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Lipide — Wikipédia

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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&amp;returnto=Lipide" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&amp;returnto=Lipide" 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Classification</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acides_gras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acides_gras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Acides gras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acides_gras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acylglycérols_ou_glycérides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acylglycérols_ou_glycérides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Acylglycérols ou glycérides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acylglycérols_ou_glycérides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphoacylglycérols_ou_phosphoglycérides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphoacylglycérols_ou_phosphoglycérides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Phosphoacylglycérols ou phosphoglycérides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphoacylglycérols_ou_phosphoglycérides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sphingolipides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sphingolipides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sphingolipides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sphingolipides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saccharolipides_ou_glycolipides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saccharolipides_ou_glycolipides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Saccharolipides ou glycolipides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saccharolipides_ou_glycolipides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polycétides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polycétides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Polycétides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polycétides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stérols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stérols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Stérols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stérols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prénols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prénols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Prénols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prénols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonctions_biologiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonctions_biologiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fonctions biologiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonctions_biologiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Fonctions biologiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonctions_biologiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membranes_biologiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membranes_biologiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Membranes biologiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membranes_biologiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stockage_d&#039;énergie_métabolique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stockage_d&#039;énergie_métabolique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stockage d'énergie métabolique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stockage_d&#039;énergie_métabolique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signalisation_cellulaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signalisation_cellulaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Signalisation cellulaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signalisation_cellulaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autres_fonctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres_fonctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Autres fonctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autres_fonctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Métabolisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Métabolisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Métabolisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Métabolisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Métabolisme</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Métabolisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthèse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthèse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biosynthèse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthèse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dégradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dégradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dégradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dégradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diététique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diététique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diététique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diététique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lipide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 112 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipied" title="Lipied – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lipied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipide" title="Lipide – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lipide" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lipido" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ليبيد – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ليپيد – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليپيد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="লিপিড – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিপিড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADpidu" title="Lípidu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lípidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidl%C9%99r" title="Lipidlər – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lipidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="لیپید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیپید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Липидтар – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Липидтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%C4%81" title="Lipidā – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lipidā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Ліпіды – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліпіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Ліпіды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ліпіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Липид – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Липид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="লিপিড – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিপিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADpid" title="Lípid – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lípid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="لیپید – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیپید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidy" title="Lipidy – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lipidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipide" title="Lipide – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lipide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%B0" title="ފެޓް – maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފެޓް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Λιπίδιο – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιπίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lipido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADpido" title="Lípido – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lípido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipiidid" title="Lipiidid – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lipiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lipido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADpiu" title="Lípiu – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lípiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="لیپید – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیپید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – fidjien" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%C3%AD" title="Lipidí – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lipidí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADpido" title="Lípido – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lípido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93" title="ליפיד – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליפיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="लिपिड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिपिड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidek" title="Lipidek – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lipidek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Լիպիդ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիպիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lipido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipida" title="Lipida – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lipida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fita" title="Fita – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fita" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%B3%AA" title="脂質 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脂質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajih" title="Gajih – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gajih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლიპიდები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიპიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Липидтер – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Липидтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (생물학) – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지질 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEp%C3%AEd" title="Lîpîd – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîpîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Липид – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Липид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidum" title="Lipidum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lipidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ໄຂມັນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຂມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidai" title="Lipidai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lipidai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C4%ABdi" title="Lipīdi – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lipīdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipida" title="Lipida – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lipida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Липид – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Липид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ലിപ്പിഡ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിപ്പിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipide" title="Lipide – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lipide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuphana" title="Suuphana – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Suuphana" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ସ୍ନେହସାର – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ନେହସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਸਾ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidy" title="Lipidy – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lipidy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%DA%88" title="لپڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لپڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%93" title="غوړ – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غوړ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADpido" title="Lípido – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lípido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%C4%83" title="Lipidă – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lipidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Липиды – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Липиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Ліпіды – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ліпіды" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Липииттэр – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Липииттэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9" title="ලිපිඩ – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිපිඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruur" title="Baruur – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baruur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidet" title="Lipidet – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lipidet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Липид – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Липид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கொழுமியம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொழுமியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కొవ్వు పదార్ధాలు – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొవ్వు పదార్ధాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ลิพิด – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิพิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lipido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipit" title="Lipit – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lipit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ліпіди – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліпіди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شحمیات – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شحمیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidlar" title="Lipidlar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lipidlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lipidi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lipid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lipido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" title="脂类 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脂类" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93" title="ליפיד – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליפיד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82%E9%A1%9E" title="脂類 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脂類" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82" title="脂 