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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stalinism_and_anti-Stalinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalinism_and_anti-Stalinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Stalinism and anti-Stalinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalinism_and_anti-Stalinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_neo-Stalinist_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_neo-Stalinist_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alleged neo-Stalinist regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_neo-Stalinist_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-Soviet Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Public views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>School education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>History studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurskaya_station_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurskaya_station_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Kurskaya station controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurskaya_station_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="ستالينية جديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستالينية جديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostalinismus" title="Neostalinismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neostalinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostalinismus" title="Neostalinismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neostalinismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νεοσταλινισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεοσταλινισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoestalinismo" title="Neoestalinismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neoestalinismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئواستالینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئواستالینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9o-stalinisme" title="Néo-stalinisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néo-stalinisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="신스탈린주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신스탈린주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Նեոստալինիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեոստալինիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostalinismo" title="Neostalinismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neostalinismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნეოსტალინიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეოსტალინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ネオ・スターリニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネオ・スターリニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostalinismo" title="Neostalinismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neostalinismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неосталинизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неосталинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neo-Stalinism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystalinism" title="Nystalinism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nystalinism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostalinizm" title="Neostalinizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neostalinizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неосталінізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism" title="Category:Stalinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/100px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/150px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/200px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialist_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialist patriotism">Soviet socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Yaroslavsky" title="Yemelyan Yaroslavsky">Yemelyan Yaroslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Nina Andreyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan" title="First five-year plan">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the Soviet Union">Collectivisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialisation in the Soviet Union">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labour">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. 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border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neo-Stalinism</b> is the promotion of positive views of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s role in history, the partial re-establishing of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalin's policies</a> on certain or all issues, and <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a> for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalinist period</a>. Neo-Stalinism overlaps significantly with <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">neo-Sovietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Soviet nostalgia</a>. Various definitions of the term have been given over the years. Neo-Stalinism is being actively promoted by <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianist currents</a> in various <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> and official rehabilitation of Stalin has occurred in <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eurasianist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>, an influential neo-Stalinist ideologue in Russian elite circles, has praised Stalin as the “greatest personality in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian history</a>”, comparing him to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a> used "neo-Stalinism" in 1948 to refer to a new political ideology—new development in Soviet policy, which he defined as a reactionary trend whose beginning was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a> period of the mid-1930s, writing: "The ideologists of neo-Stalinism are merely the tendrils shot ahead by the phenomena – fascism and Stalinism – which outline the social and political form of a neo-barbarism".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) distinguished between Stalinism and neo-Stalinism in that "[t]he Soviet leaders have not reverted to two extremes of Stalin's rule – one-man dictatorship and mass terror. For this reason, their policy deserves the label "neo-Stalinist" rather than "Stalinist".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katerina Clark, describing an anti-Khrushchev, pro-Stalin current in Soviet literary world during the 1960s, described the work of "neo-Stalinist" writers as harking back to "the Stalin era and its leaders<span class="nowrap"> </span>... as a time of unity, strong rule and national honor".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a>, writing in 1975, the term describes the <a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> of Joseph Stalin, identification with him and the associated political system, nostalgia for the Stalinist period in Russia's history, restoration of Stalinist policies and a return to the administrative <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">terror</a> of the Stalinist period while avoiding some of the worst excesses.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic Katerina Clark defines Neo-Stalinism as praising "the Stalin era and its leaders<span class="nowrap"> </span>... as a time of unity, strong rule and national honor".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political geographer Denis J. B. Shaw, writing in 1999, considered the Soviet Union as neo-Stalinist until the post-1985 period of transition to capitalism. He identified neo-Stalinism as a political system with <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> and highly developed <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a>, writing in 1986, portrays neo-Stalinism as a "<a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophile</a> emphasis on Russia and her history", saying that "what is called neo-Stalinism is not exclusively an expression of a desire to control, dominate, repress and dragoon; it is also the expression of a desire that Russia, while making use of western science and technology, should avoid contamination by western 'degenerate' attitudes and pursue her own path".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to former <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, using the term in 2006, it more broadly refers to a moderated Stalinist state without large-scale <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressions</a>, but with persecution of political opponents and total control of all political activities in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10369289_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10369289-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinism_and_anti-Stalinism">Stalinism and anti-Stalinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stalinism and anti-Stalinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his monograph <i>Reconsidering Stalinism</i>, historian Henry Reichman discusses differing and evolving perspectives on the use of the term <i>Stalinism</i>, saying that "in scholarly usage 'Stalinism' describes here a movement, there an economic, political, or social system, elsewhere a type of political practice or belief-system". He references historian Stephen Cohen's work reassessing Soviet history after Stalin as a "continuing tension between <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist</a> reformism and neo-Stalinist conservatism", observing that such a characterization requires a "coherent" definition of Stalinism—whose essential features Cohen leaves undefined.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_neo-Stalinist_regimes">Alleged neo-Stalinist regimes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alleged neo-Stalinist regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a> have classified the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">régime of Romania</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> (1965–1989) as "neo-Stalinist".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> (in power 1943 to 1985) described himself as neo-Stalinist, and his ideology – <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a> – features some Stalinist elements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> After Stalin's death (1953), Hoxha denounced Stalin's successor <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and accused him of revisionism in the mid-1950s – the differences eventually caused Albania to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1968. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalq</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (April 1978 – December 1979) has been described as neo-Stalinist with its leader <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a>, who kept a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> on his desk. When Soviet officials criticized him for his brutality, Amin replied "Comrade Stalin showed us how to build socialism in a backward country."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its policies shocked the country and contributed to starting the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> of 1979–1989 and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Western sources have characterised <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> as a neo-Stalinist state;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea adopted a modified <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> into <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i> as its official ideology in the 1970s, with references to Marxism–Leninism altogether scrapped from the revised state <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">constitution</a> in 1992, following by references to communism in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> has long been considered to be a neo-Stalinist state; when Hafez al-Assad established a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> modelled after Stalin's rule during 1970s. Assad's <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> borrowed many features of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>; such as a brutal security apparatus operating extrajudicially, <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass-surveillance</a> in the society through an invasive secret police and a pervasive state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> centred around the ruling family.