus pupus dan moden. Kajian ini mengecualikan jujukan-jujukan bagi <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Himalaya" title="Serigala Himalaya">serigala Himalaya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_India#Canis_indica" title="Serigala India">serigala kelabu India</a> yang tercapah. Spesimen-spesimen purba tersebut dikenakan <a href="/wiki/Pentarikhan_radiokarbon" title="Pentarikhan radiokarbon">pentarikhan radiokarbon</a> dan ditarikhi secara stratigrafi dan, bersama-sama dengan jujukan-jujukan itu, menjana pokok filogenetik berdasarkan masa. Daripada pokok itu, kajian ini mampu berinferens bahawa leluhur bersama paling terkini untuk semua spesimen C. lupus lain – moden dan pupus – berusia 80,000 tahun sebelum kini dan tarikh ini sepadan dengan kajian terdahulu.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Kajian tidak dapat menemukan bukti tentang kejejalan populasi untuk serigala sehingga beberapa ribu tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Pokok filogenetik menunjukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polifili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polifili (laman tidak wujud)">polifili</a> bagi serigala Amerika, serigala Mexico tercapah daripada serigala Amerika Utara lain, dan serigala Amerika Utara lain ini membentuk dua klad berkait rapat. Satu senario yang tekal dengan data filogenetik, data lembar ais, dan data aras laut ialah bahawa semasa Zaman Air Batu apabila aras laut berada pada aras paling rendah, ada satu gelombang tunggal bagi kolonisasi serigala ke Amerika Utara bermula dengan pembukaan <a href="/wiki/Jambatan_darat_Bering" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambatan darat Bering">jambatan darat Bering</a> pada 70,000 tahun sebelum kini dan penutupan semasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksimum_Glasier_Akhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksimum Glasier Akhir (laman tidak wujud)">Maksimum Glasier Akhir</a> bagi koridor Yukon yang menjangkau bahagian di antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembar_Ais_Laurentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembar Ais Laurentia (laman tidak wujud)">Lembar Ais Laurentia</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembar_Ais_Cordillera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembar Ais Cordillera (laman tidak wujud)">Lembar Ais Cordillera</a> pada 23,000 tahun sebelum kini. Serigala Mexico merupakan sebahagian daripada gelombang tunggal itu dan sama ada mencapah daripada serigala lain sebelum memasuki Amerika Utara atau sebaik berada di Amerika Utara oleh sebab perubahan persekitarannya. Memandangkan serigala telah berada dalam rekod fosil Amerika Utara tetapi serigala moden dapat menyurih kembali keleluhurannya hanya sejauh 80,000 tahun lalu, haplotip-haplotip serigala yang sudah berada di Amerika Utara digantikan oleh penjajah-penjajah ini, sama ada melalui penyesaran berpersaingan atau melalui percampuran.<a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Penggantian di Amerika Utara bagi populasi basal serigala oleh yang lebih terkini menyokong penemuan kajian-kajian terdahulu.<a href="#cite_note-Pilot2010-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Randi2011-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2007-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Mungkin pernah ada populasi serigala panmiktik dengan aliran gen yang menjangkau Eurasia dan Amerika Utara sehingga penutupan lembar-lembar ais.<a href="#cite_note-Pilot2010-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hofreiter2007-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Sebaik lembar-lembar tertutup, serigala selatan terasing dan di utara lembar-lembar ini hanya ada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Bering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Bering (laman tidak wujud)">serigala Bering</a>. Jambatan darat ditenggelami oleh laut pada 10,000 tahun sebelum kini, lembar-lembar ais berundur pada 12,000–6,000 tahun sebelum kini, serigala Bering pupus, dan serigala selatan bersebar untuk menjajah selebih Amerika Utara semula. Kesemua serigala Amerika Utara diturunkan daripada yang pernah terasing di selatan lembar-lembar ais itu. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan kepelbagaiannya kemudian lenyap semasa abad kedua puluh.<a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Kajian-kajian yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/DNA_mitokondrion" title="DNA mitokondrion">DNA mitokondrion</a> telah menunjukkan bahawa serigala-serigala Alaska tenggara pinggir laut berbeza secara genetik daripada serigala kelabu pedalaman, yang mencerminkan pola yang juga diperhatikan pada takson-takson lain. Serigala ini menunjukkan hubungan filogenetik dengan serigala terhapus dari selatan (Oklahoma), yang menunjukkan bahawa serigala-serigala ini merupakan tinggalan terakhir bagi kelompok yang pernah tersebar meluas yang telah sebahagian besarnya dihapuskan semasa abad terakhir, dan bahawa serigala-serigala Amerika Utara utara pada asalnya telah bersebar dari suaka-suaka selatan di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengglasieran_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengglasieran Wisconsin (laman tidak wujud)">pengglasieran Wisconsin</a> selepas air batu telah melebur pada penghujung <a href="/wiki/Maksimum_Glasier_Terakhir" title="Maksimum Glasier Terakhir">Maksimum Glasier Terakhir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weckworth2005-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weckworth2010-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weckworth2011-137">[136]</a> Sebuah kajian DNA <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjujukan_seluruh_genom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjujukan seluruh genom (laman tidak wujud)">seluruh genom</a> menunjukkan bahawa semua serigala Amerika Utara adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monofiletik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monofiletik (laman tidak wujud)">monofiletik</a> dan, oleh itu, merupakan keturunan bagi suatu leluhur bersama.<a href="#cite_note-vonHoldt2016-138">[137]</a> Semasa tempoh sama, <a href="/wiki/Selat_Soya" class="mw-redirect" title="Selat Soya">Selat Soya</a> di antara <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Sakhalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Sakhalin (laman tidak wujud)">Pulau Sakhalin</a> kering selama 75,000 tahun dan ada cadangan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Ezo" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala Ezo">serigala Ezo</a> (C. l. hattai) yang pupus tiba di Hokkaido dari Sakhalin.<a href="#cite_note-Matsumura2014-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abe1999-140">[139]</a> Walau bagaimanapun, jujukan menunjukkan bahawa serigala ini tiba di Hokkaido pada kurang daripada 10,000 tahun sebelum kini. Serigala Ezo berkait rapat dengan salah satu klad Amerika Utara,<a href="#cite_note-Matsumura2014-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ishiguro2010-141">[140]</a> tetapi berbeza dengan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Jepun" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala Jepun">serigala Jepun</a> (C. l. hodophilax) yang terletak lebih jauh di selatan yang basal kepada serigala-serigala moden.<a href="#cite_note-Matsumura2014-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Serigala Jepun menghuni Kyushu, Shikoku, dan kepulauan Honshu<a href="#cite_note-Walker2000-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ishiguro2009-143">[142]</a> tetapi tidak menghuni Pulau Hokkaido.<a href="#cite_note-Ishiguro2009-143">[142]</a> Ini menunjukkan bahawa leluhurnya mungkin telah berhijrah dari tanah besar Asia melalui Semenanjung Korea ke Jepun.<a href="#cite_note-Matsumura2014-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ishiguro2009-143">[142]</a> Aras-aras laut terdahulu di <a href="/wiki/Selat_Korea" title="Selat Korea">Selat Korea</a> bersama-sama dengan masa jujukan-jujukan serigala Jepun menunjukkan bahawa serigala ini tiba di kepulauan selatan pada kurang daripada 20,000 tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Pada tahun 2020, sebuah kajian genomik mendapati bahawa serigala Jepun merupakan serigala Pleistosen Siberia terakhir, yang disangkakan telah pupus pada penghujung Pleistosen Akhir (11,700 tahun lalu). Sesetengah serigala ini telah mandiri sehingga abad ke-20 dan telah bercampur dengan anjing Jepun.<a href="#cite_note-Niemann2020-144">[143]</a> Anjing merupakan penjajah sangat berjaya di Amerika Utara dan telah mengasaskan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceruk_ekologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceruk ekologi (laman tidak wujud)">ceruk ekologi</a> meluas menjelang Holosen Awal–Holosen Akhir. Tidak ada pertindihan ceruk antara anjing dengan serigala berbanding dengan antara anjing dengan canid-canid Amerika Utara lain. Menjelang Holosen Akhir, saiz kawasan ceruk anjing bersaiz kurang daripada yang telah diduga ditemukan oleh para penyelidik, yang menunjukkan bahawa ia terbatas kerana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komponen_biosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komponen biosis (laman tidak wujud)">faktor-faktor biosis</a>. Rantau-rantau ini menyertakan barat laut dan timur laut Amerika Syarikat yang berkorelasi dengan kepadatan-kepadatan terbesar pendudukan manusia awal, lalu menunjukkan bahawa anjing telah "berpaling tadah" daripada ceruk serigala kepada ceruk manusia dan ini menjelaskan sebab kawasan ceruk anjing tidak sebesar yang dijangkakan. Perpisahan antara anjing dengan serigala mungkin mencerminkan kadar cepat bagi peristiwa pembelajinakan,<a href="#cite_note-Pardi2015-145">[144]</a> termasuk kemungkinan peristiwa pembelajinakan kedua yang berlaku di Amerika Utara.<a href="#cite_note-Witt2014-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pardi2015-145">[144]</a> Kawanan serigala dan pemburu-pemungut memburu mangsa serupa dengan cara serupa dalam struktur masyarakat berkelompok serupa yang mungkin telah memudahkan pembelajinakan serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1978-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olsen1985-148">[147]</a> Serigala dihapuskan di bahagian selatan kawasan geografi bersejarahnya di Amerika Utara menjelang pertengahan abad ke-20. Sebuah kajian mDNA bagi 34 tinggalan serigala dari Amerika Utara yang bertarikh pada antara tahun 1856 dengan tahun 1915 mendapati bahawa kepelbagaian genetiknya adalah dua kali ganda kepelbagaian pada serigala moden di rantau-rantau ini dan dua pertiga haplotip yang dikenal pasti adalah unik. Hasil-hasil ini menunjukkan bahawa populasi terdahulu bagi beratus ribu serigala pernah wujud di Mexico dan di Amerika Syarikat barat.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2004-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miklósi2015-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pencapahan_dengan_koyote">Pencapahan dengan koyote</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Pencapahan dengan koyote" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pencapahan dengan koyote">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada tahun 1993, sebuah kajian mencadangkan bahawa serigala Amerika Utara memaparkan trait-trait tengkorak yang lebih serupa dengan koyote berbanding dengan serigala dari Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-Goulet1993-47">[47]</a> Pada tahun 2016, sebuah kajian DNA <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjujukan_seluruh_genom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjujukan seluruh genom (laman tidak wujud)">seluruh genom</a> mencadangkan, berdasarkan andaian yang dibuat, bahawa semua serigala dan koyote Amerika Utara mencapah daripada leluhur bersama pada kurang daripada 6,000–117,000 tahun lalu. Kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa semua serigala Amerika Utara mempunyai jumlah ketara bagi keleluhuran koyote dan semua koyote pada takat tertentu mempunyai keleluhuran serigala, dan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Serigala_merah" title="Serigala merah">serigala merah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_timur" title="Serigala timur">serigala timur</a> sangat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percampuran_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percampuran genetik (laman tidak wujud)">tercampur</a> dengan perkadaran berlainan bagi keleluhuran serigala kelabu dan koyote. Walau bagaimanapun, ujian yang digunakan tidak dapat membezakan antara penghibridan purba dengan penghibridan terkini. Satu ujian menunjukkan masa pencapahan serigala/koyote pada 51,000 tahun sebelum kini yang memadani kajian-kajian lain, yang menunjukkan bahawa serigala ekstan mula wujud pada sekitar masa ini. Satu lagi ujian menunjukkan bahawa serigala merah mencapah daripada koyote pada antara 55,000 dengan 117,000 tahun sebelum kini dan serigala rantau Tasik-Tasik Besar pula pada 32,000 tahun sebelum kini. Namun, sebuah kajian tahun 2000 tentang haplotip-haplotip bagi canid-canid Amerika Utara menunjukkan bahawa pencapahan sesama koyote, serigala kelabu, serigala merah, dan serigala Algonquin (timur) berlaku jauh lebih awal. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat 3.2% pencapahan antara jujukan gen serigala Kanada timur dengan jujukan gen koyote dan 2.3% pencapahan jujukan antara haplotip serigala merah dengan haplotip serigala koyote. Walau bagaimanapun, pencapahan ialah 8.0% yang jauh lebih besar antara mtDNA serigala kelabu (C. lupus) dengan haplotip serigala timur/serigala merah dan 10.0% antara haplotip serigala kelabu dengan haplotip koyote. Perbezaan jujukan yang diperhatikan antara jujukan serigala Kanada timur dengan jujukan koyote adalah tekal dengan perpisahan pada 150,000–300,000 tahun lalu, dengan menggunakan kadar pencapahan sebanyak 1–2% untuk setiap 100,000 tahun.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2000-150">[149]</a> Sebagai tambahan, dalam percanggahan dengan hipotesis mencapah terkini rekod fosil yang menunjukkan spesimen mirip koyote bertarikh ke 1 juta tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2008-36">[36]</a> Serigala kelabu moden bersebar ke luar dari Beringia pada 25,000 tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2020-129">[129]</a> Koyote moden muncul pada sekitar 10,000 tahun lalu dan paling berkemungkinan diturunkan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyote_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyote Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">koyote Pleistosen</a>. Klad mDNA koyote yang paling basal secara genetik mendahului <a href="/wiki/Maksimum_Glasier_Terakhir" title="Maksimum Glasier Terakhir">Maksimum Glasier Terakhir</a> dan merupakan haplotip yang hanya dapat ditemukan pada serigala timur. Ini mengimplikasikan bahawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyote_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyote Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">koyote Pleistosen</a> mirip serigala yang besar ialah leluhur kepada <a href="/wiki/Serigala_timur" title="Serigala timur">serigala timur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_merah" title="Serigala merah">serigala merah</a>, yang mencapah daripada satu sama lain pada masa kemudian. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyote_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyote Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">Koyote Pleistosen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anjing_bela_jinak">Anjing bela jinak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Anjing bela jinak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Anjing bela jinak">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/wiki/Pembelajinakan_anjing" title="Pembelajinakan anjing">Pembelajinakan anjing</a></div> Anjing bela jinak (Canis lupus familiaris) ialah karnivor besar yang paling banyak dan meluas.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès1999-151">[150]</a> Selama berjuta-juta tahun lalu, berbilang bentuk mirip serigala wujud tetapi pusing gantinya tinggi dan serigala moden bukan leluhur linear bagi anjing.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2004-149">[148]</a> Walaupun penyelidikan telah mencadangkan bahawa anjing dan serigala merupakan kerabat sangat rapat secara genetik,<a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès1997-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne1999-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayne1993-108">[108]</a> analisis filogenetik kemudiannya sekuatnya menyokong hipotesis bahawa anjing dan serigala merupakan <a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">takson-takson</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Monofili" title="Monofili">monofilik</a> secara timbal balik yang membentuk dua <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> bersaudara.<a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès1997-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larson2014-152">[151]</a> Ini mencadangkan bahawa tidak ada populasi serigala moden yang berkaitan dengan serigala yang pertama kali dibelajinakkan dan leluhur serigala bagi anjing, oleh itu, dianggap pupus.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larson2014-152">[151]</a> Analisis-analisis <a href="/wiki/DNA_mitokondrion" title="DNA mitokondrion">DNA mitokondrion</a> terkini bagi spesimen-spesimen serigala kelabu purba dan moden mencadangkan satu pola pengurangan dan pusing ganti populasi.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilot2010-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2007-124">[124]</a> Satu cadangan alternatif ialah bahawa, semasa pergolakan ekologi pada Pleistosen Akhir, semua anggota tersisa bagi zuriat yang semakin susut menyertai manusia.<a href="#cite_note-Morey2016-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morey2015-73">[73]</a> Pada tahun 2016, sebuah kajian menyiasat buat kali pertama subbahagian-subbahagian populasi, demografi, dan hubungan-hubungan bagi serigala kelabu berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjujukan_seluruh_genom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjujukan seluruh genom (laman tidak wujud)">jujukan-jujukan seluruh genomnya</a>. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa anjing merupakan subspesies tercapah bagi serigala kelabu dan diterbitkan daripada suatu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Populasi_hantu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Populasi hantu (laman tidak wujud)">populasi hantu</a> serigala Pleistosen Akhir yang kini pupus,<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> dan anjing dan dingo bukan spesies terpisah.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik">Pokok filogenetik</a> seluruh genom menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Pencapahan_genetik" title="Pencapahan genetik">pencapahan genetik</a> antara serigala Dunia Baru dengan serigala Dunia Lama, yang kemudian diikuti oleh pencapahan antara anjing dengan serigala Dunia Lama pada 27,000<a href="#cite_note-Skoglund2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a>–29,000 tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Anjing membentuk takson bersaudara dengan serigala kelabu Eurasia tetapi bukan dengan serigala Amerika Utara. Anjing mempunyai prakeleluhuran setimbang selepas pencapahannya daripada serigala Dunia Lama sebelum berpisah menjadi zuriat-zuriat tersendiri yang hampir sama berbeza daripada satu sama lain dengan perbezaan dengan serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Kajian mencadangkan bahawa pentarikhan-pentarikhan sebelum ini yang berdasarkan pencapahan antara serigala dengan koyote pada sejuta tahun lalu yang menggunakan fosil-fosil bagi sesuatu yang kelihatan seperti spesimen-spesimen mirip koyote mungkin tidak mencerminkan keleluhuran bagi bentuk-bentuk moden.<a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skoglund2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; width: 248px; float: right; clear: right; vertical-align: middle"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Pencapahan dan masa (tahun sebelum kini) serigala kelabu </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #dedede; padding: 3px"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">leluhur serigala/anjing</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">klad Dunia Baru</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> Mexico <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IV)_C._l._baileyi_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._baileyi_mod.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._baileyi_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._baileyi_mod.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._baileyi_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._baileyi_mod.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._baileyi_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> Amerika Utara/Hokkaido <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_V).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_V%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="344" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">klad Dunia Lama</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">serigala Dunia Lama</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> tanah tinggi Asia <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_III).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> tanah pamah Asia <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IV).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="357" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> Timur Tengah <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IV)_C._l._arabs_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._arabs_mod.jpg/40px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._arabs_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._arabs_mod.jpg/60px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._arabs_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._arabs_mod.jpg/80px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29_C._l._arabs_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="357" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> Eropah <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">anjing leluhur</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> anjing <a href="/wiki/Fail:202104_Dog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/50px-202104_Dog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/75px-202104_Dog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/100px-202104_Dog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> dingo <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXXVII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="388" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> basenji <a href="/wiki/Fail:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXXVII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="388" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%; width: 248px; border: 0; padding: 0;">Pokok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_filogenetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis filogenetik (laman tidak wujud)">filogenetik</a> seluruh genom bagi populasi-populasi serigala kelabu moden<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Mexico" title="Serigala Mexico">serigala Mexico</a> juga merupakan bentuk tercapah bagi serigala kelabu, yang mencadangkan bahawa itu mungkin merupakan sebahagian daripada penjajahan awal ke Amerika Utara.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2004-149">[148]</a> Serigala Tibet didapati sebagai serigala Dunia Lama yang paling tercapah, telah mengalami kejejalan populasi bersejarah, dan baru-baru ini telah mengkolonisasi Penara Tibet semula. Pengglasieran mungkin telah menyebabkan kehilangan habitat, pengasingan genetik, dan kemudian penyesuaian setempat.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percampuran_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percampuran genetik (laman tidak wujud)">percampuran genetik</a> meluas antara anjing bela jinak dengan serigala, dengan sehingga 25% daripada genom serigala Dunia Lama yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda keleluhuran anjing, mungkin oleh sebab <a href="/wiki/Aliran_gen" title="Aliran gen">aliran gen</a> daripada anjing kepada serigala yang menjadi leluhur kepada semua serigala moden. Ada bukti tentang aliran gen ketara antara serigala Eropah serta serigala Israel dengan <a href="/wiki/Basenji" title="Basenji">basenji</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bokser_Jerman" title="Bokser Jerman">bokser</a>, yang mencadangkan percampuran antara zuriat-zuriat yang menjadi leluhur kepada baka-baka ini dan kepada populasi-populasi serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Untuk serigala Asia tanah pamah: Serigala Rusia Tengah dan Rusia Timur dan semua serigala China tanah pamah mempunyai aliran gen ketara dengan anjing-anjing peribumi China, <a href="/wiki/Mastif_Tibet" title="Mastif Tibet">mastif Tibet</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a>. Untuk serigala Asia tanah tinggi: Serigala Tibet tidak menunjukkan percampuran ketara dengan anjing; walau bagaimanapun, serigala <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> mempunyai aliran gen dengan dingo dan salah seekor mempunyai aliran gen dengan anjing-anjing China. Serigala Dunia Baru tidak menunjukkan sebarang aliran gen dengan bokser, dingo, atau anjing-anjing peribumi China tetapi ada petanda aliran gen antara serigala Mexico dengan basenji Afrika.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Semua spesies dalam genus Canis, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Canidae#Hubungan_filogenetik" title="Canidae">canid-canid mirip serigala</a>, berkait rapat secara filogenetik dengan 78 <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> dan berpotensi untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibrid_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibrid (biologi) (laman tidak wujud)">saling membiak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne1999-99">[99]</a> Ada petanda aliran gen ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan">jakal keemasan</a> daripada populasi yang menjadi leluhur kepada semua serigala dan anjing (11.3%–13.6%) dan kadar-kadar jauh lebih rendah (sehingga 2.8%) daripada populasi-populasi serigala ekstan.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Data menunjukkan bahawa semua serigala mengongsi trajektori-trajektori populasi serupa, yang diikuti oleh pengurangan populasi yang berkebetulan dengan persebaran manusia moden sedunia dan teknologi manusia untuk menangkap buruan besar.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-VanValkenburgh2015-154">[153]</a> Karnivor-karnivor Pleistosen Akhir patut hidup bermasyarakat dalam kawanan besar untuk memburu buruan lebih besar yang tersedia pada masa itu, dan kelompok-kelompok lebih besar ini sepatutnya menjadi sasaran lebih terdedah untuk manusia yang menindas.<a href="#cite_note-VanValkenburgh2015-154">[153]</a> Anjing-anjing besar yang menemani manusia mungkin telah mempercepat kadar penurunan karnivor yang bersaing untuk buruan,<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shipman2015-155">[154]</a> maka manusia bersebar merentasi Eurasia, menghadapi serigala, membelajinakkan sesetengah serigala, dan mungkin menyebabkan pengurangan serigala lain.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Kajian menyimpulkan bahawa percampuran telah menggagalkan kebolehan untuk membuat inferens tentang tempat pembelajinakan anjing. Kajian-kajian terdahulu yang berdasarkan SNP, keserupaan seluruh genom dengan serigala-serigala China, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketidakseimbangan_rangkaian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketidakseimbangan rangkaian (laman tidak wujud)">ketidakseimbangan rangkaian</a> lebih rendah mungkin mencerminkan percampuran rantauan antara anjing dengan serigala dan aliran gen sesama populasi anjing, dengan baka-baka anjing tercapah yang mungkin mengekalkan lebih keleluhuran serigala dalam genomnya. Kajian mencadangkan bahawa analisis DNA purba mungkin merupakan pendekatan lebih baik.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> Pada tahun sama, sebuah kajian mendapati bahawa hanya ada 11 gen tetap yang menunjukkan variasi antara serigala dengan anjing. Gen-gen ini difikirkan memberikan kesan terhadap kejinakan dan kebolehan pemprosesan emosi.<a href="#cite_note-Cagan2016-156">[155]</a> Sebuah lagi kajian menyediakan senarai semua haplotip mDNA serigala kelabu dan anjing yang tergabung dalam satu pokok filogenetik.<a href="#cite_note-Song2016-157">[156]</a> Pada tahun 2018, sebuah kajian membandingkan jujukan-jujukan bagi 61,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimorfisme_nukleotida_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal (laman tidak wujud)">polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">mutasi</a>) yang diambil daripada serata genom serigala kelabu. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa ada individu serigala dengan keleluhuran anjing/serigala dalam kebanyakan populasi serigala di Eurasia tetapi kurang demikian di Amerika Utara. Penghibridan telah berlaku sepanjang skala masa berlainan dan bukan peristiwa terkini. Penghibridan peringkat rendah tidak mengurangkan kedistingtifan pada serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Pilot2018-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dingo">Dingo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Dingo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dingo">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_dingo#Zuriat" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus dingo">Canis lupus dingo § Zuriat</a></div> Dingo (Canis familiaris dingo) merujuk anjing yang terdapat di <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Dingo ialah subspesies tercapah bagi serigala kelabu dan bukan spesies terpisah<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> dan dianggap secara genetik sebagai anggota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal_(filogenetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basal (filogenetik) (laman tidak wujud)">basal</a> bagi klad anjing bela jinak.<a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a> Bukti genetik menunjukkan bahawa dingo berasal daripada anjing bela jinak Asia Timur dan diperkenalkan melalui kepulauan Asia Tenggara ke Australia,<a href="#cite_note-Savolainen2004-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oskarsson2011-160">[159]</a> dengan keleluhuran bersama antara dingo Australia dengan <a href="/wiki/Anjing_menyanyi_New_Guinea" title="Anjing menyanyi New Guinea">anjing menyanyi New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oskarsson2011-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ardalan2012-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_variabilis">Canis variabilis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Canis variabilis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Canis variabilis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada tahun 2015, sebuah kajian meneliti jujukan-jujukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_kawalan_mtDNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan kawalan mtDNA (laman tidak wujud)">kawasan kawalan mitokondrion</a> bagi 13 tinggalan canid purba dan seekor serigala moden dari lima buah tapak di serata Siberia timur laut Artik. Kesemua empat belas ekor canid mendedahkan sembilan <a href="/wiki/Haplotip" title="Haplotip">haplotip</a> mitokondrion, tiga daripadanya ada dalam rekod dan selebihnya belum pernah dilaporkan. Pokok filogenetik yang dijana daripada jujukan-jujukan ini menunjukkan bahawa empat ekor canid Siberia yang bertarikh 28,000 tahun sebelum kini dan seekor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_lupus_variabilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis lupus variabilis (laman tidak wujud)">Canis cf. variabilis</a> yang bertarikh 360,000 tahun sebelum kini adalah sangat tercapah. Haplotip yang ditandai S805 (28,000 tahun sebelum kini) dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Yana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Yana (laman tidak wujud)">Sungai Yana</a> adalah sejauh satu mutasi daripada satu lagi haplotip S902 (8,000 tahun sebelum kini) yang mewakili Klad A bagi zuriat-zuriat serigala moden dan anjing bela jinak. Yang berkait rapat dengan haplotip ini ialah satu yang ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Jepun" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala Jepun">serigala Jepun</a> yang baru pupus. Beberapa haplotip purba diorientasikan sekitar S805, termasuk Canis cf. variabilis (360,000 tahun sebelum kini), Belgium (36,000 tahun sebelum kini – "anjing Goyet"), Belgium (30,000 tahun sebelum kini), dan Konsteki, Rusia (22,000 tahun sebelum kini). Dengan kedudukan haplotip S805 pada pokok filogenetik, ini berpotensi untuk mewakili pautan langsung daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progenitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progenitor (laman tidak wujud)">progenitor</a> (termasuk Canis cf. variabilis) sehingga zuriat-zuriat anjing bela jinak dan serigala moden. Serigala kelabu dianggap sebagai leluhur kepada anjing bela jinak. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungannya dengan C. variabilis, dan sumbangan genetik C. variabilis kepada anjing, dapat diperdebatkan.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2015-162">[161]</a> Haplotip-haplotip canid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Zhokhov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Zhokhov (laman tidak wujud)">Pulau Zhokhov</a> (8,700 tahun sebelum kini) dan Aachim (1,700 tahun sebelum kini) tergolong dalam klad anjing bela jinak, bergugus dengan S805, dan juga mengongsi haplotip dengan <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Tibet" title="Serigala Tibet">serigala Tibet</a> (C. l. filchneri) dan serigala Jepun yang baru pupus (C. l. hodophilax) atau sejauh satu mutasi daripada kedua-duanya. Ini mungkin menunjukkan bahawa canid-canid ini mengekalkan tunjuk tanda genetik bagi percampuran dengan populasi-populasi serigala rantauan. Satu lagi haplotip yang ditandai S504 (47,000 tahun sebelum kini) dari <a href="/wiki/Silene_stenophylla#Duvanny_Yar" title="Silene stenophylla">Duvanny Yar</a> muncul pada pokok filogenetik tanpa hubungan dengan serigala (kedua-dua purba dan moden) tetapi masih menjadi leluhur kepada anjing, dan mungkin mewakili sumber genetik untuk anjing-anjing rantauan.