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11367#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lipide" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Lipide" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lipide"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lipide"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Lipide" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Lipide" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;oldid=214373909" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=Lipide&amp;id=214373909&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLipide"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLipide"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Lipide"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Lipide&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lipids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Lipides" hreflang="fr"><span>Wikiversité</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11367" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:1-Palmitoyl-3-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1-Palmitoyl-3-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/290px-1-Palmitoyl-3-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1-Palmitoyl-3-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/435px-1-Palmitoyl-3-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1-Palmitoyl-3-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/580px-1-Palmitoyl-3-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycéride</a> constitué d'un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a> (en noir) <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estérifié</a> par la <a href="/wiki/Phosphocholine" title="Phosphocholine">phosphocholine</a> (en rouge), l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_palmitique" title="Acide palmitique">acide palmitique</a> (en bleu) et l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_ol%C3%A9ique" title="Acide oléique">acide oléique</a> (en vert).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phospholipid_schematic_representation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Phospholipid_schematic_representation.png/290px-Phospholipid_schematic_representation.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Phospholipid_schematic_representation.png/435px-Phospholipid_schematic_representation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Phospholipid_schematic_representation.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Représentation schématique de la «&#160;tête <a href="/wiki/Polarit%C3%A9_(chimie)" title="Polarité (chimie)">polaire</a>&#160;» ① et des «&#160;queues apolaires&#160;» ② de <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule">molécules</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">amphiphiles</a> de <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycérides</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures_fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures_fr.svg/290px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures_fr.svg/435px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures_fr.svg/580px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Les <a href="/wiki/Phospholipide" title="Phospholipide">phospholipides</a> peuvent s'<a href="/wiki/Auto-assemblage_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Auto-assemblage moléculaire">auto-assembler</a> en <a href="/wiki/Milieu_aqueux" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu aqueux">milieu aqueux</a> pour former des <a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">liposomes</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a> ou des <a href="/wiki/Bicouche_lipidique" title="Bicouche lipidique">bicouches lipidiques</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>lipides</b> constituent la <a href="/wiki/Corps_gras" title="Corps gras">matière grasse</a> des êtres vivants. Ce sont des <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule">molécules</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobes</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">amphiphiles</a> — molécules hydrophobes possédant un domaine <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophile">hydrophile</a> — très diversifiées, comprenant entre autres les <a href="/wiki/Graisse" title="Graisse">graisses</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Cire" title="Cire">cires</a>, les <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">stérols</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine">vitamines</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobe">liposolubles</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Monoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Monoglycéride">mono-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Diglycéride">di-</a> et <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a>, ou encore les <a href="/wiki/Phospholipide" title="Phospholipide">phospholipides</a>. </p><p>Les lipides peuvent se présenter à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide">état solide</a>, comme les <a href="/wiki/Cire" title="Cire">cires</a>, ou bien <a href="/wiki/Liquide" title="Liquide">liquide</a>, comme les <a href="/wiki/Huile" title="Huile">huiles</a>. Leur nature amphiphile conduit les molécules de certains lipides à s'organiser en <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9sicule_(biologie)" title="Vésicule (biologie)">vésicules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">liposomes</a> et <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a> lorsqu'elles se trouvent en <a href="/wiki/Milieu_aqueux" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu aqueux">milieu aqueux</a>. Cette propriété est à la base des mécanismes du vivant, permettant la formation de structures biologiques — <a href="/wiki/Cellule_(biologie)" title="Cellule (biologie)">cellules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organite" title="Organite">organites</a> — délimitées par des <a href="/wiki/Membrane_cellulaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane cellulaire">membranes</a> constituées principalement de lipides. Les lipides assurent par ailleurs diverses autres fonctions biologiques<sup id="cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1021/cr200295k_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1021/cr200295k-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, notamment de <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_cellulaire" title="Signalisation cellulaire">signalisation cellulaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Signalisation_lipidique" title="Signalisation lipidique">signalisation lipidique</a>) et de stockage de l'énergie métabolique par <a href="/wiki/Lipogen%C3%A8se" title="Lipogenèse">lipogenèse</a>, énergie ensuite libérée notamment par <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-oxydation" title="Bêta-oxydation"><span class="nowrap">β-oxydation</span></a>. </p><p>Les lipides biologiques dérivent essentiellement de deux types de <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_organique" title="Composé organique">composés</a> jouant le rôle de briques élémentaires, les <a href="/wiki/Groupe_fonctionnel" title="Groupe fonctionnel">groupes</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9toacide" title="Cétoacide">cétoacyle</a> d'une part et les unités <a href="/wiki/Isopr%C3%A8ne" title="Isoprène">isoprène</a> d'autre part. De ce point de vue, ils peuvent être classés en huit catégories différentes&#160;: les <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Acylglyc%C3%A9rol" title="Acylglycérol">acylglycérols</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycérides</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipide" title="Sphingolipide">sphingolipides</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Glycolipide" title="Glycolipide">glycolipides</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Polyc%C3%A9tide" title="Polycétide">polycétides</a>, qui résultent de la condensation de groupes cétoacyle, auxquels s'ajoutent les <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">stérols</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nol" title="Prénol">prénols</a>, qui sont produits à partir d'unités isoprène<sup id="cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Bien que le terme <i>lipide</i> soit souvent utilisé comme synonyme de <i><a href="/wiki/Graisse" title="Graisse">graisse</a></i>, ces deux termes ne sont pas équivalents car tous les lipides ne sont pas des graisses, lesquelles correspondent <i><a href="/wiki/Stricto_sensu" class="mw-redirect" title="Stricto sensu">stricto sensu</a></i> aux seuls <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a>. Les lipides englobent à la fois les acides gras et leurs dérivés — y compris les <a href="/wiki/Monoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Monoglycéride">mono-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Diglycéride">di-</a> et <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a> ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Phospholipide" title="Phospholipide">phospholipides</a> — mais aussi les <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolite" title="Métabolite">métabolites</a> comprenant des <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">stérols</a>, comme le <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">cholestérol</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Classification" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Classification"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Classification_des_lipides" title="Classification des lipides">classification des lipides</a>.</div></div> <p>La classification des lipides est un sujet complexe qui se heurte à la difficulté de définir des critères objectifs permettant de distinguer les lipides des autres classes de molécules organiques. L'<a href="/wiki/Union_internationale_de_chimie_pure_et_appliqu%C3%A9e" title="Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée">IUPAC</a>, par exemple, a publié en 1994<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_1994_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC_1994-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> une classification des lipides excluant le <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">cholestérol</a>, classé comme <a href="/wiki/Terp%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Terpénoïde">terpénoïde</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, bien que le cholestérol soit indiscutablement de nature lipidique pour une très large majorité de <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">biochimistes</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La classification des lipides actuellement généralement acceptée<sup id="cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> établit huit classes, fondées en partie sur les définitions de l'IUPAC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acides_gras">Acides gras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Acides gras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Acides gras"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acide gras</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:ALAnumbering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ALAnumbering.svg/290px-ALAnumbering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ALAnumbering.svg/435px-ALAnumbering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ALAnumbering.svg/580px-ALAnumbering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="67" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acide_alpha-linol%C3%A9nique" title="Acide alpha-linolénique">Acide α-linolénique</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acide gras</a> <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_essentiel" title="Acide gras essentiel">essentiel</a> <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-3" title="Oméga-3">oméga-3</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Galactoceramide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Galactoceramide.png/290px-Galactoceramide.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Galactoceramide.png/435px-Galactoceramide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Galactoceramide.png/580px-Galactoceramide.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galactoc%C3%A9r%C3%A9broside" title="Galactocérébroside">Galactocérébroside</a>, constitué d'un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> lié à un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ramide" title="Céramide">céramide</a> résultant de la combinaison d'un <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acide gras</a> avec une molécule de <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">sphingosine</a> <i>via</i> une <a href="/wiki/Liaison_chimique" title="Liaison chimique">liaison</a> <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tripalmitoylglycerol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tripalmitoylglycerol.png/290px-Tripalmitoylglycerol.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tripalmitoylglycerol.png/435px-Tripalmitoylglycerol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Tripalmitoylglycerol.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">Triglycéride</a> appelé tripalmityglycérol, constitué d'un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a>, surligné en vert, <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estérifié</a> par trois molécules d'<a href="/wiki/Acide_palmitique" title="Acide palmitique">acide palmitique</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Triglyceride_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Triglyceride_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/290px-Triglyceride_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Triglyceride_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/435px-Triglyceride_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Triglyceride_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/580px-Triglyceride_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">Triglycéride</a> constitué d'un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a> (en noir) <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estérifié</a> par l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_palmitique" title="Acide palmitique">acide palmitique</a> (en bleu), l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_ol%C3%A9ique" title="Acide oléique">acide oléique</a> (en vert) et l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_alpha-linol%C3%A9nique" title="Acide alpha-linolénique">acide <span class="nowrap">α-linolénique</span></a> (en rouge).