CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><link rel="icon" href="/images/elsevier-favicon.png" type="image/png"/><link rel="icon" href="/images/elsevier-favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/images/elsevier-apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><script>;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={allow_bfcache:true,distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:false},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"3344122",trustKey:"2038175",agentID:"1588666277",licenseKey:"NRJS-8ad1606bcb8deff2157",applicationID:"1588681229"}; ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"NRJS-8ad1606bcb8deff2157",applicationID:"1588681229",sa:1}; ;(()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>m,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>E,OP:()=>N,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>_,Dg:()=>v,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>O});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",h=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},g="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(g);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(g);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,h());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(g);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A={};function E(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!A[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return A[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");A[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=A[e])}const _=(0,n.mF)().o;var x=r(385),R=r(6818);const T={buildEnv:R.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:R.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(x._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||x._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+x._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof x._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:R.q4,denyList:void 0,harvestCount:0,timeKeeper:void 0},S={};function N(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!S[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return S[e]}function O(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");S[e]=(0,i.D)(t,T);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=S[e])}function D(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,lF:()=>a,q4:()=>n});const n="1.257.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="2.0.0-alpha.12"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{FN:()=>c,IF:()=>l,LW:()=>a,Nk:()=>h,Tt:()=>u,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>p,iS:()=>s,il:()=>n,ux:()=>d,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>f});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a="complete"===o?.document?.readyState,s=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),c=""+o?.location,u=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),d=u&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=(()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/s](d+.d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),f=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),h=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,p=Math.floor(Date.now()-performance.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LP:()=>l,RP:()=>c,o5:()=>u});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){d(e),s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),s[e].size&&f(e)}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature",r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=[...s[e]];t.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),h(e,r)})))}function h(e,t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)p(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}r.isolatedBacklog||delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>a,IK:()=>u,K4:()=>i,oD:()=>o,uT:()=>c,wO:()=>s});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{e:()=>i});var n=r(385);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n._A?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n._A?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>s});var n=r(8325),i=r(385);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{i._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},7872:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e){var t=this;let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:500,n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const i=n?.leading||!1;let o;return function(){for(var n=arguments.length,a=new Array(n),s=0;s<n;s++)a[s]=arguments[s];i&&void 0===o&&(e.apply(t,a),o=setTimeout((()=>{o=clearTimeout(o)}),r)),i||(clearTimeout(o),o=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(t,a)}),r))}}function i(e){var t=this;let r=!1;return function(){if(!r){r=!0;for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n),o=0;o<n;o++)i[o]=arguments[o];e.apply(t,i)}}}r.d(t,{D:()=>n,Z:()=>i})},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(385),i=r(7894);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n._A.NREUM||(n._A.NREUM={}),void 0===n._A.newrelic&&(n._A.newrelic=n._A.NREUM),n._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n._A.setTimeout,SI:n._A.setImmediate,CT:n._A.clearTimeout,XHR:n._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n._A.Request,EV:n._A.Event,PR:n._A.Promise,MO:n._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:n._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},7806:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{em:()=>b,u5:()=>S,QU:()=>D,_L:()=>j,Gm:()=>M,Lg:()=>L,BV:()=>Z,Kf:()=>Y});var n=r(8325),i=r(3117);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.a);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}var l=r(2210),f=r(385);const h={},p=f._A.XMLHttpRequest,g="addEventListener",m="removeEventListener",v="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.A);function b(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(h[t.debugId]++)return t;h[t.debugId]=1;var r=c(t,!0);function i(e){r.inPlace(e,[g,m],"-",o)}function o(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(f.il&&y(document,i),y(f._A,i),y(p.prototype,i)),t.on(g+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,l.X)(n,v,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(m+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function y(e,t){let r=e;for(;"object"==typeof r&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,g);)r=Object.getPrototypeOf(r);for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n>2?n-2:0),o=2;o<n;o++)i[o-2]=arguments[o];r&&t(r,...i)}var A="fetch-",E=A+"body-",w=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],_=f._A.Request,x=f._A.Response,R="prototype";const T={};function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(_&&x&&f._A.fetch))return t;if(T[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,i){var o=e[r];"function"==typeof o&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],a={};t.emit(i+"before-start",[r],a),a[n.A]&&a[n.A].dt&&(e=a[n.A].dt);var s=o.apply(this,r);return t.emit(i+"start",[r,e],s),s.then((function(e){return t.emit(i+"end",[null,e],s),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(i+"end",[e],s),e}))})}return T[t.debugId]=1,w.forEach((e=>{r(_[R],e,E),r(x[R],e,E)})),r(f._A,"fetch",A),t.on(A+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(A+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(A+"done",[e],n)})),t}const N={},O=["pushState","replaceState"];function D(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!f.il||N[t.debugId]++||(N[t.debugId]=1,c(t).inPlace(window.history,O,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const I={},C=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function j(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!f.il||I[t.debugId])return t;I[t.debugId]=!0;var r=c(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*).([^.]+)/,a=/^(w+)(.|$)(.*)$/;function s(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(a),n=r[1];return s(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,C,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,c=a.match(i),c?c[1]:null);var a,c;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:s(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const k={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!f.il||k[t.debugId])return t;k[t.debugId]=!0;var r=c(t),i=f._A.MutationObserver;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,i=c(t),a=f._A.Promise;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),o=i(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[o],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}f._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,o=r(e);o.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c<a;c++)s[c]=arguments[c];s[0]=i(s[0],"cb-",o,null,!1),s[1]=i(s[1],"cb-",o,null,!1);const u=n.apply(this,s);return o.nextPromise=u,t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],u,!1,!1),u},a.prototype.then[o]=n,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=i(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=i(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const U={},z="setTimeout",F="setInterval",B="clearTimeout",G="-start",q="-",V=[z,"setImmediate",F,B,"clearImmediate"];function Z(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(U[t.debugId]++)return t;U[t.debugId]=1;var r=c(t);return r.inPlace(f._A,V.slice(0,2),z+q),r.inPlace(f._A,V.slice(2,3),F+q),r.inPlace(f._A,V.slice(3),B+q),t.on(F+G,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(z+G,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}var K=r(50);const W={},X=["open","send"];function Y(e){var t=e||n.ee;const r=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("xhr")}(t);if(W[r.debugId]++)return r;W[r.debugId]=1,b(t);var i=c(r),o=f._A.XMLHttpRequest,a=f._A.MutationObserver,s=f._A.Promise,u=f._A.setInterval,d="readystatechange",l=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],h=[],p=f._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){const t=new o(e),n=r.context(t);try{r.emit("new-xhr",[t],n),t.addEventListener(d,(a=n,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!a.resolved&&(a.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,l,"fn-",E)}),(0,P.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,K.Z)("An error occurred while intercepting XHR",e);try{r.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}var a;return t};function g(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,X,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){g(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(m?m.then(A):u?u(A):(v=-v,y.data=v))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",g),a){var m=s&&s.resolve();if(!u&&!s){var v=1,y=document.createTextNode(v);new a(A).observe(y,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e<h.length;e++)g(0,h[e]);h.length&&(h=[])}function E(e,t){return t}return r}},7825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},7144:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ef:()=>o,J0:()=>f,Mi:()=>l,Vb:()=>a,Ye:()=>c,fm:()=>u,i9:()=>s,t9:()=>i,u0:()=>d});var n=r(7056);const i=r(3325).D.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c=1e6,u=64e3,d={[n.IK.ERROR]:15e3,[n.IK.FULL]:3e5,[n.IK.OFF]:0},l={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},f=5e3},3112:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{HM:()=>c,ev:()=>o,rU:()=>s,wi:()=>u});var n=r(234),i=r(385);function o(e){return i.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")}function a(e){return!!n.Yu.MO&&o(e)&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function s(e){return!0===(0,n.Mt)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&a(e)}function c(e,t){return!!a(e)&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,timeKeeperOriginTime:t.originTime,timeKeeperCorrectedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,timeKeeperDiff:Math.floor(t.originTime-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},6216:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K8:()=>s,QZ:()=>c,cS:()=>o,sE:()=>i,t9:()=>a,vh:()=>u});var n=r(3325);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.D.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BODY:()=>w,CB_END:()=>_,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>E,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>R,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>g,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>f,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>p,JS_TIME:()=>x,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>l,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>A,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(234);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,A="-start",E="-end",w="-body",_="cb"+E,x="jsTime",R="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},2758:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>_});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(8e3),c=r(3960),u=r(385),d=r(50),l=r(3081),f=r(8632),h=r(7144);const p=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay",h.Ef.RECORD,h.Ef.PAUSE],g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(7894),v=r(7056);function b(){const e=(0,f.gG)();p.forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}const y={};var A=r(2825);const E=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let w=!1;function _(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},p=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,_=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:x,info:R,loader_config:T,runtime:S={loaderType:p},exposed:N=!0}=t;const O=(0,f.gG)();R||(x=O.init,R=O.info,T=O.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,T||{}),R.jsAttributes??={},u.v6&&(R.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,R);const D=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),P=[R.beacon,R.errorBeacon];w||(D.proxy.assets&&(E(D.proxy.assets),P.push(D.proxy.assets)),D.proxy.beacon&&P.push(D.proxy.beacon),b(),(0,f.EZ)("activatedFeatures",A.T),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===D.soft_navigations.enabled&&D.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),S.denyList=[...D.ajax.deny_list||[],...D.ajax.block_internal?P:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,S),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){let f=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];t||(0,s.RP)(e,"api");const p={};var b=a.ee.get(e),A=b.get("tracer");y[e]=v.IK.OFF,b.on(h.Ef.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{y[e]=t}));var E="api-",w=E+"ixn-";function _(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),T(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function x(){}g.forEach((e=>{p[e]=T(E,e,!0,"api")})),p.addPageAction=T(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),p.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,T(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},p.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return _(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute. Non-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,d.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute. Name must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},p.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return _("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId. Non-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},p.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return _("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},p.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,b);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,d.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{b.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,d.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},p[h.Ef.RECORD]=function(){(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,b),(0,o.p)(h.Ef.RECORD,[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,b)},p[h.Ef.PAUSE]=function(){(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,b),(0,o.p)(h.Ef.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,b)},p.interaction=function(e){return(new x).