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2015-162">[161]</a> Para pengarang berkesimpulan bahawa struktur <a href="/wiki/Takungan_gen" title="Takungan gen">takungan gen</a> anjing moden menerima sumbangan daripada serigala Siberia purba dan mungkin daripada Canis cf. variabilis.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2015-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irizarry2019-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kebangkitan_kepada_pemangsa_dominan">Kebangkitan kepada pemangsa dominan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Kebangkitan kepada pemangsa dominan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kebangkitan kepada pemangsa dominan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada tahun 2015, sebuah kajian meneliti paleoekologi karnivor-karnivor besar di serata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_mamot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steppe mamot (laman tidak wujud)">steppe mamot</a> semasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen_Akhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleistosen Akhir (laman tidak wujud)">Pleistosen Akhir</a> dengan menggunakan analisis isotop stabil bagi <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">kolagen</a> fosil karnivor-karnivor ini untuk membina semula diet bagi karnivor-karnivor berkenaan. Berdasarkan pengujian di Belgium, pada sekitar 40,000 tahun sebelum kini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubuk_gua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubuk gua (laman tidak wujud)">dubuk gua</a> memangsakan mamot, badak sumbu wul, kuda, dan rusa kutub, sambil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panthera_leo_spelaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panthera leo spelaea (laman tidak wujud)">singa gua</a> mengambil rusa kutub dan <a href="/wiki/Beruang_gua" title="Beruang gua">beruang gua</a> muda. Serigala kelihatannya telah dikalahkan dalam persaingan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubuk_gua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubuk gua (laman tidak wujud)">dubuk gua</a> dan dietnya terbatas kepada chamois, rusa gergasi, dan rusa merah. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas Maksimum Glasier Terakhir pada sekitar 14,000 tahun sebelum kini, serigala mempunyai capaian kepada semua spesies mangsa, sementara singa gua terbatas kepada rusa kutub dan dubuk gua telah pupus.<a href="#cite_note-Bocherens2011-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yeakel2013-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bocherens2015-166">[165]</a> Data mencadangkan bahawa kepupusan dubuk gua membolehkan serigala menjadi pemangsa dominan dan bukan sebaliknya singa gua, sejurus sebelum kepupusan singa gua.<a href="#cite_note-Bocherens2015-166">[165]</a> Sebuah lagi kajian menunjukkan bahawa serigala bangkit berbanding dengan dubuk gua apabila ada litupan salji lebih besar.<a href="#cite_note-Dinnis2016-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perbezaan_populasi_serigala">Perbezaan populasi serigala</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Perbezaan populasi serigala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perbezaan populasi serigala">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Bering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Bering (laman tidak wujud)">Serigala Bering</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_gua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala gua (laman tidak wujud)">Serigala gua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">Serigala Pleistosen</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Paleolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anjing Paleolitik (laman tidak wujud)">Anjing Paleolitik</a></div> Serigala kelabu Canis lupus ialah spesies yang sangat mudah menyesuaikan diri dan dapat wujud dalam pelbagai persekitaran serta tersebar secara meluas merentasi <a href="/wiki/Holartik" title="Holartik">Holartik</a>. Kajian-kajian tentang serigala kelabu moden telah mengenal pasti sebilangan subpopulasi berlainan yang hidup dekat dengan satu sama lain.<a href="#cite_note-Musiani2007-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2015a-5">[5]</a> Variasi pada subpopulasi tersebut berkait rapat dengan perbezaan pada habitat – kerpasan, suhu, tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan pengkhususan mangsa – yang mempengaruhi keplastikan tengkorak-gigi.<a href="#cite_note-Geffen2004-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilot2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flower2014-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> Rekod arkeologi dan rekod paleontologi menunjukkan kehadiran bersinambung serigala kelabu sekurang-kurangnya sepanjang 300,000 tahun.<a href="#cite_note-Sotnikova2009-58">[58]</a> Kehadiran bersinambung ini berlawanan dengan kajian-kajian <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genomik</a>, yang mencadangkan bahawa semua serigala moden dan anjing diturunkan daripada suatu populasi serigala leluhur bersama<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skoglund2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2015-13">[13]</a> yang wujud selewat-lewatnya pada 20,000 tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a> Kajian-kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Kejejalan_populasi" title="Kejejalan populasi">kejejalan populasi</a> diikuti oleh persebaran cepat daripada populasi leluhur pada suatu masa semasa <a href="/wiki/Maksimum_Glasier_Terakhir" title="Maksimum Glasier Terakhir">Maksimum Glasier Terakhir</a>, atau hanya sejurus selepas tempoh itu. Ini mengimplikasikan bahawa populasi-populasi serigala asli kalah dalam persaingan dengan jenis baharu serigala yang menggantikan populasi-populasi berkenaan.<a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Walau bagaimanapun, asal usul geografi bagi persebaran ini tidak diketahui. Selain pembelajinakan, manusia telah membawa kesan buruk kepada serigala dengan pembatasan habitatnya melalui penindasan. Ini telah menyebabkan penurunan dramatik dari segi saiz populasinya sepanjang dua abad terakhir ini.<a href="#cite_note-Boitani2003-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2004-149">[148]</a> Pengecutan habitat-habitatnya yang bertindih dengan habitat-habitat kerabat-kerabat rapat seperti anjing dan koyote telah membawa kepada banyak kejadian penghibridan.<a href="#cite_note-vonHoldt2011-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-vonHoldt2012-170">[169]</a> Peristiwa-peristiwa ini, sebagai tambahan kepada pusing ganti terkini (kepupusan dan pendudukan semula oleh genotip-genotip lain), telah menyukarkan pendedahan sejarah <a href="/wiki/Filogeografi" title="Filogeografi">filogeografi</a> bagi serigala.<a href="#cite_note-Ersmark2016-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekotip">Ekotip</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekotip" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ekotip">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekotip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekotip (laman tidak wujud)">Ekotip</a> ialah varian yang dalamnya perbezaan <a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">fenotip</a> adalah terlalu sedikit atau terlalu halus untuk mewajarkan pengelasan sebagai subspesies. Ini dapat berlaku di kawasan geografi sama yang di situ habitat berlainan seperti lepan, hutan, paya, dan gumuk pasir menyediakan ceruk-ceruk ekologi. Jika ada keadaan-keadaan ekokogi serupa di tempat-tempat yang terpisah meluas, ada kemungkinan untuk kehadiran ekotip serupa di situ. Ini berbeza dengan subspesies, yang mungkin wujud merentasi sebilangan habitat berlainan. Pada haiwan, ekotip dapat dianggap sebagai mikrosubspesies yang ciri-ciri pembezanya bergantung pada kesan-kesan persekitaran yang sangat setempat.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr1999-171">[170]</a> Ekotip tidak mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Pangkat_taksonomi" title="Pangkat taksonomi">pangkat taksonomi</a>. Serigala kelabu mempunyai taburan semula jadi luas merentasi <a href="/wiki/Holartik" title="Holartik">Holartik</a> yang termasuk banyak habitat berlainan, yang dapat berbeza-beza daripada Artik tinggi hingga hutan tebal, steppe lapang, dan gurun. Perbezaan-perbezaan genetik sesama populasi berlainan bagi serigala kelabu sangat terkait dengan jenis habitat yang dihuni.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> Perbezaan penanda genetik dalam kalangan populasi serigala Skandinavia telah bangkit hanya dalam tempoh sedekad oleh sebab saiz populasi kecilnya,<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-VilàArbonès2003-172">[171]</a> yang menunjukkan bahawa perbezaan-perbezaan ini tidak bergantung pada masa lama yang diluangkan dalam pengasingan dan bahawa pola-pola populasi lebih besar dapat ber-evolusi dalam tempoh beberapa ribu tahun sahaja.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> Perbezaan-perbezaan ini juga dapat menyertakan warna dan kepadatan lapis bulu dan saiz badan.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muñoz-Fuentes2009-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Musiani2007-4">[4]</a> Perbezaan-perbezaan ini juga dapat menyertakan tingkah laku, sebagaimana serigala pinggir laut memakan ikan<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muñoz-Fuentes2009-173">[172]</a> dan serigala tundra berpindah-randah.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Musiani2007-4">[4]</a> Perbezaan-perbezaan ini telah diperhatikan antara dua populasi serigala yang hidup dalam jarak berhampiran. Serigala gunung telah ditunjukkan tidak saling membiak dengan serigala pinggir laut yang berdekatan, dan Pergunungan Alp Perancis dan Switzerland telah diduduki semula oleh populasi serigala dari pergunungan di Itali yang berdekatan<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valière2003-174">[173]</a> dan dari pergunungan Croatia yang jauh<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fabbri2013-175">[174]</a> dan bukan sebaliknya dari tanah pamah yang lebih dekat, yang menunjukkan bahawa jarak bukan daya pemacu bagi perbezaan antara kedua-dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekomorfologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekomorfologi (laman tidak wujud)">ekomorf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> Pada tahun 2013, sebuah kajian genetik mendapati bahawa populasi serigala di Eropah terbahagi di sepanjang paksi utara–selatan dan membentuk lima gugusan besar. Tiga gugusan dikenal pasti menduduki Eropah selatan dan tengah di Itali, di Pergunungan Karpatos, dan di Dinara-Balkan. Lagi dua gugusan dikenali pasti menduduki Eropah utara-tengah dan steppe Ukraine. Serigala Itali terdiri daripada populasi terasing dengan kepelbagaian genetik rendah. Serigala dari Croatia, Bulgaria, dan Greece membentuk gugusan Dinara-Balkan. Serigala dari Finland, Latvia, Belarus, Poland, dan Rusia pula membentuk gugusan Eropah utara-tengah dengan serigala daripada gugusan Pergunungan Karpatos sebagai satu campuran serigala daripada gugusan utara-tengah dan gugusan Dinara-Balkan. Serigala dari Pergunungan Karpatos adalah lebih serupa dengan serigala dari steppe Ukraine berbanding dengan keserupaan dengan serigala dari Eropah utara-tengah. Gugusan-gugusan ini mungkin telah terhasil oleh sebab persebaran dari suaka-suaka glasier, suatu penyesuaian terhadap persekitaran setempat, dan penyerpihan landskap dan pembunuhan serigala di sesetengah kawasan oleh manusia.<a href="#cite_note-Stronen2013-176">[175]</a> Pada tahun 2016, dua buah kajian membandingkan jujukan-jujukan bagi 42,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimorfisme_nukleotida_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal (laman tidak wujud)">polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal</a> pada serigala kelabu Amerika Utara dan mendapati bahawa jujukan-jujukan ini membentuk enam ekotip. Keenam-enam ekotip serigala ini dinamai Hutan Barat, Hutan Boreal, Artik, Artik Tinggi, Baffin, dan British Columbia. Kajian-kajian ini mendapati bahawa kerpasan dan julat suhu diurnal min merupakan pemboleh ubah paling berpengaruh terhadap variasi jujukan.<a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2015a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2015b-177">[176]</a> Penemuan-penemuan ini bersetuju dengan penemuan-penemuan terdahulu bahawa kerpasan mempengaruhi morfologi<a href="#cite_note-O'Keefe2013-178">[177]</a> dan bahawa tumbuh-tumbuhan<a href="#cite_note-Geffen2004-6">[6]</a> dan jenis habitat<a href="#cite_note-Muñoz-Fuentes2009-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael2007-179">[178]</a> mempengaruhi perbezaan-perbezaan serigala. Salah sebuah kajian mendapati bahawa variasi pada 11 gen kekunci mempengaruhi penglihatan, deria penghiduan, pendengaran, warna lapis bulu, metabolisme, dan keimunan serigala. Kajian mengenal pasti 1,040 gen yang berpotensi dipengaruhi oleh pemilihan kerana variasi habitat dan, oleh itu, bahawa ada bukti tentang penyesuaian setempat bagi ekotip-ekotip serigala pada peringkat molekul. Yang paling ketara ialah pemilihan positif bagi gen-gen yang mempengaruhi penglihatan, warna lapis bulu, metabolisme, dan keimunan dalam ekotip Artik dan ekotip Artik Tinggi dan bahawa ekotip British Columbia juga mempunyai set penyesuaian unik.<a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2015b-177">[176]</a> Penyesuaian setempat bagi sesuatu ekotip serigala paling berkemungkinan mencerminkan pilihan serigala untuk kekal di dalam jenis habitat yang dihuni sejak lahir.<a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2015a-5">[5]</a> Faktor-faktor ekologi termasuk jenis habitat, iklim, pengkhususan mangsa, dan persaingan pemangsa akan banyak mempengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Genetik_populasi" title="Genetik populasi">struktur populasi genetik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Keplastikan_fenotip" title="Keplastikan fenotip">keplastikan tengkorak-gigi</a> serigala kelabu.<a href="#cite_note-Hofreiter2010-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perri2016-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Musiani2007-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael2001-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael2006-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geffen2004-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilot2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flower2014-8">[8]</a> Semasa Maksimum Glasier Terakhir, ada <a href="/wiki/Kepelbagaian_genetik" title="Kepelbagaian genetik">kepelbagaian genetik</a> serigala yang lebih besar daripada yang ada kini<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a> dan, dalam populasi serigala kelabu Pleistosen, variasi antara persekitaran setempat sepatutnya menggalakkan pelbagai ekotip serigala yang berbeza secara genetik, morfologi, dan ekologi daripada satu sama lain.<a href="#cite_note-Perri2016-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serigala_Pleistosen">Serigala Pleistosen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bahagian: Serigala Pleistosen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Serigala Pleistosen">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">Serigala Pleistosen</a></div> Semasa <a href="/wiki/Maksimum_Glasier_Terakhir" title="Maksimum Glasier Terakhir">Maksimum Glasier Terakhir</a> pada 20,000 tahun sebelum kini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_mamot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steppe mamot (laman tidak wujud)">steppe Pleistosen</a> menganjur dari Eurasia utara dan tengah melalui <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> hingga Amerika Utara. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Bering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Bering (laman tidak wujud)">Serigala Pleistosen di Beringia</a>, dan mungkin yang di serata steppe, tersesuai terhadap habitat ini. Morfologi gigi dan tengkorak menunjukkan bahawa ia mengkhusus dalam pemangsaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megafauna_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megafauna Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">megafauna Pleistosen</a> yang kini pupus dan kehausan gigi menunjukkan bahawa tingkah lakunya berbeza daripada serigala moden.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2007-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox-Dobbs2008-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baryshnikov2009-184">[183]</a> Ini menumpukan kejayaan C. lupus sebagai spesies dalam penyesuaian terhadap keadaan persekitaran berlainan.<a href="#cite_note-Flower2014-8">[8]</a> Ekomorf serigala kelabu ini pupus pada penghujung pengglasieran, sekali dengan kuda dan spesies lain yang pada haiwan-haiwan tersebut serigala kelabu ini bergantung, dan digantikan oleh serigala dari Amerika Utara selatan. Ini menunjukkan bahawa ekomorf-ekomorf serigala terkhusus dapat menjadi pupus apabila persekitaran berubah biarpun habitat mungkin masih menyokong serigala lain.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> Serigala melalui <a href="/wiki/Kejejalan_populasi" title="Kejejalan populasi">kejejalan populasi</a> pada 20,000 tahun sebelum kini yang bertepatan dengan Maksimum Glasier Terakhir,<a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilot2013-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perri2016-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> yang menunjukkan bahawa banyak populasi serigala mungkin telah pupus pada masa sama dengan serigala Bering.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2014-9">[9]</a> Ada sebilangan kecil tinggalan Canis yang telah ditemukan di Gua Goyet, Belgium (36,500 tahun sebelum kini),<a href="#cite_note-Germonpré2008-70">[70]</a> di Gua Razboinichya, Rusia (33,500 tahun sebelum kini),<a href="#cite_note-Ovodov2011-186">[185]</a> di Kostenki 8, Rusia (33,500–26,500 tahun sebelum kini),<a href="#cite_note-Germonpré2014-187">[186]</a> di Předmostí, Republik Czech (31,000 tahun sebelum kini),<a href="#cite_note-Germonpré2011-188">[187]</a> dan di Eliseevichi 1, Rusia (17,000 tahun sebelum kini).<a href="#cite_note-Sablin2002-71">[71]</a> Berdasarkan kajian morfometri tengkorak tentang ciri-ciri yang disangkakan berkaitan dengan proses pembelajinakan, ini telah dicadangkan sebagai anjing Paleolitik awal.<a href="#cite_note-Germonpré2014-187">[186]</a> Ciri-ciri rostrum memendek, perapatan gigi, dan ketidakhadiran atau putaran gigi geraham kecil telah didokumenkan pada kedua-dua serigala purba dan serigala moden.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2007-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perri2016-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flower2014-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boudadi-Maligne2010-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrijević2012-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Germonpré2008-70">[70]</a> Bukan pula mewakili anjing-anjing awal, spesimen-spesimen ini mungkin mewakili "populasi serigala setempat yang berbeza secara morfologi dan kini pupus".<a href="#cite_note-Perri2016-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larson2012-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bahagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Catatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mtdna_seq_desc-130"><a href="#cite_ref-mtdna_seq_desc_130-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik">Hubungan-hubungan filogenetik</a> dan masa <a href="/wiki/Pencapahan_genetik" title="Pencapahan genetik">pencapahan genetik</a> untuk <a href="#Canid_mirip_serigala">canid-canid mirip serigala</a> esktan berdasarkan DNA seluruh <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_sel" title="Nukleus sel">nukleus sel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan2018-118">[118]</a> Pengecualian 1: Jakal tepi berbelang dan jakal berbelakang hitam yang ditambahkan berdasarkan segmen-segmen DNA yang diambil daripada <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_sel" title="Nukleus sel">nukleus sel</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindblad-Toh2005-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a> dengan masa-masa pencapahan tercadang dalam unit juta tahun.<a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a> Pengecualian 2: Kedudukan serigala Himalaya berdasarkan segmen-segmen <a href="/wiki/DNA_mitokondrion" title="DNA mitokondrion">DNA mitokondrion</a><a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ersmark2016-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werhahn2017-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werhahn2018-121">[121]</a> dan segmen-segmen daripada nukleus sel.<a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werhahn2017-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werhahn2018-121">[121]</a> Pengecualian 3: Kedudukan serigala dataran India berdasarkan mDNA<a href="#cite_note-Aggarwal2007-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2004-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2007-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilot2010-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rueness2011-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miklósi2015-127">[127]</a> dan masanya ialah 120,000 tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Loog2019-15">[15]</a> Pengecualian 4: Serigala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen_Akhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleistosen Akhir (laman tidak wujud)">Pleistosen Akhir</a> disertakan untuk tujuan-tujuan garis masa sahaja – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leluhur_bersama_paling_terkini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leluhur bersama paling terkini (laman tidak wujud)">leluhur bersama paling terkini</a> untuk semua spesimen Canis lupus lain – moden dan pupus tetapi tidak termasuk serigala dataran India dan serigala Himalaya – adalah pada 80,000 tahun sebelum kini.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2013-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koblmüller2016-128">[128]</a> Pengecualian 5: Masa serigala kelabu dan anjing ialah 25,000 tahun lalu.<a href="#cite_note-Loog2019-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werhahn2018-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2020-129">[129]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6173370"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dawkins1912-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins1912_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output 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Mecozzi, Beniamino; Iannucci, Alessio; Moscarella, Alfio; Strani, Flavia; Bona, Fabio; Gaeta, Mario; Sardella, Raffaele (25 Februari 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-06812-5">"A Middle Pleistocene wolf from central Italy provides insights on the first occurrence of Canis lupus in Europe"</a> [Seekor serigala Pleistosen Pertengahan dari Itali tengah memberikan pandangan tentang kehadiran pertama Canis lupus di Eropah]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Reports&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Reports (laman tidak wujud)">Scientific Reports</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Portfolio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Portfolio (laman tidak wujud)">Nature Portfolio</a>. 12 (1): 2882. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..12.2882I">2022NatSR..12.2882I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-06812-5">10.1038/s41598-022-06812-5</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1616892">11573/1616892</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8881584">8881584</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|pmc=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_pmc" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>). <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35217686">35217686</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|pmid=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_pmid" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>). <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247129642">247129642</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|s2cid=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_s2cid" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=A+Middle+Pleistocene+wolf+from+central+Italy+provides+insights+on+the+first+occurrence+of+Canis+lupus+in+Europe&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2882&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..12.2882I&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-022-06812-5&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1616892&rft.aulast=Iurino&rft.aufirst=Dawid+Adam&rft.au=Mecozzi%2C+Beniamino&rft.au=Iannucci%2C+Alessio&rft.au=Moscarella%2C+Alfio&rft.au=Strani%2C+Flavia&rft.au=Bona%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Gaeta%2C+Mario&rft.au=Sardella%2C+Raffaele&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41598-022-06812-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tedford2009-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedford2009_11-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTedfordWangTaylor2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_H._Tedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genome+Sequencing+Highlights+the+Dynamic+Early+History+of+Dogs&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1004016&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F96560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6203697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004016&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24453982&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3894170%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Adam+H.&rft.au=Gronau%2C+Ilan&rft.au=Schweizer%2C+Rena+M.&rft.au=Ortega-Del+Vecchyo%2C+Diego&rft.au=Han%2C+Eunjung+Christine&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+Pedro+Manuel+Soares&rft.au=Galaverni%2C+Marco&rft.au=Fan%2C+Zhenxin&rft.au=Marx%2C+Peter&rft.au=Lorente-Galdos%2C+Bel%C3%A9n&rft.au=Beale%2C+Holly+C.&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez+Bellido%2C+%C3%93scar&rft.au=Hormozdiari%2C+Farhad&rft.au=Alkan%2C+Can&rft.au=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s%2C+Carles&rft.au=Squire%2C+Kevin+R.+E.&rft.au=Geffen%2C+Eli&rft.au=Kusak%2C+Josip&rft.au=Boyko%2C+Adam+R.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Heidi+G.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Clarence+C.&rft.au=Tadigotla%2C+Vasisht+R.&rft.au=Siepel%2C+Adam+C.&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+Daniel&rft.au=Harkins%2C+Timothy+T.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Stanley+F.&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+Ann&rft.au=Marqu%C3%A8s-Bonet%2C+Tom%C3%A0s&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft.au=Novembre%2C+John+Peter&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3894170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" 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title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26680994">26680994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26690620">26690620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=Worldwide+patterns+of+genomic+variation+and+admixture+in+gray+wolves&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-173&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F26027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26690620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.197517.115&rft.issn=1549-5469&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26680994&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4728369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Zhenxin&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+Pedro+Manuel+Soares&rft.au=Gronau%2C+Ilan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Shuoguo&rft.au=Serres+Armero%2C+Aitor&rft.au=Schweizer%2C+Rena+M.&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez+Bellido%2C+%C3%93scar&rft.au=Pollinger%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Galaverni%2C+Marco&rft.au=Ortega-Del+Vecchyo%2C+Diego&rft.au=Du%2C+Lianming&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Wenping&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhihe&rft.au=Xing%2C+Jinchuan&rft.au=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s%2C+Carles&rft.au=Marqu%C3%A8s-Bonet%2C+Tom%C3%A0s&rft.au=Godinho%2C+Raquel&rft.au=Yue%2C+Bisong&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4728369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skoglund2015-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skoglund2015_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skoglund2015_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skoglund2015_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skoglund2015_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skoglund2015_14-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSkoglundErsmarkPalkopoulouDalén2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontus_Skoglund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontus Skoglund (laman tidak wujud)">Skoglund, Pontus</a>; Ersmark, Erik Ivar; Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love (21 Mei 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.019">"Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds"</a> [Genom Serigala Purba Mendedahkan Pencapahan Awal Leluhur Anjing Bela Jinak dan Percampuran ke Dalam Baka Latitud Tinggi]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Current_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Current Biology (laman tidak wujud)">Current Biology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Cell_Press" title="Cell Press">Cell Press</a>. 25 (11): 1515–1519. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.1515S">2015CBio...25.1515S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.019">10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26004765">26004765</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15117630">15117630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+Wolf+Genome+Reveals+an+Early+Divergence+of+Domestic+Dog+Ancestors+and+Admixture+into+High-Latitude+Breeds&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1515-1519&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15117630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.1515S&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26004765&rft.aulast=Skoglund&rft.aufirst=Pontus&rft.au=Ersmark%2C+Erik+Ivar&rft.au=Palkopoulou%2C+Eleftheria&rft.au=Dal%C3%A9n%2C+Love&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.04.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loog2019-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loog2019_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loog2019_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loog2019_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loog2019_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLoogThalmannSindingSchünemann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Loog, Liisa; Thalmann, Olaf; Sinding, Mikkel Holger Strander; Schünemann, Verena J.; Perri, Angela R.; Germonpré, Mietje B.; Bocherens, Hervé; Witt, Kelsey E.; Samaniego Castruita, José Alfredo; Sandoval Velasco, Marcela; Lundstrøm, Inge Kristine Conrad; Wales, Nathan Alexander; Sonet, Gontran; Frantz, Laurent Alain François; Schroeder, Hannes; Budd, Jane A.; Jimenez, Elodie-Laure; Fedorov, Sergey Egorovich; Gasparyan, Boris; Kandel, Andrew William; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Napierala, Hannes; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Uerpmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Peter Uerpmann (laman tidak wujud)">Uerpmann, Hans-Peter</a>; Nikolʹskiy, Pavel Aleksandrovich; Pavlova, Yelena Yurʹyevna; Pitulʹko, Vladimir Viktorovich; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Malhi, Ripan Singh; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eske_Willerslev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eske Willerslev (laman tidak wujud)">Willerslev, Eske</a>; Hansen, Anders Johannes; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Dobney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Dobney (laman tidak wujud)">Dobney, Keith M.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Thomas_Pius_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert (laman tidak wujud)">Gilbert, Marcus Thomas Pius</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Krause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Krause (laman tidak wujud)">Krause, Johannes</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greger_Larson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greger Larson (laman tidak wujud)">Larson, Greger John</a>; Eriksson, Jon Anders; Manica, Andrea (16 Disember 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7317801">"Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia"</a> [DNA purba mencadangkan bahawa serigala moden menjejaki asal usulnya kepada perluasan pada Pleistosen Akhir dari Beringia]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Ecology (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Molecular Ecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 29 (9): 1596–1610. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MolEc..29.1596L">2020MolEc..29.1596L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.15329">10.1111/mec.15329</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10852%2F77580">10852/77580</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-294X">1365-294X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7317801">7317801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31840921">31840921</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91581306">91581306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+suggests+modern+wolves+trace+their+origin+to+a+Late+Pleistocene+expansion+from+Beringia&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1596-1610&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7317801%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91581306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020MolEc..29.1596L&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmec.15329&rft.issn=1365-294X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31840921&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F77580&rft.aulast=Loog&rft.aufirst=Liisa&rft.au=Thalmann%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Sinding%2C+Mikkel+Holger+Strander&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCnemann%2C+Verena+J.