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sohn_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad dynasty">Assad dynasty</a> ruled Syria by vicious methods of violence throughout its reign, characterized by <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terror</a>, massacres, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">aerial bombing of cities</a>, military clampdowns, etc.; which has resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sohn_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">Soviet Union after Stalin's death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgi Malenkov</a>, one of the new leadership group (<a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier of the Soviet Union</a> from 1953 to 1955), also headlined new ideologies. He publicly began to advocate for peace and wanted to reduce tensions by negotiating Cold-War issues, and expressing a desire to get along with the West. He called for meetings between the East and West in hopes of reducing forces in Europe, while also advocating for a settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean situation</a> and for <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> groups like the Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Workers%27_Liberty" title="Alliance for Workers' Liberty">Alliance for Workers' Liberty</a> characterise <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">modern China</a> as "neo-Stalinist".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> non-communist regime was sometimes considered a neo-Stalinist one,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in respect of Niyazov's <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a>'s non-communist authoritarian regime in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> from 1989 to 2016 has also been described as "neo-Stalinist".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1956, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet leader">Soviet leader</a> Nikita Khrushchev denounced the <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's cult of personality">cult of personality</a> surrounding his predecessor Joseph Stalin and condemned crimes committed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. Khrushchev gave his four-hour speech, "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>", condemning the Stalin regime. Historian Robert V. Daniels holds that "neo-Stalinism prevailed politically for more than a quarter of a century after Stalin himself left the scene".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Trotskyist comprehension of Stalin's policies as a deviation from the path of Marxism–Leninism, <a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a> described Khrushchev's politics as guided by a "neo-Stalinist line", its principle being that "the socialist forces can conquer all opposition even in the imperialist centers, not by the example of internal class power, but by the external power of Soviet example",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining as such: "Khrushchev's innovations at the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Twentieth Congress</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>... made official doctrine of Stalin's revisionist practices [as] the new program discards the Leninist conception of imperialism and its corresponding revolutionary class struggle policies."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American broadcasts into Europe during the late 1950s described a political struggle between the "old Stalinists" and "the neo-Stalinist Khrushchev".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1964, Khrushchev was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, who remained in office until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">his death</a> in November 1982. During his reign, Stalin's controversies were de-emphasized. Andres Laiapea connects this with "the exile of many <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet dissident">dissidents</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Laiapea_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laiapea-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though whereas Laiapea writes that "[t]he rehabilitation of Stalin went hand in hand with the establishment of a personality cult around Brezhnev",<sup id="cite_ref-Laiapea_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laiapea-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political sociologist Viktor Zaslavsky characterizes Brezhnev's period as one of "neo-Stalinist compromise" as the essentials of the political atmosphere associated with Stalin were retained without a personality cult.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>, "[t]he advent of Brezhnev’s regime heralded the advent of neo-Stalinism, and the measures <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">taken against Czechoslovakia in 1968</a> were the final consolidation of the neo-Stalinist forces in the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, and other countries".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American political scientist Seweryn Bialer has described Soviet policy as turning towards neo-Stalinism after Brezhnev's death.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Mikhail Gorbachev took over in March 1985, he introduced the policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> in public discussions to <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalize</a> the Soviet system. Within six years, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union fell apart</a>. Still, Gorbachev admitted in 2000 that "[e]ven now in Russia we have the same problem. It isn't so easy to give up the inheritance we received from Stalinism and Neo-Stalinism, when people were turned into cogs in the wheel, and those in power made all the decisions for them".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorbachev's domestic policies have been described as neo-Stalinist by some Western sources.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_Russia">Post-Soviet Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most fervent proponents of neo-Stalinism and rehabilitation of Stalin in post-Soviet Russia include the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a> (CPRF). With the approval of <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Putin government</a>, CPRF has installed hundreds of monuments glorifying Stalin all across <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> since the 2000s. CPRF has been organizing annual ceremonies at the grave of Stalin in <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a> to commemorate his birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Vorobyov_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vorobyov-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kartashkov_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashkov-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Gennady_Zyuganov-1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vladimir_Putin_with_Gennady_Zyuganov-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Gennady_Zyuganov-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Vladimir_Putin_with_Gennady_Zyuganov-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> with <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">CPRF</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>. Both have been influential proponents of Neo-Stalinism in <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet Russia">post-Soviet Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Formed in 1992 by anti-<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> hardliners of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a>, CPRF became a vehement opponent of <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">1990s privatization</a> policies and has denounced the current boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> as "unnatural". Blaming Russia's decline on Western capitalism, CPRF leader <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> proposes the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">revival of Soviet Union</a> to restore Russian prestige. The party advocates communist <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a>, which believes in the construction of a new "<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> homeland" through re-incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet countries</a>; imagining the new state as the harbinger "for remaking history" and lead the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Bloc">Socialist Bloc</a> once again. Through its embracal of <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a>, the party portrays communism as an organic expression or communal soul (<i>"<a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">sobornost</a></i>") of "the age-old Russian traditions of community and <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">collectivism</a>" which distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Russian_world" title="Russian world">Russian World</a> from the Western world and its "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois values</a> and market <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>". CPRF believes that the revival of Russia's "<i>Derzhava</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">super-power status</a>) is dependent on instilling <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet patriotism</a> and neo-Stalinism; marked by glorification of <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">technological prowess of Soviet Union</a>, promotion of myths around "<a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a>" and adulation of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist era">Stalinist era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a> underwent an extensive state-backed programme of <a href="/wiki/Stalinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinization">Re-Stalinization</a>; through <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">mass media</a>, cinema, academia, educational institutions, military propaganda and <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. Sociologist Dina Khapaeva asserts that a "social consensus" has emerged amongst the majority of Russian citizens, academics and authorities in rehabilitating Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartashkov_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashkov-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khapaeva_65–66_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khapaeva_65–66-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Duma">Russian Duma</a> passed a controversial "memory law" criminalizing discussions of atrocities committed during the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist era">Stalinist era</a> or making <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">comparisons between Nazism and Stalinism</a>, under the pretexts of combating <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> and defending the "historical memory of events which took place during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>". Despite strong condemnation from <a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">international historical societies</a> across the world, the bill was passed and inserted as an article into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Criminal Code">Russian Criminal Code</a>. The bill was supported by the ruling <a href="/wiki/United_Russia_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United Russia Party">United Russia Party</a> and allied <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartashkov_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashkov-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khapaeva_65–66_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khapaeva_65–66-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian war</a> in 2014, neo-Stalinism underwent an explosive growth across the Russian society with the firm backing of the state. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has personally endorsed the re-emergence of the Stalin cult, portraying the Soviet dictator as a visionary who saved the world from <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">European fascism</a> and led Russians to victory during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various busts and portraits of Stalin have been installed in territories controlled by Russian-backed separatists in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Russian Communist Party</a> has been one of the biggest backers of <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a> ordered by Putin in 2022, viewing the invasion as being aligned with their neo-Stalinist world-view.