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const R=x.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,b),f||(0,o.p)(w+"tracer",[(0,m.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,b),function(){if(A.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.z)()],r)}}}};function T(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,b),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,m.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,b),r?void 0:this}}function S(){r.e(111).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,s.LP)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>{(0,d.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed..."),b.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{R[e]=T(w,e,void 0,f?n.D.softNav:n.D.spa)})),p.setCurrentRouteName=f?T(w,"routeName",void 0,n.D.softNav):T(E,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),p.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,b),(0,o.p)("err",[t,(0,m.z)(),!1,r,!!y[e]],void 0,n.D.jserrors,b)},u.il?(0,c.b2)((()=>S()),!0):S(),p}(e.agentIdentifier,_,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=N),w=!0}},8993:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.softNav]:9,[n.sessionReplay]:10}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({111:"nr-spa",164:"nr-spa-compressor",433:"nr-spa-recorder"}[e]+"-1.257.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.257.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={111:"sha512-ANmGkHR8C/aA941pbKL4FBoXtrR+1TeFfluIxpUQ535UOjSH+R7WSAVxIstTpyEp073k4brvwNNUX2c10rYrIA==",433:"sha512-N8gRlCqzw2lS+m3CL/mMjjNHJfRgBBf1Wfm55jx7Wv931+jmXGDC3pxe1yqoD84+px94W8pRM9DOlwxTTz6YMQ==",164:"sha512-rwz2SW2q0W35zYJMBkNUd4b2uib909wiCPDSMMR/4ecOYSJOwG3RUWWIUW04vVmSYnmQbJHkMibLArUPJBimkw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={801:0,92:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed. ("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.257.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.257.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8993);var e=i(50),t=i(7144),r=i(4402);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:(0,r.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...n);(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api ".concat(t," failed. The API is not currently initialized."))}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}start(e){return this.#e("start",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.Ef.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.Ef.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}}var o=i(3325),a=i(234);const s=Object.values(o.D);function c(e){const t={};return s.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,a.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var u=i(2758);var d=i(8e3),l=i(5938),f=i(3960),h=i(385),p=i(3112),g=i(7872);class m extends l.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,a.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.RP)(e,r):this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(0,g.Z)((()=>{(0,d.RP)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()})))}importAggregator(){let t,r=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{t=e}));const n=async()=>{let n;try{if((0,p.ev)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(111).then(i.bind(i,1656));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t),this.featureName===o.D.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,n))return(0,d.LP)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void t(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(111).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,r),t(!0)}catch(r){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),r),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.LP)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),t(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};h.il?(0,f.b2)((()=>n()),!0):n()}#t(e,t){return e!==o.D.sessionReplay||(0,p.HM)(this.agentIdentifier,t)}}var v=i(7633);class b extends m{static featureName=v.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,v.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var y=i(1117),A=i(1284);class E extends y.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,A.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,A.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=_(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=Object.values(this.aggregatedData[r]||{}),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function w(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=_(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function _(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}var x=i(8632),R=i(4351);var T=i(5546),S=i(7956),N=i(3239),O=i(9251),D=i(7894);class P extends m{static featureName=O.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,O.t,r),h.il&&((0,S.N)((()=>(0,T.p)("docHidden",[(0,D.z)()],void 0,O.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,N.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,T.p)("winPagehide",[(0,D.z)()],void 0,O.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class C extends m{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var j=i(6660);class k{constructor(e,t,r,n){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message=e,this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n}}class M extends m{static featureName=j.t;#r=new Set;#n=!1;constructor(e,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("fn-err",((e,t,r)=>{this.abortHandler&&!this.#r.has(r)&&(this.#r.add(r),(0,T.p)("err",[this.#i(r),(0,D.z)()],void 0,o.D.jserrors,this.ee))})),this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,T.p)("ierr",[this.#i(e),(0,D.z)(),!0,{},this.#n],void 0,o.D.jserrors,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.Ef.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#n=e})),h._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,T.p)("err",[this.#o(e),(0,D.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#n],void 0,o.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,N.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),h._A.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(this.#r.has(e.error)?this.#r.delete(e.error):(0,T.p)("err",[this.#a(e),(0,D.z)(),!1,{},this.#n],void 0,o.D.jserrors,this.ee))}),(0,N.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#s,this.importAggregator()}#s(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.#r.clear(),this.abortHandler=void 0}#i(e){return e instanceof Error?e:void 0!==e?.message?new k(e.message,e.filename||e.sourceURL,e.lineno||e.line,e.colno||e.col):new k("string"==typeof e?e:(0,R.P)(e))}#o(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e?.reason instanceof Error)try{return e.reason.message=t+e.reason.message,e.reason}catch(t){return e.reason}if(void 0===e.reason)return new k(t);const r=this.#i(e.reason);return r.message=t+r.message,r}#a(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new k(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return e.error instanceof Error?e.error:new k(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno)}}var H=i(2210);let L=1;const U="nr@id";function z(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===h._A?0:(0,H.X)(e,U,(function(){return L++}))}function F(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,R.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var B=i(7806),G=i(7243);class q{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,a.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var s=(0,r.M)(),c=(0,r.Ht)(),u=Date.now(),d={spanId:s,traceId:c,timestamp:u};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(d.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(s,c),d.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(s,u,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(d.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(s,c,u,n,i,o)),d}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof h._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,R.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,a.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,a.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,G.e)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,a.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,a.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,a.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,a.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var V=i(7825),Z=["load","error","abort","timeout"],K=Z.length,W=a.Yu.REQ,X=a.Yu.XHR;class Y extends m{static featureName=V.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(e,t,V.t,r),(0,a.OP)(e).xhrWrappable){this.dt=new q(e),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,T.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};h._A?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};J(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,o.D.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}(0,B.u5)(this.ee),(0,B.Kf)(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=w,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,N.m$)(!1)),h.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,N.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},J(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(t,r){var i=(0,a.DL)(e);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var o=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(o){var s=!1;o.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",o.newrelicHeader),s=!0),o.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",o.traceContextParentHeader),o.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",o.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=o)}}function u(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=F(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,D.z)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<K;s++)r.addEventListener(Z[s],this.listener,(0,N.m$)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function l(e,t){var r=""+z(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function f(e,t){var r=""+z(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function p(){this.endTime=(0,D.z)()}function g(e,r){r instanceof X&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,r){r instanceof X&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function v(e,t,r){t instanceof X&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,D.z)()))}function b(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,D.z)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function y(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&h.il&&(t=""+h._A.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:h._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,G.e)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function A(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,D.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof W?r=i.url:h._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),J(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof W&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=F(n.body)||0}function E(e,t){var n;this.endTime=(0,D.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,D.z)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,o.D.ajax)}function w(e){var t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var i=0;i<K;i++)e.removeEventListener(Z[i],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(n.duration=(0,D.z)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):_(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,o.D.ajax))}}function _(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?F(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?F(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,T.p)(I.mY,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,o.D.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",s),t.on("open-xhr-end",c),t.on("send-xhr-start",u),t.on("xhr-cb-time",d),t.on("xhr-load-added",l),t.on("xhr-load-removed",f),t.on("xhr-resolved",p),t.on("addEventListener-end",g),t.on("removeEventListener-end",m),t.on("fn-end",b),t.on("fetch-before-start",y),t.on("fetch-start",A),t.on("fn-start",v),t.on("fetch-done",E)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator()}}}function J(e,t){var r=(0,G.e)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}var Q=i(3614);const{BST_RESOURCE:ee,RESOURCE:te,START:re,END:ne,FEATURE_NAME:ie,FN_END:oe,FN_START:ae,PUSH_STATE:se}=Q;var ce=i(7056);class ue extends m{static featureName=t.t9;constructor(e,r){let n,i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,t.t9,i),this.replayRunning=!1;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(ce.Bq,"_").concat(ce.K4)))}catch(e){}this.#c(n)?this.#u(n?.sessionReplayMode):this.importAggregator(),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,T.p)(t.Ef.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.Ef.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#c(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===ce.IK.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===ce.IK.ERROR)||(0,p.rU)(this.agentIdentifier)}async#u(e){const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(111),i.e(433)]).then(i.bind(i,4345));this.recorder=new t({mode:e,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording,this.importAggregator({recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}var de=i(6216);class le extends m{static featureName=de.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(e,t,de.t9,r),!h.il||!a.Yu.MO)return;const n=(0,B.QU)(this.ee),i=(0,B.em)(this.ee),o=()=>(0,T.p)("newURL",[(0,D.z)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);n.on("pushState-end",o),n.on("replaceState-end",o);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,N.bP)("popstate",(e=>(0,T.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let s=!1;const c=new a.Yu.MO(((e,t)=>{s||(s=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,T.p)("newDom",[(0,D.z)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),s=!1})))})),u=(0,g.D)((e=>{(0,T.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),c.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});i.on("fn-start",(e=>{let[t]=e;de.sE.includes(t?.type)&&u(t)}));for(let e of de.sE)document.addEventListener(e,(()=>{}));this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),c.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator({domObserver:c})}}var fe=i(7836);const{FEATURE_NAME:he,START:pe,END:ge,BODY:me,CB_END:ve,JS_TIME:be,FETCH:ye,FN_START:Ae,CB_START:Ee,FN_END:we}=fe;var _e=i(4649);class xe extends m{static featureName=_e.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,_e.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends n{constructor(t,r){super(r),h._A?(this.sharedAggregator=new E({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,x.h5)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(b),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===o.D.softNav)),(0,u.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=c(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>o.p[e.featureName]-o.p[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==o.D.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===o.D.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===o.D.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case o.D.ajax:return[o.D.jserrors];case o.D.sessionTrace:return[o.D.ajax,o.D.pageViewEvent];case o.D.sessionReplay:return[o.D.sessionTrace];case o.D.pageViewTiming:return[o.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName);n.every((e=>e in this.features))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(r.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has not been initialized (").concat((0,R.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,x.fP)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[Y,b,P,class extends m{static featureName=ie;constructor(e,t){if(super(e,t,ie,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!h.il)return;const r=this.ee;let n;(0,B.QU)(r),this.eventsEE=(0,B.em)(r),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,D.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(oe,(function(e,t){(0,T.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,D.z)()],void 0,o.D.