&rft.au=Perri%2C+Angela+R.&rft.au=Germonpr%C3%A9%2C+Mietje+B.&rft.au=Bocherens%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Witt%2C+Kelsey+E.&rft.au=Samaniego+Castruita%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Alfredo&rft.au=Sandoval+Velasco%2C+Marcela&rft.au=Lundstr%C3%B8m%2C+Inge+Kristine+Conrad&rft.au=Wales%2C+Nathan+Alexander&rft.au=Sonet%2C+Gontran&rft.au=Frantz%2C+Laurent+Alain+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Budd%2C+Jane+A.&rft.au=Jimenez%2C+Elodie-Laure&rft.au=Fedorov%2C+Sergey+Egorovich&rft.au=Gasparyan%2C+Boris&rft.au=Kandel%2C+Andrew+William&rft.au=L%C3%A1zni%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1-Galetov%C3%A1%2C+Martina&rft.au=Napierala%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Uerpmann%2C+Hans-Peter&rft.au=Nikol%CA%B9skiy%2C+Pavel+Aleksandrovich&rft.au=Pavlova%2C+Yelena+Yur%CA%B9yevna&rft.au=Pitul%CA%B9ko%2C+Vladimir+Viktorovich&rft.au=Herzig%2C+Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Ripan+Singh&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Anders+Johannes&rft.au=Dobney%2C+Keith+M.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Marcus+Thomas+Pius&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger+John&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Jon+Anders&rft.au=Manica%2C+Andrea&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7317801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergström2022-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Bergström2022_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBergströmStantonTaronFrantz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bergström, Anders; Stanton, David William Graham; Taron, Ulrike Helene; Frantz, Laurent Alain François; Sinding, Mikkel Holger Strander; Ersmark, Erik Ivar; Pfrengle, Saskia; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly Rose; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Girdland Flink, Linus; Fernandes, Daniel Fernando Magalhães; Ollivier, Morgane; Speidel, Leo; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Westbury, Michael Vincent; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Feuerborn, Tatiana Richtman; Reiter, Ella; Gretzinger, Joscha; Münzel, Susanne C.; Swali, Pooja; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Conard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Conard (laman tidak wujud)">Conard, Nicholas John</a>; Carøe, Christian; Haile, James Seymour; Linderholm, Anna; Androsov, Semyon Alekseyevich; Barnes, Ian; Baumann, Chris; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Benecke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norbert Benecke (laman tidak wujud)">Benecke, Norbert</a>; Bocherens, Hervé; Brace, Selina; Carden, Ruth F.; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Fedorov, Sergey Egorovich; Gasparik, Mihály; Germonpré, Mietje B.; Grigoriev, Semyon Egorovich; Groves, Pamela; Hertwig, Stefan T.; Ivanova, Varvara Viktorovna; Janssens, Luc August; Jennings, Richard P.; Kasparov, Aleksey Kasparovich; Kirillova, Irina Vladimirovna; Kurmaniyazov, Islam; Kuzʹmin, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich; Kosintsev, Pavel Andreevich; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Leduc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Leduc (laman tidak wujud)">Leduc, Charlotte</a>; Nikolʹskiy, Pavel Aleksandrovich; Nussbaumer, Marc A.; Ó Drisceoil, Cóilín; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovic_Orlando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludovic Orlando (laman tidak wujud)">Orlando, Ludovic</a>; Outram, Alan K.; Pavlova, Yelena Yurʹyevna; Perri, Angela R.; Pilot, Małgorzata; Pitulʹko, Vladimir Viktorovich; Plotnikov, Valerii Valerievich; Protopopov, Albert Vasilievich; Rehazek, André; Sablin, Mikhail Valerievich; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Stor%C3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Storå (laman tidak wujud)">Storå, Jan</a>; Verjux, Christian; Zaibert, Victor Fedorovich; Zazula, Grant Daniel; Crombé, Philippe; Hansen, Anders Johannes; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eske_Willerslev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eske Willerslev (laman tidak wujud)">Willerslev, Eske</a>; Leonard, Jennifer A.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anders_G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anders Götherström (laman tidak wujud)">Götherström, Anders</a>; Pinhasi, Ron; Schünemann, Verena J.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hofreiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Hofreiter (laman tidak wujud)">Hofreiter, Michael</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Thomas_Pius_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert (laman tidak wujud)">Gilbert, Marcus Thomas Pius</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_Shapiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth Shapiro (laman tidak wujud)">Shapiro, Beth Alison</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greger_Larson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greger Larson (laman tidak wujud)">Larson, Greger John</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Krause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Krause (laman tidak wujud)">Krause, Johannes</a>; Dalén, Love; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontus_Skoglund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontus Skoglund (laman tidak wujud)">Skoglund, Pontus</a> (29 Jun 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04824-9">"Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs"</a> [Sejarah genomik serigala kelabu mendedahkan asal usul duaan bagi anjing]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Nature</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Portfolio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Portfolio (laman tidak wujud)">Nature Portfolio</a>. 607 (7918): 313–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.607..313B">2022Natur.607..313B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04824-9">10.1038/s41586-022-04824-9</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2164%2F18764">2164/18764</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9279150">9279150</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|pmc=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_pmc" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>). <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35768506">35768506</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|pmid=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_pmid" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>). <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250146279">250146279</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|s2cid=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_s2cid" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Grey+wolf+genomic+history+reveals+a+dual+ancestry+of+dogs&rft.volume=607&rft.issue=7918&rft.pages=313-320&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.607..313B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04824-9&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F18764&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Stanton%2C+David+William+Graham&rft.au=Taron%2C+Ulrike+Helene&rft.au=Frantz%2C+Laurent+Alain+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Sinding%2C+Mikkel+Holger+Strander&rft.au=Ersmark%2C+Erik+Ivar&rft.au=Pfrengle%2C+Saskia&rft.au=Cassatt-Johnstone%2C+Molly+Rose&rft.au=Lebrasseur%2C+Oph%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Girdland+Flink%2C+Linus&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel+Fernando+Magalh%C3%A3es&rft.au=Ollivier%2C+Morgane&rft.au=Speidel%2C+Leo&rft.au=Gopalakrishnan%2C+Shyam&rft.au=Westbury%2C+Michael+Vincent&rft.au=Ramos-Madrigal%2C+Jazm%C3%ADn&rft.au=Feuerborn%2C+Tatiana+Richtman&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Ella&rft.au=Gretzinger%2C+Joscha&rft.au=M%C3%BCnzel%2C+Susanne+C.&rft.au=Swali%2C+Pooja&rft.au=Conard%2C+Nicholas+John&rft.au=Car%C3%B8e%2C+Christian&rft.au=Haile%2C+James+Seymour&rft.au=Linderholm%2C+Anna&rft.au=Androsov%2C+Semyon+Alekseyevich&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Ian&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Chris&rft.au=Benecke%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Bocherens%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Brace%2C+Selina&rft.au=Carden%2C+Ruth+F.&rft.au=Drucker%2C+Doroth%C3%A9e+G.&rft.au=Fedorov%2C+Sergey+Egorovich&rft.au=Gasparik%2C+Mih%C3%A1ly&rft.au=Germonpr%C3%A9%2C+Mietje+B.&rft.au=Grigoriev%2C+Semyon+Egorovich&rft.au=Groves%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Hertwig%2C+Stefan+T.&rft.au=Ivanova%2C+Varvara+Viktorovna&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Luc+August&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Richard+P.&rft.au=Kasparov%2C+Aleksey+Kasparovich&rft.au=Kirillova%2C+Irina+Vladimirovna&rft.au=Kurmaniyazov%2C+Islam&rft.au=Kuz%CA%B9min%2C+Yaroslav+Vsevolodovich&rft.au=Kosintsev%2C+Pavel+Andreevich&rft.au=L%C3%A1zni%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1-Galetov%C3%A1%2C+Martina&rft.au=Leduc%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Nikol%CA%B9skiy%2C+Pavel+Aleksandrovich&rft.au=Nussbaumer%2C+Marc+A.&rft.au=%C3%93+Drisceoil%2C+C%C3%B3il%C3%ADn&rft.au=Orlando%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Outram%2C+Alan+K.&rft.au=Pavlova%2C+Yelena+Yur%CA%B9yevna&rft.au=Perri%2C+Angela+R.&rft.au=Pilot%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Pitul%CA%B9ko%2C+Vladimir+Viktorovich&rft.au=Plotnikov%2C+Valerii+Valerievich&rft.au=Protopopov%2C+Albert+Vasilievich&rft.au=Rehazek%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Sablin%2C+Mikhail+Valerievich&rft.au=Seguin-Orlando%2C+Andaine&rft.au=Stor%C3%A5%2C+Jan&rft.au=Verjux%2C+Christian&rft.au=Zaibert%2C+Victor+Fedorovich&rft.au=Zazula%2C+Grant+Daniel&rft.au=Cromb%C3%A9%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Anders+Johannes&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+Ron&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCnemann%2C+Verena+J.&rft.au=Hofreiter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Marcus+Thomas+Pius&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Beth+Alison&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger+John&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Dal%C3%A9n%2C+Love&rft.au=Skoglund%2C+Pontus&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41586-022-04824-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sardella2013-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sardella2013_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sardella2013_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sardella2013_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sardella2013_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSardellaBertèIurinoCherin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sardella, Raffaele; Bertè, Davide Federico; Iurino, Dawid Adam; Cherin, Marco; Tagliacozzo, Antonio Jakov (2 Disember 2013). "The wolf from Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy) and its implications in the evolutionary history of Canis lupus in the Late Pleistocene of Southern Italy" [Serigala dari Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Itali) dan implikasinya dalam sejarah evolusi bagi Canis lupus pada Pleistosen Akhir di Itali Selatan]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternary International (laman tidak wujud)">Quaternary International</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 328–329: 179–195. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QuInt.328..179S">2014QuInt.328..179S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2013.11.016">10.1016/j.quaint.2013.11.016</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11573%2F552726">11573/552726</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-4553">1873-4553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128820453">128820453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+wolf+from+Grotta+Romanelli+%28Apulia%2C+Italy%29+and+its+implications+in+the+evolutionary+history+of+Canis+lupus+in+the+Late+Pleistocene+of+Southern+Italy&rft.volume=328%E2%80%93329&rft.pages=179-195&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F552726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128820453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014QuInt.328..179S&rft.issn=1873-4553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2013.11.016&rft.aulast=Sardella&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft.au=Bert%C3%A8%2C+Davide+Federico&rft.au=Iurino%2C+Dawid+Adam&rft.au=Cherin%2C+Marco&rft.au=Tagliacozzo%2C+Antonio+Jakov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford20108-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford20108_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 8. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford20101-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford20101_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 1. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010116-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010116_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 116. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fossilworks5-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Fossilworks5_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=46384">"Eucyon davisi"</a>. Fossilworks. Dicapai pada 16 Februari 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eucyon+davisi&rft.pub=Fossilworks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fclassic%2FcheckTaxonInfo%3Ftaxon_no%3D46384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201058-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201058_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201058_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 58. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010148_23-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 148. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Vislobokova2003-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Vislobokova2003_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVislobokovaSotnikovaDodonov2003" class="citation book cs1">Vislobokova, I.; Sotnikova, Marina Vladimirovna; Dodonov, A. (2003). Reumer, Jelle W. F.; Wessels, Wilma (penyunting). Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia: A Volume in Honor of Hans de Bruijn [Taburan dan Penghijrahan Mamalia Tertier di Eurasia: Sebuah Jilid Sempena Menghormati Hans de Bruijn] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 10. Rotterdam, Belanda: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzium_Sejarah_Semula_Jadi_Rotterdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Rotterdam (laman tidak wujud)">Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Rotterdam</a>. m/s. 563–574. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/638974687">638974687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distribution+and+Migration+of+Tertiary+Mammals+in+Eurasia%3A+A+Volume+in+Honor+of+Hans+de+Bruijn&rft.place=Rotterdam%2C+Belanda&rft.pages=563-574&rft.pub=Muzium+Sejarah+Semula+Jadi+Rotterdam&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F638974687&rft.aulast=Vislobokova&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Sotnikova%2C+Marina+Vladimirovna&rft.au=Dodonov%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacombat2007-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Lacombat2007_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLacombatAbbazziFerrettiMartínez_Navarro2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lacombat, Frédéric; Abbazzi, Laura; Ferretti, Marco Peter; Martínez Navarro, Bienvenido; Moullé, Pierre-Élie; Palombo, Maria Rita; Rook, Lorenzo; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turner_(ahli_paleontologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Turner (ahli paleontologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Turner, Alan</a>; Valli, Andrea Maria Francesco (7 September 2007). "New data on the Early Villafranchian fauna from Vialette (Haute-Loire, France) based on the collection of the Crozatier Museum (Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, France)" [Data baharu tentang fauna Usia Villafranca Awal dari Vialette (Haute-Loire, Perancis) berdasarkan koleksi Muzium Crozatier (Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, Perancis)]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternary International (laman tidak wujud)">Quaternary International</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 179 (1): 64–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008QuInt.179...64L">2008QuInt.179...64L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2007.09.005">10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.005</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2158%2F221453">2158/221453</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-4553">1873-4553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140168313">140168313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=New+data+on+the+Early+Villafranchian+fauna+from+Vialette+%28Haute-Loire%2C+France%29+based+on+the+collection+of+the+Crozatier+Museum+%28Le+Puy-en-Velay%2C+Haute-Loire%2C+France%29&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-71&rft.date=2007-09-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F221453&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140168313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008QuInt.179...64L&rft.issn=1873-4553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2007.09.005&rft.aulast=Lacombat&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Abbazzi%2C+Laura&rft.au=Ferretti%2C+Marco+Peter&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+Navarro%2C+Bienvenido&rft.au=Moull%C3%A9%2C+Pierre-%C3%89lie&rft.au=Palombo%2C+Maria+Rita&rft.au=Rook%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Turner%2C+Alan&rft.au=Valli%2C+Andrea+Maria+Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rook1996-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Rook1996_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRookTorre1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rook, Lorenzo; Torre, Danilo (1 Ogos 1996). "The wolf-event in western Europe and the beginning of the Late Villafranchian" [Peristiwa serigala di Eropah barat dan permulaan Usia Villafranca Akhir]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Schweizerbart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Schweizerbart (laman tidak wujud)">E. Schweizerbart</a>. 1996 (8): 495–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fnjgpm%2F1996%2F1996%2F495">10.1127/njgpm/1996/1996/495</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2363-717X">2363-717X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10835262">10835262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221907684">221907684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neues+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Geologie+und+Pal%C3%A4ontologie&rft.atitle=The+wolf-event+in+western+Europe+and+the+beginning+of+the+Late+Villafranchian&rft.volume=1996&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=495-501&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft.issn=2363-717X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221907684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10835262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2Fnjgpm%2F1996%2F1996%2F495&rft.aulast=Rook&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft.au=Torre%2C+Danilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowak2003-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2003_27-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2003" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Ronald M. (23 November 2003). "Chapter 9 - Wolf evolution and taxonomy" [Bab 9 - Evolusi dan taksonomi serigala]. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._David_Mech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. David Mech (laman tidak wujud)">Mech, Lucyan David</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Boitani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Boitani (laman tidak wujud)">Boitani, Luigi</a> (penyunting). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation [Serigala: Tingkah Laku, Ekologi, dan Pemuliharaan] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Chicago, Illinois, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Chicago Press</a>. m/s. 239–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226516981.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226516981.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780226516967" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780226516967"><bdi>9780226516967</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51810720">51810720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+-+Wolf+evolution+and+taxonomy&rft.btitle=Wolves%3A+Behavior%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Conservation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=239-258&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003-11-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51810720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226516981.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780226516967&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowak1979-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1979_28-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNowak1979" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Ronald M. (1979). North American Quaternary Canis [Canis Kuaterner Amerika Utara] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 6. Lawrence, Kansas, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzium_Sejarah_Semula_Jadi_Universiti_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Universiti Kansas (laman tidak wujud)">Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Universiti Kansas</a>. m/s. 1–154. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780893380076" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780893380076"><bdi>9780893380076</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5826228">5826228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Quaternary+Canis&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=1-154&rft.pub=Muzium+Sejarah+Semula+Jadi+Universiti+Kansas&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5826228&rft.isbn=9780893380076&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayne1995-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Wayne1995_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWayne1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Wayne, Robert Keith (Ogos 1995). <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Macdonald_(ahli_biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Macdonald (ahli biologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Macdonald, David Whyte</a>; Handoca, Laura (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canids.org/app/images/Canid-News-Vol-3-Aug-1995-.pdf">"Red Wolves: To Conserve or not to Conserve"</a> [Serigala Merah: Hendak Dipulihara atau Tidak Hendak Dipulihara] (PDF). Canid News (dalam bahasa Inggeris). No. 3. Canid Specialist Group. m/s. 7–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canid+News&rft.atitle=Red+Wolves%3A+To+Conserve+or+not+to+Conserve&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7-12&rft.date=1995-08&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Robert+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canids.org%2Fapp%2Fimages%2FCanid-News-Vol-3-Aug-1995-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmeister1954-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmeister1954_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeisterGoodpaster1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_F._Hoffmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald F. Hoffmeister (laman tidak wujud)">Hoffmeister, Donald Frederick</a>; Goodpaster, Woodrow W. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109431#page/15/mode/1up">"The Mammals of the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona"</a> [Mamalia di Pergunungan Huachuca, Arizona Tenggara]. Illinois Biological Monographs (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="Universiti Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Universiti Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. 24 (1): 1–152. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0073-4748">0073-4748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Biological+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+Mammals+of+the+Huachuca+Mountains%2C+Southeastern+Arizona&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-152&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0073-4748&rft.aulast=Hoffmeister&rft.aufirst=Donald+Frederick&rft.au=Goodpaster%2C+Woodrow+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F109431%23page%2F15%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LawrenceSchevill1967-31"><a href="#cite_ref-LawrenceSchevill1967_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_SchevillBossert1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Lawrence_(ahli_zoologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Lawrence (ahli zoologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Lawrence Schevill, Barbara</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Bossert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Bossert (laman tidak wujud)">Bossert, William Hines</a> (Mei 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F7.2.223">"Multiple Character Analysis of Canis lupus, latrans, and familiaris, With a Discussion of the Relationships of Canis niger"</a> [Analisis Berbilang Perwatakan bagi Canis lupus, latrans, dan familiaris, dengan Perbincangan tentang Hubungan-hubungan Canis niger]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrative_%26_Comparative_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrative & Comparative Biology (laman tidak wujud)">Integrative & Comparative Biology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 7 (2): 223–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F7.2.223">10.1093/icb/7.2.223</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1557-7023">1557-7023</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3881428">3881428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84250507">84250507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+%26+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Multiple+Character+Analysis+of+Canis+lupus%2C+latrans%2C+and+familiaris%2C+With+a+Discussion+of+the+Relationships+of+Canis+niger&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-232&rft.date=1967-05&rft.issn=1557-7023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84250507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3881428%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F7.2.223&rft.aulast=Lawrence+Schevill&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Bossert%2C+William+Hines&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F7.2.223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LawrenceSchevill1974-32"><a href="#cite_ref-LawrenceSchevill1974_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_SchevillBosbert1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Lawrence_(ahli_zoologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Lawrence (ahli zoologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Lawrence Schevill, Barbara</a>; Bosbert, William H. (1974). "Relationships of North American Canis shown by a multiple character analysis of selected populations" [Hubungan-hubungan Canis Amerika Utara yang ditunjukkan oleh analisis berbilang perwatakan bagi populasi-populasi terpilih]. Dalam Fox, Michael W. (penyunting). The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology and Evolution [Canid Liar: Sistematik, Ekologi Tingkah Laku, dan Evolusi] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New York, New York, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Van Nostrand Reinhold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780442224301" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780442224301"><bdi>9780442224301</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1093505">1093505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relationships+of+North+American+Canis+shown+by+a+multiple+character+analysis+of+selected+populations&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Canids%3A+Their+Systematics%2C+Behavioral+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1093505&rft.isbn=9780442224301&rft.aulast=Lawrence+Schevill&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Bosbert%2C+William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin1974-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin1974_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin1974_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMartinWebb1974" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Robert A.; Webb, Sawney David (1974). "Late Pleistocene mammals from the Devil's Den fauna, Levy County" [Mamalia Pleistosen Akhir daripada fauna Devil's Den, Kaunti Levy]. Dalam Webb, Sawney David (penyunting). Pleistocene Mammals of Florida [Mamalia Pleistosen di Florida] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Gainesville, Florida, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Press of Florida (laman tidak wujud)">University Press of Florida</a>. m/s. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780813003610" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780813003610"><bdi>9780813003610</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/828425">828425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Late+Pleistocene+mammals+from+the+Devil%27s+Den+fauna%2C+Levy+County&rft.btitle=Pleistocene+Mammals+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828425&rft.isbn=9780813003610&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Webb%2C+Sawney+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb1974-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Webb1974_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1974" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Sawney David, penyunting (1974). "Chronology of Florida Pleistocene mammals" [Kronologi mamalia Pleistosen Florida]. Pleistocene Mammals of Florida [Mamalia Pleistosen di Florida] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Gainesville, Florida, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Press of Florida (laman tidak wujud)">University Press of Florida</a>. m/s. 5–31. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780813003610" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780813003610"><bdi>9780813003610</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/828425">828425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Florida+Pleistocene+mammals&rft.btitle=Pleistocene+Mammals+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=5-31&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828425&rft.isbn=9780813003610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayne1991-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Wayne1991_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWayneJenks1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wayne, Robert Keith; Jenks, Susan M. (13 Jun 1991). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus" [Analisis DNA mitokondrion yang mengimplikasikan penghibridan berlanjutan bagi serigala merahCanis rufus yang terancam]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Nature</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Portfolio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Portfolio (laman tidak wujud)">Nature Portfolio</a>. 351 (6327): 565–568. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.351..565W">1991Natur.351..565W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F351565a0">10.1038/351565a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4364642">4364642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+analysis+implying+extensive+hybridization+of+the+endangered+red+wolf+Canis+rufus&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6327&rft.pages=565-568&rft.date=1991-06-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F351565a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4364642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Natur.351..565W&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Robert+Keith&rft.au=Jenks%2C+Susan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2008-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2008_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2008_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWangTedford2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiaoming_Wang_(ahli_paleontologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiaoming Wang (ahli paleontologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Wang, Xiaoming</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_H._Tedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. Tedford (laman tidak wujud)">Tedford, Richard H.