</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>acides gras</b> sont des <a href="/wiki/Acide_carboxylique" title="Acide carboxylique">acides carboxyliques</a> à chaîne <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_aliphatique" title="Composé aliphatique">aliphatique</a>. Les acides gras naturels possèdent une <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_carbon%C3%A9e" title="Chaîne carbonée">chaîne carbonée</a> de 4 à 36&#160;atomes de <a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone">carbone</a> (rarement au-delà de 28) et typiquement en nombre pair. C'est cette chaîne carbonée qui confère aux acides gras leur caractère <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobe</a>. Cette classe de molécules biologiques est présente en abondance chez les <a href="/wiki/Eucaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucaryote">eucaryotes</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a> mais pas chez les <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archées</a>, ce qui distingue ces dernières des bactéries parmi les <a href="/wiki/Procaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Procaryote">procaryotes</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se_des_acides_gras" title="Biosynthèse des acides gras">biosynthèse des acides gras</a> est <a href="/wiki/Catalyse" title="Catalyse">catalysée</a> essentiellement par l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_synthase" title="Acide gras synthase">acide gras synthase</a> et repose sur des <a href="/wiki/Condensation_de_Claisen" title="Condensation de Claisen">condensations de Claisen</a> successives d'unités <a href="/wiki/Malonyl-coenzyme_A" title="Malonyl-coenzyme A"><span class="nowrap">malonyl-CoA</span></a> ou <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thylmalonyl-coenzyme_A" title="Méthylmalonyl-coenzyme A"><span class="nowrap">méthylmalonyl-CoA</span></a> sur une amorce d'<a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tyl-coenzyme_A" title="Acétyl-coenzyme A"><span class="nowrap">acétyl-CoA</span></a>. </p><p>Divers <a href="/wiki/Groupe_fonctionnel" title="Groupe fonctionnel">groupes fonctionnels</a> contenant de l'<a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène">oxygène</a>, de l'<a href="/wiki/Azote" title="Azote">azote</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Halog%C3%A8ne" title="Halogène">halogènes</a> ou du <a href="/wiki/Soufre" title="Soufre">soufre</a> peuvent être ajoutés à la chaîne hydrocarbonée des acides gras, qui peut être saturée ou <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_insatur%C3%A9" title="Composé insaturé">insaturée</a> et présenter dans ce cas une <a href="/wiki/Isom%C3%A9rie_cis-trans" title="Isomérie cis-trans">isomérie <i>cis</i>/<i>trans</i></a> affectant sensiblement la conformation générale des molécules. Les acides gras insaturés naturels adoptent généralement une configuration <i>cis</i> qui tend à courber la chaîne hydrocarbonée et ainsi à fluidifier les <a href="/wiki/Bicouche_lipidique" title="Bicouche lipidique">bicouches lipidiques</a> en abaissant leur température de fusion&#160;; il existe cependant des <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_trans" title="Acide gras trans">acides gras <i>trans</i></a> naturels, bien qu'ils résultent souvent d'un processus d'hydrogénation industrielle<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/s11745-006-5049-y_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/s11745-006-5049-y-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Certains acides gras ne peuvent être <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se" title="Biosynthèse">synthétisés</a> en quantité suffisante par l'organisme et doivent alors être apportés entièrement ou partiellement par le régime alimentaire. C'est le cas notamment des acides gras dits «&#160;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-3" title="Oméga-3">oméga-3</a></span>&#160;» et «&#160;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-6" title="Oméga-6">oméga-6</a></span>&#160;», qui sont dits «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_essentiel" title="Acide gras essentiel">essentiels</a>&#160;». Plus précisément, les <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a> sont incapables de synthétiser l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_alpha-linol%C3%A9nique" title="Acide alpha-linolénique">acide <span class="nowrap">α-linolénique</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-3" title="Oméga-3"><span class="nowrap">ω-3</span></a>) et l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_linol%C3%A9ique" title="Acide linoléique">acide linoléique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-6" title="Oméga-6"><span class="nowrap">ω-6</span></a>), mais peuvent en revanche convertir par exemple l'acide <span class="nowrap">α-linolénique</span> en <a href="/wiki/Acide_docosahexa%C3%A9no%C3%AFque" title="Acide docosahexaénoïque">acide docosahexaénoïque</a> (DHA), un <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-3" title="Oméga-3"><span class="nowrap">ω-3</span></a>. Ces acides gras agissent de manière complexe dans l'organisme&#160;: les <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolite" title="Métabolite">métabolites</a> issus des <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-6" title="Oméga-6">oméga-6</a> sont <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">pro-inflammatoires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombose" title="Thrombose">prothrombotiques</a> et <a href="/wiki/Hypertension_art%C3%A9rielle" title="Hypertension artérielle">hypertenseurs</a> tandis que ceux issus des <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-3" title="Oméga-3">oméga-3</a> ont globalement un effet inverse. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Eicosano%C3%AFde" title="Eicosanoïde">eicosanoïdes</a> sont un autre exemple d'acides gras qui jouent un rôle <a href="/wiki/Physiologie" title="Physiologie">physiologique</a> important, cette fois comme vecteurs de <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_cellulaire" title="Signalisation cellulaire">signalisation cellulaire</a> (on parle dans ce cas de <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_lipidique" title="Signalisation lipidique">signalisation lipidique</a>). Issus principalement de l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_arachidonique" title="Acide arachidonique">acide arachidonique</a> et de l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_eicosapenta%C3%A9no%C3%AFque" title="Acide eicosapentaénoïque">acide eicosapentaénoïque</a>, ils regroupent les <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandine" title="Prostaglandine">prostaglandines</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Leucotri%C3%A8ne" title="Leucotriène">leucotriènes</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Prostacycline" title="Prostacycline">prostacycline</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxanes</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Palmitic_acid.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Acide palmitique, saturé"><img alt="Acide palmitique, saturé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Palmitic_acid.png/120px-Palmitic_acid.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Palmitic_acid.png/180px-Palmitic_acid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Palmitic_acid.png/240px-Palmitic_acid.