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(se+re,(function(e){this.time=(0,D.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(se+ne,(function(e){(0,T.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,o.D.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,T.p)(ee,[t],void 0,o.D.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:te,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:n})}},ue,C,xe,M,le,class extends m{static featureName=he;constructor(e,t){if(super(e,t,he,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!h.il)return;if(!(0,a.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=(0,B._L)(this.ee),s=(0,B.Lg)(this.ee),c=(0,B.BV)(this.ee),u=(0,B.Kf)(this.ee),d=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,B.u5)(this.ee),f=(0,B.QU)(this.ee),p=(0,B.Gm)(this.ee);function g(e,t){f.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function m(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[Ae]=(0,D.z)()}function v(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&g(0,!0);var e=(0,D.z)();this[be]=~~this[be]+e-this[Ae],this[we]=e}function b(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,D.z)()}))}this.ee.on(Ae,m),s.on(Ee,m),o.on(Ee,m),this.ee.on(we,v),s.on(ve,v),o.on(ve,v),this.ee.buffer([Ae,we,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),d.buffer([Ae],this.featureName),c.buffer(["setTimeout"+ge,"clearTimeout"+pe,Ae],this.featureName),u.buffer([Ae,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+pe],this.featureName),l.buffer([ye+pe,ye+"-done",ye+me+pe,ye+me+ge],this.featureName),f.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),p.buffer([Ae],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",Ee,ve,"executor-err","resolve"+pe],this.featureName),i.buffer([Ae,"no-"+Ae],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),b(l,ye+pe),b(l,ye+"-done"),b(o,"new-jsonp"),b(o,"jsonp-end"),b(o,"cb-start"),f.on("pushState-end",g),f.on("replaceState-end",g),window.addEventListener("hashchange",g,(0,N.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",g,(0,N.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){g(0,n>1)}),(0,N.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#s,this.importAggregator()}#s(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})()})(); </script><title>Formulating and Implementing Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies - 1st Edition | Elsevier Shop</title><meta name="description" content="Purchase Formulating and Implementing Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780443235184, 9780443235191"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://shop.elsevier.com/books/formulating-and-implementing-pharmaceutical-pricing-policies/babar/978-0-443-23518-4"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="0-8Ig3YtfzbeUxQdZ-TM_y8P_se41D4JrW3e0o8xgdk"/><meta property="og:title" content="Formulating and Implementing Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://shop.elsevier.com/books/formulating-and-implementing-pharmaceutical-pricing-policies/babar/978-0-443-23518-4"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://secure-ecsd.elsevier.com/covers/80/Tango2/large/9780443235184.jpg"/><meta property="og:description" content="Formulating and implementing pharmaceutical pricing policies: Challenges, case studies and lessons learned from medicine price control provi"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Elsevier Shop"/><meta property="book:isbn" content="9780443235184"/><meta property="book:release_date" content="2025-05-01"/><meta property="book:tag" content="Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacoeconomics, Pharmacoeconomics"/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure-ecsd.elsevier.com%2Fcovers%2F80%2FTango2%2Flarge%2F9780443235184.jpg&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure-ecsd.elsevier.com%2Fcovers%2F80%2FTango2%2Flarge%2F9780443235184.jpg&w=384&q=75 2x"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="21"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/94c5740aa8fe3bb7.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/94c5740aa8fe3bb7.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/6fe1127ded6c4320.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/6fe1127ded6c4320.css" data-n-p=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/944357b27f5aaffa.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/944357b27f5aaffa.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-c67a75d1b6f99dc8.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-87bdda41983f72aa.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-b27784fbbd3c6c0c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-7c5e71731550cd98.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-f914be480251bcb9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/595-21adf33ffde3bd88.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/712-2205c8206d028f06.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/494-7d3d209494b6a9e5.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/577-7780c56ffb6d4008.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/279-67c51db4e8675c95.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/719-91b656760486876d.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/907-cb4e3aeb64ec93d3.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/books/%5Btitle%5D/%5Bcontributor%5D/%5Bisbn%5D-f042ff2dc3341d0e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/Km9o3uIa3mcT3pxiiyL6n/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/Km9o3uIa3mcT3pxiiyL6n/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body class="_99wljg2e _99wljg4b" id="body-content"><div id="__next"><a id="top"></a><a class="hhkif20 _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb54 _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb182 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqb19y _16jmeqb15g" href="#main-content"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Skip to main content</span></a><div class="v12zwg0 _16jmeqbx8 _16jmeqb158"><div class=""></div><div class="_16jmeqbx8 _16jmeqb15g"><header class="_10p5np20 _16jmeqb2o _16jmeqb2t _16jmeqb6g _16jmeqb6l _16jmeqb19i _16jmeqbx8 _16jmeqb1i6" data-testid="main-header" id="main-header"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x86 _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb91 _16jmeqb54 _16jmeqb59" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><div class="_10p5np21 _16jmeqbi4 _16jmeqbih _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbk0 _16jmeqbkd _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbw"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqbrs" href="/"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><div class="_16jmeqbig _16jmeqbip _16jmeqbkc _16jmeqbkl _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><img class="_10p5np22 popcxs1 popcxs3" src="/images/elsevier-logo.svg" alt="Elsevier" width="171" height="48" srcSet="/images/elsevier-logo.svg 1x, /images/elsevier-logo.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="eager"/></div></span></a><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbs _16jmeqb24"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><nav class="" aria-label="Main site navigation" data-testid="main-navigation-desktop"><ul class="_16jmeqbiw _16jmeqbks _16jmeqb19i _16jmeqb55 _16jmeqb5a _16jmeqb20 _16jmeqb1u"><li class=""><a class="_81pa9t1 _81pa9t2 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books" data-testid="books-link"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Books</span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_81pa9t1 _81pa9t2 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/journals" data-testid="journals-link"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Journals</span></a></li><li class=""><button class="_81pa9t1 _81pa9t2" data-testid="browse-by-subject-link">Browse by subject</button><div class="_16jmeqbxc _16jmeqb19i _16jmeqbyw _16jmeqb13c _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb20" data-testid="browse-by-subject-link"><div class="_19cgiao0"><button class="_16jmeqb22 _16jmeqb17e _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb70"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd7 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb17e _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md">Back</span></span></span></button><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb24"><h2 class="_19cgiao6 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Discover Books & Journals by subject</h2><ul class="_19cgiao1" role="menu"><li class="_19cgiao3"><ul class=""><li class="" role="presentation"><h3 class="_19cgiao2 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbso _16jmeqbt2 _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="3">Life Sciences</h3></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/agricultural-and-biological-sciences" data-testid="agricultural-and-biological-sciences" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Agricultural & Biological Sciences</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/drug-discovery" data-testid="drug-discovery" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Drug Discovery</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/immunology" data-testid="immunology" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Immunology</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/life-sciences" data-testid="life-sciences" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Life Sciences</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/microbiology-and-virology" data-testid="microbiology-and-virology" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Microbiology & Virology</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/neuroscience" data-testid="neuroscience" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Neuroscience</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/pharmaceutical-sciences" data-testid="pharmaceutical-sciences" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Pharmaceutical Sciences</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/pharmacology" data-testid="pharmacology" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Pharmacology</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/toxicology" data-testid="toxicology" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Toxicology</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="_19cgiao3"><ul class=""><li class="" role="presentation"><h3 class="_19cgiao2 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbso _16jmeqbt2 _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="3">Physical Sciences & Engineering</h3></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/astronomy-astrophysics-space-science" data-testid="astronomy-astrophysics-space-science" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Science</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/built-environment" data-testid="built-environment" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Built Environment</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/chemical-engineering" data-testid="chemical-engineering" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Chemical Engineering</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/chemistry" data-testid="chemistry" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Chemistry</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/computer-science" data-testid="computer-science" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Computer Science</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/earth-and-planetary-sciences" data-testid="earth-and-planetary-sciences" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Earth & Planetary Sciences</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/energy-and-power" data-testid="energy-and-power" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Energy & Power</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/engineering-and-technology" data-testid="engineering-and-technology" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Engineering & Technology</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/environmental-sciences" data-testid="environmental-sciences" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Environmental Sciences</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/mathematics" data-testid="mathematics" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Mathematics</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/materials-science" data-testid="materials-science" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Materials Science</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/physics" data-testid="physics" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Physics</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="_19cgiao3"><ul class=""><li class="" role="presentation"><h3 class="_19cgiao2 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbso _16jmeqbt2 _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="3">Social Sciences & Humanities</h3></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/arts-and-humanities" data-testid="arts-and-humanities" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Arts & Humanities</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/business-management-and-accounting" data-testid="business-management-and-accounting" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Business, Management & Accounting</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/decision-sciences" data-testid="decision-sciences" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Decision Sciences</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/economics-and-finance" data-testid="economics-and-finance" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Economics & Finance</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/forensics" data-testid="forensics" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Forensics</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/psychology" data-testid="psychology" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Psychology</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/social-sciences" data-testid="social-sciences" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Social Sciences</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="_19cgiao3"><ul class=""><li class="" role="presentation"><h3 class="_19cgiao2 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbso _16jmeqbt2 _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="3">Health</h3></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/health/dentistry" data-testid="dentistry" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Dentistry</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/health/health-professions" data-testid="health-professions" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Health Professions</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/health/medicine" data-testid="medicine" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Medicine</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/health/nursing-and-midwifery" data-testid="nursing-and-midwifery" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Nursing & Midwifery</span></a></li><li class="" role="presentation"><a class="_19cgiao5 _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/health/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine" data-testid="veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine" role="menuitem"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Veterinary Science & Veterinary Medicine</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></nav><div class="xoqi80 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb176" data-testid="search-modal-button" aria-haspopup="true"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m16.355 15.035 4.935 4.935-1.318 1.319-4.935-4.936a7.596 7.596 0 0 1-4.712 1.628 7.61 7.61 0 0 1-5.415-2.243 7.603 7.603 0 0 1-2.244-5.415c0-2.045.797-3.969 2.244-5.414a7.61 7.61 0 0 1 5.415-2.243c2.046 0 3.968.797 5.415 2.243a7.61 7.61 0 0 1 2.243 5.414c0 1.731-.576 3.372-1.628 4.712ZM4.532 10.323c0 1.547.602 3.002 