</a> (3 Julai 2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives & Evolutionary History [Anjing: Kerabat Fosil dan Sejarah Evolusinya] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diilustrasi oleh Mauricio Antón. New York, New York, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fwang13528">10.7312/wang13528</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780231509435" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780231509435"><bdi>9780231509435</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/999361598">999361598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogs%3A+Their+Fossil+Relatives+%26+Evolutionary+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F999361598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fwang13528&rft.isbn=9780231509435&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft.au=Tedford%2C+Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fossilworks1-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Fossilworks1_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=300804">"Canis lepophagus"</a>. Fossilworks. Dicapai pada 16 Februari 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canis+lepophagus&rft.pub=Fossilworks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fclassic%2FcheckTaxonInfo%3Ftaxon_no%3D300804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtén1974-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtén1974_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKurtén1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Kurt%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Björn Kurtén (laman tidak wujud)">Kurtén, Björn Olof Lennartson</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/14926285.pdf">"A HISTORY OF COYOTE-LIKE DOGS (CANIDAE, MAMMALIA)"</a> [SEJARAH ANJING MIRIP KOYOTE (CANIDAE, MAMMALIA)] (PDF). Acta Zoologica Fennica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (140): 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-7299">0001-7299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Zoologica+Fennica&rft.atitle=A+HISTORY+OF+COYOTE-LIKE+DOGS+%28CANIDAE%2C+MAMMALIA%29&rft.issue=140&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0001-7299&rft.aulast=Kurt%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn+Olof+Lennartson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F14926285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtén1980-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtén1980_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtén1980_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKurténAnderson1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Kurt%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Björn Kurtén (laman tidak wujud)">Kurtén, Björn Olof Lennartson</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Anderson (laman tidak wujud)">Anderson, Elaine Anne</a> (15 Oktober 1980). Pleistocene Mammals of North America [Mamalia Pleistosen di Amerika Utara] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New York, New York, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. m/s. 1–442. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780231037334" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780231037334"><bdi>9780231037334</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5830693">5830693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pleistocene+Mammals+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=1-442&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1980-10-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5830693&rft.isbn=9780231037334&rft.aulast=Kurt%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn+Olof+Lennartson&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Elaine+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston1938-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1938_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1938_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1938" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, C. Stuart (1 Mei 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s5-35.209.383">"Preliminary Report on the Vertebrate Type Locality of Cita Canyon, and the Description of an Ancestral Coyote"</a> [Laporan Awal tentang Tempat Jenis Vertebrate Ngarai Cita dan Perihal bagi Koyote Leluhur]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Science (laman tidak wujud)">American Journal of Science</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). American Journal of Science. S5-35 (209): 383–390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938AmJS...35..383J">1938AmJS...35..383J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s5-35.209.383">10.2475/ajs.s5-35.209.383</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-452X">1945-452X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130652988">130652988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Report+on+the+Vertebrate+Type+Locality+of+Cita+Canyon%2C+and+the+Description+of+an+Ancestral+Coyote&rft.volume=S5-35&rft.issue=209&rft.pages=383-390&rft.date=1938-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.s5-35.209.383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130652988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-452X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938AmJS...35..383J&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=C.+Stuart&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2475%252Fajs.s5-35.209.383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berta1995-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Berta1995_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBerta1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annalisa_Berta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annalisa Berta (laman tidak wujud)">Berta, Annalisa</a> (1995). "Fossil carnivores from the Leisey Shell Pits, Hillsborough County, Florida" [Karnivor fosil dari Leisey Shell Pits, Kaunti Hillsborough, Florida]. Dalam Hulbert, Richard C.; Morgan, Gary S.; Webb, Sawney David (penyunting). Paleontology and Geology of the Leisey Shell Pits, Early Pleistocene of Florida [Paleontologi dan Geologi Leisey Shell Pits, Pleistosen Awal Florida] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 37. Gainesville, Florida, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Florida" title="Universiti Florida">Universiti Florida</a>. m/s. 463–499. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32586604">32586604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fossil+carnivores+from+the+Leisey+Shell+Pits%2C+Hillsborough+County%2C+Florida&rft.btitle=Paleontology+and+Geology+of+the+Leisey+Shell+Pits%2C+Early+Pleistocene+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=463-499&rft.pub=Universiti+Florida&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32586604&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=Annalisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fossilworks3-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Fossilworks3_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=44827">"Canis armbrusteri"</a>. Fossilworks. Dicapai pada 16 Februari 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canis+armbrusteri&rft.pub=Fossilworks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fclassic%2FcheckTaxonInfo%3Ftaxon_no%3D44827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fossilworks4-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Fossilworks4_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=44837">"Canis dirus"</a>. Fossilworks. Dicapai pada 16 Februari 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canis+dirus&rft.pub=Fossilworks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fclassic%2FcheckTaxonInfo%3Ftaxon_no%3D44837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtén1984-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtén1984_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKurtén1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Kurt%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Björn Kurtén (laman tidak wujud)">Kurtén, Björn Olof Lennartson</a> (1984). "Geographic differentiation in the Rancholabrean dire wolf (Canis dirus Leidy) in North America" [Pembezaan geografi pada serigala menggerunkan (Canis dirus Leidy) Rancho La Brea]. Dalam Genoways, Hugh H.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_R._Dawson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary R. Dawson (laman tidak wujud)">Dawson, Mary R.</a> (penyunting). Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday [Sumbangan dalam Paleontologi Vertebrat Kuaterner: Sebuah Jilid Sempena Memperingati John E. Gulday] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Disumbangkan oleh Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Carnegie. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzium_Sejarah_Semula_Jadi_Carnegie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Carnegie (laman tidak wujud)">Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Carnegie</a>. m/s. 218–227. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780935868074" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780935868074"><bdi>9780935868074</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11348652">11348652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geographic+differentiation+in+the+Rancholabrean+dire+wolf+%28Canis+dirus+Leidy%29+in+North+America&rft.btitle=Contributions+in+Quaternary+Vertebrate+Paleontology%3A+A+Volume+in+Memorial+to+John+E.+Guilday&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=218-227&rft.pub=Muzium+Sejarah+Semula+Jadi+Carnegie&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11348652&rft.isbn=9780935868074&rft.aulast=Kurt%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn+Olof+Lennartson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geist1998-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Geist1998_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGeist1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Geist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerius Geist (laman tidak wujud)">Geist, Valerius</a> (September 1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology [Rusa di Dunia: Evolusi, Tingkah Laku, dan Ekologinya] (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. ke-1). Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stackpole_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stackpole Books (laman tidak wujud)">Stackpole Books</a>. m/s. 10. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780811704960" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780811704960"><bdi>9780811704960</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37713037">37713037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deer+of+the+World%3A+Their+Evolution%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Ecology&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=ke-1&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37713037&rft.isbn=9780811704960&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=Valerius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geist1987-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Geist1987_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGeist1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Geist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerius Geist (laman tidak wujud)">Geist, Valerius</a> (Mei 1987). "On speciation in Ice Age mammals, with special reference to cervids and caprids" [Tentang penspesiesan pada mamalia Zaman Air Batu, dengan rujukan khas kepada cervid dan caprid]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Journal_of_Zoology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Journal of Zoology (laman tidak wujud)">Canadian Journal of Zoology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Science_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Science Publishing (laman tidak wujud)">Canadian Science Publishing</a>. 65 (5): 1067–1084. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987CaJZ...65.1067G">1987CaJZ...65.1067G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz87-171">10.1139/z87-171</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1480-3283">1480-3283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83955850">83955850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=On+speciation+in+Ice+Age+mammals%2C+with+special+reference+to+cervids+and+caprids&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1067-1084&rft.date=1987-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fz87-171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83955850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1480-3283&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987CaJZ...65.1067G&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=Valerius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goulet1993-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goulet1993_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goulet1993_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGoulet1993" class="citation thesis cs1">Goulet, Gloria D. (1993). Comparison of temporal and geographical skull variation among Nearctic modern, Holocene and late Pleistocene gray wolves (Canis lupus) (and selected Canis) [Perbandingan variasi tengkorak dari segi masa dan geografi dalam kalangan serigala kelabu (Canis lupus) (dan Canis terpilih) moden Neartik, Holosen, dan Pleistosen akhir] (Tesis) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Manitoba (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Manitoba</a>. m/s. 1–116. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/1993%2F29432">1993/29432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Comparison+of+temporal+and+geographical+skull+variation+among+Nearctic+modern%2C+Holocene+and+late+Pleistocene+gray+wolves+%28Canis+lupus%29+%28and+selected+Canis%29&rft.degree=sarjana&rft.inst=Universiti+Manitoba&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1993%2F29432&rft.aulast=Goulet&rft.aufirst=Gloria+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berta1988-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Berta1988_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBerta1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annalisa_Berta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annalisa Berta (laman tidak wujud)">Berta, Annalisa</a> (1988). Quaternary Evolution and Biogeography of the Large South American Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) [Evolusi dan Biogeografi Kuaterner Canidae Besar Amerika Selatan (Mammalia, Carnivora)] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 132. Berkeley, California, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. m/s. 1–49. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780520099609" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780520099609"><bdi>9780520099609</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351408">18351408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaternary+Evolution+and+Biogeography+of+the+Large+South+American+Canidae+%28Mammalia%2C+Carnivora%29&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=1-49&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18351408&rft.isbn=9780520099609&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=Annalisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201052-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201052_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 52. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowak2002-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Nowak2002_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNowakFederoff2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nowak, Ronald M.; Federoff, Nicholas E. (September 2002). "The systematic status of the Italian wolf Canis lupus" [Status sistematik bagi serigala Itali Canis lupus]. Acta Theriologica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. 47 (3): 333–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03194151">10.1007/BF03194151</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2199-241X">2199-241X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:366077">366077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Theriologica&rft.atitle=The+systematic+status+of+the+Italian+wolf+Canis+lupus&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-338&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A366077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2199-241X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03194151&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft.au=Federoff%2C+Nicholas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perri2021-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Perri2021_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPerriMitchellMoutonÁlvarez-Carretero2021" class="citation journal cs1">Perri, Angela R.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Mouton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Mouton (laman tidak wujud)">Mouton, Alice</a>; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Haile, James Seymour; Jamieson, Alexandra; Meachen, Julie A.; Lin, Audrey T.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Ameen, Carly; Antipina, Ekaterina Evstafievna; Bover Arbós, Pere; Brace, Selina; Carmagnini, Alberto; Carøe, Christian; Samaniego Castruita, José Alfredo; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chatters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Chatters (laman tidak wujud)">Chatters, James C.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Dobney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Dobney (laman tidak wujud)">Dobney, Keith M.</a>; dos Reis Barros, Mario José; Evin, Allowen; Gaubert, Philippe; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gower, Graham; Heiniger, Holly; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristofer_Helgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristofer Helgen (laman tidak wujud)">Helgen, Kristofer Michael</a>; Kapp, Joshua D.; Kosintsev, Pavel Andreevich; Linderholm, Anna; Ozga, Andrew Thomas; Presslee, Samantha Louise; Salis, Alexander Theodore; Saremi, Nedda Faye; Shew, Colin James; Skerry, Katherine Marie; Taranenko, Dmitriy Yevgenʹyevich; Thompson, Mary E.; Sablin, Mikhail Valerievich; Kuzʹmin, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Collins_(ahli_akademik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Collins (ahli akademik) (laman tidak wujud)">Collins, Matthew James</a>; Sinding, Mikkel Holger Strander; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Thomas_Pius_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert (laman tidak wujud)">Gilbert, Marcus Thomas Pius</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Stone_(ahli_akademik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Stone (ahli akademik) (laman tidak wujud)">Stone, Anne C.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_Shapiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth Shapiro (laman tidak wujud)">Shapiro, Beth Alison</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaire_Van_Valkenburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blaire Van Valkenburgh (laman tidak wujud)">Van Valkenburgh, Blaire</a>; Wayne, Robert Keith; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greger_Larson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greger Larson (laman tidak wujud)">Larson, Greger John</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_J._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan J. Cooper (laman tidak wujud)">Cooper, Alan John</a>; Frantz, Laurent Alain François (13 Januari 2021). "Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage" [Serigala menggerunkan merupakan yang terakhir daripada zuriat canid purba Dunia Baru]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Nature</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Portfolio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Portfolio (laman tidak wujud)">Nature Portfolio</a>. 591 (7848): 87–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.591...87P">2021Natur.591...87P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03082-x">10.1038/s41586-020-03082-x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2440%2F130040">2440/130040</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33442059">33442059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231604957">231604957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dire+wolves+were+the+last+of+an+ancient+New+World+canid+lineage&rft.volume=591&rft.issue=7848&rft.pages=87-91&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F130040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231604957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.591...87P&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03082-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33442059&rft.aulast=Perri&rft.aufirst=Angela+R.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Kieren+J.&rft.au=Mouton%2C+Alice&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez-Carretero%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Hulme-Beaman%2C+Ardern&rft.au=Haile%2C+James+Seymour&rft.au=Jamieson%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Meachen%2C+Julie+A.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Audrey+T.&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Blaine+W.&rft.au=Ameen%2C+Carly&rft.au=Antipina%2C+Ekaterina+Evstafievna&rft.au=Bover+Arb%C3%B3s%2C+Pere&rft.au=Brace%2C+Selina&rft.au=Carmagnini%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Car%C3%B8e%2C+Christian&rft.au=Samaniego+Castruita%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Alfredo&rft.au=Chatters%2C+James+C.&rft.au=Dobney%2C+Keith+M.&rft.au=dos+Reis+Barros%2C+Mario+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Evin%2C+Allowen&rft.au=Gaubert%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Gopalakrishnan%2C+Shyam&rft.au=Gower%2C+Graham&rft.au=Heiniger%2C+Holly&rft.au=Helgen%2C+Kristofer+Michael&rft.au=Kapp%2C+Joshua+D.&rft.au=Kosintsev%2C+Pavel+Andreevich&rft.au=Linderholm%2C+Anna&rft.au=Ozga%2C+Andrew+Thomas&rft.au=Presslee%2C+Samantha+Louise&rft.au=Salis%2C+Alexander+Theodore&rft.au=Saremi%2C+Nedda+Faye&rft.au=Shew%2C+Colin+James&rft.au=Skerry%2C+Katherine+Marie&rft.au=Taranenko%2C+Dmitriy+Yevgen%CA%B9yevich&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Mary+E.&rft.au=Sablin%2C+Mikhail+Valerievich&rft.au=Kuz%CA%B9min%2C+Yaroslav+Vsevolodovich&rft.au=Collins%2C+Matthew+James&rft.au=Sinding%2C+Mikkel+Holger+Strander&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Marcus+Thomas+Pius&rft.au=Stone%2C+Anne+C.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Beth+Alison&rft.au=Van+Valkenburgh%2C+Blaire&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger+John&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alan+John&rft.au=Frantz%2C+Laurent+Alain+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tedford1996-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Tedford1996_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTedfordQiu1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_H._Tedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. Tedford (laman tidak wujud)">Tedford, Richard Hall</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiu_Zhanxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiu Zhanxiang (laman tidak wujud)">Qiu, Zhanxiang</a> (Januari 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/Y1996/V34/I01/27">"山西榆社上新世犬类一新属 = A NEW CANID GENUS FROM THE PLIOCENE OF YUSHE, SHANXI PROVINCE"</a> [SATU GENUS BAHARU CANID PLIOSEN YUSHE, SHANXI = SATU GENUS CANID BAHARU DARI PLIOSEN DI YUSHE, PROVINSI SHANXI]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica (dalam bahasa Cina dan Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Paleontologi_Vertebrat_dan_Paleoantropologi_Akademi_Sains_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Paleontologi Vertebrat dan Paleoantropologi Akademi Sains China (laman tidak wujud)">Institut Paleontologi Vertebrat dan Paleoantropologi Akademi Sains China</a>. 34 (1): 27–40. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2096-9899">2096-9899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vertebrata+PalAsiatica&rft.atitle=%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%A6%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%8A%AC%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B0%E5%B1%9E+%3D+A+NEW+CANID+GENUS+FROM+THE+PLIOCENE+OF+YUSHE%2C+SHANXI+PROVINCE&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-40&rft.date=1996-01&rft.issn=2096-9899&rft.aulast=Tedford&rft.aufirst=Richard+Hall&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Zhanxiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vertpala.ac.cn%2FEN%2FY1996%2FV34%2FI01%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong2012-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Tong2012_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTongHuWang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tong, Haowen; Hu, Nan; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiaoming_Wang_(ahli_paleontologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiaoming Wang (ahli paleontologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Wang, Xiaoming</a> (Oktober 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/Y2012/V50/I4/335">"New remains of Canis chihliensis (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Shanshenmiaozui, a Lower Pleistocene site in Yangyuan, Hebei"</a> [Tinggalan baharu Canis chihliensis (Mamalia, Carnivora) dari Shanshenmiaozui, sebuah tapak Pleistosen Awal di Yangyuan, Hebei]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Paleontologi_Vertebrat_dan_Paleoantropologi_Akademi_Sains_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Paleontologi Vertebrat dan Paleoantropologi Akademi Sains China (laman tidak wujud)">Institut Paleontologi Vertebrat dan Paleoantropologi Akademi Sains China</a>. 50 (4): 335–360. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2096-9899">2096-9899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21749945">21749945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vertebrata+PalAsiatica&rft.atitle=New+remains+of+Canis+chihliensis+%28Mammalia%2C+Carnivora%29+from+Shanshenmiaozui%2C+a+Lower+Pleistocene+site+in+Yangyuan%2C+Hebei&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-360&rft.date=2012-10&rft.issn=2096-9899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21749945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Haowen&rft.au=Hu%2C+Nan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xiaoming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vertpala.ac.cn%2FEN%2FY2012%2FV50%2FI4%2F335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201061-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201061_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 61. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010105-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010105_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 105. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010149-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010149_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 149. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201060-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford201060_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 60. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotnikova2009-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sotnikova2009_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sotnikova2009_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sotnikova2009_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sotnikova2009_58-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSotnikovaRook2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sotnikova, Marina Vladimirovna; Rook, Lorenzo (21 Jun 2009). "Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene" [Persebaran Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) merentasi Eurasia semasa Miosen Akhir hingga Pleistosen Awal]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternary International (laman tidak wujud)">Quaternary International</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 212 (2): 86–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QuInt.212...86S">2010QuInt.212...86S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2009.06.008">10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.008</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2158%2F368826">2158/368826</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-4553">1873-4553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128561909">128561909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Dispersal+of+the+Canini+%28Mammalia%2C+Canidae%3A+Caninae%29+across+Eurasia+during+the+Late+Miocene+to+Early+Pleistocene&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-97&rft.date=2009-06-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F368826&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128561909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010QuInt.212...86S&rft.issn=1873-4553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2009.06.008&rft.aulast=Sotnikova&rft.aufirst=Marina+Vladimirovna&rft.au=Rook%2C+Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtén1968-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtén1968_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtén1968_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKurtén1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Kurt%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Björn Kurtén (laman tidak wujud)">Kurtén, Björn Olof Lennartson</a> (1968). Pleistocene Mammals of Europe [Mamalia Pleistosen di Eropah] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). London, United Kingdom: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson (laman tidak wujud)">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. m/s. 317. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/463381">463381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pleistocene+Mammals+of+Europe&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463381&rft.aulast=Kurt%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn+Olof+Lennartson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westgate2013-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Westgate2013_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWestgatePearcePreeceSchweger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Westgate, John Arthur; Pearce, G. William; Preece, Shari J.; Schweger, Charles E.; Morlan, Richard E.; Pearce, Nicholas J. G.; Perkins, William Timothy (Januari 2013). "Tephrochronology, magnetostratigraphy and mammalian faunas of Middle and Early Pleistocene sediments at two sites on the Old Crow River, northern Yukon Territory, Canada" [Tefrokronologi, magnetostratigrafi, dan fauna-fauna mamalia daripada endapan Pleistosen Pertengahan dan endapan Pleistosen Awal di dua buah tapak di Sungai Old Crow, Wilayah Yukon utara, Kanada]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternary Research (laman tidak wujud)">Quaternary Research</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 79 (1): 75–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuRes..79...75W">2013QuRes..79...75W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2012.09.003">10.1016/j.yqres.2012.09.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1096-0287">1096-0287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140572760">140572760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Tephrochronology%2C+magnetostratigraphy+and+mammalian+faunas+of+Middle+and+Early+Pleistocene+sediments+at+two+sites+on+the+Old+Crow+River%2C+northern+Yukon+Territory%2C+Canada&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-85&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2012.09.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140572760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1096-0287&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QuRes..79...75W&rft.aulast=Westgate&rft.aufirst=John+Arthur&rft.au=Pearce%2C+G.+William&rft.au=Preece%2C+Shari+J.&rft.au=Schweger%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Morlan%2C+Richard+E.&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Nicholas+J.+G.&rft.au=Perkins%2C+William+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonifay1971-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonifay1971_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBonifay1971" class="citation journal cs1">Bonifay, Marie-Françoise (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/collections/memoires-du-museum-national-d-histoire-naturelle-ser-c-sciences-de-la-terre-1950-1992/carnivores-quaternaires-du-sud-est-de-la-france">"Carnivores quaternaires du Sud-Est de la France"</a> [Karnivor Kuaterner di Tenggara Perancis]. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sér. C – Sciences de la Terre (dalam bahasa Perancis). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzium_Sejarah_Semula_Jadi_Kebangsaan,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Kebangsaan, Paris (laman tidak wujud)">Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Kebangsaan</a>. 21 (2): 334. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0078-9763">0078-9763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+du+Mus%C3%A9um+national+d%27Histoire+naturelle%2C+S%C3%A9r.+C+%E2%80%93+Sciences+de+la+Terre&rft.atitle=Carnivores+quaternaires+du+Sud-Est+de+la+France&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=334&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0078-9763&rft.aulast=Bonifay&rft.aufirst=Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencepress.mnhn.fr%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Fmemoires-du-museum-national-d-histoire-naturelle-ser-c-sciences-de-la-terre-1950-1992%2Fcarnivores-quaternaires-du-sud-est-de-la-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argant1991-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Argant1991_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFArgant1991" class="citation journal cs1">Argant, Alain (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/geoly_0750-6635_1991_mon_115_1">"Carnivores quaternaires de Bourgogne"</a> [Karnivor Kuaterner Bourgogne]. Documents des laboratoires de géologie de Lyon (dalam bahasa Perancis). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratoire_de_g%C3%A9ologie_de_Lyon_:_Terre,_plan%C3%A8tes,_environnement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laboratoire de géologie de Lyon : Terre, planètes, environnement (laman tidak wujud)">Laboratoire de géologie de Lyon : Terre, planètes, environnement</a> (115): 3–301. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0750-6635">0750-6635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129609742">129609742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Documents+des+laboratoires+de+g%C3%A9ologie+de+Lyon&rft.atitle=Carnivores+quaternaires+de+Bourgogne&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=3-301&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0750-6635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129609742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Argant&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fgeoly_0750-6635_1991_mon_115_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boudadi-Maligne2012-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Boudadi-Maligne2012_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBoudadi-Maligne2012" class="citation journal cs1">Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam (31 Oktober 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2012.04.003">"Une nouvelle sous-espèce de loup ( Canis lupus maximus nov. subsp.) dans le Pléistocène supérieur d'Europe occidentale = A new subspecies of wolf (Canis lupus maximus nov. subsp.) from the upper Pleistocene of Western Europe"</a> [Subspesies baharu serigala (Canis lupus maximus nov subsp.) dari Pleistosen Atas di Eropah Barat]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (laman tidak wujud)">Comptes Rendus Palévol</a> (dalam bahasa Perancis dan Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Perancis" title="Akademi Sains Perancis">Akademi Sains Perancis</a>. 