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Acide_palmitique" title="Acide palmitique">Acide palmitique</a>, saturé</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Oleic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acide oléique, insaturé"><img alt="Acide oléique, insaturé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Oleic_acid.svg/120px-Oleic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Oleic_acid.svg/180px-Oleic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Oleic_acid.svg/240px-Oleic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4370" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Acide_ol%C3%A9ique" title="Acide oléique">Acide oléique</a>, insaturé</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Arachidonic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acide arachidonique, un des précurseurs d&#39;eicosanoïdes"><img alt="Acide arachidonique, un des précurseurs d&#39;eicosanoïdes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arachidonic_acid.svg/120px-Arachidonic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arachidonic_acid.svg/180px-Arachidonic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arachidonic_acid.svg/240px-Arachidonic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Acide_arachidonique" title="Acide arachidonique">Acide arachidonique</a>, un des précurseurs d'<a href="/wiki/Eicosano%C3%AFde" title="Eicosanoïde">eicosanoïdes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Prostaglandin_E2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prostaglandine E2, eicosanoïde"><img alt="Prostaglandine E2, eicosanoïde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prostaglandin_E2.svg/120px-Prostaglandin_E2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prostaglandin_E2.svg/180px-Prostaglandin_E2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prostaglandin_E2.svg/240px-Prostaglandin_E2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandine_E2" title="Prostaglandine E2">Prostaglandine E<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Eicosano%C3%AFde" title="Eicosanoïde">eicosanoïde</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acylglycérols_ou_glycérides"><span id="Acylglyc.C3.A9rols_ou_glyc.C3.A9rides"></span>Acylglycérols ou glycérides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Acylglycérols ou glycérides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Acylglycérols ou glycérides"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycéride">glycéride</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <b>glycérides</b> sont constitués d'un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estérifié</a> par un, deux ou trois <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a>, ce qu'on appelle respectivement <a href="/wiki/Monoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Monoglycéride">monoglycérides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Diglycéride">diglycérides</a> et <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00051-1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00051-1-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les acides gras d'une même molécule de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycéride">glycéride</a> sont généralement différents les uns des autres. Ces lipides servent avant tout à stocker de l'énergie métabolique et constituent l'essentiel de la <a href="/wiki/Graisse_animale" title="Graisse animale">graisse animale</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Hydrolyse" title="Hydrolyse">hydrolyse</a> des <a href="/wiki/Liaison_chimique" title="Liaison chimique">liaisons</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> pour libérer le glycérol et les acides gras constitue la première étape de la <a href="/wiki/Lipolyse" title="Lipolyse">lipolyse</a>, poursuivie notamment par la <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-oxydation" title="Bêta-oxydation"><span class="nowrap">β-oxydation</span></a>. </p><p>Certains <a href="/wiki/Glycolipide" title="Glycolipide">glycolipides</a>, organisés autour d'un résidu de glycérol lié par une <a href="/wiki/Liaison_osidique" title="Liaison osidique">liaison osidique</a> à un ou plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Ose" title="Ose">oses</a>, sont considérés comme des glycérides, notamment les <a href="/wiki/Digalactosyldiacylglyc%C3%A9rol" class="mw-redirect" title="Digalactosyldiacylglycérol">digalactosyldiacylglycérols</a> <a href="/wiki/Membrane_cellulaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane cellulaire">membranaires</a> des <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.001-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qu'on trouve également dans les séminolipides des <a href="/wiki/Spermatozo%C3%AFde" title="Spermatozoïde">spermatozoïdes</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1023/B:GLYC.0000043749.06556.3d_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1023/B:GLYC.0000043749.06556.3d-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphoacylglycérols_ou_phosphoglycérides"><span id="Phosphoacylglyc.C3.A9rols_ou_phosphoglyc.C3.A9rides"></span>Phosphoacylglycérols ou phosphoglycérides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Phosphoacylglycérols ou phosphoglycérides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Phosphoacylglycérols ou phosphoglycérides"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Diphosphatidyl-Glycerol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Diphosphatidyl-Glycerol.png/290px-Diphosphatidyl-Glycerol.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Diphosphatidyl-Glycerol.png/435px-Diphosphatidyl-Glycerol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Diphosphatidyl-Glycerol.png/580px-Diphosphatidyl-Glycerol.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardiolipine" title="Cardiolipine">Cardiolipine</a>, un di<a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycéride</a> abondant dans la <a href="/wiki/Membrane_cellulaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane cellulaire">membrane</a> intérieure des <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrie" title="Mitochondrie">mitochondries</a> et chez la plupart des <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a>, où il participe au <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolisme" title="Métabolisme">métabolisme</a> de l'énergie cellulaire. Deux phosphoglycérides sont unis par un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a>, représenté ici en violet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Popc_details.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Popc_details.svg/290px-Popc_details.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Popc_details.svg/435px-Popc_details.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Popc_details.svg/580px-Popc_details.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a> (<i>lécithine</i>), un <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycéride</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycéride</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <b>phosphoglycérides</b> représentent, avec les <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipide" title="Sphingolipide">sphingolipides</a>, les principaux <a href="/wiki/Phospholipide" title="Phospholipide">phospholipides</a>, qui sont les principaux constituants des <a href="/wiki/Membrane_cellulaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane cellulaire">membranes biologiques</a> — hormis chez les <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archées</a> — et participent au <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolisme" title="Métabolisme">métabolisme</a> et à la <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_cellulaire" title="Signalisation cellulaire">signalisation cellulaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/341197a0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/341197a0-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Tissu_nerveux" title="Tissu