1.697 4.097a5.76 5.76 0 0 0 4.096 1.697 5.756 5.756 0 0 0 4.095-1.697 5.755 5.755 0 0 0 1.697-4.097 5.755 5.755 0 0 0-1.697-4.096 5.756 5.756 0 0 0-4.095-1.697A5.76 5.76 0 0 0 6.23 6.227a5.755 5.755 0 0 0-1.697 4.096Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0"><span class="_13sjisp0">Open search</span></span></div></button></div><div class="_1cr1bz80"><a class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb176" href="https://secure.elsevier.com/checkout/cart?country-code=" data-testid="shopping-cart-button" aria-label="0 items in shopping cart. View Cart"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m8.436 3.375.252 1.871h12.704c-.11.678-.293 1.856-.594 3.797v.004l-.764 4.904c-.12.777-.88 1.424-1.657 1.424H9.96c-.78 0-1.553-.654-1.654-1.407-1.152-8.567-1.3-9.69-1.315-9.802l-.001-.01c-.255-1.695-1.797-3.031-3.512-3.031H.375V3h3.103c.769 0 1.543.677 1.655 1.42 0 0 .095.721 1.315 9.793.225 1.675 1.8 3.037 3.512 3.037h8.417c1.704 0 3.246-1.318 3.51-3.01.745-4.78 1.124-7.227 1.333-8.58.25-1.62.258-1.672.364-2.285H8.436Zm-.56 15.375a1.875 1.875 0 1 0 0 3.75 1.875 1.875 0 0 0 0-3.75Zm9.749 1.875a1.875 1.875 0 1 1 3.75 0 1.875 1.875 0 0 1-3.75 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0"><span class="_13sjisp0">View Cart</span></span></div></a></div><button class="_16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqbic _16jmeqbk8 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z _16jmeqb8" data-testid="country-select-button" aria-label="country-select-button"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.995 21.375h-.002a9.551 9.551 0 0 1-9.556-9.556c0-2.552.994-4.953 2.8-6.758a9.491 9.491 0 0 1 6.756-2.795c-.463 0 3.563-.397 6.758 2.799 6.046 6.045 1.671 16.31-6.756 16.31Zm-4.291-8.626h-3.33c.345 2.998 2.214 5.135 4.646 6.156-.865-1.795-1.235-4.282-1.316-6.156Zm2.777 4.821c-.51-1.302-.821-2.947-.9-4.82h4.826c-.19 4.496-1.607 6.75-2.413 6.75-.636 0-1.28-1.337-1.513-1.93Zm4.486 1.335Zm0 0c.865-1.795 1.235-4.282 1.317-6.156h3.329c-.346 2.998-2.216 5.137-4.646 6.156Zm.004-14.167-.004-.008a7.78 7.78 0 0 1 4.078 4.039.02.02 0 0 0-.005 0l-.006.002c.296.672.491 1.384.579 2.112h-3.33c-.057-1.498-.248-2.786-.554-3.988a6.141 6.141 0 0 0-2.339-1.1c.663 1.526.944 3.59 1.017 5.088H9.58c.19-4.496 1.616-6.746 2.414-6.746.796 0 2.026.2 2.977.6Zm-5.952-.002Zm-1.316 6.147c.082-1.873.452-4.352 1.316-6.147-2.428 1.019-4.3 3.15-4.645 6.147h3.33Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="" aria-hidden="true"></span></button><a class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb20 _16jmeqb1i _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb176" href="https://account.elsevier.com/" data-testid="user-account-button"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.75 6.812c0 3.598 2.258 6.313 5.25 6.313 2.993 0 5.25-2.715 5.25-6.313 0-2.88-2.403-5.312-5.25-5.312-2.846 0-5.25 2.432-5.25 5.312ZM12 3.32c-1.822 0-3.42 1.629-3.42 3.485 0 2.563 1.47 4.497 3.42 4.497s3.42-1.934 3.42-4.497c0-1.856-1.597-3.485-3.42-3.485ZM4.138 22.5l.158-1.742c.37-3.523 4.376-4.3 7.704-4.3 3.327 0 7.333.775 7.703 4.283l.157 1.759h1.883l-.175-1.939c-.403-3.83-3.776-5.936-9.568-5.936s-9.167 2.104-9.572 5.95l-.17 1.925h1.88Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0"><span class="_13sjisp0">Your Account</span></span></div></a></div></div><div class=""><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb22 _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb176"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5 7h14v1.5H5V7Zm0 4.5h14V13H5v-1.5ZM19 16H5v1.5h14V16Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0"><span class="_13sjisp0">Open main site navigation</span></span></div></button></div></div></div></div></header></div><main class="v12zwg1 _16jmeqbx8 _16jmeqb158 _16jmeqb19i" id="main-content"><div class="_1pkggsf0 _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb4s _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb8k _16jmeqbic _16jmeqbk8 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbo" data-testid="promo-bar"></div><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88 _16jmeqbio _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb30" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljge)"><div class=""><nav aria-label="Breadcrumbs" data-testid="breadcrumbs"><ol class="_1w1hhao0 _5yxbei0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei2"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/" data-testid="breadcrumb-home"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Home</span></a><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei2"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/search?type=Book" data-testid="breadcrumb-books"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Books</span></a><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei2"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/books/subjects/life-sciences/pharmaceutical-sciences" data-testid="breadcrumb-pharmaceutical-sciences"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Pharmaceutical sciences</span></a><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei2"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167" data-testid="breadcrumb-formulating-and-implementing-pharmaceutical-pricing-policies">Formulating and Implementing Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies</span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="_5yxbei1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></li></ol></nav></div><div class="_16jmeqbam"><div class="_1u13v720 _1jzgzy70 _16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_1jzgzy71 _16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbq0"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbnh _16jmeqbnm _16jmeqbpw _16jmeqbpx _16jmeqbq2 _16jmeqbgl"><header><h1 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqbsl _16jmeqb16l _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="1" data-testid="book-title" lang="en">Formulating and Implementing Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies</h1><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb17e _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqb16m _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2" data-testid="book-sub-title">Challenges, Case Studies and Lessons Learned from Medicine Price Control</h2></header><ul class="_1w1hhao0 sso1100 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb15w _16jmeqbac" data-testid="publication-date">1st Edition - May 1, 2025</span></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Editor:</span> Zaheer Babar</div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Language: English</span></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Paperback ISBN:</span> <span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167" aria-hidden="true" data-testid="isbn">9780443235184</span><span class="_13sjisp0"><div>9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 5 1 8 - 4</div></span></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">eBook ISBN:</span> <span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167" aria-hidden="true" data-testid="isbn">9780443235191</span><span class="_13sjisp0"><div>9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 5 1 9 - 1</div></span></div></div></li></ul><div class="_16jmeqb22"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbau" lang="en"><span><span class="_12fsmvo0">Formulating and implementing pharmaceutical pricing policies: Challenges, case studies and lessons learned from medicine price control provides readers with a framework to unders…</span></span> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="#full-description" data-testid="read-more-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb8">Read more <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" width="16px"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m20.513 10.492-7.575 7.575V2.25h-1.875v15.765l-7.522-7.523-1.324 1.328 9.81 9.81 9.813-9.81-1.327-1.328Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></p></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbn9 _16jmeqbna _16jmeqbq0 _16jmeqbox _16jmeqbp2 _16jmeqbrg"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="_3e1tgp0"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%27155%27%20height=%27200%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="Formulating and Implementing Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure-ecsd.elsevier.com%2Fcovers%2F80%2FTango2%2Flarge%2F9780443235184.jpg&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure-ecsd.elsevier.com%2Fcovers%2F80%2FTango2%2Flarge%2F9780443235184.jpg&w=384&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure-ecsd.elsevier.com%2Fcovers%2F80%2FTango2%2Flarge%2F9780443235184.jpg&w=384&q=75" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/></span></div><div class="_16jmeqb1g _16jmeqb21 _16jmeqb22"><div class="_18c3bdd1" aria-busy="true" role="presentation" data-testid="skeleton"><div class="_18c3bdd2" aria-hidden="true"><div class="" data-testid="notAvailable"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1jzgzy72 _16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbq0 _16jmeqbak _16jmeqba6"><div class="" id="purchase-options"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsq _16jmeqb16l _16jmeqb164 _16jmeqb2q _16jmeqb38 _16jmeqb72 _16jmeqb70" data-heading-level="2">Purchase options</h2><div class="_18c3bdd1 mqwdffd9 mqwdffd4 mqwdffde" aria-busy="true" role="presentation" data-testid="skeleton"><div class="_18c3bdd2" aria-hidden="true"><form class="" action="https://global-checkout.elsevier.com" method="GET" data-testid="purchase-options" id="available-formats"><input type="hidden" name="country" value=""/><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="fa30tq0 _16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbq0"><div class="_1ho7e2b3 _16jmeqb8o _16jmeqb4w _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8" role="note"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" color="#0056D6" class=" nddnvd3 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.238 5.05A9.5 9.5 0 0 1 12 2.25c5.273 0 9.563 4.29 9.563 9.563a9.502 9.502 0 0 1-2.8 6.761A9.5 9.5 0 0 1 12 21.375H12c-5.273 0-9.563-4.29-9.563-9.563a9.5 9.5 0 0 1 2.801-6.761Zm6.763 14.523a7.707 7.707 0 0 0 5.487-2.273 7.712 7.712 0 0 0 2.273-5.487c0-4.28-3.482-7.761-7.761-7.761a7.712 7.712 0 0 0-5.488 2.273 7.712 7.712 0 0 0-2.273 5.487c0 4.28 3.482 7.76 7.761 7.76h.002Zm.937-12.448V9h-1.876V7.125h1.876Zm0 9.375v-6.375h-1.876V16.5h1.876Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="_16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb8p"><div class="">Sorry, we are having difficulty getting Purchase Options, please try again later.</div></div></div></div><div class="mqwdff2l mqwdff2m mqwdff2n mqwdff6r mqwdff5s mqwdff6t mqwdffax mqwdffaz _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbq0 _16jmeqbws _16jmeqba4"></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div class="_1jzgzy73 _16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbq0"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbo _16jmeqbek"><article class="_1twby0uh _1twby0ud"><div class="_1twby0uu"><div class="_1twby0ui"><p class="_1twby0uj gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">LIMITED OFFER</p><h2 class="_1twby0uk m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Save 50% on book bundles</h2><p class="_1twby0ut gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Immediately download your ebook while waiting for your print delivery. No promo code needed.</p><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s"><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he285 _16jmeqb8k _16jmeqb8q _16jmeqb4s _16jmeqb4y _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb182 _16jmeqb18c _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb19y _16jmeqb1ad _16jmeqb1d1 _1dmxl4u6 _1dmxl4u5 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Offer details" data-testid="offer-details"><div class="_1d3he282"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8">Offer details<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></span></span></div></button></div></div><img class="_1twby0uv popcxs1 popcxs3" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=400&q=75" alt="Image of books" width="400" height="400" sizes="(min-width: 650px) 50vw, (min-width: 1024px) 100vw" srcSet="https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=384&q=75 384w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=640&q=75 640w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=750&q=75 750w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=828&q=75 828w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=1080&q=75 1080w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=1200&q=75 1200w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=1920&q=75 1920w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=2048&q=75 2048w, https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png?fm=webp&w=3840&q=75 3840w" decoding="async" loading="eager"/></div></article></div></div><div class="_1jzgzy74 _16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbq0"><div class=""><div class="_1gz2xs40 _1gz2xs42 _16jmeqb36 _16jmeqb2p _16jmeqb2k _16jmeqb6y _16jmeqb6h _16jmeqb6c _16jmeqba6 _16jmeqba5 _16jmeqbe6 _16jmeqbe5 _16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1y _16jmeqb1s" data-testid="institutional-link"><div class="_16jmeqbas _16jmeqba5 _16jmeqba6 _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbe5 _16jmeqbe6"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8 _16jmeqbgc _16jmeqbcc"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M21.563 5.764V9.75h-1.875v6.75h1.875v5.625H2.438V16.5h1.874V9.75H2.438V5.764L12 .9l9.563 4.864ZM4.313 6.912 12 3.004l7.688 3.908v.963H4.313v-.963Zm13.5 11.463h1.875v1.875H4.313v-1.875h1.875V9.75h2.625v8.625h1.874V9.75h2.626v8.625h1.874V9.75h2.626v8.625Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div><div class="_16jmeqb38 _16jmeqb2l _16jmeqb2m _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb6d _16jmeqb6e _16jmeqbwo _16jmeqbg4"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqb16m _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect</h2><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqbac" href="https://www.elsevier.com/contact-sales-books?issn_isbn=9780443235184&product=Formulating%20and%20Implementing%20Pharmaceutical%20Pricing%20Policies" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Request a sales quote<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="_1jzgzy75 _16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbq0 _16jmeqbak"><div class="" role="region"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1ii"><button class="_16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb17y" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="description-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqbw"><span class="ou5ptd0 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="" id="full-description">Description</div></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.938 11.625h16.125V13.5H3.938v-1.875Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></button><div class="" id="description-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><span><div class="_12fsmvo0 _16jmeqbsc" lang="en"><p><i>Formulating and implementing pharmaceutical pricing policies: Challenges, case studies and lessons learned from medicine price control </i>provides readers with a framework to understand and analyze several medicine pricing policies. Through case studies from countries across geographies and income tiers, the book explores the challenges and opportunities related to price control experiences.<br /><br />Studying policies from Australia, New Zealand, China, the European Union, South Africa, India among other countries, the book discusses approaches, strategies, and the underlying pharmaceutical pricing practices used to provide advice for formulating highly effective policies. Alongside the cases, this book covers appropriate research methods for pricing analysis, the essential components of pricing policy, data quality, and the generic structure of a pharmaceutical pricing policy.