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Amphibious aircraft - Wikipedia

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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طائرة برمائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائرة برمائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiya_t%C9%99yyar%C9%99" title="Amfibiya təyyarə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amfibiya təyyarə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboj%C5%BEiveln%C3%A9_letadlo" title="Obojživelné letadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obojživelné letadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiefly" title="Amfibiefly – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amfibiefly" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibienflugzeug" title="Amphibienflugzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amphibienflugzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="هواپیمای آبی خاکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواپیمای آبی خاکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ronef_amphibie" title="Aéronef amphibie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aéronef amphibie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A5%99%EC%96%91%EC%9A%A9%EA%B8%B0" title="수륙양용기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수륙양용기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibija_(letjelica)" title="Amfibija (letjelica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amfibija (letjelica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_amfibi" title="Pesawat amfibi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat amfibi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aereo_anfibio" title="Aereo anfibio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aereo anfibio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97ktuvas_amfibija" title="Lėktuvas amfibija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lėktuvas amfibija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%A1%E7%94%A8%E6%A9%9F" title="水陸両用機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水陸両用機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiefly" title="Amfibiefly – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amfibiefly" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A3o_anf%C3%ADbio" title="Avião anfíbio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avião anfíbio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibijsko_letalo" title="Amfibijsko letalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amfibijsko letalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiolentokone" title="Amfibiolentokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amfibiolentokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibieflygplan" title="Amfibieflygplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amfibieflygplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibiyen_u%C3%A7ak" title="Amfibiyen uçak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amfibiyen uçak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Літак-амфібія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літак-амфібія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="جل تھلی ہوائی جہاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جل تھلی ہوائی جہاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft able to land / take off from both land and water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about fixed-wing amphibious aircraft. For rotary-wing amphibious aircraft, see <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_helicopter" title="Amphibious helicopter">Amphibious helicopter</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Amphibious aircraft">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Amphibious+aircraft%22">"Amphibious aircraft"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Amphibious+aircraft%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Amphibious+aircraft%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Amphibious+aircraft%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Amphibious+aircraft%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Amphibious+aircraft%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CL-215T_43-21_(29733827710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CL-215T_43-21_%2829733827710%29.jpg/300px-CL-215T_43-21_%2829733827710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CL-215T_43-21_%2829733827710%29.jpg/450px-CL-215T_43-21_%2829733827710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CL-215T_43-21_%2829733827710%29.jpg/600px-CL-215T_43-21_%2829733827710%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5150" data-file-height="3433" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-415" title="Canadair CL-415">Canadair CL-415</a> amphibian with retractable wheels</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>amphibious aircraft</b>, or <b>amphibian</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> that can <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">take off</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">land</a> on both solid ground and water. These aircraft are typically <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_helicopter" title="Amphibious helicopter">amphibious helicopters</a> do exist as well. Fixed-wing amphibious aircraft are <a href="/wiki/Seaplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaplanes">seaplanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a>) which are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">retractable wheels</a>, at the expense of extra weight and complexity, plus diminished range and fuel economy compared with planes designed specifically for land-only or water-only operation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_aircraft&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">Floatplanes</a> often have floats that are interchangeable with wheeled <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> (thereby producing a conventional land-based aircraft). However, in cases where this is not practical, amphibious floatplanes, such as the amphibious version of the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-3_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter">DHC Otter</a>, incorporate retractable wheels within their floats. Some amphibians are fitted with reinforced <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keels</a> which act as skis, allowing them to land on snow or ice with their wheels up. </p><p>Many amphibian aircraft are of the <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> type. These aircraft, and those designed as floatplanes with a single main float under the fuselage centerline (such as the <a href="/wiki/Loening_OL" title="Loening OL">Loening OL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grumman_J2F" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman J2F">Grumman J2F</a>), require outrigger floats to provide lateral stability so as to avoid dipping a wingtip, which can destroy an aircraft if it happens at speed, or can cause the wingtip to fill with water and sink if stationary. While these impose weight and drag, amphibious aircraft also face the possibility of these getting hit when