11 (7): 475–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2012.04.003">10.1016/j.crpv.2012.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1631-0683">1631-0683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128421298">128421298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Pal%C3%A9vol&rft.atitle=Une+nouvelle+sous-esp%C3%A8ce+de+loup+%28+Canis+lupus+maximus+nov.+subsp.%29+dans+le+Pl%C3%A9istoc%C3%A8ne+sup%C3%A9rieur+d%E2%80%99Europe+occidentale+%3D+A+new+subspecies+of+wolf+%28Canis+lupus+maximus+nov.+subsp.%29+from+the+upper+Pleistocene+of+Western+Europe&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=475-484&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128421298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1631-0683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2012.04.003&rft.aulast=Boudadi-Maligne&rft.aufirst=Myriam&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crpv.2012.04.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brugal2011-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Brugal2011_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBrugalBoudadi-Maligne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brugal, Jean-Philip; Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam (24 Februari 2011). "Quaternary small to large canids in Europe: Taxonomic status and biochronological contribution" [Canid kecil hingga besar Kuaterner di Eropah: Status taksonomi dan sumbangan biokronologi]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternary International (laman tidak wujud)">Quaternary International</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 243 (1): 171–182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QuInt.243..171B">2011QuInt.243..171B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.01.046">10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-4553">1873-4553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85215147">85215147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Quaternary+small+to+large+canids+in+Europe%3A+Taxonomic+status+and+biochronological+contribution&rft.volume=243&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171-182&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.01.046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85215147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1873-4553&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011QuInt.243..171B&rft.aulast=Brugal&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philip&rft.au=Boudadi-Maligne%2C+Myriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anzidei2011-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Anzidei2011_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAnzideiBulgarelliCatalanoCerilli2011" class="citation journal cs1">Anzidei, Anna Paola; Bulgarelli, Grazia Maria; Catalano, Paola; Cerilli, Eugenio; Gallotti, Rosalia; Lemorini, Cristina; Milli, Salvatore; Palombo, Maria Rita; Pantano, Walter Benedetto; Santucci, Ernesto (17 Jun 2011). "Ongoing research at the late Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (central Italy), with emphasis on human–elephant relationships" [Penyelidikan berlangsung di tapak Pleistosen Pertengahan akhir La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (Itali tengah), dengan tekanan terhadap hubungan manusia–gajah]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternary International (laman tidak wujud)">Quaternary International</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 255: 171–187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuInt.255..171A">2012QuInt.255..171A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.06.005">10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.005</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11573%2F380519">11573/380519</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-4553">1873-4553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140549297">140549297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Ongoing+research+at+the+late+Middle+Pleistocene+site+of+La+Polledrara+di+Cecanibbio+%28central+Italy%29%2C+with+emphasis+on+human%E2%80%93elephant+relationships&rft.volume=255&rft.pages=171-187&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F380519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140549297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuInt.255..171A&rft.issn=1873-4553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.06.005&rft.aulast=Anzidei&rft.aufirst=Anna+Paola&rft.au=Bulgarelli%2C+Grazia+Maria&rft.au=Catalano%2C+Paola&rft.au=Cerilli%2C+Eugenio&rft.au=Gallotti%2C+Rosalia&rft.au=Lemorini%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Milli%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Palombo%2C+Maria+Rita&rft.au=Pantano%2C+Walter+Benedetto&rft.au=Santucci%2C+Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gliozzi1997-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Gliozzi1997_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGliozziAbbazziArgentiAzzaroli1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gliozzi, Elsa; Abbazzi, Laura; Argenti, Patrizia; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Azzaroli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusto Azzaroli (laman tidak wujud)">Azzaroli, Augusto</a>; Caloi, Lucia; Capasso Barbato, L.; Di Stefano, Giuseppe; Esu, Daniela; Ficcarelli, G.; Girotti, Odoardo; Kotsakis, Anastassios; Masini, Federico; Mazza, Paul Peter Anthony; Mezzabotta, C.; Palombo, Maria Rita; Petronio, Carmelo; Rook, Lorenzo; Sala, Benedetto; Sardella, Raffaele; Zanalda, Emanuela; Torre, Danilo (30 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F5299">"BIOCHRONOLOGY OF SELECTED MAMMALS, MOLLUSCS AND OSTRACODS FROM THE MIDDLE PLIOCENE TO THE LATE PLEISTOCENE IN ITALY. THE STATE OF THE ART"</a> [BIOKRONOLOGI BAGI MAMALIA, MOLUSKA, DAN OSTRAKODA TERPILIH DARI PLIOSEN PERTENGAHAN HINGGA PLEISTOSEN AKHIR DI ITALI. PALING TERKINI]. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Milan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Milan (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Milan</a>. 103 (3): 369–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F5299">10.13130/2039-4942/5299</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2158%2F504056">2158/504056</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2039-4942">2039-4942</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130813910">130813910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+Italiana+di+Paleontologia+e+Stratigrafia&rft.atitle=BIOCHRONOLOGY+OF+SELECTED+MAMMALS%2C+MOLLUSCS+AND+OSTRACODS+FROM+THE+MIDDLE+PLIOCENE+TO+THE+LATE+PLEISTOCENE+IN+ITALY.+THE+STATE+OF+THE+ART&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-388&rft.date=1997-11-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F504056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130813910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2039-4942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F5299&rft.aulast=Gliozzi&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft.au=Abbazzi%2C+Laura&rft.au=Argenti%2C+Patrizia&rft.au=Azzaroli%2C+Augusto&rft.au=Caloi%2C+Lucia&rft.au=Capasso+Barbato%2C+L.&rft.au=Di+Stefano%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Esu%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Ficcarelli%2C+G.&rft.au=Girotti%2C+Odoardo&rft.au=Kotsakis%2C+Anastassios&rft.au=Masini%2C+Federico&rft.au=Mazza%2C+Paul+Peter+Anthony&rft.au=Mezzabotta%2C+C.&rft.au=Palombo%2C+Maria+Rita&rft.au=Petronio%2C+Carmelo&rft.au=Rook%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Sala%2C+Benedetto&rft.au=Sardella%2C+Raffaele&rft.au=Zanalda%2C+Emanuela&rft.au=Torre%2C+Danilo&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13130%252F2039-4942%252F5299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diedrich2022-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diedrich2022_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diedrich2022_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDiedrich2022" class="citation journal cs1">Diedrich, Cajus Godehard (5 Disember 2022). "Eurasian Grey and White wolf ancestors—800,000 years evolution, adaptation, pathologies and European dog origins" [Leluhur-leluhur serigala Kelabu dan serigala Putih Eurasia—800,00 tahun evolusi, adaptasi, patologi dan asal usul anjing Eropah]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acta_Zoologica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acta Zoologica (laman tidak wujud)">Acta Zoologica</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 105 (1): 25–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fazo.12451">10.1111/azo.12451</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1463-6395">1463-6395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254340729">254340729</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|s2cid=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_s2cid" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Zoologica&rft.atitle=Eurasian+Grey+and+White+wolf+ancestors%E2%80%94800%2C000%E2%80%89years+evolution%2C+adaptation%2C+pathologies+and+European+dog+origins&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-37&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.issn=1463-6395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fazo.12451&rft.aulast=Diedrich&rft.aufirst=Cajus+Godehard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jánossy2012-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Jánossy2012_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJánossy2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nossy_D%C3%A9nes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jánossy Dénes (laman tidak wujud)">Jánossy, Dénes</a> (2012). Pleistocene Vertebrate Faunas of Hungary [Fauna Vertebrat Pleistosen di Hungary] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 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M. Hedges (laman tidak wujud)">Hedges, Robert Ernest Mortimer</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hofreiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Hofreiter (laman tidak wujud)">Hofreiter, Michael</a>; Stiller, Mathias; Després, Viviane R. (7 Oktober 2008). 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"Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs" [Genom Mitokondrion Lengkap bagi Canid Purba Mencadangkan Asal Usul Anjing Bela Jinak di Eropah]. <a href="/wiki/Science_(jurnal)" title="Science (jurnal)">Science</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Amerika_untuk_Kemajuan_Sains" title="Persatuan Amerika untuk Kemajuan Sains">Persatuan Amerika untuk Kemajuan Sains</a>. 342 (6160): 871–874. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..871T">2013Sci...342..871T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1243650">10.1126/science.1243650</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0014-F775-1">11858/00-001M-0000-0014-F775-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/42620103">42620103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24233726">24233726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1526260">1526260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Complete+Mitochondrial+Genomes+of+Ancient+Canids+Suggest+a+European+Origin+of+Domestic+Dogs&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6160&rft.pages=871-874&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0014-F775-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1526260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342..871T&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1243650&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42620103%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24233726&rft.aulast=Thalmann&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Beth+Alison&rft.au=Cui%2C+Pin&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCnemann%2C+Verena+J.&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Susanna+K.&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+Daniel+L.&rft.au=Germonpr%C3%A9%2C+Mietje+B.&rft.au=Sablin%2C+Mikhail+Valerievich&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Gir%C3%A1ldez%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Domingo+Roura%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Napierala%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Uerpmann%2C+Hans-Peter&rft.au=Loponte%2C+Daniel+Marcelo&rft.au=Acosta%2C+Alejandro+Alberto&rft.au=Giemsch%2C+Liane&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+Ralf+Wilhelm&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Brian&rft.au=Buikstra%2C+Jane+Ellen&rft.au=Druzhkova%2C+Anna+Sergeyevna&rft.au=Graphodatsky%2C+Alexander+Sergeyevich&rft.au=Ovodov%2C+Nikolay+Dmitriyevich&rft.au=Wahlberg%2C+Niklas&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Adam+H.&rft.au=Schweizer%2C+Rena+M.&rft.au=Koepfli%2C+Klaus-Peter&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo%2C+Svante&rft.au=Green%2C+Richard+Edward&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morey2015-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morey2015_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morey2015_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morey2015_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMoreyJeger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Morey, Darcy F.; Jeger, Rujana (16 Julai 2015). 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Heard, Stephen Bruce; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_McPeek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark McPeek (laman tidak wujud)">McPeek, Mark Alan</a> (penyunting). "Large-Scale Diversification of Skull Shape in Domestic Dogs: Disparity and Modularity" [Pempelbagaian Berskala Besar bagi Rupa Bentuk Tengkorak pada Anjing Bela Jinak: Dispariti dan Kemodularan]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_American_Naturalist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The American Naturalist (laman tidak wujud)">The American Naturalist</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Chicago Press</a>. 175 (3): 289–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F650372">10.1086/650372</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5323">1537-5323</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/650372">10.1086/650372</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20095825">20095825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26967649">26967649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Large-Scale+Diversification+of+Skull+Shape+in+Domestic+Dogs%3A+Disparity+and+Modularity&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-301&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26967649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F650372&rft.issn=1537-5323&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F650372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20095825&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Abby+Grace&rft.au=Klingenberg%2C+Christian+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts2010-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsMcGreevyValenzuela2010" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Taryn; McGreevy, Paul Damien; Valenzuela, Michael J. (26 Julai 2010). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Linden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Linden (laman tidak wujud)">Linden, Rafael</a> (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909913">"Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs"</a> [Pergiliran dan Penyusunan Semula Cetusan Manusia bagi Otak Anjing Bela Jinak]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS_One&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS One (laman tidak wujud)">PLOS One</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS (laman tidak wujud)">PLOS</a>. 5 (7): e11946. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...511946R">2010PLoSO...511946R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011946">10.1371/journal.pone.0011946</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909913">2909913</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20668685">20668685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2272689">2272689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Human+Induced+Rotation+and+Reorganization+of+the+Brain+of+Domestic+Dogs&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e11946&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2909913%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2272689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...511946R&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20668685&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Taryn&rft.au=McGreevy%2C+Paul+Damien&rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2909913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koler-Matznick2002-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koler-Matznick2002_77-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKoler-Matznick2002" class="citation journal cs1">Koler-Matznick, Janice (2002). 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Anthrozoös (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 15 (2): 98–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F089279302786992595">10.2752/089279302786992595</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1753-0377">1753-0377</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14850835">14850835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthrozo%C3%B6s&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+dog+revisited&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-118&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14850835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1753-0377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F089279302786992595&rft.aulast=Koler-Matznick&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake2004-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Drake2004_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Drake, Abby Grace (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/36195321_Evolution_and_development_of_the_skull_morphology_of_canids_an_investigation_of_morphological_integration_and_heterochrony">Evolution and development of the skull morphology of canids: an investigation of morphological integration and heterochrony</a> [Evolusi dan perkembangan morfologi tengkorak canid: penyiasatan tentang penyepaduan dan heterokroni morfologi] (kedokteran) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Massachusetts_Amherst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Massachusetts Amherst (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Massachusetts Amherst</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83345521">83345521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Evolution+and+development+of+the+skull+morphology+of+canids%3A+an+investigation+of+morphological+integration+and+heterochrony&rft.inst=Universiti+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83345521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Abby+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F36195321_Evolution_and_development_of_the_skull_morphology_of_canids_an_investigation_of_morphological_integration_and_heterochrony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake2011-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Drake2011_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2011" class="citation journal cs1">Drake, Abby Grace (16 Mac 2011). "Dispelling dog dogma: an investigation of heterochrony in dogs using 3D geometric morphometric analysis of skull shape" [Menangkis dogma anjing: penyiasatan tentang heterokroni pada anjing dengan menggunakan analisis morfometri geometri 3D bagi rupa bentuk tengkorak]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_%26_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolution & Development (laman tidak wujud)">Evolution & Development</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 13 (2): 204–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1525-142X.2011.00470.x">10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00470.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-142X">1525-142X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21410876">21410876</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20893501">20893501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Dispelling+dog+dogma%3A+an+investigation+of+heterochrony+in+dogs+using+3D+geometric+morphometric+analysis+of+skull+shape&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-213&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.issn=1525-142X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20893501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21410876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1525-142X.2011.00470.x&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Abby+Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clutton-Brock1995-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Clutton-Brock1995_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFClutton-Brock1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliet_Clutton-Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliet Clutton-Brock (laman tidak wujud)">Clutton-Brock, Juliet</a> (21 September 1995). "2-Origins of the dog" [2-Asal usul anjing]. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Serpell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Serpell (laman tidak wujud)">Serpell, James Andrew</a> (penyunting). The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People [Anjing Bela Jinak: Evolusi, Tingkah Laku, dan Interaksinya dengan Orang] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 7–20. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780521415293" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780521415293"><bdi>9780521415293</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32272650">32272650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2-Origins+of+the+dog&rft.btitle=The+Domestic+Dog%3A+Its+Evolution%2C+Behaviour+and+Interactions+with+People&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=7-20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-09-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32272650&rft.isbn=9780521415293&rft.aulast=Clutton-Brock&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010158-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangTedford2010158_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangTedford2010">Wang & Tedford (2010)</a>, m/s. 158. harv error: no target: CITEREFWangTedford2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Serpell1995-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Serpell1995_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSerpell1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Serpell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Serpell (laman tidak wujud)">Serpell, James Andrew</a>, penyunting (21 September 1995). 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David Mech (laman tidak wujud)">Mech, Lucyan David</a> (2 Mei 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503924">"Canis lupus"</a> [Canis lupus]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammalian_Species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammalian Species (laman tidak wujud)">Mammalian Species</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Mammalogists">American Society of Mammalogists</a> (37): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503924">10.2307/3503924</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-1410">1545-1410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3503924">3503924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Canis+lupus&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1974-05-02&rft.issn=1545-1410&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3503924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3503924&rft.aulast=Mech&rft.aufirst=Lucyan+David&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F3503924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janssens2015-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Janssens2015_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJanssensSpanogheMillerVan_Dongen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Janssens, Luc August; Spanoghe, Inge; Miller, Rebecca; Van Dongen, Stefan (30 Disember 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4742516">"Can orbital angle morphology distinguish dogs from wolves?"</a> [Dapatkah morfologi sudut orbit membezakan anjing daripada serigala?]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomorphology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoomorphology (laman tidak wujud)">Zoomorphology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. 135 (1): 149–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00435-015-0294-3">10.1007/s00435-015-0294-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-234X">1432-234X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4742516">4742516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26893534">26893534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2198831">2198831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoomorphology&rft.atitle=Can+orbital+angle+morphology+distinguish+dogs+from+wolves%3F&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-158&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4742516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2198831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00435-015-0294-3&rft.issn=1432-234X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26893534&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Luc+August&rft.au=Spanoghe%2C+Inge&rft.au=Miller%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Van+Dongen%2C+Stefan&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4742516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliot1972-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Elliot1972_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFElliotWong1972" class="citation journal cs1">Elliot, Orville S.; Wong, Marjorie (1972). 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Acta biologica et medica Germanica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademie_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademie Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Akademie Verlag</a>. 28 (6): 957–962. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5318">0001-5318</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4637863">4637863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29458912">29458912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+biologica+et+medica+Germanica&rft.atitle=Acid+phosphatase+handy+enzyme+that+separates+the+dog+from+the+wolf&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=957-962&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29458912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4637863&rft.issn=0001-5318&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Orville+S.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perri2016-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perri2016_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perri2016_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perri2016_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perri2016_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perri2016_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perri2016_86-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPerri2016" class="citation journal cs1">Perri, Angela R. 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"Chapter 19: Genetic Analysis of Dog Domestication" [Bab 19: Analisis Genetik bagi Pembelajinakan Anjing]. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melinda_A._Zeder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melinda A. Zeder (laman tidak wujud)">Zeder, Melinda A.</a>; Bradley, Daniel G.; Emshwiller, Eve; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_D._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce D. Smith (laman tidak wujud)">Smith, Bruce D.</a> (penyunting). Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms [Mendokumenkan Pembelajinakan: Paradigma Genetik dan Arkeologi Baharu] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 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Molecular Evolution [Evolusi Molekul] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Sunderland, Massachusetts, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinauer_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinauer Associates (laman tidak wujud)">Sinauer Associates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780878934638" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780878934638"><bdi>9780878934638</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36059926">36059926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Evolution&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Massachusetts%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36059926&rft.isbn=9780878934638&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wen-Hsiung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">halaman diperlukan</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Pesole1999-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Pesole1999_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPesoleGissiDe_ChiricoSaccone1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pesole, Graziano; Gissi, Carmela; De Chirico, Anna; Saccone, Cecilia (April 1999). "Nucleotide Substitution Rate of Mammalian Mitochondrial Genomes" [Kadar Penggantian Nukleotida bagi Genom-genom Mitokondrion Mamalia]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Molecular_Evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Molecular Evolution (laman tidak wujud)">Journal of Molecular Evolution</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. 48 (4): 427–434. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JMolE..48..427P">1999JMolE..48..427P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006487">10.1007/PL00006487</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1432">1432-1432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10079281">10079281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1665621">1665621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=Nucleotide+Substitution+Rate+of+Mammalian+Mitochondrial+Genomes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=427-434&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1665621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JMolE..48..427P&rft.issn=1432-1432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00006487&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10079281&rft.aulast=Pesole&rft.aufirst=Graziano&rft.au=Gissi%2C+Carmela&rft.au=De+Chirico%2C+Anna&rft.au=Saccone%2C+Cecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wan2004-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Wan2004_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWanWuFujiharaFang2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wan, Qiuhong; Wu, Hua; Fujihara, Tsutomu; Fang, Shengguo (14 Julai 2004). "Which genetic marker for which conservation genetics issue?" [Penanda genetik mana untuk isu genetik pemuliharaan mana?]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrophoresis_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrophoresis (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Electrophoresis</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 25 (14): 2165–2176. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Felps.200305922">10.1002/elps.200305922</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-2683">1522-2683</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15274000">15274000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11567406">11567406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrophoresis&rft.atitle=Which+genetic+marker+for+which+conservation+genetics+issue%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2165-2176&rft.date=2004-07-14&rft.issn=1522-2683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11567406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15274000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Felps.200305922&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Qiuhong&rft.au=Wu%2C+Hua&rft.au=Fujihara%2C+Tsutomu&rft.au=Fang%2C+Shengguo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birky2001-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Birky2001_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBirky2001" class="citation journal cs1">Birky, C. William Jr. (Disember 2001). "The Inheritance of Genes in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Laws, Mechanisms, and Models" [Pewarisan Gen di Dalam Mitokondrion dan Kloroplas: Hukum, Mekanisme, dan Model]. Annual Review of Genetics (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_Reviews_(penerbit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annual Reviews (penerbit) (laman tidak wujud)">Annual Reviews</a>. 35: 125–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.35.102401.090231">10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090231</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-2948">1545-2948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11700280">11700280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22779374">22779374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Inheritance+of+Genes+in+Mitochondria+and+Chloroplasts%3A+Laws%2C+Mechanisms%2C+and+Models&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=125-148&rft.date=2001-12&rft.issn=1545-2948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22779374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11700280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.35.102401.090231&rft.aulast=Birky&rft.aufirst=C.+William+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avise1993-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Avise1993_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAvise1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Avise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Avise (laman tidak wujud)">Avise, John Charles</a> (30 September 1993). Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution [Penanda Molekul, Sejarah Semula Jadi, dan Evolusi] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New York, New York, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapman_%26_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapman & Hall (laman tidak wujud)">Chapman & Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780412037818" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780412037818"><bdi>9780412037818</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27812245">27812245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Markers%2C+Natural+History+and+Evolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1993-09-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27812245&rft.isbn=9780412037818&rft.aulast=Avise&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avise2000-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Avise2000_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAvise2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Avise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Avise (laman tidak wujud)">Avise, John Charles</a> (3 Januari 2000). Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species [Filogeografi: Sejarah dan Pembentukan Spesies] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780674666382" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780674666382"><bdi>9780674666382</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40821075">40821075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogeography%3A+The+History+and+Formation+of+Species&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40821075&rft.isbn=9780674666382&rft.aulast=Avise&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindblad-Toh2005-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindblad-Toh2005_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindblad-Toh2005_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindblad-Toh2005_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindblad-Toh2005_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindblad-Toh2005_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindblad-Toh2005_96-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLindblad-TohWadeMikkelsenKarlsson2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerstin_Lindblad-Toh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerstin Lindblad-Toh (laman tidak wujud)">Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin</a>; Wade, Claire Margaret; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor Kathryn; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J. III; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xie, Xiaohui; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert Keith; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Ostrander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Ostrander (laman tidak wujud)">Ostrander, Elaine Ann</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Ponting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Ponting (laman tidak wujud)">Ponting, Christopher Paul</a>; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; de Jong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen F.; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James Andrew; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Daly_(saintis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Daly (saintis) (laman tidak wujud)">Daly, Mark Joseph</a>; DeCaprio, David; Gnerre, Sante; Grabherr, Manfred G.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manolis_Kellis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manolis Kellis (laman tidak wujud)">Kellis, Manolis</a>; Kleber, Michael; Bardeleben, Carolyne; Goodstadt, Leo; Heger, Andreas; Hitte, Christophe; Kim, Lisa V.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Parker, Heidi G.; Pollinger, John P.; Searle, Stephen M. J.; Sutter, Nathan B.; Thomas, Rachael; Webber, Caleb; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Lander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Lander (laman tidak wujud)">Lander, Eric Steven</a> (8 Disember 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04338">"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog"</a> [Jujukan genom, analisis perbandingan, dan struktur haplotip anjing bela jinak]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Nature</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Portfolio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Portfolio (laman tidak wujud)">Nature Portfolio</a>. 438 (7069): 803–819. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..803L">2005Natur.438..803L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04338">10.1038/nature04338</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16341006">16341006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4338513">4338513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genome+sequence%2C+comparative+analysis+and+haplotype+structure+of+the+domestic+dog&rft.volume=438&rft.issue=7069&rft.pages=803-819&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4338513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.438..803L&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04338&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16341006&rft.aulast=Lindblad-Toh&rft.aufirst=Kerstin&rft.au=Wade%2C+Claire+Margaret&rft.au=Mikkelsen%2C+Tarjei+S.&rft.au=Karlsson%2C+Elinor+Kathryn&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Kamal%2C+Michael&rft.au=Clamp%2C+Michele&rft.au=Chang%2C+Jean+L.&rft.au=Kulbokas%2C+Edward+J.+III&rft.au=Zody%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Mauceli%2C+Evan&rft.au=Xie%2C+Xiaohui&rft.au=Breen%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+Ann&rft.au=Ponting%2C+Christopher+Paul&rft.au=Galibert%2C+Francis&rft.au=Smith%2C+Douglas+R.&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+Pieter+J.&rft.au=Kirkness%2C+Ewen+F.&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Biagi%2C+Tara&rft.au=Brockman%2C+William&rft.au=Butler%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Chin%2C+Chee-Wye&rft.au=Cook%2C+April&rft.au=Cuff%2C+James+Andrew&rft.au=Daly%2C+Mark+Joseph&rft.au=DeCaprio%2C+David&rft.au=Gnerre%2C+Sante&rft.au=Grabherr%2C+Manfred+G.&rft.au=Kellis%2C+Manolis&rft.au=Kleber%2C+Michael&rft.au=Bardeleben%2C+Carolyne&rft.au=Goodstadt%2C+Leo&rft.au=Heger%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Hitte%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Kim%2C+Lisa+V.&rft.au=Koepfli%2C+Klaus-Peter&rft.au=Parker%2C+Heidi+G.&rft.au=Pollinger%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Searle%2C+Stephen+M.+J.&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Nathan+B.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Rachael&rft.au=Webber%2C+Caleb&rft.au=Lander%2C+Eric+Steven&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature04338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koepfli2015-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepfli2015_97-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John P.; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline Anita; Lea, Amanda Jeanne; Hendricks, Sarah A.; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; da Silva, Pedro Manuel Soares; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey Aleksandrovich; Dobrynin, Pavel Vladimirovich; Makunin, Aleksey Igorevich; Cahill, James Andrew; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_Shapiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth Shapiro (laman tidak wujud)">Shapiro, Beth Alison</a>; Álvares, Francisco Jorge; Alcobia Rogado de Brito, José Carlos; Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer A.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristofer_Helgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristofer Helgen (laman tidak wujud)">Helgen, Kristofer Michael</a>; Johnson, Warren E.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_J._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen J. 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Ithaca, New York, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. m/s. 477–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4716-4_18">10.1007/978-1-4757-4716-4_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780412343605" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780412343605"><bdi>9780412343605</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18135778">18135778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17-Molecular+and+Biochemical+Evolution+of+the+Carnivora&rft.btitle=Carnivore+Behavior%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Evolution&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=477-478&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=1989-05-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18135778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4716-4_18&rft.isbn=9780412343605&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Robert+Keith&rft.au=Benvenista%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Janczewski%2C+D.+N.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Stephen+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VilàArbonès2012-110"><a href="#cite_ref-VilàArbonès2012_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVilà_ArbonèsLeonard2012" class="citation book cs1">Vilà Arbonès, Carles; Leonard, Jennifer A. (23 April 2012). "1-Canid Phylogeny and the Origin of the Domestic Dog" [1-Filogeni Canid dan Asal Usul Anjing Bela Jinak]. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Ostrander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Ostrander (laman tidak wujud)">Ostrander, Elaine Ann</a>; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (penyunting). The Genetics of the Dog [Genetik Anjing] (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. ke-2). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: <a href="/w/index.php?title=CAB_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAB International (laman tidak wujud)">CAB International</a>. m/s. 3. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781845939403" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781845939403"><bdi>9781845939403</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/743275902">743275902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1-Canid+Phylogeny+and+the+Origin+of+the+Domestic+Dog&rft.btitle=The+Genetics+of+the+Dog&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Oxfordshire%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=ke-2&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F743275902&rft.isbn=9781845939403&rft.aulast=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Carles&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Jennifer+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wurster-Hill1982-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Wurster-Hill1982_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWurster-HillCenterwall1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wurster-Hill, Doris H.; Centerwall, Willard R. (1982). 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"Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis" [Genetik molekul bagi canid paling terancam: serigala Habsyah Canis simensis]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Ecology (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Molecular Ecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 3 (4): 301–312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994MolEc...3..301G">1994MolEc...3..301G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.1994.tb00070.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00070.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-294X">1365-294X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7921357">7921357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25976335">25976335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Molecular+genetics+of+the+most+endangered+canid%3A+the+Ethiopian+wolf+Canis+simensis&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=301-312&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25976335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994MolEc...3..301G&rft.issn=1365-294X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.1994.tb00070.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7921357&rft.aulast=Gottelli&rft.aufirst=Dada&rft.au=Sillero-Zubiri%2C+Claudio&rft.au=Applebaum%2C+Geoffrey+Daniel&rft.au=Roy%2C+Michael+S.&rft.au=Girman%2C+Derek+J.&rft.au=Garcia-Moreno%2C+Jaime&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+Ann&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocock1941-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Pocock1941_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Innes_Pocock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Innes Pocock (laman tidak wujud)">Pocock, Reginald Innes</a> (1941). 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L.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tico_McNutt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tico McNutt (laman tidak wujud)">McNutt, John Weldon</a>; Ginsberg, Joshua Ross; Kat, Pieterjan Willem; Mamiya, K. H.; Wayne, Robert Keith (Julai 2001). "Patterns of population subdivision, gene flow and genetic variability in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)" [Pola-pola subbahagian populasi, aliran gen, dan kebolehubahan genetik pada anjing liar Afrika (Lycaon pictus)]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Ecology (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Molecular Ecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 10 (7): 1703–1723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10.1703G">2001MolEc..10.1703G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0962-1083.2001.01302.x">10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01302.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-294X">1365-294X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11472538">11472538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24540274">24540274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+population+subdivision%2C+gene+flow+and+genetic+variability+in+the+African+wild+dog+%28Lycaon+pictus%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1703-1723&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24540274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001MolEc..10.1703G&rft.issn=1365-294X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.0962-1083.2001.01302.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11472538&rft.aulast=Girman&rft.aufirst=Derek+J.&rft.au=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s%2C+Carles&rft.au=Geffen%2C+Eli&rft.au=Creel%2C+Scott&rft.au=Mills%2C+Michael+G.+L.&rft.au=McNutt%2C+John+Weldon&rft.au=Ginsberg%2C+Joshua+Ross&rft.au=Kat%2C+Pieterjan+Willem&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+K.+H.&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayne1990-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Wayne1990_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWayneMeyerLehmanVan_Valkenburgh1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wayne, Robert Keith; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axel Meyer (laman tidak wujud)">Meyer, Axel</a>; Lehman, Niles; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaire_Van_Valkenburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blaire Van Valkenburgh (laman tidak wujud)">Van Valkenburgh, Blaire</a>; Kat, Pieterjan Willem; Fuller, Todd K.; Girman, Derek J.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_J._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen J. O'Brien (laman tidak wujud)">O'Brien, Stephen James</a> (1 Mac 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53565">"Large sequence divergence among mitochondrial DNA genotypes within populations of eastern African black-backed jackals"</a> [Pencapahan jujukan besar sesama genotip DNA mitokondrion dalam populasi-populasi jakal berbelakang hitam Afrika timur]. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Kebangsaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat">Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat</a>. 87 (5): 1772–1776. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.1772W">1990PNAS...87.1772W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.5.1772">10.1073/pnas.87.5.1772</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2353927">2353927</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53565">53565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1968637">1968637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22080769">22080769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Large+sequence+divergence+among+mitochondrial+DNA+genotypes+within+populations+of+eastern+African+black-backed+jackals&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1772-1776&rft.date=1990-03-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC53565%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22080769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.1772W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.5.1772&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2353927%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1968637&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Robert+Keith&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Axel&rft.au=Lehman%2C+Niles&rft.au=Van+Valkenburgh%2C+Blaire&rft.au=Kat%2C+Pieterjan+Willem&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Todd+K.&rft.au=Girman%2C+Derek+J.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Stephen+James&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC53565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaminski2014-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaminski2014_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKaminskiMarshall-Pescini2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaminski, Juliane; Marshall-Pescini, Sarah, penyunting (20 Mei 2014). "Chapter 1 - The Social Dog:History and Evolution" [Bab 1 - Anjing Sosial: Sejarah dan Evolusi]. The Social Dog: Behaviour and Cognition [Anjing Sosial: Tingkah Laku dan Kognisi] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Amsterdam, Belanda: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. m/s. 4. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780124079311" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780124079311"><bdi>9780124079311</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/878919857">878919857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+-+The+Social+Dog%3AHistory+and+Evolution&rft.btitle=The+Social+Dog%3A+Behaviour+and+Cognition&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Belanda&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878919857&rft.isbn=9780124079311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassanin2021-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Hassanin2021_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHassaninVeronRopiquetvan_Vuuren2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hassanin, Alexandre; Veron, Géraldine; Ropiquet, Anne; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bettine_van_Vuuren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bettine van Vuuren (laman tidak wujud)">van Vuuren, Bettine Jansen</a>; Lécu, Alexis; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_M._Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven M. Goodman (laman tidak wujud)">Goodman, Steven Michael</a>; Haider, Jibran; Nguyen, Trung Thanh (16 Februari 2021). Mans, Barend Johannes (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7886153">"Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes"</a> [Sejarah evolusi Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) yang diinferenskan daripada genom mitokondrion]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS_One&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS One (laman tidak wujud)">PLOS One</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS (laman tidak wujud)">PLOS</a>. 16 (2): e0240770. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1640770H">2021PLoSO..1640770H</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2020.10.05.326090">10.1101/2020.10.05.326090</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0240770">10.1371/journal.pone.0240770</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7886153">7886153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33591975">33591975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263895059">263895059</a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|s2cid=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_s2cid" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+history+of+Carnivora+%28Mammalia%2C+Laurasiatheria%29+inferred+from+mitochondrial+genomes&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0240770&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7886153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PLoSO..1640770H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0240770&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F2020.10.05.326090%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33591975&rft.aulast=Hassanin&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Veron%2C+G%C3%A9raldine&rft.au=Ropiquet%2C+Anne&rft.au=van+Vuuren%2C+Bettine+Jansen&rft.au=L%C3%A9cu%2C+Alexis&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Steven+Michael&rft.au=Haider%2C+Jibran&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Trung+Thanh&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7886153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopalakrishnan2018-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan2018_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan2018_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan2018_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGopalakrishnanSindingRamos-MadrigalNiemann2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel Holger Strander; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, José Alfredo; Garrett Vieira, Filipe Jorge; Carøe, Christian; de Manuel Montero, Marc; Kuderna, Lukas F. 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Fleischer (laman tidak wujud)">Fleischer, Robert Carl</a> (7 Februari 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809981">"Ancient wolf lineages in India"</a> [Zuriat-zuriat serigala purba di India]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society (laman tidak wujud)">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. 271 (Suppl_3): S1–S4. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0071">10.1098/rsbl.2003.0071</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2954">1471-2954</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4142540">4142540</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809981">1809981</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15101402">15101402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8662016">8662016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+wolf+lineages+in+India&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=Suppl_3&rft.pages=S1-S4&rft.date=2004-02-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1809981%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8662016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0071&rft.issn=1471-2954&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4142540%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15101402&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Dinesh+Kumar&rft.au=Maldonado%2C+Jes%C3%BAs+Eduardo&rft.au=Jhala%2C+Yadvendradev+Vikramsinh&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+Robert+Carl&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1809981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2007-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2007_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2007_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2007_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2007_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2007_124-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardVilà_ArbonèsFox-DobbsKoch2007" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Jennifer A.; 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New York, New York, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic Press (laman tidak wujud)">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780123192509" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780123192509"><bdi>9780123192509</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3607816">3607816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolf+and+Man%3A+Evolution+in+Parallel&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3607816&rft.isbn=9780123192509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olsen1985-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Olsen1985_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_John_Olsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley John Olsen (laman tidak wujud)">Olsen, Stanley John</a> (1 April 1985). Origins of the Domestic Dog: The Fossil Record [Asal Usul Anjing Bela Jinak: Rekod Fosil] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Tucson, Arizona, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Arizona_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Arizona Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Arizona Press</a>. m/s. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780816509096" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780816509096"><bdi>9780816509096</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11669418">11669418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Domestic+Dog%3A+The+Fossil+Record&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1985-04-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11669418&rft.isbn=9780816509096&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Stanley+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2004-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2004_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2004_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2004_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2004_149-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardVilà_ArbonèsWayne2004" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Jennifer A.; Vilà Arbonès, Carles; Wayne, Robert Keith (15 November 2004). "FAST TRACK: Legacy lost: genetic variability and population size of extirpated US grey wolves (Canis lupus)" [LALUAN PANTAS: Legasi yang lenyap: kebolehubahan genetik dan saiz populasi bagi serigala kelabu (Canis lupus) Amerika Syarikat yang dihapuskan]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Ecology (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Molecular Ecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 14 (1): 9–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MolEc..14....9L">2005MolEc..14....9L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2004.02389.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02389.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-294X">1365-294X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15643947">15643947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11343074">11343074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=FAST+TRACK%3A+Legacy+lost%3A+genetic+variability+and+population+size+of+extirpated+US+grey+wolves+%28Canis+lupus%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-17&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11343074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005MolEc..14....9L&rft.issn=1365-294X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2004.02389.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15643947&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s%2C+Carles&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2000-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2000_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonGrewalLawfordHeal2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Paul J.; Grewal, Sonya; Lawford, Ian D.; Heal, Jennifer N. M.; Granacki, Angela G.; Pennock, David S.; Theberge, John B.; Theberge, Mary T.; Voigt, Dennis R.; Waddell, William T.; Chambers, Robert E.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_C._Paquet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul C. Paquet (laman tidak wujud)">Paquet, Paul Charles Francis Xavier</a>; Goulet, Gloria D.; Cluff, Howard Dean; White, Bradley N. (Disember 2000). "DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf" [Profil-profil DNA bagi serigala Kanana timur dan serigala merah menyediakan bukti untuk sejarah evolusi bersama yang bebas daripada serigala kelabu]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Journal_of_Zoology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Journal of Zoology (laman tidak wujud)">Canadian Journal of Zoology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Science_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Science Publishing (laman tidak wujud)">Canadian Science Publishing</a>. 78 (12): 2156–2166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000CaJZ...78.2156W">2000CaJZ...78.2156W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz00-158">10.1139/z00-158</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1480-3283">1480-3283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43973759">43973759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=DNA+profiles+of+the+eastern+Canadian+wolf+and+the+red+wolf+provide+evidence+for+a+common+evolutionary+history+independent+of+the+gray+wolf&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2156-2166&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fz00-158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43973759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1480-3283&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000CaJZ...78.2156W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft.au=Grewal%2C+Sonya&rft.au=Lawford%2C+Ian+D.&rft.au=Heal%2C+Jennifer+N.+M.&rft.au=Granacki%2C+Angela+G.&rft.au=Pennock%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Theberge%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Theberge%2C+Mary+T.&rft.au=Voigt%2C+Dennis+R.&rft.au=Waddell%2C+William+T.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Paquet%2C+Paul+Charles+Francis+Xavier&rft.au=Goulet%2C+Gloria+D.&rft.au=Cluff%2C+Howard+Dean&rft.au=White%2C+Bradley+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VilàArbonès1999-151"><a href="#cite_ref-VilàArbonès1999_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVilà_ArbonèsAmorim_do_RosárioLeonardPosada_González1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vilà Arbonès, Carles; Amorim do Rosário, Isabel Maria; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Posada González, David; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_Castroviejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Castroviejo (laman tidak wujud)">Castroviejo Bolívar, Javier</a>; Petrucci-Fonseca, Francisco; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_A._Crandall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith A. Crandall (laman tidak wujud)">Crandall, Keith A.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ellegren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Ellegren (laman tidak wujud)">Ellegren, Hans</a>; Wayne, Robert Keith (Disember 1999). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf Canis lupus" [Filogeografi DNA mitokondrion dan sejarha populasi bagi serigala kelabu Canis lupus]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Ecology (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Molecular Ecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 8 (12): 2089–2103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999MolEc...8.2089V">1999MolEc...8.2089V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-294x.1999.00825.x">10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00825.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10261%2F58565">10261/58565</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-294X">1365-294X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10632860">10632860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31680635">31680635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+phylogeography+and+population+history+of+the+grey+wolf+Canis+lupus&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2089-2103&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F58565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31680635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999MolEc...8.2089V&rft.issn=1365-294X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-294x.1999.00825.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10632860&rft.aulast=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Carles&rft.au=Amorim+do+Ros%C3%A1rio%2C+Isabel+Maria&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Posada+Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+David&rft.au=Castroviejo+Bol%C3%ADvar%2C+Javier&rft.au=Petrucci-Fonseca%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Crandall%2C+Keith+A.&rft.au=Ellegren%2C+Hans&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson2014-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larson2014_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larson2014_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonBradley2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greger_Larson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greger Larson (laman tidak wujud)">Larson, Greger John</a>; Bradley, Daniel G. (16 Januari 2014). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leif_Andersson_(ahli_genetik_haiwan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leif Andersson (ahli genetik haiwan) (laman tidak wujud)">Andersson, Leif Bertil</a> (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894154">"How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics"</a> [Berapa Tahun Anjingkah Itu? 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"From wolf to dog: Late Pleistocene ecological dynamics, altered trophic strategies, and shifting human perceptions" [Daripada serigala hingga anjing: Dinamik-dinamik ekologi Pleistosen Akhir, strategi-strategi trofik terubah, dan persepsi-persepsi teranjak manusia]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical Biology (laman tidak wujud)">Historical Biology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 29 (7): 895–903. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2016.1262854">10.1080/08912963.2016.1262854</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1029-2381">1029-2381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90588969">90588969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&rft.atitle=From+wolf+to+dog%3A+Late+Pleistocene+ecological+dynamics%2C+altered+trophic+strategies%2C+and+shifting+human+perceptions&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=895-903&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90588969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1029-2381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2016.1262854&rft.aulast=Morey&rft.aufirst=Darcy+F.&rft.au=Jeger%2C+Rujana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanValkenburgh2015-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanValkenburgh2015_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanValkenburgh2015_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVan_ValkenburghHaywardRippleMeloro2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaire_Van_Valkenburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blaire Van Valkenburgh (laman tidak wujud)">Van Valkenburgh, Blaire</a>; Hayward, Matthew Warrington; <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Ripple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Ripple (laman tidak wujud)">Ripple, William J.</a>; Meloro, Carlo; Roth, V. Louise (26 Oktober 2015). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yadvinder_Malhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yadvinder Malhi (laman tidak wujud)">Malhi, Yadvinder Singh</a> (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743832">"The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems"</a> [Impak karnivor-karnivor darat besar terhadap ekosistem-ekosistem Pleistosen]. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Kebangsaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat">Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat</a>. 113 (4): 862–867. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113..862V">2016PNAS..113..862V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1502554112">10.1073/pnas.1502554112</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/26467501">26467501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743832">4743832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26504224">26504224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1214485">1214485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+large+terrestrial+carnivores+on+Pleistocene+ecosystems&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=862-867&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4743832%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1214485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113..862V&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1502554112&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26467501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26504224&rft.aulast=Van+Valkenburgh&rft.aufirst=Blaire&rft.au=Hayward%2C+Matthew+Warrington&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Meloro%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Roth%2C+V.+Louise&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4743832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shipman2015-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Shipman2015_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFShipman2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Shipman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pat Shipman (laman tidak wujud)">Shipman, Pat Lee</a> (10 Mac 2015). The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction [Penceroboh: Cara Manusia dan Anjing Mereka Mendorong Neanderthal ke Arah Kepupusan] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780674736764" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780674736764"><bdi>9780674736764</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/893897294">893897294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invaders%3A+How+Humans+and+Their+Dogs+Drove+Neanderthals+to+Extinction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893897294&rft.isbn=9780674736764&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=Pat+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cagan2016-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Cagan2016_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCaganBlass2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cagan, Alexander; Blass, Torsten (12 Januari 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710014">"Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication"</a> [Pengenalpastian ubahan-ubahan genomik yang diandaikan disasarkan oleh pemilihan semasa pembelajinakan anjing]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BMC_Ecology_and_Evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMC Ecology and Evolution (laman tidak wujud)">BMC Ecology and Evolution</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=BioMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BioMed Central (laman tidak wujud)">BioMed Central</a>. 16 (1): 10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BMCEE..16...10C">2016BMCEE..16...10C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0579-7">10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7</a> (Tidak aktif 28 November 2024). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0029-52C7-1">11858/00-001M-0000-0029-52C7-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2730-7182">2730-7182</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710014">4710014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754411">26754411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1953954">1953954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Identification+of+genomic+variants+putatively+targeted+by+selection+during+dog+domestication&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4710014%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1953954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016BMCEE..16...10C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0579-7&rft.issn=2730-7182&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26754411&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0029-52C7-1&rft.aulast=Cagan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Blass%2C+Torsten&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4710014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (laman tidak wujud)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Song2016-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Song2016_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSongWangOteckoPeng2016" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Jiaojiao; Wang, Wenzhi; Otecko, Newton Otieno; Peng, Minsheng; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Yaping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Yaping (laman tidak wujud)">Zhang, Yaping</a> (26 Mac 2016). "Reconciling the conflicts between mitochondrial DNA haplogroup trees of Canis lupus" [Mendamaikan konflik-konflik antara pokok kelompok haplo DNA mitokondrion bagi Canis lupus]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_Science_International:_Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forensic Science International: Genetics (laman tidak wujud)">Forensic Science International: Genetics</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 23: 83–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2016.03.008">10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.03.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1878-0326">1878-0326</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27042801">27042801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207596242">207596242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International%3A+Genetics&rft.atitle=Reconciling+the+conflicts+between+mitochondrial+DNA+haplogroup+trees+of+Canis+lupus&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=83-85&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft.issn=1878-0326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207596242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27042801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2016.03.008&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Jiaojiao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenzhi&rft.au=Otecko%2C+Newton+Otieno&rft.au=Peng%2C+Minsheng&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yaping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilot2018-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Pilot2018_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPilotGrecovonHoldtRandi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pilot, Małgorzata; Greco, Claudia; vonHoldt, Bridgett Marie; Randi, Ettore; <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82odzimierz_J%C4%99drzejewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski (laman tidak wujud)">Jędrzejewski, Włodzimierz</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Evgenevich_Sidorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Evgenevich Sidorovich (laman tidak wujud)">Sidorovich, Vadim Evgenevich</a>; Konopiński, Maciej Krzysztof; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Ostrander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Ostrander (laman tidak wujud)">Ostrander, Elaine Ann</a>; Wayne, Robert Keith (15 Januari 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5978975">"Widespread, long-term admixture between grey wolves and domestic dogs across Eurasia and its implications for the conservation status of hybrids"</a> [Percampuran jangka panjang meluas antara serigala kelabu dengan anjing bela jinak di serata Eurasia dan implikasinya untuk status pemuliharaan hibrid]. Evolutionary Applications (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 11 (5): 662–680. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EvApp..11..662P">2018EvApp..11..662P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feva.12595">10.1111/eva.12595</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-4571">1752-4571</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5978975">5978975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29875809">29875809</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46947666">46947666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Applications&rft.atitle=Widespread%2C+long-term+admixture+between+grey+wolves+and+domestic+dogs+across+Eurasia+and+its+implications+for+the+conservation+status+of+hybrids&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=662-680&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5978975%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46947666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EvApp..11..662P&rft.issn=1752-4571&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Feva.12595&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29875809&rft.aulast=Pilot&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Greco%2C+Claudia&rft.au=vonHoldt%2C+Bridgett+Marie&rft.au=Randi%2C+Ettore&rft.au=J%C4%99drzejewski%2C+W%C5%82odzimierz&rft.au=Sidorovich%2C+Vadim+Evgenevich&rft.au=Konopi%C5%84ski%2C+Maciej+Krzysztof&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+Ann&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5978975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savolainen2004-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Savolainen2004_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSavolainenLeitnerWiltonMatisoo-Smith2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Savolainen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Savolainen (laman tidak wujud)">Savolainen, Carl Peter Olavi</a>; Leitner, Thomas Kenneth; Wilton, Alan Norman; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Matisoo-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Matisoo-Smith (laman tidak wujud)">Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth Anne</a>; Lundeberg, Joakim (6 Ogos 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514485">"A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA"</a> [Gambaran terperinci tentang asal usul dingo Australia, diperoleh daripada kajian DNA mitokondrion]. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Kebangsaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat">Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat</a>. 101 (33): 12387–12390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112387S">2004PNAS..10112387S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401814101">10.1073/pnas.0401814101</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3373147">3373147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514485">514485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15299143">15299143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21258182">21258182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+detailed+picture+of+the+origin+of+the+Australian+dingo%2C+obtained+from+the+study+of+mitochondrial+DNA&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=12387-12390&rft.date=2004-08-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514485%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21258182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10112387S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0401814101&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3373147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15299143&rft.aulast=Savolainen&rft.aufirst=Carl+Peter+Olavi&rft.au=Leitner%2C+Thomas+Kenneth&rft.au=Wilton%2C+Alan+Norman&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth+Anne&rft.au=Lundeberg%2C+Joakim&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oskarsson2011-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oskarsson2011_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oskarsson2011_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFOskarssonKlütschBoonyaprakobWilton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Oskarsson, Mattias C. R.; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Boonyaprakob, Ukadej; Wilton, Alan Norman; Tanabe, Yuichi; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Savolainen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Savolainen (laman tidak wujud)">Savolainen, Carl Peter Olavi</a> (7 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259930">"Mitochondrial DNA data indicate an introduction through Mainland Southeast Asia for Australian dingoes and Polynesian domestic dogs"</a> [Data DNA mitokondrion menunjukkan pengenalan melalui Tanah Besar Asia Tenggara untuk dingo Australia dan anjing bela jinak Polinesia]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society (laman tidak wujud)">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. 279 (1730): 967–974. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1395">10.1098/rspb.2011.1395</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2954">1471-2954</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41412573">41412573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259930">3259930</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900326">21900326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8530518">8530518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+data+indicate+an+introduction+through+Mainland+Southeast+Asia+for+Australian+dingoes+and+Polynesian+domestic+dogs&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1730&rft.pages=967-974&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3259930%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8530518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1395&rft.issn=1471-2954&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41412573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21900326&rft.aulast=Oskarsson&rft.aufirst=Mattias+C.+R.&rft.au=Kl%C3%BCtsch%2C+Cornelya+F.+C.&rft.au=Boonyaprakob%2C+Ukadej&rft.au=Wilton%2C+Alan+Norman&rft.au=Tanabe%2C+Yuichi&rft.au=Savolainen%2C+Carl+Peter+Olavi&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3259930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ardalan2012-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Ardalan2012_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFArdalanOskarssonNatanaelssonWilton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ardalan, Arman; Oskarsson, Mattias C. 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L.; Vasconcelos, Elton J. R. (18 Januari 2019). "Population Genomics of Domestication and Breed Development in Canines in the Context of Cognitive, Social, Behavioral, and Disease Traits" [Genomik Populasi bagi Pembelajinakan dan Perkembangan Baka pada Anjing dalam Konteks Trait-trait Kognitif, Sosial, Tingkah Laku, dan Penyakit]. Dalam Rajora, Om P. (penyunting). Population Genomics: Concepts, Approaches and Applications [Genomik Populasi: Konsep, Pendekatan, dan Penerapan] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 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Proceedings of the Geologists' Association (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Geologists%27_Association" title="Geologists' Association">Geologists' Association</a>. 127 (4): 435–444. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PrGA..127..435D">2016PrGA..127..435D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pgeola.2016.05.002">10.1016/j.pgeola.2016.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2773-0743">2773-0743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132944893">132944893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geologists%27+Association&rft.atitle=Mid-to-late+Marine+Isotope+Stage+3+mammal+faunas+of+Britain%3A+a+new+look&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-444&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pgeola.2016.05.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132944893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2773-0743&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PrGA..127..435D&rft.aulast=Dinnis&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Pate%2C+Abi&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Natasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boitani2003-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Boitani2003_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBoitani2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Boitani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Boitani (laman tidak wujud)">Boitani, Luigi</a> (23 November 2003). "Wolf conservation and recovery" [Pemuliharaan dan pemulihan serigala]. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._David_Mech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. David Mech (laman tidak wujud)">Mech, Lucyan David</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Boitani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Boitani (laman tidak wujud)">Boitani, Luigi</a> (penyunting). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation [Serigala: Tingkah Laku, Ekologi, dan Pemuliharaan] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Chicago, Illinois, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Chicago Press</a>. m/s. 317–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226516981.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226516981.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780226516967" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780226516967"><bdi>9780226516967</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51810720">51810720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wolf+conservation+and+recovery&rft.btitle=Wolves%3A+Behavior%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Conservation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=317-340&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003-11-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51810720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226516981.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780226516967&rft.aulast=Boitani&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vonHoldt2011-169"><a href="#cite_ref-vonHoldt2011_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFvonHoldtPollingerEarlKnowles2011" class="citation journal cs1">vonHoldt, Bridgett Marie; Pollinger, John P.; Earl, Dent A.; Knowles, James C.; Boyko, Adam R.; Parker, Heidi G.; Geffen, Eli; Pilot, Małgorzata; <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82odzimierz_J%C4%99drzejewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski (laman tidak wujud)">Jędrzejewski, Włodzimierz</a>; Jędrzejewska, Bogumiła Ewa; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Evgenevich_Sidorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Evgenevich Sidorovich (laman tidak wujud)">Sidorovich, Vadim Evgenevich</a>; Greco, Claudia; Randi, Ettore; Musiani, Marco; Kays, Roland W.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_D._Bustamante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos D. Bustamante (laman tidak wujud)">Bustamante, Carlos Daniel</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Ostrander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Ostrander (laman tidak wujud)">Ostrander, Elaine Ann</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Novembre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Novembre (laman tidak wujud)">Novembre, John Peter</a>; Wayne, Robert Keith (12 Mei 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149496">"A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids"</a> [Perspektif segenom tentang sejarah evolusi bagi canid-canid mirip serigala berenigma]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genome_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genome Research (laman tidak wujud)">Genome Research</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (laman tidak wujud)">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a>. 21 (8): 1294–1305. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.116301.110">10.1101/gr.116301.110</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11585%2F903320">11585/903320</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1549-5469">1549-5469</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149496">3149496</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566151">21566151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4829908">4829908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=A+genome-wide+perspective+on+the+evolutionary+history+of+enigmatic+wolf-like+canids&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1294-1305&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F903320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4829908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.116301.110&rft.issn=1549-5469&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21566151&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3149496%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=vonHoldt&rft.aufirst=Bridgett+Marie&rft.au=Pollinger%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Earl%2C+Dent+A.&rft.au=Knowles%2C+James+C.&rft.au=Boyko%2C+Adam+R.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Heidi+G.&rft.au=Geffen%2C+Eli&rft.au=Pilot%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=J%C4%99drzejewski%2C+W%C5%82odzimierz&rft.au=J%C4%99drzejewska%2C+Bogumi%C5%82a+Ewa&rft.au=Sidorovich%2C+Vadim+Evgenevich&rft.au=Greco%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Randi%2C+Ettore&rft.au=Musiani%2C+Marco&rft.au=Kays%2C+Roland+W.&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+Daniel&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+Ann&rft.au=Novembre%2C+John+Peter&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3149496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vonHoldt2012-170"><a href="#cite_ref-vonHoldt2012_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFvonHoldtPollingerEarlParker2012" class="citation journal cs1">vonHoldt, Bridgett Marie; Pollinger, John P.; Earl, Dent A.; Parker, Heidi G.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Ostrander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Ostrander (laman tidak wujud)">Ostrander, Elaine Ann</a>; Wayne, Robert Keith (12 Oktober 2012). "Identification of recent hybridization between gray wolves and domesticated dogs by SNP genotyping" [Pengenalpastian penghibridan terkini antara serigala kelabu dengan anjing bela jinak melalui penggenotipan SNP]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammalian_Genome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammalian Genome (laman tidak wujud)">Mammalian Genome</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. 24 (1): 80–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00335-012-9432-0">10.1007/s00335-012-9432-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1777">1432-1777</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23064780">23064780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1161310">1161310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Genome&rft.atitle=Identification+of+recent+hybridization+between+gray+wolves+and+domesticated+dogs+by+SNP+genotyping&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-88&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.issn=1432-1777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1161310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23064780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00335-012-9432-0&rft.aulast=vonHoldt&rft.aufirst=Bridgett+Marie&rft.au=Pollinger%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Earl%2C+Dent+A.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Heidi+G.&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+Ann&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayr1999-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayr1999_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMayr1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Mayr (laman tidak wujud)">Mayr, Ernst Walter</a> (15 Oktober 1999). "VIII-Nongeographic speciation" [VIII-Penspesiesan tidak berdasarkan geografi]. Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist [Sistematik dan Asal Usul Spesies Berdasarkan Sudut Pandangan Ahli Zoologi] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. m/s. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780674862500" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780674862500"><bdi>9780674862500</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41565294">41565294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII-Nongeographic+speciation&rft.btitle=Systematics+and+the+Origin+of+Species+from+the+Viewpoint+of+a+Zoologist&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999-10-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41565294&rft.isbn=9780674862500&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VilàArbonès2003-172"><a href="#cite_ref-VilàArbonès2003_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVilà_ArbonèsSundqvistFlagstadSeddon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vilà Arbonès, Carles; Sundqvist, Anna-Karin; Flagstad, Øystein; Seddon, Jennifer M.; Björnerfeldt, Susanne; Kojola, Ilpo; Casulli, Adriano; Sand, Håkan; Wabakken, Petter; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ellegren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Ellegren (laman tidak wujud)">Ellegren, Hans</a> (7 Januari 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691214">"Rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant"</a> [Penyelamatan populasi serigala yang separahnya terjejal oleh satu imigran tunggal]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society (laman tidak wujud)">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. 270 (1510): 91–97. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.201">10.1.1.549.201</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2184">10.1098/rspb.2002.2184</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2954">1471-2954</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3558729">3558729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691214">1691214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590776">12590776</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13997462">13997462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rescue+of+a+severely+bottlenecked+wolf+%28Canis+lupus%29+population+by+a+single+immigrant&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1510&rft.pages=91-97&rft.date=2003-01-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691214%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13997462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2184&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.549.201%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=1471-2954&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3558729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12590776&rft.aulast=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Carles&rft.au=Sundqvist%2C+Anna-Karin&rft.au=Flagstad%2C+%C3%98ystein&rft.au=Seddon%2C+Jennifer+M.&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rnerfeldt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Kojola%2C+Ilpo&rft.au=Casulli%2C+Adriano&rft.au=Sand%2C+H%C3%A5kan&rft.au=Wabakken%2C+Petter&rft.au=Ellegren%2C+Hans&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muñoz-Fuentes2009-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muñoz-Fuentes2009_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muñoz-Fuentes2009_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muñoz-Fuentes2009_173-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz-FuentesDarimontWaynePaquet2009" class="citation journal cs1">Muñoz-Fuentes, Violeta; Darimont, Christopher Tod; Wayne, Robert Keith; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_C._Paquet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul C. Paquet (laman tidak wujud)">Paquet, Paul Charles Francis Xavier</a>; Leonard, Jennifer A. (16 Julai 2009). "Ecological factors drive differentiation in wolves from British Columbia" [Faktor-faktor ekologi mendorong pembezaan pada serigala dari British Columbia]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Biogeography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Biogeography (laman tidak wujud)">Journal of Biogeography</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 36 (8): 1516–1531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JBiog..36.1516M">2009JBiog..36.1516M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2008.02067.x">10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02067.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10261%2F61670">10261/61670</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2699">1365-2699</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40305915">40305915</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38788935">38788935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Ecological+factors+drive+differentiation+in+wolves+from+British+Columbia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1516-1531&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F61670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38788935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JBiog..36.1516M&rft.issn=1365-2699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2008.02067.x&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40305915%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz-Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Violeta&rft.au=Darimont%2C+Christopher+Tod&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft.au=Paquet%2C+Paul+Charles+Francis+Xavier&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Jennifer+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valière2003-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Valière2003_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Valière, Nathaniel; Fumagalli, Luca; Gielly, Ludovic; Miquel, Christian; Lequette, Benoît; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Weber, Jean-Marc; Arlettaz, Raphaël; Taberlet, Pierre (Februari 2003). "Long-distance wolf recolonization of France and Switzerland inferred from non-invasive genetic sampling over a period of 10 years" [Kolonisasi semula jarak jauh Perancis dan Switzerland oleh serigala yang diinferenskan daripada pensampelan genetik tidak invasif selama tempoh 10 tahun]. Animal Conservation (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_Zoologi_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan Zoologi London (laman tidak wujud)">Persatuan Zoologi London</a>. 6 (1): 83–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AnCon...6...83V">2003AnCon...6...83V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1367943003003111">10.1017/S1367943003003111</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-1795">1469-1795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85815288">85815288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Conservation&rft.atitle=Long-distance+wolf+recolonization+of+France+and+Switzerland+inferred+from+non-invasive+genetic+sampling+over+a+period+of+10+years&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-92&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1367943003003111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85815288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-1795&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AnCon...6...83V&rft.aulast=Vali%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft.au=Fumagalli%2C+Luca&rft.au=Gielly%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Miquel%2C+Christian&rft.au=Lequette%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Poulle%2C+Marie-Lazarine&rft.au=Weber%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Arlettaz%2C+Rapha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Taberlet%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabbri2013-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Fabbri2013_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFabbriCanigliaKusakGalov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fabbri, Elena; Caniglia, Romolo; Kusak, Josip; Galov, Ana; Gomerčić, Tomislav; Arbanasić, Haidi; Huber, Đuro; Randi, Ettore (12 Oktober 2013). "Genetic structure of expanding wolf (Canis lupus) populations in Italy and Croatia, and the early steps of the recolonization of the Eastern Alps" [Struktur genetik populasi-populasi berkembang serigala (Canis lupus) di Itali dan di Croatia dan langkah-langkah awal kolonisasi semula Pergunungan Alp Timur]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammalian_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammalian Biology (laman tidak wujud)">Mammalian Biology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. 