<br /><br /><i>Formulating and implementing pharmaceutical pricing policies: Challenges, case studies and lessons learned from medicine price control</i> discusses how a medicine pricing policy is formed, why they differ from country to country based on the local health system, and what results can be achieved. This book is an important reference for pharma professionals, regulatory agencies, and policy makers. Researchers investigating Pharmacoeconomics, and overall healthcare cost will also benefit from the analysis framework described in this book.</p></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1ii"><button class="_16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb17y" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="keyFeatures-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqbw"><span class="ou5ptd0 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="" id="keyFeatures">Key features</div></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.938 10.875V3.75h-1.876v7.125H3.939v1.875h7.124v7.125h1.876V12.75h7.124v-1.875h-7.125Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></button><div class="" hidden="" id="keyFeatures-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><span><span class="_12fsmvo0 _16jmeqbsc"><ul><li>Covers the most updated pricing material on the drug pricing control policies</li><li>Demonstrates in real terms, how a medicine pricing policy is formed in a country</li><li>Discusses the empiric basis of forming a medicines pricing policy</li></ul></span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1ii"><button class="_16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb17y" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="readership-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqbw"><span class="ou5ptd0 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="" id="readership">Readership</div></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.938 10.875V3.75h-1.876v7.125H3.939v1.875h7.124v7.125h1.876V12.75h7.124v-1.875h-7.125Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></button><div class="" hidden="" id="readership-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><span><span class="_12fsmvo0 _16jmeqbsc"><p>Pharmaceutical industry, regulatory and access, healthcare professionals, governments, policy makers, pharmacists, physicians, academic researchers, Health policy, global health, economics, finance, public policy, trade and investment professionals</p></span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1ii"><button class="_16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb17y" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="tableOfContents-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqbw"><span class="ou5ptd0 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="" id="tableOfContents">Table of contents</div></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.938 10.875V3.75h-1.876v7.125H3.939v1.875h7.124v7.125h1.876V12.75h7.124v-1.875h-7.125Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></button><div class="" hidden="" id="tableOfContents-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><span><div class="_12fsmvo0 hprf9u0 _16jmeqbsc">1. An update on pharmaceutical pricing policies: latest research and evidence synthesis<br /><br />2. Research methods used in pharmaceutical pricing research<br /><br />3. Implementation of pharmaceutical pricing policies in NZ: Lessons learned<br /><br />4. Australia's progress in pharmaceutical pricing policies<br /><br />5. Components of a successful pricing policy in high-income countries<br /><br />6. Outlining the components of a pricing policy for the US: a proposal<br /><br />7. Lessons learned from China on medicine pricing policies<br /><br />8. Synthesis chapter on EU Pharmaceutical pricing policies<br /><br />9. Challenges in Low and Middle-Income Countries regarding pharmaceutical pricing policies<br /><br />10. South Africa's medicine pricing policies: implementation strategies and models<br /><br />11. Pharmaceutical pricing policies in countries with price control (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh): lessons learned<br /><br />12. Challenges in the implementation of pharmaceutical pricing policies<br /><br />13. Issues with medicine pricing data about pharmaceutical pricing policies in LMICs<br /><br />14. Optimal pharmaceutical pricing policies in low and middle-income countries<br /><br />15. Formulating a medicines pricing policy of a country: essential components, what to include<br /><br />16. Synthesis, conclusion, and future recommendation</div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1ii"><button class="_16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb17y" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="product-details-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqbw"><span class="ou5ptd0 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="" id="full-product-details">Product details</div></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.938 10.875V3.75h-1.876v7.125H3.939v1.875h7.124v7.125h1.876V12.75h7.124v-1.875h-7.125Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></button><div class="" hidden="" id="product-details-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div aria-live="polite"><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _1k5vt000 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic _16jmeqbsc"><li class="_1k5vt001"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4">No. of pages: 420</div></div></li><li class="_1k5vt001"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4">Language: English</div></div></li><li class="_1k5vt001"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4">Edition: 1</div></div></li><li class="_1k5vt001"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4">Published: May 1, 2025</div></div></li><li class="_1k5vt001"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4">Imprint: Academic Press</div></div></li><li class="_1k5vt001"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4">Paperback ISBN: 9780443235184</div></div></li><li class="_1k5vt001"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><div class="_16jmeqbs4">eBook ISBN: 9780443235191</div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1ii"><button class="_16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb17y" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="about-the-editor-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqbw"><span class="ou5ptd0 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="" id="about-the-editor">About the editor</div></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.938 10.875V3.75h-1.876v7.125H3.939v1.875h7.124v7.125h1.876V12.75h7.124v-1.875h-7.125Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></button><div class="" hidden="" id="about-the-editor-accordion"><div class="_16jmeqbik _16jmeqbkg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="" data-testid="about-the-contributor"><div class="_16jmeqb3c _16jmeqb74" data-testid="contributor"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbic _16jmeqbk8" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbn9 _16jmeqbq0 _16jmeqbox _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbk _16jmeqbp"><div class="_1ldxxay0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb2c _16jmeqb24">ZB</p></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbnh _16jmeqbq0 _16jmeqbq1 _16jmeqbgc"><h3 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbew _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="3">Zaheer Babar</h3><div class="_16jmeqbew"><span><span class="_12fsmvo0 _16jmeqbsc">Dr. Zaheer Babar is a Professor in Medicines and Healthcare at the Department of Pharmacy and the Director of the Centre of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research at the University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom. He is globally known for his work in pharmaceutical policy, access to medicines, and issues related to medicines pricing. In 2018, Health Action International (HAI) stated that he is the leading expert in access to medicines, globally. In the last 22 years, Dr. Babar has worked at Universities in Malaysia, New Zealand, and the UK, and this experience has given him an in-depth understanding of global pharmaceutical public health.</span></span></div><div class=""><div class="_16jmeqbsg">Affiliations and expertise</div><span><span class="_12fsmvo0 _16jmeqbsc">Professor in Medicines and Healthcare, Director, Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research, Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, UK</span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </main><footer class="_99wljg4c _16jmeqb19i" data-testid="footer"><div class="_99wljg4c _16jmeqb3g _16jmeqb3l _16jmeqb3q _16jmeqb78 _16jmeqb7d _16jmeqb7i _16jmeqb19i" data-testid="footer-links"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgf)"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj0 _16jmeqbit _16jmeqbkg" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbn8 _16jmeqbnd _16jmeqbq0"><nav class="" aria-label="Useful links and Support"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj0 _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbkg" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbm9 _16jmeqbm6"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbkt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqb15v _16jmeqb15t">Useful links</p><ul class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18"><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-series" rel="noopener" data-testid="book-series"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Book series</span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/book-imprints" data-testid="book-imprints"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Book imprints</span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/book-bestsellers" data-testid="book-bestsellers"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Book bestsellers</span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/new-book-releases" data-testid="new-book-releases"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">New book releases</span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/upcoming-book-releases" data-testid="upcoming-book-releases"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Upcoming book releases </span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/flexible-ebook-solutions" data-testid="flexible-ebook-solutions"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Flexible eBook solutions</span></a></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbm9 _16jmeqbm6"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbkt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqb15v _16jmeqb15t">Quick help</p><ul class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18"><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/7122/c/10535/supporthub/ecommerce/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="ebook-format-help"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">eBook format help<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://account.elsevier.com/auth" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="my-account"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">My account<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/list/c/10539/supporthub/ecommerce/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="returns-and-refunds"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Returns & refunds<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/list/c/10538/supporthub/ecommerce/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="shipping-and-delivery"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Shipping & delivery<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/list/c/10537/supporthub/ecommerce/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="subscriptions-and-renewals"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Subscriptions & renewals<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/ecommerce/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="support-and-contact"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Support & contact<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he285 _16jmeqb8k _16jmeqb8q _16jmeqb4s _16jmeqb4y _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb182 _16jmeqb18c _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb19y _16jmeqb1ad _16jmeqb1d1 _1dmxl4u6 _11v5mih6 _1dmxl4u5 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Tax exempt orders" data-testid="tax-exempt-orders"><div class="_1d3he282"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8">Tax exempt orders</div></span></span></div></button></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbm9 _16jmeqbm6"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbkt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqb15v _16jmeqb15t">Solutions</p><ul class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18"><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.clinicalkey.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="clinicalkey"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">ClinicalKey<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://subscriptions.elsevier.com/clinicalkey-ai?utm_campaign=D2C+CKAI+Product+Launch2227NA240023NA&utm_source=ECOM_NA&utm_medium=DG&utm_content=&campid=2227NA240023&dgcid=HS_NA_D2C+CKAI+Product+Launch_2227NA240023_ECOM_DG_CS" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="clinicalkey-ai"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">ClinicalKey AI<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/products/embase" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="embase"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Embase<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/evolve" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="evolve"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Evolve<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/mendeley" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="mendeley"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Mendeley<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/knovel-engineering-information" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="knovel"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Knovel<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/reaxys" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="reaxys"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Reaxys<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/sciencedirect" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="sciencedirect"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">ScienceDirect<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbm9 _16jmeqbm6"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbkt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqb15v _16jmeqb15t">About</p><ul class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18"><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/about" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="about-elsevier"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">About Elsevier<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/about/careers" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="careers"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Careers<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/about/newsroom" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="newsroom"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Newsroom<span class="_13sjisp0">(opens in new tab/window)</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div></div></div></div><div class="_11v5mih0 _16jmeqb38 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqbgk _16jmeqbgx _16jmeqbck _16jmeqbcx _16jmeqbis _16jmeqbi5 _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbk1 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb11 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbd _16jmeqbs"><nav class="" aria-label="Social media accounts"><div data-aa-region="social"><div class="_16jmeqbig _16jmeqbkc _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/elsevier" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_11v5mih3 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-label="LinkedIn"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 0C1.34315 0 0 1.34315 0 3V21C0 22.6569 1.34315 24 3 24H21C22.6569 24 24 22.6569 24 21V3C24 1.34315 22.6569 0 21 0H3ZM4 6.16694C4 4.95138 5.00406 4 6.16694 4C7.32963 4 8.33387 4.95138 8.33387 6.16694C8.33387 7.38269 7.32963 8.33406 6.16694 8.33406C5.00406 8.33406 4 7.38269 4 6.16694ZM7.96394 20.2787H4.42281V9.655H7.96394V20.2787ZM13.7776 11.0292C14.3061 10.1836 15.4161 9.54944 16.843 9.54944C19.5385 9.54944 20.9127 10.8179 20.9127 13.8835V20.3316H17.3716V15.5748C17.3716 13.8835 16.6317 13.2492 15.6803 13.2492C14.4119 13.2492 13.8304 14.2534 13.8304 15.8918V20.3312H10.2893V9.70788H13.7776V11.0292Z"></path></svg></span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://twitter.com/ElsevierConnect" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_11v5mih3 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-label="Twitter"><path d="M13.6408 10.4643L20.9224 2H19.1969L12.8743 9.34942L7.82442 2H2L9.63638 13.1136L2 21.9897H3.72561L10.4025 14.2285L15.7355 21.9897H21.5599L13.6404 10.4643H13.6408ZM11.2773 13.2115L10.5036 12.1049L4.34737 3.29901H6.9978L11.966 10.4056L12.7397 11.5123L19.1977 20.7498H16.5473L11.2773 13.212V13.2115Z"></path></svg></span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.facebook.com/ElsevierConnect" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_11v5mih3 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-label="Facebook"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.001 0C18.6274 0 24 5.37155 24 12C24 17.9895 19.6124 22.9531 13.8748 23.854V23.8526C13.8749 23.8525 13.8749 23.8525 13.8749 23.8525V15.4697H16.6716L16.9665 13.5462L17.2047 11.9995H13.8759V9.74971C13.8759 8.79979 14.3409 7.87487 15.8318 7.87487H17.3447V4.92111C17.3447 4.92111 15.9718 4.68613 14.6589 4.68613C13.9065 4.68613 13.2257 4.81136 12.6338 5.05526C11.0687 5.69961 10.1252 7.17331 10.1252 9.35522V11.9985H7.07851V12H7.07841V15.4677H7.07851V15.4682H10.1242V23.853C4.38763 22.9531 0 17.9885 0 11.999C0 5.37055 5.37155 0 12.001 0Z"></path></svg></span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/elsevier/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_11v5mih3 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-label="YouTube"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M21.2301 4.24687C22.2467 4.52044 23.0469 5.32594 23.3188 6.34912C23.8125 8.2035 23.8125 12.0724 23.8125 12.0724C23.8125 12.0724 23.8125 15.9414 23.3188 17.7958C23.0469 18.8188 22.2467 19.6245 21.2301 19.8981C19.3877 20.3949 12 20.3949 12 20.3949C12 20.3949 4.61231 20.3949 2.76975 19.8981C1.7535 19.6245 0.952875 18.8188 0.681 17.7958C0.1875 15.9412 0.1875 12.0724 0.1875 12.0724C0.1875 12.0724 0.1875 8.2035 0.681187 6.34912C0.9525 5.32594 1.75313 4.52062 2.76994 4.24687C4.61231 3.75 12 3.75 12 3.75C12 3.75 19.3875 3.75 21.2301 4.24687ZM15.7587 12.0724L9.58398 15.585V8.55957L15.7587 12.0724Z"></path></svg></span></span></a></div></div></nav></div><div class="_16jmeqb34 _16jmeqb39 _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb71 _16jmeqbgk _16jmeqbgx _16jmeqbck _16jmeqbcx _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbw"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><img class="_11v5mih1 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb2g" src="/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg" alt="Elsevier" width="120" height="36" srcSet="/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg 1x, /images/elsevier-logo-white.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.relx.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><img class="_11v5mih2 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb2g" src="/images/relx-logo.svg" alt="Relx" width="120" height="36" srcSet="/images/relx-logo.svg 1x, /images/relx-logo.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></span></a></div><div class="_11v5mih5 _16jmeqbgk _16jmeqbgx _16jmeqbck _16jmeqbcx _16jmeqbig _16jmeqbid _16jmeqbiu _16jmeqbkc _16jmeqbk9 _16jmeqbkq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqba _16jmeqb74"><p class="_11v5mih4 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Copyright © 2024 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.</p><nav class="" aria-label="Privacy and compliance"><div data-aa-region="privacy-and-compliance"><ul class="_16jmeqbic _16jmeqbit _16jmeqbk8 _16jmeqbkp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb11 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Terms & conditions</span><span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Privacy policy</span><span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><button class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Cookie Settings</span></button></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://es.service.elsevier.com/app/answers/list/c/15851/supporthub/elsevier-espana/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Support & contact</span><span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li></ul></div></nav></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"locale":"en-US","footerLinks":[{"title":"Useful links","items":[{"label":"Book series","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-series","openInNewWindow":false,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Book imprints","href":"/book-imprints","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Book bestsellers","href":"/book-bestsellers","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"New book releases","href":"/new-book-releases","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Upcoming book releases ","href":"/upcoming-book-releases","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Flexible eBook solutions","href":"/flexible-ebook-solutions","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""}]},{"title":"Quick help","items":[{"label":"eBook format help","href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/7122/c/10535/supporthub/ecommerce/","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"My account","href":"https://account.elsevier.com/auth","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Returns \u0026 refunds","href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/list/c/10539/supporthub/ecommerce/","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Shipping \u0026 delivery","href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/list/c/10538/supporthub/ecommerce/","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Subscriptions \u0026 renewals","href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/list/c/10537/supporthub/ecommerce/","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Support \u0026 contact","href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/ecommerce/","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Tax exempt orders","href":"","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Modal","modalContent":{"title":"","body":"","additional":{"json":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Tax exempt orders","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"We cannot process tax exempt orders online. If you wish to place a tax exempt order please ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/contact/supporthub/ecommerce"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Contact us","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}}},"backgroundColor":"","icon":"none"}]},{"title":"Solutions","items":[{"label":"ClinicalKey","href":"https://www.clinicalkey.com/","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"ClinicalKey AI","href":"https://subscriptions.elsevier.com/clinicalkey-ai?utm_campaign=D2C+CKAI+Product+Launch2227NA240023NA\u0026utm_source=ECOM_NA\u0026utm_medium=DG\u0026utm_content=\u0026campid=2227NA240023\u0026dgcid=HS_NA_D2C+CKAI+Product+Launch_2227NA240023_ECOM_DG_CS","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Embase","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products/embase","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Evolve","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/evolve","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Mendeley","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/mendeley","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Knovel","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/knovel-engineering-information","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Reaxys","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/reaxys","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"ScienceDirect","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/sciencedirect","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""}]},{"title":"About","items":[{"label":"About Elsevier","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/about","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Careers","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/about/careers","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""},{"label":"Newsroom","href":"https://www.elsevier.com/about/newsroom","openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"linkType":"Link","modalContent":null,"backgroundColor":""}]}],"menu":[{"href":"/books","title":"Books","icon":"chevron","dataTestId":"books-link"},{"href":"/journals","title":"Journals","icon":"chevron","dataTestId":"journals-link"},{"title":"Browse by subject","icon":"chevron","subMenuColumns":{"heading":"Discover Books \u0026 Journals by subject","columns":[[{"type":"heading-1","label":"Life Sciences"},{"type":"link","label":"Agricultural \u0026 Biological Sciences","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},{"type":"link","label":"Drug Discovery","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/drug-discovery"},{"type":"link","label":"Immunology","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/immunology"},{"type":"link","label":"Life Sciences","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/life-sciences"},{"type":"link","label":"Microbiology \u0026 Virology","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/microbiology-and-virology"},{"type":"link","label":"Neuroscience","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/neuroscience"},{"type":"link","label":"Pharmaceutical Sciences","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/pharmaceutical-sciences"},{"type":"link","label":"Pharmacology","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/pharmacology"},{"type":"link","label":"Toxicology","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/life-sciences/toxicology"}],[{"type":"heading-1","label":"Physical Sciences \u0026 Engineering"},{"type":"link","label":"Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Science","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/astronomy-astrophysics-space-science"},{"type":"link","label":"Built Environment","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/built-environment"},{"type":"link","label":"Chemical Engineering","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/chemical-engineering"},{"type":"link","label":"Chemistry","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/chemistry"},{"type":"link","label":"Computer Science","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/computer-science"},{"type":"link","label":"Earth \u0026 Planetary Sciences","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/earth-and-planetary-sciences"},{"type":"link","label":"Energy \u0026 Power","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/energy-and-power"},{"type":"link","label":"Engineering \u0026 Technology","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/engineering-and-technology"},{"type":"link","label":"Environmental Sciences","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/environmental-sciences"},{"type":"link","label":"Mathematics","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/mathematics"},{"type":"link","label":"Materials Science","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/materials-science"},{"type":"link","label":"Physics","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/physical-sciences-and-engineering/physics"}],[{"type":"heading-1","label":"Social Sciences \u0026 Humanities"},{"type":"link","label":"Arts \u0026 Humanities","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/arts-and-humanities"},{"type":"link","label":"Business, Management \u0026 Accounting","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/business-management-and-accounting"},{"type":"link","label":"Decision Sciences","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/decision-sciences"},{"type":"link","label":"Economics \u0026 Finance","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/economics-and-finance"},{"type":"link","label":"Forensics","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/forensics"},{"type":"link","label":"Psychology","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/psychology"},{"type":"link","label":"Social Sciences","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/social-sciences-and-humanities/social-sciences"}],[{"type":"heading-1","label":"Health"},{"type":"link","label":"Dentistry","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/health/dentistry"},{"type":"link","label":"Health Professions","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/health/health-professions"},{"type":"link","label":"Medicine","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/health/medicine"},{"type":"link","label":"Nursing \u0026 Midwifery","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/health/nursing-and-midwifery"},{"type":"link","label":"Veterinary Science \u0026 Veterinary Medicine","url":"/[[product-type]]/subjects/health/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine"}]]},"dataTestId":"browse-by-subject-link"}],"_nextI18Next":{"initialI18nStore":{"en-US":{"search":{"seoHead":{"title":{"search":"Book \u0026 Journals Search Results","subject":{"books":{"withPage":"{{title}} print books and ebooks - page {{page}} | Elsevier","withoutPage":"{{title}} print books and ebooks | Elsevier"},"journals":{"withPage":"{{title}} journals - page {{page}} | Elsevier","withoutPage":"{{title}} journals | Elsevier"}}},"description":{"search":"Search for books and journal pages","subject":{"books":{"withPage":"Explore page {{page}} of Elsevier's {{title}} print books and ebooks, and stay up-to-date with the latest research and insights from top authors in the field. Find your next read today","withoutPage":"Explore Elsevier's {{title}} print books and ebooks, and stay up-to-date with the latest research and insights from top authors in the field. Find your next read today"},"journals":{"withPage":"Explore page {{page}} of Elsevier's {{title}} journals and stay up-to-date with the latest research and insights from top authors in the field. Subscribe today","withoutPage":"Explore Elsevier's {{title}} journals and stay up-to-date with the latest research and insights from top authors in the field. Subscribe today"}}}},"openSearch":"Open search","closeSearch":"Close search","searchInput":{"label":"Search books by title, author, keyword, ISBN or ISSN","longLabel":"Search over 50,000 books and journals by title, author, keyword, ISBN or ISSN","shortLabel":"Search books by title, author","submit":"Submit search","clear":"Clear search"},"searchFilters":{"filters":"Filters","applyFilters":"Apply filters","removeFilter":"Remove {{filterName}} filter","activeFilters":"Active filters","productType":"Product Type","publicationYears":"Publication Year","publicationLanguages":"Publication language","publicationMedium":"Publication Medium","subjectSlugs":"Subject area","allRelatedTo":"All related to {{area}}","type":{"eBook":"eBook"},"key":{"Electronic":"eBook","Print":"Book"},"allResults":"All results","books":"Books","journals":"Journals"},"sortBy":{"":"Sort by Relevance","pubDateDesc":"Publication Date (newest first)","pubDateAsc":"Publication Date (oldest first)"},"pagination":{"previousPageText":"Go to previous page of search results","nextPageText":"Go to next page of search results","ariaPaginationLabel":"Search Results Pagination"},"errors":{"search":{"fallback":"Search failed","failed":"Search failed","form":{"malformed":"Search failed"}}},"productPlural":{"book":"Books","journal":"Journals","all":"All results"},"noQueryNoPagination_one":"{{total}} result in \u003cstrong\u003e{{type}}\u003c/strong\u003e","noQueryNoPagination_other":"{{total}} results in \u003cstrong\u003e{{type}}\u003c/strong\u003e","noQueryPagination":"{{resultFrom}}-{{resultTo}} of {{total}} results in \u003cstrong\u003e{{type}}\u003c/strong\u003e","queryNoPagination_one":"{{total}} result for \u003cstrong\u003e{{query}}\u003c/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003e{{type}}\u003c/strong\u003e","queryNoPagination_other":"{{total}} results for \u003cstrong\u003e{{query}}\u003c/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003e{{type}}\u003c/strong\u003e","queryPagination":"{{resultFrom}}-{{resultTo}} of {{total}} results for \u003cstrong\u003e{{query}}\u003c/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003e{{type}}\u003c/strong\u003e","noResults":"\u003cstrong\u003eNo results\u003c/strong\u003e found for \u003cstrong\u003e\"{{query}}\"\u003c/strong\u003e. Please edit your search query to find results.","noResultsNoQuery":"\u003cstrong\u003eNo results\u003c/strong\u003e found. Please edit your search query to find results.","skipFilters":"Skip Filters","availableFormats":"Available formats","viewAllAvailableFormats":"View all available formats","viewAllAvailableFormatsModal":"View all available formats {{title}}","allFilters":"Filters","clearAll":"Clear all","showResults":"Show results","pageDescription":"Search","search":"Search","relatedSubjects":"Related subjects"},"header":{"usp":{"freeGlobalShipping":"Free global shipping. No minimum order."