operating from a runway. A common solution is to make them retractable, like those found on the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated Catalina</a>; however, these are even heavier than fixed floats. Some aircraft may have the tip floats removed for extended use from land. Other amphibians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Seastar" title="Dornier Seastar">Dornier Seastar</a>, use stub wings, called <a href="/wiki/Sponsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsons">sponsons</a>, mounted with their own lower surfaces nearly even with the ventral "boat-hull"-shaped fuselage surface. This can provide the needed stability, while floatplane amphibians usually avoid the problem by dividing their buoyancy requirements between two floats, much like a <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a>. </p><p>Some non-amphibious seaplanes may be mistaken for amphibians (such as the <a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_PS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Meiwa PS-1">Shin Meiwa PS-1</a>) which carry their own beaching gear. Usually, this is a wheeled dolly or temporary set of wheels used to move a flying boat or floatplane from the water and allow it to be moved around on land. It can also appear as a conventional undercarriage. These are not built to take the impact of the aircraft landing on them. An amphibian can leave the water without anyone getting in the water to attach beaching wheels (or even having to have any handy), yet a fully functional undercarriage is heavy and impacts the aircraft's performance, and is not required in all cases, so an aircraft may be designed to carry its own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_aircraft&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An occasional problem with amphibians is with ensuring that the wheels are in the correct position for landing. In normal operation, the pilot uses a checklist, verifying each item. Since amphibians can land with them up or down though, the pilot must take extra care to ensure that they are correct for the chosen landing place. Landing wheels-up on land may damage the keel (unless done on wet grass, a technique occasionally used by pilots of pure flying boats), while landing wheels-down on water will almost always flip the aircraft upside down, causing substantial damage. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Viking_amphi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vickers_Viking_amphi.jpg/220px-Vickers_Viking_amphi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vickers_Viking_amphi.jpg/330px-Vickers_Viking_amphi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vickers_Viking_amphi.jpg/440px-Vickers_Viking_amphi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Vickers Viking - an early amphibian.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_aircraft&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amphibious aircraft are heavier and slower, more complex and more expensive to purchase and operate than comparable landplanes. However, they are also more versatile. Even though they cannot hover or land vertically, they compete favorably with <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> for some jobs and can do so at a significantly lower cost. Amphibious aircraft can also be much faster and have a longer range than comparable helicopters, and can achieve nearly the range of land-based aircraft,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> because an airplane's wing is more efficient than a helicopter's lifting rotor. This makes amphibious aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_HU-16_Albatross" title="Grumman HU-16 Albatross">Grumman Albatross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_US-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Meiwa US-2">Shin Meiwa US-2</a>, useful for long-range air–sea rescue tasks. In addition, amphibious aircraft are particularly useful as <a href="/wiki/Bush_plane" title="Bush plane">bush planes</a> that can engage in light transport in remote areas. In these areas, they often have to operate not only from airstrips, but from lakes and rivers as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_aircraft&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, traditionally a maritime nation, a large number of amphibians were built between the wars, starting from 1918 with the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vickers Viking</a> and the early 1920s <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1921)" title="Supermarine Seagull (1921)">Supermarine Seagull</a>, and were used for exploration and military duties, including search and rescue, artillery spotting and anti-submarine patrol. These evolved throughout the interwar period to culminate in the post–World War II <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1948)" title="Supermarine Seagull (1948)">Supermarine Seagull</a>, which was to have replaced the wartime <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus" title="Supermarine Walrus">Walrus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Otter" title="Supermarine Sea Otter">Sea Otter</a> but was overtaken by advances in <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikorsky_S-38B_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sikorsky_S-38B_2.jpg/220px-Sikorsky_S-38B_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sikorsky_S-38B_2.jpg/330px-Sikorsky_S-38B_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sikorsky_S-38B_2.jpg/440px-Sikorsky_S-38B_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>replica of <a href="/wiki/Martin_and_Osa_Johnson" title="Martin and Osa Johnson">Osa's Ark</a> - a <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-38" title="Sikorsky S-38">Sikorsky S-38</a> used to explore Africa in the 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the mid-1920s to the late 1930s in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_Aircraft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation">Sikorsky</a> produced an extensive family of amphibians (the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-34" title="Sikorsky S-34">S-34</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-36" title="Sikorsky S-36">S-36</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-38" title="Sikorsky S-38">S-38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-39" title="Sikorsky S-39">S-39</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-41" title="Sikorsky S-41">S-41</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-43" title="Sikorsky S-43">S-43</a>) that were widely used for exploration and as airliners around the globe, helping pioneer many overseas air routes where the larger flying boats could not go, and helping to popularize amphibians in the US. The <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a> Corporation, latecomers to the game, introduced a pair of light utility amphibious aircraft – the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman Goose">Goose</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Widgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman Widgeon">Widgeon</a> – during the late 1930s for the civilian market. However, their military potential could not be