<sup id="cite_ref-Vorobyov_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vorobyov-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_views">Public views</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalinobus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Stalinobus2.jpg/300px-Stalinobus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Stalinobus2.jpg/450px-Stalinobus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Stalinobus2.jpg/600px-Stalinobus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> bus with Stalin's portrait which was included in a montage that commemorated the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Soviet Union's victory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Polling by the <a href="/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada Center</a> suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor,_15_February_2017Luhn,_16_April_2019BBC,_18_April_2019_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor,_15_February_2017Luhn,_16_April_2019BBC,_18_April_2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, a survey by the Center showed that Joseph Stalin was named by 39% of Russians as the "most outstanding national figure of all time" and, while nobody received an absolute majority, Stalin was very clearly in first place, followed by another Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> with 30% and Russian poet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> with 23%.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoynash,_22_June_2021_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoynash,_22_June_2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015x_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015x-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015x_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015x-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only other part of the former Soviet Union other than Russia where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004597_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004597-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20047_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20047-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 survey by <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell,_5_March_2013_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell,_5_March_2013-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Gorbachev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasci,_29_June_2017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasci,_29_June_2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. A 2012 survey commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Endowment">Carnegie Endowment</a> found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakradzeGudjovLipmanWall2013_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakradzeGudjovLipmanWall2013-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Moscow_Times'',_2_March_2013_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Moscow_Times'',_2_March_2013-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a>, Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder,_26_May_2010_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder,_26_May_2010-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Kyiv International Institute of Sociology">Kyiv International Institute of Sociology</a> poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Ukrayinska_Pravda'',_4_March_2015_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ukrayinska_Pravda'',_4_March_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_education">School education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: School education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> activists laying wreaths at Stalin's grave in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2007, Russian President Vladimir Putin organized a conference for history teachers to promote a high school teachers manual called <i>A Modern History of Russia: 1945–2006: A Manual for History Teachers</i>, which according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irina_Flige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irina Flige (page does not exist)">Irina Flige</a> (office director of human rights organization <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>) portrays Stalin as a cruel yet successful leader who "acted rationally". She claims it justifies Stalin's terror as an "instrument of development".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin said at the conference that the new manual will "help instill young people with a sense of pride in Russia", and he posited that Stalin's purges pale in comparison to the United States' <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. At a memorial for Stalin's victims, Putin said that while Russians should "keep alive the memory of tragedies of the past, we should focus on all that is best in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official policy of the Russian Federation is that teachers and schools are free to choose history textbooks from the list of the admitted ones, which includes a total of forty-eight history text books for grade school and twenty-four history textbooks by various authors for high school.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2009, the Education Ministry of Russia announced that Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i>, a book once banned in the Soviet Union for the detailed account on the system of prison camps, became required reading for Russian high-school students. Prior to that, Russian students studied Solzhenitsyn's short story <i>Matryonin dvor</i> and his novella <i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_the_Life_of_Ivan_Denisovich" title="One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich">One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich</a></i>, an account of a single day in the life of a gulag prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_studies">History studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, it was reported that the Russian government was drawing up plans to criminalize statements and acts that deny the Soviet Union's victory over <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in World War II or its role in <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">liberating Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendle_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendle-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> described the Soviet Union during the war as "our country" and set up the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_Counter_Attempts_to_Falsify_History_to_the_Detriment_of_Russia%27s_Interests" title="Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests">Historical Truth Commission</a> to act against what the Kremlin terms falsifications of Russian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendle_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendle-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 July 2009, Russia's delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>'s (OSCE) annual parliamentary meeting stormed out after a resolution was passed equating the roles of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the Soviet Union in starting World War II, drafted by delegates from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The resolution called for a day of remembrance for victims of both Stalinism and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> to be marked every 23 August, the date in 1939 when Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> of neutrality with a secret protocol that divided parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe between their spheres of influence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kosachev" title="Konstantin Kosachev">Konstantin Kosachev</a>, head of the foreign relations committee of Russia's <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">lower house of parliament</a>, called the resolution "nothing but an attempt to rewrite the history of World War II". <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kozlovsky_(politician,_born_1944)" title="Alexander Kozlovsky (politician, born 1944)">Alexander Kozlovsky</a>, the head of the Russian delegation, called the resolution an "insulting anti-Russian attack" and added that "[t]hose who place Nazism and Stalinism on the same level forget that it is the Stalin-era Soviet Union that made the biggest sacrifices and the biggest contribution to liberating Europe from fascism".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only eight out of 385 assembly members voted against the resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-oscevictims_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oscevictims-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurskaya_station_controversy">Kurskaya station controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kurskaya station controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of August 2009 a gilded slogan, a fragment of the <a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Soviet national anthem</a> was re-inscribed at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kurskaya_(Koltsevaya_line)" title="Kurskaya (Koltsevaya line)">Kursky station</a> beneath eight <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realist</a> statues, reading: "Stalin reared us on loyalty to the people. He inspired us to labour and heroism". The slogan had been removed in the 1950s during Nikita Khrushchev's period of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>. Another restored slogan reads: "For the Motherland! For Stalin!". </p><p>Restoring the slogans was ordered by the head of the metro <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Gayev" title="Dmitry Gayev">Dmitry Gayev</a>. He explained his decision with restoring the historic view of the station: "My attitude towards this story is simple: this inscription was at the station Kurskaya since its foundation, and it will stay there".<sup id="cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gayevkomm-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chairman of a human rights group Memorial <a href="/wiki/Arseny_Roginsky" title="Arseny Roginsky">Arseny Roginsky</a> stated: "This is the fruit of creeping re-Stalinization and<span class="nowrap"> </span>... they [the authorities] want to use his name as a symbol of a powerful authoritarian state which the whole world is afraid of". Other human rights organizations and survivors of Stalin's repressions called for the decorations to be removed in a letter to Moscow Mayor <a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Yury Luzhkov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborn_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gayevkomm-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shvydkoy" title="Mikhail Shvydkoy">Mikhail Shvydkoy</a>, the special representative of the President of Russia for the international cultural exchange, responded to the controversy: "In my opinion, the question whether such inscriptions should exist in the Moscow underground is not the question in the competence of neither the Mayor of Moscow, nor even the head of the Moscow underground. One can't take decisions that may break the society that's heated up and politicized even without that. It seems to me, that the presence of the lines about Stalin in the hall of the metro station Kurskaya is the question that should become the matter of discussion for the city denizens."<sup id="cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gayevkomm-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shvydkoy commented that what Stalin did in respect of the Soviet and in particular Russian people cannot be justified and he does not even deserve a neutral attitude, much less praise. However, he said "it's necessary to remember your own butchers" and without that memory they can "grow among us again". Shvydkoy said that the question is that the society must remember that "Stalin is a tyrant". While the inscription in the Metro should merely be read correctly, "read with the certain attitude to Stalin's personality".<sup id="cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gayevkomm-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shvydkoy also said that if the hall of the station Kurskaya is a monument of architecture and culture, the inscription must be left because "to knock down inscriptions is vandalism".<sup id="cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gayevkomm-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opinions">Opinions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Furman" title="Dmitri Furman">Dmitri Furman</a>, director of the Commonwealth of Independent States Research Center at the Russian Academy's of Sciences Institute of Europe, sees the Russian regime's neo-Stalinism as a "non-ideological Stalinism" that "seeks control for the sake of control, not for the sake of world revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> said that Russia "should once again render honor to Stalin for his role in building socialism and saving human civilization from the Nazi plague".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zyuganov has said "Great Stalin does not need rehabilitation" and has proposed changing the name of Volgograd back to Stalingrad.