79 (2): 138–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MamBi..79..138F">2014MamBi..79..138F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2013.10.002">10.1016/j.mambio.2013.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1618-1476">1618-1476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55698358">55698358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+structure+of+expanding+wolf+%28Canis+lupus%29+populations+in+Italy+and+Croatia%2C+and+the+early+steps+of+the+recolonization+of+the+Eastern+Alps&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-148&rft.date=2013-10-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2013.10.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55698358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1618-1476&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MamBi..79..138F&rft.aulast=Fabbri&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Caniglia%2C+Romolo&rft.au=Kusak%2C+Josip&rft.au=Galov%2C+Ana&rft.au=Gomer%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Tomislav&rft.au=Arbanasi%C4%87%2C+Haidi&rft.au=Huber%2C+%C4%90uro&rft.au=Randi%2C+Ettore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stronen2013-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Stronen2013_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStronenJędrzejewskaPertoldiDemontis2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stronen, Astrid Vik; Jędrzejewska, Bogumiła Ewa; Pertoldi, Cino; Demontis, Ditte; Randi, Ettore; Niedziałkowska, Magdalena Paulina; Pilot, Małgorzata; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Evgenevich_Sidorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Evgenevich Sidorovich (laman tidak wujud)">Sidorovich, Vadim Evgenevich</a>; Dykyy, Ihor Vasylʹovich; Kusak, Josip; Tsingarska-Sedefcheva, Elena; Kojola, Ilpo; Karamanlidis, Alexandros A.; Ornicāns, Aivars; Lobkov, Vladimir Alekseyevich; Dumenko, Vitalii; Czarnomska, Sylwia Dagmara (11 Oktober 2013). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hofreiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Hofreiter (laman tidak wujud)">Hofreiter, Michael</a> (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795770">"North-South Differentiation and a Region of High Diversity in European Wolves (Canis lupus)"</a> [Pembezaan Utara–Selatan dan Sebuah Rantau dengan Kepelbagaian Tinggi pada Serigala Eropah (Canis lupus)]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS_One&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS One (laman tidak wujud)">PLOS One</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS (laman tidak wujud)">PLOS</a>. 8 (10): e76454. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...876454S">2013PLoSO...876454S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0076454">10.1371/journal.pone.0076454</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795770">3795770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24146871">24146871</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8562443">8562443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=North-South+Differentiation+and+a+Region+of+High+Diversity+in+European+Wolves+%28Canis+lupus%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e76454&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3795770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8562443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...876454S&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0076454&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24146871&rft.aulast=Stronen&rft.aufirst=Astrid+Vik&rft.au=J%C4%99drzejewska%2C+Bogumi%C5%82a+Ewa&rft.au=Pertoldi%2C+Cino&rft.au=Demontis%2C+Ditte&rft.au=Randi%2C+Ettore&rft.au=Niedzia%C5%82kowska%2C+Magdalena+Paulina&rft.au=Pilot%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Sidorovich%2C+Vadim+Evgenevich&rft.au=Dykyy%2C+Ihor+Vasyl%CA%B9ovich&rft.au=Kusak%2C+Josip&rft.au=Tsingarska-Sedefcheva%2C+Elena&rft.au=Kojola%2C+Ilpo&rft.au=Karamanlidis%2C+Alexandros+A.&rft.au=Ornic%C4%81ns%2C+Aivars&rft.au=Lobkov%2C+Vladimir+Alekseyevich&rft.au=Dumenko%2C+Vitalii&rft.au=Czarnomska%2C+Sylwia+Dagmara&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3795770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schweizer2015b-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schweizer2015b_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schweizer2015b_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchweizerRobinsonHarriganda_Silva2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schweizer, Rena M.; Robinson, Jacqueline Anita; Harrigan, Ryan J.; da Silva, Pedro Manuel Soares; Galaverni, Marco; Musiani, Marco; Green, Richard Edward; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Novembre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Novembre (laman tidak wujud)">Novembre, John Peter</a>; Wayne, Robert Keith (12 November 2015). "Targeted capture and resequencing of 1040 genes reveal environmentally driven functional variation in grey wolves" [Penangkapan bersasar dan penjujukan semula bagi 1040 gen mendedahkan variasi berfungsi dorongan persekitaran pada serigala kelabu]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Ecology (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Molecular Ecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 25 (1): 357–379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MolEc..25..357S">2016MolEc..25..357S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.13467">10.1111/mec.13467</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11585%2F902365">11585/902365</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-294X">1365-294X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26562361">26562361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17798894">17798894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Targeted+capture+and+resequencing+of+1040+genes+reveal+environmentally+driven+functional+variation+in+grey+wolves&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=357-379&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F902365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17798894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016MolEc..25..357S&rft.issn=1365-294X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmec.13467&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26562361&rft.aulast=Schweizer&rft.aufirst=Rena+M.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jacqueline+Anita&rft.au=Harrigan%2C+Ryan+J.&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+Pedro+Manuel+Soares&rft.au=Galaverni%2C+Marco&rft.au=Musiani%2C+Marco&rft.au=Green%2C+Richard+Edward&rft.au=Novembre%2C+John+Peter&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Keefe2013-178"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Keefe2013_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFO'KeefeMeachenFetBrannick2013" class="citation journal cs1">O'Keefe, Frank Robin; Meachen, Julie A.; Fet, Elizabeth Victoria; Brannick, Alexandria L. 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"Historical and ecological determinants of genetic structure in arctic canids" [Penentu-penentu sejarah dan ekologi bagi struktur genetik pada canid-canid Artik]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Ecology (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Molecular Ecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 16 (16): 3466–3483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MolEc..16.3466C">2007MolEc..16.3466C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03381.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03381.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-294X">1365-294X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17688546">17688546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20760315">20760315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Historical+and+ecological+determinants+of+genetic+structure+in+arctic+canids&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=3466-3483&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20760315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007MolEc..16.3466C&rft.issn=1365-294X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03381.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17688546&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+Erin&rft.au=Krizan%2C+Julia&rft.au=Nagy%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Fuglei%2C+Eva&rft.au=Dumond%2C+Mathieu&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Deborah+L.&rft.au=Veitch%2C+Alasdair+M.&rft.au=Berteaux%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Strobeck%2C+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofreiter2010-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Hofreiter2010_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHofreiterBarnes2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hofreiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Hofreiter (laman tidak wujud)">Hofreiter, Michael</a>; Barnes, Ian (21 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858106">"Diversity lost: are all Holarctic large mammal species just relict populations?"</a> [Kepelbagaian yang lenyap: adakah semua spesies mamalia besar Holartik hanya populasi peninggalan]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BMC_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMC Biology (laman tidak wujud)">BMC Biology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=BioMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BioMed Central (laman tidak wujud)">BioMed Central</a>. 8 (1): 46. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-46">10.1186/1741-7007-8-46</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1741-7007">1741-7007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858106">2858106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20409351">20409351</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3173065">3173065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Diversity+lost%3A+are+all+Holarctic+large+mammal+species+just+relict+populations%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2858106%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3173065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-46&rft.issn=1741-7007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20409351&rft.aulast=Hofreiter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Ian&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2858106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael2001-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael2001_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichaelNagyLarterStrobeck2001" class="citation journal cs1">Carmichael, Lindsey Erin; 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"Pleistocene megafauna from eastern Beringia: Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope and radiocarbon records" [Megafauna Pleistosen dari Beringia timur: Tafsiran paleoekologi dan tafsiran paleopersekitaran bagi isotop karbon dan isotop nitrogen stabil dan rekod-rekod radiokarbon]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (laman tidak wujud)">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 261 (1–2): 30–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPP...261...30F">2008PPP...261...30F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.12.011">10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.12.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1872-616X">1872-616X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20982449">20982449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+megafauna+from+eastern+Beringia%3A+Paleoecological+and+paleoenvironmental+interpretations+of+stable+carbon+and+nitrogen+isotope+and+radiocarbon+records&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=30-46&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.12.011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20982449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1872-616X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PPP...261...30F&rft.aulast=Fox-Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Kena&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Koch%2C+Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baryshnikov2009-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Baryshnikov2009_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBaryshnikovMolTikhonov2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadiy_Fyodorovich_Baryshnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gennadiy Fyodorovich Baryshnikov (laman tidak wujud)">Baryshnikov, Gennadiy Fyodorovich</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dick_Mol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dick Mol (laman tidak wujud)">Mol, Dick</a>; Tikhonov, Aleksey Nikolayevich (2009). "Finding of the Late Pleistocene carnivores in Taimyr Peninsula (Russia, Siberia) with paleoecological context = Находка на полуострове Таймыр (Сибирь, Россия) позднеплейстоценовых хищных млекопитающих и их палеоэкологическая интерпретация" [Penemuan karnivor Pleistosen Akhir di Semenanjung Taimyr (Rusia, Siberia) dengan konteks paleoekologi = Penemuan di Semenanjung Taymyr (Siberia, Rusia) bagi mamalia pemangsa Pleistosen Akhir dan tafsiran paleoekologinya]. Russian Journal of Theriology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). KMK Scientific Press. 8 (2): 107–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15298%2Frusjtheriol.08.2.04">10.15298/rusjtheriol.08.2.04</a> (Tidak aktif 30 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1682-3559">1682-3559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129963177">129963177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Theriology&rft.atitle=Finding+of+the+Late+Pleistocene+carnivores+in+Taimyr+Peninsula+%28Russia%2C+Siberia%29+with+paleoecological+context+%3D+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80+%28%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%2C+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%29+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-113&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129963177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1682-3559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15298%2Frusjtheriol.08.2.04&rft.aulast=Baryshnikov&rft.aufirst=Gennadiy+Fyodorovich&rft.au=Mol%2C+Dick&rft.au=Tikhonov%2C+Aleksey+Nikolayevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (laman tidak wujud)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilot2013-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Pilot2013_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPilotGrecovonHoldtJędrzejewska2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pilot, Małgorzata; Greco, Claudia; vonHoldt, Bridgett Marie; Jędrzejewska, Bogumiła Ewa; Randi, Ettore; <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82odzimierz_J%C4%99drzejewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski (laman tidak wujud)">Jędrzejewski, Włodzimierz</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Evgenevich_Sidorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Evgenevich Sidorovich (laman tidak wujud)">Sidorovich, Vadim Evgenevich</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Ostrander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Ostrander (laman tidak wujud)">Ostrander, Elaine Ann</a>; Wayne, Robert Keith (18 Disember 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966127">"Genome-wide signatures of population bottlenecks and diversifying selection in European wolves"</a> [Tunjuk tanda segenom bagi kejejalan-kejejalan populasi dan pemilihan pempelbagaikan pada serigala Eropah]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heredity_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heredity (jurnal) (laman tidak wujud)">Heredity</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Portfolio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Portfolio (laman tidak wujud)">Nature Portfolio</a>. 112 (4): 428–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.2013.122">10.1038/hdy.2013.122</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2540">1365-2540</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966127">3966127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24346500">24346500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12825453">12825453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heredity&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+signatures+of+population+bottlenecks+and+diversifying+selection+in+European+wolves&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=428-442&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3966127%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12825453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fhdy.2013.122&rft.issn=1365-2540&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24346500&rft.aulast=Pilot&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Greco%2C+Claudia&rft.au=vonHoldt%2C+Bridgett+Marie&rft.au=J%C4%99drzejewska%2C+Bogumi%C5%82a+Ewa&rft.au=Randi%2C+Ettore&rft.au=J%C4%99drzejewski%2C+W%C5%82odzimierz&rft.au=Sidorovich%2C+Vadim+Evgenevich&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+Ann&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+Keith&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3966127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ovodov2011-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Ovodov2011_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFOvodovCrockfordKuzʹminHigham2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Dmitriyevich_Ovodov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Dmitriyevich Ovodov (laman tidak wujud)">Ovodov, Nikolay Dmitriyevich</a>; 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Crockford (laman tidak wujud)">Crockford, Susan Janet</a>; Kuzʹmin, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Higham_(ahli_arkeologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Higham (ahli arkeologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Higham, Thomas F. G.</a>; Hodgins, Gregory W. L.; van der Plicht, Johannes (28 Julai 2011). 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Archéologie et Préhistoire (PhD) (dalam bahasa Perancis). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Bordeaux" title="Universiti Bordeaux">Universiti Bordeaux</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127610689">127610689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=LES+CANIS+PLEISTOCENES+DU+SUD+DE+LA+FRANCE+%3A+APPROCHE+BIOSYSTEMATIQUE%2C+EVOLUTIVE+ET+BIOCHRONOLOGIQUE&rft.inst=Universiti+Bordeaux&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127610689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boudadi-Maligne&rft.aufirst=Myriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.hal.science%2Ftel-00908031%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimitrijević2012-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrijević2012_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrijevićVuković-Bogdanović2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrijević, Vesna; Vuković-Bogdanović, Sonja I. (27 Jun 2012). "Was the Dog Locally Domesticated in the Danube Gorges? Morphometric Study of Dog Cranial Remains From Four Mesolithic–Early Neolithic Archaeological Sites by Comparison With Contemporary Wolves" [Adakah Anjing Dibelajinakkan secara Setempat di Gaung-gaung Sungai Donau? Kajian Morfometri tentang Tinggalan Tengkorak Anjing dari Empat Tapak Arkeologi Mesolitik–Awal Neolitik melalui Perbandingan dengan Serigala Semasa]. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(penerbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (penerbit)">Wiley</a>. 25 (1): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Foa.2260">10.1002/oa.2260</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1212">1099-1212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70362765">70362765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Osteoarchaeology&rft.atitle=Was+the+Dog+Locally+Domesticated+in+the+Danube+Gorges%3F+Morphometric+Study+of+Dog+Cranial+Remains+From+Four+Mesolithic%E2%80%93Early+Neolithic+Archaeological+Sites+by+Comparison+With+Contemporary+Wolves&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A70362765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1099-1212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Foa.2260&rft.aulast=Dimitrijevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rft.au=Vukovi%C4%87-Bogdanovi%C4%87%2C+Sonja+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson2012-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Larson2012_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonKarlssonPerriWebster2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greger_Larson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greger Larson (laman tidak wujud)">Larson, Greger John</a>; Karlsson, Elinor Kathryn; Perri, Angela R.; Webster, Matthew Thomas; Ho, Simon Y. W.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joris_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joris Peters (laman tidak wujud)">Peters, Joris</a>; Stahl, Peter W.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Piper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Piper (laman tidak wujud)">Piper, Philip John</a>; Lingaas, Frode; Fredholm, Merete; Comstock, Kenine E.; Modiano, Jaime F.; Schelling, Claude; Agoulnik, Alexander I.; Leegwater, Peter A. J.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Dobney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Dobney (laman tidak wujud)">Dobney, Keith M.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Denis_Vigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Denis Vigne (laman tidak wujud)">Vigne, Jean-Denis</a>; Vilà Arbonès, Carles; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leif_Andersson_(ahli_genetik_haiwan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leif Andersson (ahli genetik haiwan) (laman tidak wujud)">Andersson, Leif Bertil</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerstin_Lindblad-Toh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerstin Lindblad-Toh (laman tidak wujud)">Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin</a> (21 Mei 2012). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Burger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Burger (laman tidak wujud)">Burger, Joachim</a> (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384140">"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography"</a> [Memikirkan pembelajinakan anjing semula dengan menyepadukan genetik, arkeologi, dan biogeografi]. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Kebangsaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat">Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat</a>. 109 (23): 8878–8883. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109.8878L">2012PNAS..109.8878L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1203005109">10.1073/pnas.1203005109</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/1828%2F8411">1828/8411</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41603020">41603020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384140">3384140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22615366">22615366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7845853">7845853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Rethinking+dog+domestication+by+integrating+genetics%2C+archeology%2C+and+biogeography&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=8878-8883&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3384140%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7845853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1203005109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109.8878L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41603020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22615366&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1828%2F8411&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Greger+John&rft.au=Karlsson%2C+Elinor+Kathryn&rft.au=Perri%2C+Angela+R.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Matthew+Thomas&rft.au=Ho%2C+Simon+Y.+W.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Joris&rft.au=Stahl%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Piper%2C+Philip+John&rft.au=Lingaas%2C+Frode&rft.au=Fredholm%2C+Merete&rft.au=Comstock%2C+Kenine+E.&rft.au=Modiano%2C+Jaime+F.&rft.au=Schelling%2C+Claude&rft.au=Agoulnik%2C+Alexander+I.&rft.au=Leegwater%2C+Peter+A.+J.&rft.au=Dobney%2C+Keith+M.&rft.au=Vigne%2C+Jean-Denis&rft.au=Vil%C3%A0+Arbon%C3%A8s%2C+Carles&rft.au=Andersson%2C+Leif+Bertil&rft.au=Lindblad-Toh%2C+Kerstin&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3384140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karya">Karya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bahagian: Karya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serigala&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Karya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWangTedford2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiaoming_Wang_(ahli_paleontologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiaoming Wang (ahli paleontologi) (laman tidak wujud)">Wang, Xiaoming</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_H._Tedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. Tedford (laman tidak wujud)">Tedford, Richard Hall</a> (17 Mei 2010). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives & Evolutionary History [Anjing: Kerabat Fosil dan Sejarah Evolusinya] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diilustrasi oleh Mauricio Antón. New York, New York, Amerika Syarikat: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. m/s. 1–232. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780231135290" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780231135290"><bdi>9780231135290</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/502410693">502410693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogs%3A+Their+Fossil+Relatives+%26+Evolutionary+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+Amerika+Syarikat&rft.pages=1-232&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F502410693&rft.isbn=9780231135290&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft.au=Tedford%2C+Richard+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEvolusi+serigala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Filogenetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Filogenetik (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Filogenetik</a> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ekspresi_gen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ekspresi_gen" title="Templat:Ekspresi gen"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Ekspresi_gen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Ekspresi gen (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ekspresi_gen&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ekspresi_gen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekspresi_gen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekspresi gen (laman tidak wujud)">Ekspresi gen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengenalan_terhadap_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengenalan terhadap genetik (laman tidak wujud)">Pengenalan terhadap genetik</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod genetik (laman tidak wujud)">Kod genetik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dogma_pusat_biologi_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dogma pusat biologi molekul (laman tidak wujud)">Dogma pusat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> → <a href="/wiki/RNA_pengutus" title="RNA pengutus">RNA</a> → <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dogma_pusat_biologi_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dogma pusat biologi molekul (laman tidak wujud)">Penghantaran khas</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_polimerase_bergantungan_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA polimerase bergantungan RNA (laman tidak wujud)">RNA→RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripsi_terbalik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripsi terbalik (laman tidak wujud)">RNA→DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Protein→Protein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_(biologi)" title="Transkripsi (biologi)">Transkripsi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Jenis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripsi_bakteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripsi bakteria (laman tidak wujud)">Bakteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripsi_arkea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripsi arkea (laman tidak wujud)">Arkea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripsi_eukariot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripsi eukariot (laman tidak wujud)">Eukariot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Unsur utama</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_transkripsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor transkripsi (laman tidak wujud)">Faktor transkripsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_polimerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA polimerase (laman tidak wujud)">RNA polimerase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promoter_(genetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promoter (genetik) (laman tidak wujud)">Promoter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pengubahsuaian_pascatranskripsi" title="Pengubahsuaian pascatranskripsi">Pascatranskripsi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkrip_primer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkrip primer (laman tidak wujud)">mRNA pelopor (pre-mRNA / hnRNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penutup_prima_lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penutup prima lima (laman tidak wujud)">Penutupan 5'</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemotongan_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemotongan RNA (laman tidak wujud)">Pemotongan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pempoliadenilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pempoliadenilan (laman tidak wujud)">Pempoliadenilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengasetilan_dan_penyahasetilan_histon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengasetilan dan penyahasetilan histon (laman tidak wujud)">Pengasetilan dan penyahasetilan histon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terjemahan_(biologi)" title="Terjemahan (biologi)">Terjemahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Jenis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terjemahan_bakteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terjemahan bakteria (laman tidak wujud)">Bakteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terjemahan_arkea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terjemahan arkea (laman tidak wujud)">Arkea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terjemahan_eukariot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terjemahan eukariot (laman tidak wujud)">Eukariot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Unsur utama</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">Ribosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_penghantar" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA penghantar">RNA penghantar (tRNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_rantai_permulaan_ribosom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks rantai permulaan ribosom (laman tidak wujud)">Kompleks rantai permulaan ribosom (RNC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengubahsuaian_pascaterjemahan" title="Pengubahsuaian pascaterjemahan">Pengubahsuaian pascaterjemahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peraturan_ekspresi_gen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peraturan ekspresi gen">Kawal atur</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetik" title="Epigenetik">Epigenetik</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peneraan_genom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peneraan genom (laman tidak wujud)">peneraan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengawalaturan_transkripsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengawalaturan transkripsi (laman tidak wujud)">Transkripsi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_kawal_atur_gen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaringan kawal atur gen (laman tidak wujud)">Jaringan kawal atur gen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kawal_atur_cis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unsur kawal atur cis (laman tidak wujud)">Unsur kawal atur cis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operon_lac" title="Operon lac">Operon lac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengawalaturan_pascatranskripsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengawalaturan pascatranskripsi (laman tidak wujud)">Pascatranskripsi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan P (laman tidak wujud)">pensekuestran (badan P)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemotongan_alternatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemotongan alternatif (laman tidak wujud)">pemotongan alternatif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikro-RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikro-RNA (laman tidak wujud)">mikro-RNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengawalaturan_terjemahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengawalaturan terjemahan (laman tidak wujud)">Terjemahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengawalaturan_pascaterjemahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengawalaturan pascaterjemahan (laman tidak wujud)">Pascaterjemahan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemfosforilan" title="Pemfosforilan">berbalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteolisis" title="Proteolisis">tak berbalik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tokoh</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Genetik (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Genetik</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Evolusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Evolusi (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Evolusi</a>    </div><noscript><img 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