ignored, and many were ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">US Armed forces</a> and their allies during World War II. Not coincidentally, the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Catalina">Consolidated Catalina</a> (named for <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Island,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Catalina Island, California">Santa Catalina Island</a> off the coast of southern California, whose resort was popularized partly by the use of amphibians in the 1930s, including Sikorskys and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin" title="Douglas Dolphin">Douglas Dolphins</a>) was redeveloped from being a pure flying boat into an amphibian during the war. After the war, the United States military ordered hundreds of the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman Albatross">Grumman Albatross</a> and its variants for a variety of roles. However, like the pure flying boat, they were made obsolete by helicopters which could operate in sea conditions far beyond what the best seaplane could manage. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiaggioP136L1Takeoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PiaggioP136L1Takeoff.jpg/220px-PiaggioP136L1Takeoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PiaggioP136L1Takeoff.jpg/330px-PiaggioP136L1Takeoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PiaggioP136L1Takeoff.jpg/440px-PiaggioP136L1Takeoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.136" title="Piaggio P.136">Piaggio P.136</a> during takeoff, retracting the wheels that make it an amphibian.</figcaption></figure> <p>Development of amphibians was not limited to the United Kingdom and the United States. In any case, few designs saw more than limited service, as there was a widespread preference for pure flying boats and floatplanes, due to the weight penalty the undercarriage imposed. Russia also developed a number of important flying boats, including the widely used pre-war <a href="/wiki/Shavrov_Sh-2" title="Shavrov Sh-2">Shavrov Sh-2</a> utility flying boat, and postwar the <a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-12" title="Beriev Be-12">Beriev Be-12</a> anti-submarine and maritime patrol amphibian. Development of amphibians continues in Russia with the jet-engined <a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-200" title="Beriev Be-200">Beriev Be-200</a>. Italy, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>, has had a long history of waterborne aircraft, going back to the first Italian aircraft to fly. While most were not amphibians, quite a few were, including the <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_S.56" title="Savoia-Marchetti S.56">Savoia-Marchetti S.56</a>A and the <a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.136" title="Piaggio P.136">Piaggio P.136</a>. </p><p>Amphibious aircraft have been particularly useful in the unforgiving terrain of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, where many remain in civilian service, providing remote communities with vital links to the outside world. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Vickers_Vedette" title="Canadian Vickers Vedette">Canadian Vickers Vedette</a> was developed for forestry patrol in remote areas; a job that previously was done by canoe and took weeks could be accomplished in hours, revolutionizing forestry conservation. Although successful, flying-boat amphibians like the Vedette ultimately proved less versatile than floatplane amphibians and are no longer as common as they once were. Amphibious floats that could be attached to any aircraft were developed, turning any aircraft into an amphibian, and these continue to be essential for getting into the more remote locations during the summer months when the only areas suitable for landing are the waterways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Us-2_03l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Us-2_03l.jpg/220px-Us-2_03l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Us-2_03l.jpg/330px-Us-2_03l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Us-2_03l.jpg/440px-Us-2_03l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa_US-2" title="ShinMaywa US-2">ShinMaywa US-2</a>, developed in the 2000s in Japan from the older <a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_US-1A" title="Shin Meiwa US-1A">Shin Meiwa US-1A</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the gains of amphibious floats, small flying-boat amphibians continued to be developed into the 1960s, with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_Seabee" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Seabee">Republic Seabee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_LA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake LA-4">Lake LA-4</a> series proving popular, though neither was a commercial success due to factors beyond their makers' control. Many today are homebuilts, by necessity as the demand is too small to justify the costs of development, with the <a href="/wiki/Volmer_Sportsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Volmer Sportsman">Volmer Sportsman</a> being a popular choice among the many offerings. </p><p>With the increased availability of airstrips in remote communities, fewer amphibious aircraft are manufactured today than in the past, although a handful of amphibious aircraft are still produced, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_415" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier 415">Bombardier 415</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICON_A5" title="ICON A5">ICON A5</a>, and the amphibious-float–equipped version of the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Caravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna Caravan">Cessna Caravan</a>. </p><p>Development of amphibians has continued into the new millennium. The <a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa_US-2" title="ShinMaywa US-2">ShinMaywa US-2</a> was developed in the 2000s in Japan for the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_aircraft&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amphibious_aircraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amphibious aircraft">Amphibious aircraft</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_helicopter" title="Amphibious helicopter">Amphibious helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_boats_and_floatplanes" title="List of flying boats and floatplanes">List of flying boats and floatplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">Floatplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">Flying boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_submarine" title="Flying submarine">Flying submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigerfish_Aviation" title="Tigerfish Aviation">Tigerfish Aviation</a> (retractable float)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibious_aircraft&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928230446/http://mallardaviation.com/">"Grumman Mallard"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mallardaviation.com">the original</a> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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