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the Communist leader stated: "Today<span class="nowrap"> </span>... the greatness of Stalin's era is self-evident even to his most furious haters<span class="nowrap"> </span>... We liberated the whole world!".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Puchkov" title="Dmitry Puchkov">Dmitry Puchkov</a> accused the authorities of raising a wave of anti-Stalin propaganda to distract the attention of the population from topical troubles. In a December 2008 interview, he was asked a question: "Dmitry Yurievich, what do you think, is the new wave of 'unveiling the horrors of Stalinism' on the TV related to the approaching consequences of the crisis or is it merely another [mental] exacerbation?". He replied: "The wave is being raised to distract opinion of the population from the up-to-date troubles. You don't have to think of your pension, you don't have to think of the education, what matters are the horrors of Stalinism".<sup id="cite_ref-puch2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puch2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kara-Murza" title="Sergey Kara-Murza">Sergey Kara-Murza</a> believes that there is a trend to demonize Russia that is common not only in Poland, Ukraine and the Czech Republic, but in Russia as well. He contends that it is a good business and that it was a good business previously to demonize the Soviet Union: "Why do we need to take offense against Poles, if we in our country have the same (and for us – sufficiently more dangerous and hazardous) cohort of pundits, philosophers, historians who enjoy the maximal favourable regime set by the state and do the same things as Poles do?"<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, political scientist Thomas Sherlock claimed that Russia has pulled back somewhat on its neo-Stalinist policies, commenting: "The Kremlin is unwilling to develop and impose on society historical narratives which promote chauvinism, hypernationalism, and re-Stalinization. Although such an agenda has some support among incumbent elites and in society, it remains subordinate.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Instead, the regime is now extending support to<span class="nowrap"> </span>... a critical assessment of the Soviet era, including Stalinism. This emerging criticism of the Soviet past serves a number of important goals of the leadership, including re-engagement with the West. To this end, the Kremlin recently approved new history textbooks critical of the Soviet past as well as a significant program that memorializes the victims of Soviet repressions."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sameera_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sameera Khan">Sameera Khan</a>, a former Miss New Jersey and reporter for <a href="/wiki/RT_(television_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="RT (television network)">RT</a>, made a series of tweets glorifying Stalin and the gulag system and calling for his return. Khan was harshly criticized for expressing these views, including by RT itself, and the controversy led to her apologizing and being suspended from the network.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khan2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Star Wars <a href="/wiki/Andor_(TV_series)" title="Andor (TV series)"><i>Andor</i></a> series showrunner <a href="/wiki/Tony_Gilroy" title="Tony Gilroy">Tony Gilroy</a> based his storytelling about the character Cassian Andor on Joseph Stalin. Of the star of the series, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Luna" title="Diego Luna">Diego Luna</a>, Gilroy remarked to <i>Rolling Stone</i>, "If you look at a picture of Young Stalin, isn't he glamorous? He looks like Diego!" <sup id="cite_ref-gilroy_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilroy-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Furr" title="Grover Furr">Grover Furr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Martens" title="Ludo Martens">Ludo Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia for the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stalinist_Legacy" title="The Stalinist Legacy">The Stalinist Legacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankie" title="Tankie">Tankie</a>, a pejorative term for pro-Soviet communists</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarman2022" class="citation news cs1">Garman, Liam (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706132241/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/10070-neo-eurasianism-placing-russia-on-a-path-of-collision-with-the-west">"Neo-Eurasianism – placing Russia on a path of collision with the West"</a>. <i>Defence Connect</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/10070-neo-eurasianism-placing-russia-on-a-path-of-collision-with-the-west">the original</a> on 6 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+Connect&rft.atitle=Neo-Eurasianism+%E2%80%93+placing+Russia+on+a+path+of+collision+with+the+West&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=Garman&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceconnect.com.au%2Fkey-enablers%2F10070-neo-eurasianism-placing-russia-on-a-path-of-collision-with-the-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhapaeva2016" class="citation journal cs1">Khapaeva, Dina (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308203510/https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-abstract/49/1/61/595/Triumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Triumphant memory of the perpetrators: Putin's politics of re-Stalinization"</a>. <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2015.12.007">10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.12.007</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-abstract/49/1/61/595/Triumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s?redirectedFrom=fulltext">the original</a> on 8 March 2022 – via University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=Triumphant+memory+of+the+perpetrators%3A+Putin%27s+politics+of+re-Stalinization&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2015.12.007&rft.aulast=Khapaeva&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fcpcs%2Farticle-abstract%2F49%2F1%2F61%2F595%2FTriumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhapaeva2016" class="citation journal cs1">Khapaeva, Dina (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308203510/https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-abstract/49/1/61/595/Triumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Triumphant memory of the perpetrators: Putin's politics of re-Stalinization"</a>. <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 61–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2015.12.007">10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.12.007</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-abstract/49/1/61/595/Triumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s?redirectedFrom=fulltext">the original</a> on 8 March 2022 – via University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=Triumphant+memory+of+the+perpetrators%3A+Putin%27s+politics+of+re-Stalinization&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-73&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2015.12.007&rft.aulast=Khapaeva&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fcpcs%2Farticle-abstract%2F49%2F1%2F61%2F595%2FTriumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper" class="citation web cs1">Draper, Hal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1948/01/neostal.htm">"Hal Draper: The Neo-Stalinist Type (1948)"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Hal+Draper%3A+The+Neo-Stalinist+Type+%281948%29&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fdraper%2F1948%2F01%2Fneostal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/cia/docs/61/0000234137/NEO-STALINISM:-WRITING-HISTORY-AND-MAKING-POLICY.html">"NEO-STALINISM: WRITING HISTORY AND MAKING POLICY – CIA document"</a>. <i>www.faqs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.faqs.org&rft.atitle=NEO-STALINISM%3A+WRITING+HISTORY+AND+MAKING+POLICY+%E2%80%93+CIA+document&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Fcia%2Fdocs%2F61%2F0000234137%2FNEO-STALINISM%3A-WRITING-HISTORY-AND-MAKING-POLICY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Katerina. <i>The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual</i> Indiana University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33703-8">0-253-33703-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33703-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33703-0">978-0-253-33703-0</a>, page 236 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvgPcmtuf5YC&dq=Neo-Stalinism+definition&pg=PA236">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, "Samizdat and political dissent in the Soviet Union", Brill, 1975, pg. 30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2mt8_9UF-8C&dq=neo-Stalinism+rehabilitation&pg=PA30">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <i>The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual</i>, By Katerina Clark, Indiana University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33703-8">0-253-33703-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33703-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33703-0">978-0-253-33703-0</a>, page 236 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvgPcmtuf5YC&dq=Neo-Stalinism+definition&pg=PA236">[3]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw identifies as features of the "political geography" of "neo-Stalinism" the following criteria: <ul><li>1. A well-developed core-periphery structure, reflecting marked differences in levels of economic development and living standards. This is in part the product of a tendency towards "incrementalism" – seeking to gain economies by allocating a considerable proportion of resources to those regions which have benefited most from previous investment<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</li> <li>2. The inbuilt conservatism of the system and the bias towards heavy industry [ensuring] the continuing importance of traditional industrial regions with "smokestack" industries, such as the Donetsk-Dnepr region of eastern Ukraine and the Urals.</li> <li>3. "Extensive" (ie, resource-demanding) rather than "intensive" (resource-saving) development, leading to waste of resources and environmental deterioration in the core, growing dependence of the core on the resources of the periphery and pressure to develop the latter in the cheapest and often most short-sighted manner.</li> <li>4. Administration of the economy by sectors and tendencies towards 'narrow departmentalism' [leading] to the development of a series of ministerial "empires" lacking interlinkages, reducing the scope for scale economies, encouraging excessive transportation and leading to the economic overspecialization of many cities and regions, especially peripheral ones<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</li> <li>5. The relative neglect of agriculture, transportation, consumer welfare and numerous services<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</li> <li>6. A well-developed hierarchy of well-being in the settlement structure, whereby, in general terms, the best endowed settlements were the biggest ones with major administrative and political functions<span class="nowrap"> </span>... conditions [deteriorating] as they became smaller.</li> <li>7. The development of regional economies<span class="nowrap"> </span>... greatly influenced by the 'military-industrial complex' with the progress of individual cities, groups of cities and even entire regions (including peripheral ones) very much bound up with the needs of the military machine.</li> <li>8. Continental and inward-looking development induced by the longstanding tendency towards economic autarky. Isolation from the world economy<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Only from the 1960s were autarkic tendencies modified, encouraging further economic development along land frontiers, on coasts and at ports., see Shaw, Denis J.B. <i>Russia in the Modern World: A New Geography</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18134-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18134-2">0-631-18134-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18134-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18134-7">978-0-631-18134-7</a>. Pp. 81–84.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copleston, Frederick, S.J. <i>A History of Philosophy: Russian Philosophy</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6904-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6904-3">0-8264-6904-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6904-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6904-5">978-0-8264-6904-5</a>. P. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_Herald_10369289-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10369289_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn,_Andrew2006" class="citation news cs1">Osborn, Andrew (21 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10369289">"Outrage at revision of Stalin's legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Russia today is reminiscent of the Brezhnev era which led to neo-Stalinism – Stalinism without political reprisals but with persecution and total control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Outrage+at+revision+of+Stalin%27s+legacy&rft.date=2006-02-21&rft.au=Osborn%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D2%26objectid%3D10369289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichman, Henry. "Reconsidering 'Stalinism'. <i>Theory and Society</i> Volume 17, Number 1. Springer Netherlands. January 1988. Pp. 57–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stalinism und Neo-Stalinism in Romania.</i> In: <i>Southeastern Europe in the 19. und 20. century. Foreign ways– own ways</i> (= <i>Berliner Jahrbuch für osteuropäische Geschichte.</i> Bd. 2). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-05-002590-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-05-002590-5">3-05-002590-5</a>, S. 87–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+al0059)">Library of Congress Country Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/afghanistan-fiasco.htm">"Afghanistan Fiasco – HistoryNet"</a>. <i>historynet.com</i>. 15 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004858/http://www.historynet.com/afghanistan-fiasco.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynet.com&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+Fiasco+%E2%80%93+HistoryNet&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fafghanistan-fiasco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-babrak-karmal-1313192.html">"Obituary: Babrak Karmal"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 6 December 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-babrak-karmal-1313192.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Babrak+Karmal&rft.date=1996-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-babrak-karmal-1313192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010610041533/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_23/b3735130.htm">"Working, Russel. "An Open Door to North Korea". <i>Business Week</i>, June 4, 2001"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_23/b3735130.htm">the original</a> on 10 June 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working%2C+Russel.+%22An+Open+Door+to+North+Korea%22.+Business+Week%2C+June+4%2C+2001.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F01_23%2Fb3735130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Sŭng-hŭm Kil, Soong Hoom Kil, Chung-in Moon. <i>Understanding Korean Politics: An Introduction</i>. SUNY Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4889-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4889-4">0-7914-4889-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4889-2">978-0-7914-4889-2</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2013" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar (2013). "4: Musharraf's Dilemma". <i>The Thistle and the Drone</i>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 174–175, 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2378-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2378-3"><bdi>978-0-8157-2378-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Musharraf%E2%80%99s+Dilemma&rft.btitle=The+Thistle+and+the+Drone&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=174-175%2C+178-179&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2378-3&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohn-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sohn_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sohn_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn2017" class="citation web cs1">Sohn, Patricia (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801145405/https://www.e-ir.info/2017/05/04/bombing-syria-isis-and-how-we-got-here/">"Syria"</a>. <i>E-International Relations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2017/05/04/bombing-syria-isis-and-how-we-got-here/">the original</a> on 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-International+Relations&rft.atitle=Syria&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2017%2F05%2F04%2Fbombing-syria-isis-and-how-we-got-here%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2013" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar (2013). "4: Musharraf's Dilemma". <i>The Thistle and the Drone</i>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 178, 179, 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2378-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2378-3"><bdi>978-0-8157-2378-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Musharraf%E2%80%99s+Dilemma&rft.btitle=The+Thistle+and+the+Drone&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=178%2C+179%2C+187&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2378-3&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFISH1986" class="citation journal cs1">FISH, M. STEVEN (October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1986.tb00464.x">"After Stalin's Death: The Anglo-American Debate Over a New Cold War"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 333–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1986.tb00464.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1986.tb00464.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=After+Stalin%27s+Death%3A+The+Anglo-American+Debate+Over+a+New+Cold+War&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=333-355&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1986.tb00464.x&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=FISH&rft.aufirst=M.+STEVEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1986.tb00464.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.workersliberty.org/wlmags/wl58/china1.htm">"Workers' Liberty #58 – Where is neo-Stalinist China going? October 1999"</a>. <i>archive.workersliberty.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.workersliberty.org&rft.atitle=Workers%27+Liberty+%2358+%E2%80%93+Where+is+neo-Stalinist+China+going%3F+October+1999.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.workersliberty.org%2Fwlmags%2Fwl58%2Fchina1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1342109.html">Radio Free Europe</a>, Czech Republic, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=47&nit=408&year=2006">Freedom House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313025030/https://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=47&nit=408&year=2006">Archived</a> 13 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United States, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/saparmurat-niyazov-429556.html"><i>The Independent</i></a>, United Kingdom, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juergensmeyer, Mark. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</i>. Oxford University Press US, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513798-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513798-1">0-19-513798-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513798-9">978-0-19-513798-9</a>. P. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Thornton, William H. <i>New world empire: civil Islam, Terrorism, and the Making of Neoglobalism</i>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2941-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2941-X">0-7425-2941-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2941-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2941-0">978-0-7425-2941-0</a>. P. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, Robert Vincent. <i>The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</i>. Yale University Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10649-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10649-1">0-300-10649-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10649-7">978-0-300-10649-7</a> P. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/works/1961/x04.htm">Novack, George. <i>International Socialist Review</i>, New York, Volume 22, No. 3, Fall 1961. Pp. 107–114.</a> <i>Marxists Internet Archive</i>. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/works/1961/x04.htm">"From Lenin to Khrushchev"</a>. <i>Marxists.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=From+Lenin+to+Khrushchev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fnovack%2Fworks%2F1961%2Fx04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/55-1-222.shtml">"Khrushchev's Neo-Stalinism".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717201103/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/55-1-222.shtml">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute (RFE/RL RI): Box-Folder-Report 55-1-222. <i>The Open Society</i>. Retrieved 11 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/55-1-296.shtml">"The Specter of Suslov".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717201124/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/55-1-296.shtml">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute (RFE/RL RI): Box-Folder-Report 55-1-296. <i>The Open Society</i>. Retrieved 11 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/56-3-307.shtml">"Khrushchev and the Presidium (VIII)".</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute (RFE/RL RI): Box-Folder-Report 56-3-307. <i>The Open Society</i>. Retrieved 11 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laiapea-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laiapea_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laiapea_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laiapea, Andres. "Putin's Neo-Stalinism in Historical Perspective". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Chronicle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Chronicle (page does not exist)">American Chronicle</a></i>. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakwa, Richard. <i>Soviet Politics in Perspective</i>. Routledge, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07153-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07153-4">0-415-07153-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07153-6">978-0-415-07153-6</a>, P. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/C001155/documents/doc37.htm">Alexander Dubcek Recollections of the Crisis: Events Surrounding the Cierna nad Tisou Negotiations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314064406/http://library.thinkquest.org/C001155/documents/doc37.htm">Archived</a> 14 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eberstadt" title="Nicholas Eberstadt">Eberstadt, Nick</a>. <i>The Poverty of Communism</i>. Transaction Publishers, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-817-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-817-5">0-88738-817-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-817-0">978-0-88738-817-0</a>. P. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111035255/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/gor0int-3">"Mikhail Gorbachev Interview – page 3 / 3 – Academy of Achievement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/gor0int-3">the original</a> on 11 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mikhail+Gorbachev+Interview+%E2%80%93+page+3+%2F+3+%E2%80%93+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fautodoc%2Fpage%2Fgor0int-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg451.cfm">Tsypkin, Mikhail. "Moscow's Gorbachev: A New Leader in the Old Mold"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301202823/https://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg451.cfm">Archived</a> 1 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Backgrounder #451 – 29 August 1985. <i>The Heritage Foundation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åslund, Anders. <i>How Russia Became a Market Economy</i>. Brookings Institution Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-0425-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-0425-9">0-8157-0425-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0425-6">978-0-8157-0425-6</a>. P. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pilon, Juliana Geran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.articlearchives.com/government/government-bodies-offices-heads/599949-1.html">"The Crisis of Marxist Ideology in Eastern Europe".</a> <i>National Review</i>. 7 April 1989. ArticleArchies. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vorobyov-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vorobyov_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vorobyov_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorobyov2023" class="citation news cs1">Vorobyov, Niko (25 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308173853/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/25/russian-saboteurs-seek-to-hamper-putins-war-machine">"Russian saboteurs seek to hamper Putin's war machine"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/25/russian-saboteurs-seek-to-hamper-putins-war-machine">the original</a> on 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+News&rft.atitle=Russian+saboteurs+seek+to+hamper+Putin%27s+war+machine&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.aulast=Vorobyov&rft.aufirst=Niko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F1%2F25%2Frussian-saboteurs-seek-to-hamper-putins-war-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kartashkov-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kartashkov_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartashkov_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartashkov_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartashkov2023" class="citation news cs1">Kartashkov, Dmitrii (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307060030/https://europeanconservative.com/articles/commentary/new-monument-to-stalin-unveiled-in-russia/">"New Monument to Stalin Unveiled in Russia"</a>. <i>The European Conservative</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanconservative.com/articles/commentary/new-monument-to-stalin-unveiled-in-russia/">the original</a> on 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Conservative&rft.atitle=New+Monument+to+Stalin+Unveiled+in+Russia&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft.aulast=Kartashkov&rft.aufirst=Dmitrii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fcommentary%2Fnew-monument-to-stalin-unveiled-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugraha2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nugraha, Aryanta (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230706065357/https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/view/7728/4577">"Neo-Eurasianism in Russian Foreign Policy: Echoes from the Past or Compromise with the Future?"</a>. <i>Jurnal Global & Strategis</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 99–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20473%2Fjgs.9.1.2015.95-110">10.20473/jgs.9.1.2015.95-110</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/view/7728/4577">the original</a> on 6 July 2023 – via Global Strategis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Global+%26+Strategis&rft.atitle=Neo-Eurasianism+in+Russian+Foreign+Policy%3A+Echoes+from+the+Past+or+Compromise+with+the+Future%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-100&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20473%2Fjgs.9.1.2015.95-110&rft.aulast=Nugraha&rft.aufirst=Aryanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-journal.unair.ac.id%2FJGS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7728%2F4577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Graham (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/623236">"The Masks of Proteus: Russia, Geopolitical Shift and the New Eurasianism"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 481–494. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999TrIBG..24..481S">1999TrIBG..24..481S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0020-2754.1999.t01-2-00481.x">10.1111/j.0020-2754.1999.t01-2-00481.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/623236">623236</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Institute+of+British+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+Masks+of+Proteus%3A+Russia%2C+Geopolitical+Shift+and+the+New+Eurasianism&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-494&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F623236%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0020-2754.1999.t01-2-00481.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999TrIBG..24..481S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F623236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khapaeva_65–66-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khapaeva_65–66_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khapaeva_65–66_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhapaeva2016" class="citation journal cs1">Khapaeva, Dina (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308203510/https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-abstract/49/1/61/595/Triumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Triumphant memory of the perpetrators: Putin's politics of re-Stalinization"</a>. <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 65–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2015.12.007">10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.12.007</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-abstract/49/1/61/595/Triumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s?redirectedFrom=fulltext">the original</a> on 8 March 2022 – via University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=Triumphant+memory+of+the+perpetrators%3A+Putin%27s+politics+of+re-Stalinization&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-66&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2015.12.007&rft.aulast=Khapaeva&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fcpcs%2Farticle-abstract%2F49%2F1%2F61%2F595%2FTriumphant-memory-of-the-perpetrators-Putin-s%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolesnikov2023" class="citation news cs1">Kolesnikov, Andrei (25 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527050843/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/russian-federation/plot-against-russia">"The Plot Against Russia: How Putin Revived Stalinist Anti-Americanism to Justify a Botched War"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-the-cult-of-josef-stalin-is-flourishing/a-64896549">the original</a> on 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Why+the+cult+of+Josef+Stalin+is+flourishing&rft.date=2023-03-06&rft.aulast=Boutsko&rft.aufirst=Anastassia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwhy-the-cult-of-josef-stalin-is-flourishing%2Fa-64896549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303141726/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/19/stalin-portraits-ukraine-rebel-territory">"Stalin portraits emerge in heart of Ukraine's rebel-held territory"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 19 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/19/stalin-portraits-ukraine-rebel-territory">the original</a> on 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stalin+portraits+emerge+in+heart+of+Ukraine%27s+rebel-held+territory&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Foct%2F19%2Fstalin-portraits-ukraine-rebel-territory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor,_15_February_2017Luhn,_16_April_2019BBC,_18_April_2019-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor,_15_February_2017Luhn,_16_April_2019BBC,_18_April_2019_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor,_15_February_2017">Taylor, 15 February 2017</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFTaylor,_15_February_2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFLuhn,_16_April_2019">Luhn, 16 April 2019</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFLuhn,_16_April_2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFBBC,_18_April_2019">BBC, 18 April 2019</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBBC,_18_April_2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkhipov2019" class="citation news cs1">Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-16/russian-support-for-soviet-tyrant-stalin-hits-record-poll-shows">"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003223316/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-16/russian-support-for-soviet-tyrant-stalin-hits-record-poll-shows">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Russian+Support+for+Stalin+Surges+to+Record+High%2C+Poll+Says&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.aulast=Arkhipov&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-04-16%2Frussian-support-for-soviet-tyrant-stalin-hits-record-poll-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.levada.ru/2021/06/21/samye-vydayushhiesya-lichnosti-v-istorii/">"САМЫЕ ВЫДАЮЩИЕСЯ ЛИЧНОСТИ В ИСТОРИИ"</a>. <i>levada.ru</i>. 21 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032506/https://www.levada.ru/2021/06/21/samye-vydayushhiesya-lichnosti-v-istorii/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=levada.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%AB%D0%95+%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%94%D0%90%D0%AE%D0%A9%D0%98%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%AF+%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%92+%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%98&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.levada.ru%2F2021%2F06%2F21%2Fsamye-vydayushhiesya-lichnosti-v-istorii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoynash,_22_June_2021-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoynash,_22_June_2021_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoynash,_22_June_2021">Coynash, 22 June 2021</a>. "The renowned Levada Centre has carried out a survey to find out whom Russians would name as the "ten most outstanding national figures of all time". While nobody received an absolute majority, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin was very clearly ahead, being named by 39% of the respondents."<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCoynash,_22_June_2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015x-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015x_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015x_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhlevniuk2015">Khlevniuk 2015</a>, p. x.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhlevniuk2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004597-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004597_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2004">Service 2004</a>, p. 597.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20047-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20047_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2004">Service 2004</a>, p. 7.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell,_5_March_2013-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell,_5_March_2013_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell,_5_March_2013">Bell, 5 March 2013</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBell,_5_March_2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasci,_29_June_2017-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasci,_29_June_2017_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasci,_29_June_2017">Masci, 29 June 2017</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMasci,_29_June_2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakradzeGudjovLipmanWall2013-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakradzeGudjovLipmanWall2013_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakradzeGudjovLipmanWall2013">Bakradze et al. 2013</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBakradzeGudjovLipmanWall2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Moscow_Times'',_2_March_2013-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Moscow_Times'',_2_March_2013_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Moscow_Times,_2_March_2013"><i>The Moscow Times</i>, 2 March 2013</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Moscow_Times,_2_March_2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder,_26_May_2010-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder,_26_May_2010_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder,_26_May_2010">Snyder, 26 May 2010</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSnyder,_26_May_2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214115447/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2011/01/1/5740807/">"У Запоріжжі підірвали пам'ятник Сталіну"</a> [Stalin Monument Blown Up in Zaporizhzhia] (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2011/01/1/5740807/">the original</a> on 14 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B6%D1%96+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2011%2F01%2F1%2F5740807%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ukrayinska_Pravda'',_4_March_2015-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Ukrayinska_Pravda'',_4_March_2015_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUkrayinska_Pravda,_4_March_2015"><i>Ukrayinska Pravda</i>, 4 March 2015</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFUkrayinska_Pravda,_4_March_2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7798497.stm">Stalin's new status in Russia</a>, By Richard Galpin, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, Moscow</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Activists Denounce Stalin in Station" 28 August 2009 By Kristina Mikulova Moscow Times</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=anSl5jtQ1FpI&refer=europe">Stalin Back in Vogue as Putin Endorses History-Book Nostalgia</a> by Henry Meyer, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg.com">Bloomberg.com</a>, 29 November 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mon.gov.ru/obr/pri/4520/">History textbooks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202235835/https://xn--80abucjiibhv9a.xn--p1ai/%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE">Archived</a> 2 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Russian Ministry of Education. (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126085253/http://www.mon.gov.ru/edu-politic/prik/uchebniki.doc">List of admitted school text-books</a>, 2007 (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923234153/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iQ7So_Q4jgcve9RRNCCbK9CAImiAD9AK13N02">'Gulag' book, once banned, is now required reading</a> <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> Retrieved on 10 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news215132?print">The Gulag Archipelago was included to the school program</a>, Izvestia, 9 September.