},"countrySelect":{"location":"Location","changeYourCountry":"Change your country/region","updateYourCountry":"Update your country/region","confirmYourCountry":"Confirm your country/region","currency":"Currency","confirmMessage":"Confirm to view products, currency and any special offers available in your country/region","changeCountryRegion":"Select your location to view products and special offers available in your country/region.","confirm":"Confirm","selectThisLocation":"Select this location"},"shoppingCart":"Shopping Cart","discover":"Discover books by subject","navigation":{"openNavigation":"Open main site navigation","closeNavigation":"Close main site navigation","backToMainNavigation":"Back to main navigation","mainNavigation":"Main site navigation","books":"Books","journals":"Journals","browseBySubject":"Browse by subject","myAccount":"My Account","myAccountSubtitle":"Sign in to view your account details and order history or create an account","changeCountry":"Change your country or region"},"cart":{"shoppingCart":"View Cart","items":"{{itemCount}} items in shopping cart."}},"footer":{"socialNav":"Social media accounts","elsevier":"Elsevier","relx":"Relx","copyright":"Copyright © {{currentYear}} Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","privacyNav":"Privacy and compliance","cookieSettings":"Cookie Settings","linksNav":"Useful links and Support","linkText":{"termsAndConditions":"Terms \u0026 conditions","privacyPolicy":"Privacy policy","customerSupport":"Support \u0026 contact"},"taxExemptOrders":{"heading":"Tax exempt orders","description":"We cannot process tax exempt orders online. If you wish to place a tax exempt order please \u003c0\u003eContact us\u003c/0\u003e"}},"common":{"pageError":{"pageNotFound":"The page you're looking for cannot be found","encounteredProblem":"Unfortunately, we encountered a problem..."},"backToHomePage":"Back to home page","home":"Home","backToSearchResults":"Back to search results","back":"Back","exploreMore":"Explore more on our website.","skipToMainContent":"Skip to main content","showMore":"Show more","showLess":"Show less","update":"Update","close":"Close","confirm":"Confirm","opensInNewTabOrWindow":"opens in new tab/window","supportHub":"Support Hub","includesTax":"Price includes VAT/GST","salesTaxCalculated":"Applicable taxes will be calculated at checkout.","tax":{"inclusiveShort":"incl. sales tax","exclusiveShort":"excl. sales tax"},"account":{"yourAccount":"Your Account"},"seoHead":{"title":{"404":"404 | Elsevier Shop","500":"Oops! | Elsevier Shop","elsevierShop":"{{title}} | Elsevier Shop"}},"contributors":{"authors":"Authors:","author":"Author:","editors":"Editors:","editor":"Editor:","plusContributors":"+ {{value}} more"},"notifications":{"addToCartError":"There was a problem adding the item to your cart."},"contactUs":"Contact us","subjectPageTitle":{"books":"Books in {{title}}","journals":"Journals in {{title}}"},"addToCart":"Add to cart","preOrder":"Pre-order","volume":"Volume {{volume}}","scienceDirect":{"bookHeader":"View book on ScienceDirect","bookDescription":"Read \u003cem\u003e{{ title }}\u003c/em\u003e on","journalHeader":"View journal on ScienceDirect","journalDescription":"Read the \u003cem\u003e{{ title }}\u003c/em\u003e Guide for Authors, Open Access policy, and latest articles on","link":"ScienceDirect"},"language":"Language: {{ language }}","confirmYourCountry":"Confirm your country/region","detectedMessage":"Hello! Welcome to the Elsevier shop. Select your location to view products and special offers available in your country/region.","detectedMessageRegional":"Hello! Welcome to the Elsevier regional health shop. Select your location to view products and special offers available in your country/region.","useDefaultCountry":"It's ok, I want to browse the {{country}} shop","allBooks":"All books","moreBooks":"More books","countryNotListed":{"heading":"Country/region not listed?","textContent":"International customers can shop globally on \u003c0\u003eshop.elsevier.com\u003c/0\u003e and have orders shipped free with no minium order."},"linkOpensInNewWindow":"Link opens in a new window","subjects":"Subjects","productType":{"books":"Books","journals":"Journals"},"formats":{"Hardback":"Hardback","Paperback":"Paperback","eBook":"eBook"}},"cookies":{"bannerMessage":"We use cookies that are necessary to make our site work. We may also use additional cookies to analyze, improve, and personalize our content and your digital experience. For more information, see our \u003c0\u003eCookie Policy\u003c/0\u003e.","acceptAllCookies":"Accept all cookies","cookieSettings":"Cookie settings"},"book":{"book":"Book","books":"Books","Hardback":"Hardback","Paperback":"Paperback","eBook":"eBook","bundle":{"bundle":"Bundle","ebook":"eBook"},"metaData":{"edition":"Edition","isbn":"{{value}} ISBN:"},"seeMoreDescription":"Read more","availabilityStatus":{"Available":"Available","InStock":"In Stock","PreOrder":"Available for Pre-order","Reprinting":"Not available for your country selection","Unavailable":"Not available for your country selection"},"tooltip":{"moreAbout":"More about {{value}}","printOnDemand":{"title":"Print On Demand","subTitle":"This title is printed on demand","description":"For regional delivery times, please check 'When will I receive my book?' in our \u003c0\u003eSupport Hub.\u003c/0\u003e"},"InStock":{"title":"In Stock"},"PreOrder":{"title":"Pre-order","description":"The {{value}} version of this book is available for Pre-order.","releaseDate":"Expected release date: {{value}}"}},"promoMetaData":{"description":"Description","productDetails":"Product details","keyFeatures":"Key features","readership":"Readership","tableOfContents":"Table of contents","aboutTheEditor":"About the editor","aboutTheAuthor":"About the author","aboutTheEditors":"About the editors","aboutTheAuthors":"About the authors","affiliationsAndExpertise":"Affiliations and expertise"},"drmFreeModal":{"openModal":"Open DRM-free modal","drmFree":"DRM-free","p1":"\u003cstrong\u003eOpen\u003c/strong\u003e - Buy once and receive all available eBook formats, including PDF and EPUB3.","p2":"\u003cstrong\u003eEasy\u003c/strong\u003e - Download and start reading immediately. There’s no activation process to access eBooks; all eBooks are fully searchable, and enabled for copying, pasting, and printing.","p3":"\u003cstrong\u003eFlexible\u003c/strong\u003e - Read on multiple operating systems and devices. Easily read eBooks on smart phones, computers, or any eBook readers, including Kindle."},"externalStoreLinks":{"infoBuy":"Info / Buy","modalTitle":"Please confirm your location","USCanada":"United States \u0026 Canada","otherCountries":"All other countries/regions"},"productDetails":{"numberOfPages":"No. of pages","language":"Language","copyright":"Copyright","published":"Published","imprint":"Imprint","volume":"Volume","edition":"Edition"},"resources":{"heading":"Resources","links":{"companionSiteURL":"Companion materials","textbookSupportURL":"Textbook support for instructors"}},"seoHead":{"purchase":"Purchase","edition":"Edition","volume":"Volume","printBook":"Print Book","eBook":"E-Book"},"noVariantsMessage":"Sorry, this title is not available for purchase in your country/region.","somethingWentWrong":"Sorry, we are having difficulty getting Purchase Options, please try again later.","expectedReleaseDate":"Expected release date: {{publicationDate}}","expectedReleaseDateEbook":"Expected release date for eBook:\u003cbr\u003e {{publicationDate}}","expectedReleaseDatePrint":"Expected release date for {{format}}:\u003cbr\u003e {{publicationDate}}","productListing":{"percentOff":"{{percent}}% off","minusPercent":"-{{percent}}%","title":"Title {{title}}","contributors":"Contributors {{contributors}}","format":"Format {{format}}","wasPrice":"Was priced","nowPrice":"Now priced","eBook":"eBook","bundle":"Bundle","publicationDate":"Publication date ({{date}})"},"formats":{"Hardback":"Hardback","Paperback":"Paperback","eBook":"eBook"}},"product":{"purchaseOptions":"Purchase options","subscriptionOptions":"Subscription options","fromPrice":"From","wasPrice":"was","nowPrice":"now","addToCart":"Add to Cart","institutionalSubscription":"Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect","requestSalesQuote":"Request a sales quote","institutionalAccess":" Institutional Access","viewOnScienceDirect":"View on ScienceDirect","percentOff":"{{percent}}% off","volume":"Volume {{volume}}"},"countries":{"United States of America":"United States"},"publicationLanguages":{"allFilters":"Filters","back":"Back","publicationLanguages":"Publication language","allPublicationLanguages":"All publication languages","ar":"Arabic","de":"German","en":"English","es":"Spanish","fr":"French","id":"Indonesian","ja":"Japanese","la":"Lao","ms":"Malay","nl":"Dutch","pl":"Polish","pt":"Portuguese","tr":"Turkish","zh":"Chinese (Simplified)","language":"Language: {{publicationLanguage}}","languageTitle":"Language"}}},"initialLocale":"en-US","ns":["search","header","footer","common","cookies","book","product","countries","publicationLanguages"],"userConfig":{"i18n":{"locales":["en-US","es-ES"],"defaultLocale":"en-US","domains":[{"domain":"tienda.elsevier.com","defaultLocale":"es-ES"}],"ns":["common","search","book","journal","header","footer","cookies","product","home","countries","imprints","subjectSlugs","publicationLanguages","publicationMedium","allFilters"]},"localePath":"/usr/src/app/apps/home/public/locales","localeExtension":"json5","default":{"i18n":{"locales":["en-US","es-ES"],"defaultLocale":"en-US","domains":[{"domain":"tienda.elsevier.com","defaultLocale":"es-ES"}],"ns":["common","search","book","journal","header","footer","cookies","product","home","countries","imprints","subjectSlugs","publicationLanguages","publicationMedium","allFilters"]},"localePath":"/usr/src/app/apps/home/public/locales","localeExtension":"json5"}}},"book":{"title":"Formulating and Implementing Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies","subTitle":"Challenges, Case Studies and Lessons Learned from Medicine Price Control","locale":{"language":{"name":"English","code":"en"}},"description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eFormulating and implementing pharmaceutical pricing policies: Challenges, case studies and lessons learned from medicine price control \u003c/i\u003eprovides readers with a framework to understand and analyze several medicine pricing policies. Through case studies from countries across geographies and income tiers, the book explores the challenges and opportunities related to price control experiences.\u003cBR\u003e\u003cBR\u003eStudying policies from Australia, New Zealand, China, the European Union, South Africa, India among other countries, the book discusses approaches, strategies, and the underlying pharmaceutical pricing practices used to provide advice for formulating highly effective policies. Alongside the cases, this book covers appropriate research methods for pricing analysis, the essential components of pricing policy, data quality, and the generic structure of a pharmaceutical pricing policy.\u003cBR\u003e\u003cBR\u003e\u003ci\u003eFormulating and implementing pharmaceutical pricing policies: Challenges, case studies and lessons learned from medicine price control\u003c/i\u003e discusses how a medicine pricing policy is formed, why they differ from country to country based on the local health system, and what results can be achieved. This book is an important reference for pharma professionals, regulatory agencies, and policy makers. Researchers investigating Pharmacoeconomics, and overall healthcare cost will also benefit from the analysis framework described in this book.\u003c/p\u003e","coverImage":"https://secure-ecsd.elsevier.com/covers/80/Tango2/large/9780443235184.jpg","copyright":{"imprint":"Academic Press","year":2025},"numberOfPages":420,"variants":[{"sku":"EST_GLB_BS-SKU-9780443235184_Physical","medium":"Print","fileFormats":[],"format":"Paperback","isbn":{"formatted":"978-0-443-23518-4","stripped":"9780443235184"},"status":"PreOrder","isSellable":true,"firstPublishedDate":"2025-05-01"},{"sku":"EST_GLB_BS-SKU-9780443235191_SDRM","medium":"Electronic","fileFormats":[],"format":"eBook","isbn":{"formatted":"978-0-443-23519-1","stripped":"9780443235191"},"status":"PreOrder","isSellable":true,"firstPublishedDate":"2025-05-01"}],"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationYear":2025,"edition":1,"contributors":{"editors":[{"firstName":"Zaheer","lastName":"Babar","priority":1,"role":"Editor","biography":"Dr. Zaheer Babar is a Professor in Medicines and Healthcare at the Department of Pharmacy and the Director of the Centre of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research at the University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom. He is globally known for his work in pharmaceutical policy, access to medicines, and issues related to medicines pricing. In 2018, Health Action International (HAI) stated that he is the leading expert in access to medicines, globally.