nerveux">tissus nerveux</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Cerveau" title="Cerveau">cerveau</a> en contiennent de grandes quantités, et des changements dans leur composition ont été impliqués dans divers <a href="/wiki/Trouble_neurologique" title="Trouble neurologique">troubles neurologiques</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les phosphoglycérides <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactériens</a> diffèrent des phosphoglycérides d'<a href="/wiki/Eucaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucaryote">eucaryotes</a> par la position <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9r%C3%A9ochimie" title="Stéréochimie">stéréochimique</a> du <a href="/wiki/Groupe_fonctionnel" title="Groupe fonctionnel">groupe</a> <a href="/wiki/Polarit%C3%A9_(chimie)" title="Polarité (chimie)">polaire</a> sur le <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a>, les premiers étant <span class="nowrap"><i>sn</i>-1</span> tandis que les seconds sont <span class="nowrap"><i>sn</i>-3</span><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/S0076-6879(07)32002-8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S0076-6879(07)32002-8-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Parmi les phosphoglycérides des membranes biologiques se trouvent les <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">phosphatidylcholines</a> (<i>lécithine</i>), les <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyl%C3%A9thanolamine" title="Phosphatidyléthanolamine">phosphatidyléthanolamines</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyls%C3%A9rine" title="Phosphatidylsérine">phosphatidylsérines</a>. Chez les eucaryotes, les <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">phosphatidylinositols</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Acide_phosphatidique" title="Acide phosphatidique">acides phosphatidiques</a> jouent un rôle de <a href="/wiki/Messager_secondaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Messager secondaire">messager secondaire</a> (ou peuvent être précurseurs de messagers secondaires) en plus de leur rôle structurel dans les membranes. Des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89therlipide" title="Étherlipide">étherlipides</a> dérivant structurellement de ces phosphoglycérides jouent également un rôle en <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_cellulaire" title="Signalisation cellulaire">signalisation cellulaire</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Eucaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucaryote">eucaryotes</a>, tels que les <a href="/wiki/Plasmalog%C3%A8ne" title="Plasmalogène">plasmalogènes</a>, et sont les constituants essentiels des <a href="/wiki/Membrane_plasmique" title="Membrane plasmique">membranes plasmiques</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archées</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/0009-3084(94)90054-X_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/0009-3084(94)90054-X-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sphingolipides">Sphingolipides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Sphingolipides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Sphingolipides"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sphingosine_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sphingosine_structure.svg/290px-Sphingosine_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sphingosine_structure.svg/435px-Sphingosine_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sphingosine_structure.svg/580px-Sphingosine_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">Sphingosine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sphingomyelin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sphingomyelin.svg/290px-Sphingomyelin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sphingomyelin.svg/435px-Sphingomyelin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sphingomyelin.svg/580px-Sphingomyelin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sphingomy%C3%A9line" title="Sphingomyéline">Sphingomyéline</a> à <a href="/wiki/Phosphocholine" title="Phosphocholine">phosphocholine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipide" title="Sphingolipide">sphingolipide</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <b>sphingolipides</b> forment un ensemble complexe de composés<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/S0167-7306(02)36016-2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S0167-7306(02)36016-2-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> constitués d'un <a href="/wiki/Alcool_(chimie)" title="Alcool (chimie)">alcool</a> <a href="/wiki/Aliphatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatique">aliphatique</a> <a href="/wiki/Amine_(chimie)" title="Amine (chimie)">aminé</a>, produit <i><a href="/wiki/De_novo" title="De novo">de novo</a></i> à partir de la <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rine" title="Sérine">sérine</a> et d'une <a href="/wiki/Acyl-coenzyme_A" title="Acyl-coenzyme A">acyl-CoA</a> à longue chaîne, et convertie en <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ramide" title="Céramide">céramides</a>, phosphosphingolipides, <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipide" title="Glycosphingolipide">glycosphingolipides</a> et d'autres composés. Le principal alcool aminé des <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a> est la <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">sphingosine</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ramide" title="Céramide">céramides</a> — <i>N</i>-acylsphingoïdes — forment un sous-ensemble important des dérivés sphingoïdes, avec un <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acide gras</a> lié par une liaison <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a>. Ces acides gras sont généralement saturés ou mono-insaturés avec une chaîne hydrocarbonée de 16&#160;à 26&#160;atomes de carbone. </p><p>Les sphingolipides les plus importants sont les <a href="/wiki/Sphingomy%C3%A9line" title="Sphingomyéline">sphingomyélines</a>, des phosphosphingolipides constitués d'un céramide lié à un <a href="/wiki/Phosphocholine" title="Phosphocholine">phosphocholine</a> chez les mammifères<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/0163-7827(93)90003-F_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/0163-7827(93)90003-F-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou à une <a href="/wiki/Phospho%C3%A9thanolamine" title="Phosphoéthanolamine">phosphoéthanolamine</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Insecte" title="Insecte">insectes</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/0005-2760(92)90101-Z_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/0005-2760(92)90101-Z-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, tandis que les <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">mycètes</a> ont des phytocéramides liés à des groupes <a href="/wiki/Inositol_phosphate" title="Inositol phosphate">inositol phosphate</a> et contenant du <a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">mannose</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.2741/2923_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.2741/2923-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les glycosphingolipides forment une famille de molécules diversifiée constituées d'un ou plusieurs résidus <a href="/wiki/Ose" title="Ose">osidiques</a> liés à la base sphingoïde par une <a