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendle-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wendle_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendle_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendle2009" class="citation news cs1">Wendle, John (8 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511075035/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1896927,00.html">"Russia Moves to Ban Criticism of WWII Win"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1896927,00.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Russia+Moves+to+Ban+Criticism+of+WWII+Win&rft.date=2009-05-08&rft.aulast=Wendle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1896927%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8058087.stm">"Russia panel to 'protect history'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. 19 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+panel+to+%27protect+history%27&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F8058087.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Osborne, "Medvedev Creates History Commission", Wall Street Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124277297306236553">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709093513/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1010/42/379276.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1010/42/379276.htm">the original</a> on 9 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Farticle%2F1010%2F42%2F379276.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2009/07/04/russia_scolds_osce_for_equating_hitler_and_stalin/">Russia scolds OSCE for equating Hitler and Stalin</a> Retrieved on 25 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oscevictims-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oscevictims_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8133749.stm">"Resolution on Stalin riles Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 3 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Resolution+on+Stalin+riles+Russia&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8133749.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gayevkomm-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gayevkomm_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1234434">Human rights defenders called Luzhkov to remove from the Metro the notes about Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>, 8 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborn-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osborn_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Osborn, "Josef Stalin 'returns' to Moscow metro", Telegraph, 5 September 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/6140394/Josef-Stalin-returns-to-Moscow-metro.html">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529021625/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,189499,00.html">"Zakharovich, Yuri. "Can the U.S.-Russian Alliance Last?" <i>TIME</i>. 21 December 2001"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,189499,00.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zakharovich%2C+Yuri.+%22Can+the+U.S.-Russian+Alliance+Last%3F%22+TIME.+21+December+2001.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C189499%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110006663">"Opinion & Reviews – Wall Street Journal"</a>. <i>www.opinionjournal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opinionjournal.com&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26+Reviews+%E2%80%93+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opinionjournal.com%2Feditorial%2Ffeature.html%3Fid%3D110006663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.com/p570866/r_1/Fiery_Counterrevolutionaries/">Fiery Counterrevolutionaries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103080855/http://www.kommersant.com/p570866/r_1/Fiery_Counterrevolutionaries/">Archived</a> 3 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kommersant, 18 April 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6241M820100305">Liberals rap Kremlin as Stalin is worshipped</a>, Reuters, 5 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puch2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-puch2_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oper.ru/torture/read.php?t=1045689217">Short questions and answers</a>, by Dmitry Puchkov.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.km.ru/prodolzhaetsya_satanizacziya_nyn">The satanization of the modern Russia is ongoing, same way as it happened with the Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926193306/http://news.km.ru/prodolzhaetsya_satanizacziya_nyn">Archived</a> 26 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kara-Murza" title="Sergey Kara-Murza">Sergey Kara-Murza</a>, 24 September 2009 (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Sherlock, "Russian politics and the Soviet past: Reassessing Stalin and Stalinism under Vladimir Putin" <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i> 30#1 (2016) pp 1–15 (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khan_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/rt-writer-glorifies-stalins-gulags-false-tweets-1158728">"RT Writer Glorifies Stalin's Gulags in False Tweets, Later Apologizes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. 8 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=RT+Writer+Glorifies+Stalin%27s+Gulags+in+False+Tweets%2C+Later+Apologizes&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frt-writer-glorifies-stalins-gulags-false-tweets-1158728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan2-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khan2_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewrap.com/rt-sameera-khan-exits-stalin-gulags/">"RT Reporter Exits Network After 'Misguided' Praise of Stalin's Gulags"</a>. 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RT+Reporter+Exits+Network+After+%27Misguided%27+Praise+of+Stalin%27s+Gulags&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewrap.com%2Frt-sameera-khan-exits-stalin-gulags%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilroy-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gilroy_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/andor-explained-season-1-finale-season-2-preview-1234626573/">"How 'Andor' Drew from… Joseph Stalin? Plus: Inside Season 2 of the Revolutionary Star Wars Show"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. 10 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=How+%27Andor%27+Drew+from%E2%80%A6+Joseph+Stalin%3F+Plus%3A+Inside+Season+2+of+the+Revolutionary+Star+Wars+Show&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Ftv-movies%2Ftv-movie-features%2Fandor-explained-season-1-finale-season-2-preview-1234626573%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Stalinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Khapaeva, Dina. "Triumphant memory of the perpetrators: Putin's politics of re-Stalinization." <i>Communist & Post-Communist Studies</i> (March 2016), pp 61–73. celebrations of Stalin's memory in Russia today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krytyka.com/sites/krytyka/files/khapaeva_0.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Khapaeva, Dina. "Historical memory in post-Soviet Gothic society." <i>Social Research</i> (2009): 359–394. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainianstudies.org/aaus-list/1007/pdf00005.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Sherlock, Thomas. "Russian politics and the Soviet past: Reassessing Stalin and Stalinism under Vladimir Putin." <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i> 49.1 (2016): 45–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krytyka.com/sites/krytyka/files/sherlock_0.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Torbakov, Igor. "History, Memory and National Identity: Understanding the politics of history and memory wars in post-Soviet lands." <i>Demokratizatsiya</i> 19.3 (2011): 209+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_19_3/J773U5477844263L/J773U5477844263L.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510165720/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_19_3/J773U5477844263L/J773U5477844263L.pdf">Archived</a> 10 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Tumarkin, Maria M. "The Long Life of Stalinism: Reflections on the Aftermath of Totalitarianism and Social Memory." <i>Journal of social history</i> 44.4 (2011): 1047–1061.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Stalinism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/19/stalin-portraits-ukraine-rebel-territory">Agence France-Presse, 2015. Stalin portraits emerge in heart of Ukraine's rebel-held territory. 19 October The Guardian</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discardedlies.com/entry/?3675">Russian history in the classroom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330200748/http://discardedlies.com/entry/?3675">Archived</a> 30 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930114457/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878343,00.html">Stalin's Return</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time Magazine</a>, 1970</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/video/commerce/100722/stalin-russia-soviet-union">Moscow: Stalin 2.0</a> – video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Post">Global Post</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/feb2000/russ-f29.shtml">The rehabilitation of Stalin  – an ideological cornerstone of the new Kremlin politics</a> <i><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a>, 2000</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416192616/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369713">Russian historians denounce re-Stalinization</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Daily_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Daily Monitor">Eurasia Daily Monitor</a>, 2005</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701022203/http://www.rferl.org/features/features_Article.aspx?m=12&y=2006&id=133FDD19-7078-4BE8-92C2-85C566275229">Russia: Nostalgia For USSR Increases</a> By Victor Yasmann, <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>, 21 December 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10369289">Outrage at revision of Stalin's legacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140547/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10369289">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Andrew Osborn, 21 February 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/03/dcf154f4-67f5-4b19-bd13-a729cdc24a54.html">Russia: Gorbachev Speaks About Democracy, Authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>, 1 March 2006</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseph_Stalin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template talk:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseph_Stalin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1922–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History<br />and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Early life of Joseph Stalin">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_during_the_Russian_Revolution,_Civil_War,_and_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War">Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Rule as Soviet leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Political views of Joseph Stalin">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Death toll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)</a>/<a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">(1928–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">Kolkhoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">Sovkhoz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan" title="First five-year plan">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a> / <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1937 Soviet Union legislative election">1937 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">German–Soviet Axis talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1946 Soviet Union legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">1946 Iran crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1950 Soviet Union legislative election">1950 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggravation_of_class_struggle_under_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravation of class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Construction_Projects_of_Communism" title="Great Construction Projects of Communism">Great Construction Projects of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_of_the_human_soul" title="Engineers of the human soul">Engineers of the human soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakhanovite">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_plan_for_the_transformation_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardness_brings_on_beatings_by_others" title="Backwardness brings on beatings by others">Backwardness brings on beatings by others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes, repressions,<br />and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Bolshevik_raid_on_the_Tsarevich_Giorgi" title="1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi">1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Tiflis_bank_robbery" title="1907 Tiflis bank robbery">1907 Tiflis bank robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Affair">Georgian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decossackization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decossackization">Decossackization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittorf_affair" title="Wittorf affair">Wittorf affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–33</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Murder of Sergey Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_of_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD prisoner massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Berezhany" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Berezhany">Berezhany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezwecz-Taklinovo_Death_Road" title="Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road">Berezwecz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Dubno" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Dubno">Dubno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Chortkiv_Prison" title="Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison">Chortkiv </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń massacre">Katyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Lutsk" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres_in_Lviv" title="NKVD prisoner massacres in Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_Forest_massacre" title="Medvedev Forest massacre">Medvedev Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Sambir" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir">Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valozhyn-Tarasovo_Death_Road" title="Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road">Valozhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vileyka-Barysaw_Death_Road" title="Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road">Vileyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_massacre" title="Vinnytsia massacre">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Zolochiv" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Zolochiv">Zolochiv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Lux" title="Hotel Lux">Hotel Lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Repressions in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ideological repression in science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavists_case" title="Slavists case">Slavists case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">1937 Soviet Census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge_of_the_Red_Army_in_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Purge of the Red Army in 1941">1941 Red Army purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Youth Conspiracy">Hitler Youth Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Allegations of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a> (<a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">German–Soviet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deportations">Deportations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Chechens_and_Ingush" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Chechens and Ingush">Operation "Lentil"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation "North"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation "Priboi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazino_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazino affair">Nazino affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_trees" title="Tax on trees">Tax on trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1946–47">1946–1947 Soviet famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian Affair">Mingrelian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_or_Socialism%3F" title="Anarchism or Socialism?">Anarchism or Socialism?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">Marxism and the National Question</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dizzy_with_Success" title="Dizzy with Success">Dizzy with Success</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia">Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">"Ten Blows" speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_alleged_speech_of_19_August_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's alleged speech of 19 August 1939">Alleged 19 August 1939 speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)"><i>The History of the Communist Party</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's poetry">Stalin's poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Problems_of_Linguistics" title="Marxism and Problems of Linguistics">Marxism and Problems of Linguistics</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pospelov_Commission" title="Pospelov Commission">Pospelov Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Gomulka thaw (Polish October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvernik_Commission" title="Shvernik Commission">Shvernik Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Criticism and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Epigram" title="Stalin Epigram">Stalin Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryutin Affair">Ryutin Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Plot" title="Kremlin Plot">Kremlin Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Communists" title="True Communists">True Communists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soviet_Story" title="The Soviet Story">The Soviet Story</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">Iosif Stalin tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_locomotive_class_IS" title="Soviet locomotive class IS">Iosif Stalin locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of statues of Joseph Stalin">Stalin statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Moscow" title="Pantheon, Moscow">Pantheon, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin">List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Joseph_Stalin,_Berlin" title="Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin">Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Budapest)" title="Stalin Monument (Budapest)">Stalin Monument in Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Prague)" title="Stalin Monument (Prague)">Stalin Monument in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_Museum,_Gori" title="Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori">Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi_Stalin_Museum" title="Batumi Stalin Museum">Batumi Stalin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of places named after Joseph Stalin">Places named after Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">State Stalin Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Peace Prize">Stalin Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%93_For_the_USSR" title="Stalin Bloc – For the USSR">Stalin Bloc – For the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse:_Stalin" title="Apocalypse: Stalin">Apocalypse: Stalin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besarion_Jughashvili" title="Besarion Jughashvili">Besarion Jughashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(father)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keke_Geladze" title="Keke Geladze">Keke Geladze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(mother)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kato_Svanidze" title="Kato Svanidze">Kato Svanidze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Dzhugashvili" title="Yakov Dzhugashvili">Yakov Dzhugashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kuzakov" title="Konstantin Kuzakov">Konstantin Kuzakov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artyom_Sergeyev" title="Artyom Sergeyev">Artyom Sergeyev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(adopted son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Alliluyeva" title="Nadezhda Alliluyeva">Nadezhda Alliluyeva</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(second wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Stalin" title="Vasily Stalin">Vasily Stalin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(daughter)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Dzhugashvili" title="Yevgeny Dzhugashvili">Yevgeny Dzhugashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(grandson)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Dzhugashvili" title="Galina Dzhugashvili">Galina Dzhugashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(granddaughter)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alliluyev" title="Joseph Alliluyev">Joseph Alliluyev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(grandson)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Alliluyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Alliluyev">Sergei Alliluyev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(second father-in-law)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Svanidze" title="Alexander Svanidze">Alexander Svanidze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(brother-in-law)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Zhdanov" title="Yuri Zhdanov">Yuri Zhdanov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son-in-law)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Peters" title="William Wesley Peters">William Wesley Peters</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son-in-law)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_residences" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's residences">Stalin's residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_house,_Gori" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's house, Gori">Stalin's house, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Theological_Seminary" title="Tbilisi Theological Seminary">Tiflis Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureika_(village)" title="Kureika (village)">Kureika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Room at Kremlin</a></li> <li>Dachas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuntsevo_Dacha" title="Kuntsevo Dacha">Kuntsevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sochi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sochi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uspenskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uspenskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Uspenskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semyonovskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semyonovskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Semyonovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Athos_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Athos Dacha (page does not exist)">New Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodnaya_Rechka_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodnaya Rechka Dacha (page does not exist)">Kholodnaya Rechka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ritsa_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ritsa Dacha (page does not exist)">Lake Ritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukhumi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukhumi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sukhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_bunker,_Samara" title="Stalin's bunker, Samara">Stalin's bunker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Joseph_Stalin" title="Category:Joseph Stalin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events<br />by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and<br />Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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