| Oceanography

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title> | Oceanography</title> <link href="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/css/owl.carousel.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/css/owl.theme.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/css/global.css" rel="stylesheet">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/css/fontawesome.min.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.4.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <script src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/js/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script> <script src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/js/owl.carousel.js"></script> <script src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/js/global.js"></script> <script src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/js/clipboard.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">var switchTo5x=true;</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ws.sharethis.com/button/buttons.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">stLight.options({publisher: "ur-cc59cf63-89b1-201e-10f7-9f80949271f7", doNotHash: true, doNotCopy: true, hashAddressBar: false});</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/tos_favicon.ico" /> <script src="//js.honeybadger.io/v0.5/honeybadger.min.js" type="text/javascript" data-apiKey="644a67a3"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-8TWQTWZTDN"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-8TWQTWZTDN'); </script> <script> // ===== Scroll to Top ==== $(window).scroll(function() { if ($(this).scrollTop() >= 50) { // If page is scrolled more than 50px $('#return-to-top').fadeIn(200); // Fade in the arrow } else { $('#return-to-top').fadeOut(200); // Else fade out the arrow } }); function returnToTop() { $('body,html').animate({ scrollTop : 0 // Scroll to top of body }, 500); } </script> <meta name="citation_title" content=""/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Oceanography"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content=""/> <meta name="citation_doi" content=""/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content=""/> <meta name="citation_volume" content=""> <meta name="citation_issue" content=""> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content=""> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content=""> </head> <body> <div class="topbar"> <div class="container container-fluid"> <div class="topbar-nav pull-right"> <ul class="list-inline clearfix"> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/change-of-address">Change of Address</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://tosmc.memberclicks.net/">Join TOS</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/">TOS Website</a></li> <li><span class='st_sharethis'></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-body-bg"> <div class="container container-cluid secondary-body-bg"> <header> <div class="container container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 col-sm-8 col-xs-7 logo-header"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/"><img src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/gui/oceanography-logo.png" alt="Oceanography"/></a> <span>The Official Magazine of <br> The Oceanography Society</span> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-4 col-xs-5"> <div class="search search-desktop form-input"> <form id="searchbox_009309641309714532896:jgncf3v_ujk" action="https://www.google.com/cse"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="009309641309714532896:jgncf3v_ujk" /> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:0" /> <input name="q" type="text" size="24" /> <input type="submit" placeholder="Search..." name="sa" class="searchbox-submit" value=""/> </form> </div> <div class="search search-mobile form-input"> <form id="searchbox_009309641309714532896:jgncf3v_ujk" action="https://www.google.com/cse" class="searchbox"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="009309641309714532896:jgncf3v_ujk" /> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:0" /> <input type="search" placeholder="Search..." name="q" class="searchbox-input" onkeyup="buttonUp();" required> <span class="searchbox-icon">GO</span> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"> <ul class="list-inline clearfix nav navbar-nav"> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/about">About <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/about">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/special-issues">Special Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/editors">Editors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume">View Issues <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue">Current Issue</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/upcoming-issues">Upcoming Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/early-releases">Early Releases</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume">Article Archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/order-issues">Order Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/guidelines">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/permissions">Permissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/advertise">Advertising</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> <div class="main"> <section class="upcoming-issues"> <div class="container section-intro"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h1>Article Archive</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="upcoming-issues-volume"> <h5 class="ruled"> Volume 21 - <span>2008</span> </h5> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="archived-issues"> <ul class="list-inline archived-issues-items"> <li> <a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-04"><img src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/21-4.jpg" alt="Volume 21 Issue 04"/></a> <p><strong>December 2008 | No. 4</strong></p> <p><strong><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-04">Special Issue: Coastal Ocean Processes</a></strong></p> </li> <li> <a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-03"><img src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/21-3.jpg" alt="Volume 21 Issue 03"/></a> <p><strong>September 2008 | No. 3</strong></p> <p><strong><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-03">Special Issue: Celebrating 20 Years of The Oceanography Society</a></strong></p> </li> <li> <a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-02"><img src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/21-2.jpg" alt="Volume 21 Issue 02"/></a> <p><strong>June 2008 | No. 2</strong></p> <p><strong><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-02">Special Issue: NURC: Celebrating 50 Years of International Partnerships in Ocean Research and Operations</a></strong></p> </li> <li> <a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-01"><img src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/21-1.jpg" alt="Volume 21 Issue 01"/></a> <p><strong>March 2008 | No. 1</strong></p> <p><strong><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-21-issue-01">Special Issue: Salinity</a></strong></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="all-issues"> <h5 class="ruled"> All Issues </h5> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <ul class="small-links">  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-38">Volume 38</a> - <span>2025</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-37">Volume 37</a> - <span>2024</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-36">Volume 36</a> - <span>2023</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-35">Volume 35</a> - <span>2022</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-34">Volume 34</a> - <span>2021</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-33">Volume 33</a> - <span>2020</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-32">Volume 32</a> - <span>2019</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-31">Volume 31</a> - <span>2018</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-30">Volume 30</a> - <span>2017</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-29">Volume 29</a> - <span>2016</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-28">Volume 28</a> - <span>2015</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-27">Volume 27</a> - <span>2014</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-26">Volume 26</a> - <span>2013</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-25">Volume 25</a> - <span>2012</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-24">Volume 24</a> - <span>2011</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-23">Volume 23</a> - <span>2010</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-22">Volume 22</a> - <span>2009</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-21">Volume 21</a> - <span>2008</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-20">Volume 20</a> - <span>2007</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-19">Volume 19</a> - <span>2006</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-18">Volume 18</a> - <span>2005</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-17">Volume 17</a> - <span>2004</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-16">Volume 16</a> - <span>2003</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-15">Volume 15</a> - <span>2002</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-14">Volume 14</a> - <span>2001</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-13">Volume 13</a> - <span>2000</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-12">Volume 12</a> - <span>1999</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-11">Volume 11</a> - <span>1998</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-10">Volume 10</a> - <span>1997</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-09">Volume 9</a> - <span>1996</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-08">Volume 8</a> - <span>1995</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-07">Volume 7</a> - <span>1994</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-06">Volume 6</a> - <span>1993</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-05">Volume 5</a> - <span>1992</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-04">Volume 4</a> - <span>1991</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-03">Volume 3</a> - <span>1990</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-02">Volume 2</a> - <span>1989</span></li>  <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume/volume-01">Volume 1</a> - <span>1988</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div>  <footer class="desktop-visible"> <div class="container container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3"> <div class="logo-footer"> <img src="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/gui/oceanography-logo-reverse.png" alt="Oceanography" /> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/about">About</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/about">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/special-issues">Special Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/editors">Editors</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume">View Issues</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/issue">Current Issue</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/upcoming-issues">Upcoming Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/early-releases">Early Releases</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume">Article Archive</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/order-issues">Order Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/guidelines">Author Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/permissions">Permissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/advertise">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/change-of-address">Change of Address</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://tosmc.memberclicks.net">Join TOS</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org">TOS Website</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="copyright"> <p><em>Oceanography</em> Magazine, The Oceanography Society, 1 Research Court, Suite 450-117, Rockville, MD, 20850-6252, USA</p> <p>Tel: (1) 301-251-7708, E-mail: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#066b6761677c6f68634672697528697461"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="8ce1edebedf6e5e2e9ccf8e3ffa2e3feeb">[email protected]</span></a></p> <p>Send comments about this site to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#b9cedcdbd4d8cacddccb88f9cdd6ca97d6cbde"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="790e1c1b14180a0d1c0b48390d160a57160b1e">[email protected]</span></a></p> </div> </div> </footer> <footer class="desktop-hidden"> <div class="container container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <ul class="list-inline inline-links text-center"> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/volume">View Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/order-issues">Order Issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/guidelines">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/permissions">Permissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/advertise">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/change-of-address">Change of Address</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org/oceanography/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://tosmc.memberclicks.net">Join TOS</a></li> <li><a href="https://tos.org">TOS Website</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="copyright"> <p><em>Oceanography</em> Magazine</p> <p>The Oceanography Society</p> <p>1 Research Court, Suite 450-117, Rockville, MD, 20850-6252, USA</p> <p>Tel: (1) 301-251-7708</p> <p>E-mail: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ee838f898f9487808bae9a819dc0819c89"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="0964686e687360676c497d667a27667b6e">[email protected]</span></a></p> <p>Send comments about this site to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#89feecebe4e8fafdecfbb8c9fde6faa7e6fbee"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="b7c0d2d5dad6c4c3d2c586f7c3d8c499d8c5d0">[email protected]</span></a></p> </div> </div> </footer> <a onclick="returnToTop()" id="return-to-top"><i class="fa fa-solid fa-angle-up"></i></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/coop/cse/brand?form=searchbox_009309641309714532896%3Ajgncf3v_ujk"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

| Oceanography