\r\n \r\nIn the last 22 years, Dr. Babar has worked at Universities in Malaysia, New Zealand, and the UK, and this experience has given him an in-depth understanding of global pharmaceutical public health.","affiliation":"Professor in Medicines and Healthcare, Director, Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research, Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, UK","avatarURL":null}],"authors":[]},"keyFeatures":"\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eCovers the most updated pricing material on the drug pricing control policies\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDemonstrates in real terms, how a medicine pricing policy is formed in a country\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDiscusses the empiric basis of forming a medicines pricing policy\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","readership":"\u003cp\u003ePharmaceutical industry, regulatory and access, healthcare professionals, governments, policy makers, pharmacists, physicians, academic researchers, Health policy, global health, economics, finance, public policy, trade and investment professionals\u003c/p\u003e","identifiersAndFormats":[{"isbn":{"formatted":"978-0-443-23518-4","stripped":"9780443235184"},"format":"Paperback"},{"isbn":{"formatted":"978-0-443-23519-1","stripped":"9780443235191"},"format":"eBook"}],"divisionCode":"S\u0026T","tableOfContents":"1. An update on pharmaceutical pricing policies: latest research and evidence synthesis\u003cBR\u003e2. Research methods used in pharmaceutical pricing research\u003cBR\u003e3. Implementation of pharmaceutical pricing policies in NZ: Lessons learned\u003cBR\u003e4. Australia's progress in pharmaceutical pricing policies\u003cBR\u003e5. Components of a successful pricing policy in high-income countries\u003cBR\u003e6. Outlining the components of a pricing policy for the US: a proposal\u003cBR\u003e7. Lessons learned from China on medicine pricing policies\u003cBR\u003e8. Synthesis chapter on EU Pharmaceutical pricing policies\u003cBR\u003e9. Challenges in Low and Middle-Income Countries regarding pharmaceutical pricing policies\u003cBR\u003e10. South Africa's medicine pricing policies: implementation strategies and models\u003cBR\u003e11. Pharmaceutical pricing policies in countries with price control (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh): lessons learned\u003cBR\u003e12. Challenges in the implementation of pharmaceutical pricing policies\u003cBR\u003e13. Issues with medicine pricing data about pharmaceutical pricing policies in LMICs\u003cBR\u003e14. Optimal pharmaceutical pricing policies in low and middle-income countries\u003cBR\u003e15. Formulating a medicines pricing policy of a country: essential components, what to include\u003cBR\u003e16. Synthesis, conclusion, and future recommendation","identifier":{"formatted":"978-0-443-23518-4","stripped":"9780443235184"},"regionalHealthStoreURL":null,"companionSiteURL":null,"textbookSupportURL":null,"scienceDirectURL":null,"productDetailPageURL":"https://shop.elsevier.com/books/formulating-and-implementing-pharmaceutical-pricing-policies/babar/978-0-443-23518-4","volume":null,"subjects":["life-sciences","life-sciences/pharmaceutical-sciences","life-sciences/pharmaceutical-sciences/pharmacoeconomics","life-sciences/pharmaceutical-sciences/pharmacoeconomics/pharmacoeconomics"]},"bookBanners":[{"__typename":"Banner","title":"Save 50% on book bundles","image":{"src":"https://images.ctfassets.net/ahaoy9whsr8a/3hh8459sY2nXIBbSiKJFQm/ed36678e72516d39f8a78ab741be67ec/book-promo-banner3.png","alt":"Image of books","width":400,"height":400},"subTitle":"Immediately download your ebook while waiting for your print delivery. No promo code needed.","links":[{"label":"Offer details","href":"","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Modal","modalContent":{"title":"Offer details","body":"50% off Print \u0026 eBook Bundles","additional":{"json":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"For a limited time, get 50% off print and eBook bundles. Just select “Bundle Print \u0026 eBook” for instant savings. Availability varies by product. Valid on “Bundle Print \u0026 eBook” purchase option only. eBook and print book must be the same book. Discounts already applied to list price; no promo code needed. All books are final sale and cannot be returned. Available on Elsevier.com, does not apply to Major Reference Works, pre-orders, or Health Science books on ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/?_gl=1*2jn1f8*_ga*OTQxMTMzODA3LjE2NTk0NDc0NjI.*_ga_4R527DM8F7*MTY3ODE5NjA0OS40NC4wLjE2NzgxOTYwNDkuMC4wLjA."},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Elsevierhealth.com","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" or ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/evolve"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Evolve","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":". Cannot be combined with any other discount.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Eligibility","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Qualifying Products (as defined below) purchased by individual customers directly through shop.elsevier.com are eligible for this promotional discount. Orders for Qualifying Products placed during the promotion period but shipped after the offer ends are eligible. Purchases by resellers and third parties do not qualify. Decisions regarding eligibility shall be made by Elsevier and are final and binding.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Product Eligibility","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Purchases of Science and Technology eBook and print book products (the \"Qualifying Products\") shall be eligible for this promotional offer. The Qualifying Products must be purchased directly through shop.elsevier.com. Purchases of the Qualifying Products made via any channel other than directly through shop.elsevier.com are not eligible for this promotional offer.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Promotion Restrictions","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"This promotional offer is only valid on Qualifying Products purchased via credit card and shall not apply to any orders to be charged to an institution or another entity beyond the individual. This promotional offer is not valid on bulk orders, previous purchases, or in combination with any other promotion. Qualifying Products shall exclude all ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/_dynamic/journals-listing"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Science, Technology \u0026 Medical journals","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"; Health Science, Foreign (Italian, French, German, Spanish), ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/health/nursing"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Nursing","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" \u0026 ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/health/health-professions"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Health Professions","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" and Clinical Solutions products; Major Reference Works; eBook subscriptions and solutions/databases ( ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/embase-biomedical-research"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Embase ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ); Books/eBooks published after 180 days from today. The offer excludes major reference works. The offer applies to standard shipping and cannot be used for upgraded shipping options. Any subsequent orders for Qualifying Products will not be eligible for the promotional offer. Countries including Brunei , Cambodia, China, India , Indonesia , Laos, Malaysia , Myanmar , Philippines, Singapore , South, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand , Vietnam are restricted to a maximum discount of up to 30% on qualifying products. Countries including Australia, Fiji, Japan, and New Zealand are restricted to a maximum discount of up to 20% on qualifying products.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"General Terms","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Elsevier reserves the right to change the terms of this promotional offer or to modify or end this promotional offer at any time without notice. Elsevier is not responsible for an inability to read the terms of this promotional offer due to the fact that the terms are displayed in the English language. This promotional offer is void where prohibited or restricted by law. The construction, validity, interpretation and enforceability of this promotion and its terms shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Netherlands, giving effect to its conflicts of law principles. Participants irrevocably consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Netherlands with respect to any action or suit arising out of or pertaining to this promotional offer and these terms and conditions.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}}},"backgroundColor":"","icon":"none"}],"caption":"LIMITED OFFER","backgroundColor":"blue","titleFont":"","backgroundImage":false,"divisionCode":["S\u0026T","HS"],"language":["English","Spanish"]}],"promoBar":{"__typename":"PromoBar","icon":"Books Icon","description":"","shortDescription":"","link":{"label":"Offer details","href":"","openInNewWindow":false,"external":false,"linkType":"Modal","modalContent":{"title":"Offer details","body":"Black Friday Savings! Up to 30% off books and eBooks \u0026 25% off Journal subscriptions. No promo code needed. Offer ends 2 Dec 2024","additional":{"json":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-3"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Eligibility","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Qualifying Products (as defined below) purchased by individual customers directly through shop.elsevier.com are eligible for this promotional discount. Orders for Qualifying Products placed during the promotion period but shipped after the offer ends are eligible. Purchases by resellers and third parties do not qualify. Decisions regarding eligibility shall be made by Elsevier and are final and binding.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Product Eligibility","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Books and eBooks:","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" Purchases of Science and Technology eBook and print book products (the \"Qualifying Products\") shall be eligible for this promotional offer. The Qualifying Products must be purchased directly through shop.elsevier.com. Purchases of the Qualifying Products made via any channel other than directly through shop.elsevier.com are not eligible for this promotional offer.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Journals: ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Offer valid for qualifying purchases based on pre-tax amount. The discount for personal subscriptions applies only to your first order of the subscription and not renewals, exclusions apply. After the initial promotional price, your subscription will renew at the retail price. Offer not valid on bulk orders, previous purchases, or in combination with any other promotion. ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Current prices and offers are subject to change without notice","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":".","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Promotion Restrictions","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"This promotional offer is only valid on Qualifying Products purchased via credit card and shall not apply to any orders to be charged to an institution or another entity beyond the individual. This promotional offer is not valid on bulk orders, previous purchases, or in combination with any other promotion. Qualifying Products shall exclude all ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://shop.elsevier.com/search?type=Journal"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Science, Technology \u0026 Medical journals","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"; Health Science, Foreign (Italian, French, German, Spanish), ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/health/nursing"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Nursing","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" \u0026 ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/health/health-professions"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Health Professions","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" and Clinical Solutions products; Major Reference Works; eBook subscriptions and solutions/databases ( ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/embase-biomedical-research"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Embase ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ); Books/eBooks published after 180 days from today. The offer excludes major reference works. The offer applies to standard shipping and cannot be used for upgraded shipping options. Any subsequent orders for Qualifying Products will not be eligible for the promotional offer. Countries including Brunei , Cambodia, China, India , Indonesia , Laos, Malaysia , Myanmar , Philippines, Singapore , South, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand , Vietnam are restricted to a maximum discount of up to 30% on qualifying products. Countries including Australia, Fiji, Japan, and New Zealand are restricted to a maximum discount of up to 20% on qualifying products.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"General Terms","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Elsevier reserves the right to change the terms of this promotional offer or to modify or end this promotional offer at any time without notice. Elsevier is not responsible for an inability to read the terms of this promotional offer due to the fact that the terms are displayed in the English language. This promotional offer is void where prohibited or restricted by law. The construction, validity, interpretation and enforceability of this promotion and its terms shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Netherlands, giving effect to its conflicts of law principles. Participants irrevocably consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Netherlands with respect to any action or suit arising out of or pertaining to this promotional offer and these terms and conditions.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"}}},"backgroundColor":"","icon":"none"},"backgroundColor":"blue"}},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/books/[title]/[contributor]/[isbn]","query":{"title":"formulating-and-implementing-pharmaceutical-pricing-policies","contributor":"babar","isbn":"978-0-443-23518-4"},"buildId":"Km9o3uIa3mcT3pxiiyL6n","runtimeConfig":{"oneTrust":{"script":"https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js","domain":"1781dd0f-5901-41a5-87ff-60ee5c177450"},"storeUrl":"https://shop.elsevier.com","globalStoreUrl":"https://shop.elsevier.com","checkoutUrl":"https://global-checkout.elsevier.com","storeUrlE2eTests":"http://home:3000","elsevierUrl":"https://www.elsevier.com","relxUrl":"https://www.relx.com","accountUrl":"https://account.elsevier.com/","supportUrl":"https://www.elsevier.com/support#2-elsevier-ecommerce","ecomSupportUrl":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/contact/supporthub/ecommerce","featureFlags":{"hideSearchFilters":true,"disablePDPPromoBanner":false,"enableMagentoCart":true,"enableJournals":true,"enablePreOrder":true,"enableEBookPreOrder":true,"enableCartCount":true,"enableMagentoJournalCart":true,"enableSearchButton":false,"enableBookFormatsFilter":false,"redirectInfoBuy":false,"excludeUnlistableBooks":true},"newRelic":{"browser":{"accountId":"3344122","applicationId":"1588681229","licenseKey":"NRJS-8ad1606bcb8deff2157"}},"adobe":{"analytics":{"env":"prod","productName":"ec2"},"launch":{"script":"https://assets.adobedtm.com/4a848ae9611a/d40517b608b9/launch-fe8ef7c28822.min.js"}},"maxResultsForPagination":10000,"gtm":{"container":"GTM-TRVMPW4","enabled":true},"magento":{"cartUrl":"https://secure.elsevier.com/checkout/cart"},"nosto":{"GBP":"magento-4d9a27e8","EUR":"magento-5393a8cd","USD":"magento-f27dd1bc","JPY":"magento-f27dd1bc","AUD":"magento-70ca55e8"},"defaultCountry":"US","restrictedLanguages":[],"maxSubjectAreaLevel":4,"infoBuy":{"regEx":"[0-4]$","spanishStoreUrl":"https://tienda.elsevier.com","existingSpanishStoreUrl":"https://tienda.elsevier.es"},"stores":{"de-DE":{"storeUrl":"https://shop-de.dev.webpresence.elsevier.com","featureFlags":{"enableBookFormatsFilter":true,"hideSubjectAreaDescription":true,"disableSEO":true},"nosto":{"GBP":"","EUR":"","USD":"","JPY":"","AUD":""},"defaultCountry":"DE"},"es-ES":{"oneTrust":{"script":"https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js","domain":"0191d659-cbb8-7851-ba9b-9454d7d15884"},"storeUrl":"https://tienda.elsevier.com","globalStoreUrl":"https://shop.elsevier.com","vitalSourceBookshelfUrl":"https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/","featureFlags":{"enableBookFormatsFilter":true,"hideSubjectAreaDescription":true,"disableSEO":true,"enableJournals":false,"redirectInfoBuy":false},"gtm":{"container":"GTM-TRVMPW4","enabled":true},"nosto":{"GBP":"","EUR":"","USD":"","JPY":"","AUD":""},"defaultCountry":"ES","restrictedLanguages":["en","es"],"maxSubjectAreaLevel":3}}},"isFallback":false,"gsp":true,"appGip":true,"locale":"en-US","locales":["en-US","es-ES"],"defaultLocale":"en-US","domainLocales":[{"domain":"tienda.elsevier.com","defaultLocale":"es-ES"}],"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>