href="/wiki/Liaison_osidique" title="Liaison osidique">liaison osidique</a>, comme les <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9broside" title="Cérébroside">cérébrosides</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Ganglioside" title="Ganglioside">gangliosides</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sphingolipids_general_structures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sphingolipids_general_structures.png/880px-Sphingolipids_general_structures.png" decoding="async" width="880" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sphingolipids_general_structures.png/1320px-Sphingolipids_general_structures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sphingolipids_general_structures.png/1760px-Sphingolipids_general_structures.png 2x" data-file-width="5186" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>Exemples de <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipide" title="Sphingolipide">sphingolipides</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">sphingosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ramide" title="Céramide">céramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphingomy%C3%A9line" title="Sphingomyéline">sphingomyélines</a> (à <a href="/wiki/Phosphocholine" title="Phosphocholine">phosphocholine</a> et à <a href="/wiki/Phospho%C3%A9thanolamine" title="Phosphoéthanolamine">phosphoéthanolamine</a>), <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9broside" title="Cérébroside">cérébroside</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ganglioside" title="Ganglioside">ganglioside</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saccharolipides_ou_glycolipides">Saccharolipides ou glycolipides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Saccharolipides ou glycolipides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Saccharolipides ou glycolipides"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Kdo2-lipidA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kdo2-lipidA.png/290px-Kdo2-lipidA.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kdo2-lipidA.png/435px-Kdo2-lipidA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kdo2-lipidA.png/580px-Kdo2-lipidA.png 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Kdo<sub>2</sub>-lipide A, un <a href="/wiki/Glycolipide" title="Glycolipide">glycolipide</a> précurseur du <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">LPS</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r201232385">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti>.thumbinner{width:100%!important;max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:none!important;width:100%!important;text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lipid_X.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lipide X, précurseur du lipide A, et donc du LPS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lipid_X.png/140px-Lipid_X.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lipid_X.png/210px-Lipid_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lipid_X.png/280px-Lipid_X.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Lipide X, précurseur du <a href="/wiki/Lipide_A" title="Lipide A">lipide A</a>, et donc du <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">LPS</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:LPS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LPS.svg/140px-LPS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LPS.svg/210px-LPS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LPS.svg/280px-LPS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a> (LPS)</div></div><div style="clear:left"></div></div></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Glycolipide" title="Glycolipide">glycolipide</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <b>glycolipides</b> résultent de l'<a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estérification</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Ose" title="Ose">oses</a> ou de l'<a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amidification</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Osamine" title="Osamine">osamines</a> par des <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a>, formant des structures moléculaires compatibles avec les <a href="/wiki/Bicouche_lipidique" title="Bicouche lipidique">bicouches lipidiques</a> des <a href="/wiki/Membrane_cellulaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane cellulaire">membranes biologiques</a>. Dans ces composés, un ose joue le rôle du <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a> pour les <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycéride">glycérides</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycérides</a>. Les glycolipides les plus courants sont les <a href="/wiki/Acyle" title="Acyle">acyles</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">glucosamine</a> précurseurs du <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lipide_A" title="Lipide A">lipide A</a></span> du <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">lipopolysaccharide</a> des <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a> à <a href="/wiki/Gram_n%C3%A9gatif" title="Gram négatif">Gram négatif</a>. Les molécules de <span class="nowrap">lipide A</span> sont généralement des <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaccharide">disaccharides</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">glucosamine</a>, qui peuvent porter jusqu'à sept <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidus</a> d'acides gras. Le lipopolysaccharide minimal requis pour le développement d'<a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli"><span class="nowrap"><i>E. coli</i></span></a> est le <span class="nowrap">Kdo<sub>2</sub>-lipide A</span>, un disaccharide hexa-<a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tyle" title="Acétyle">acétylé</a> de glucosamine <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylé</a> avec deux molécules d'<a href="/wiki/Acide_3-d%C3%A9soxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonique" title="Acide 3-désoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonique">acide <span class="nowrap"><i>céto</i>-3-désoxy-<small>D</small>-<i>manno</i>-octulosonique</span></a> (KDO)<sup id="cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.M600027-JLR200_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1194/jlr.M600027-JLR200-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polycétides"><span id="Polyc.C3.A9tides"></span>Polycétides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Polycétides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Polycétides"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Amphotericin_B_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Amphotericin_B_new.svg/290px-Amphotericin_B_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Amphotericin_B_new.svg/435px-Amphotericin_B_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Amphotericin_B_new.svg/580px-Amphotericin_B_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amphot%C3%A9ricine_B" title="Amphotéricine B">Amphotéricine B</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Polyc%C3%A9tide" title="Polycétide">polycétide</a> de type <a href="/wiki/Poly%C3%A8ne" title="Polyène">polyène</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Erythromycin_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Erythromycin_A.svg/290px-Erythromycin_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Erythromycin_A.svg/435px-Erythromycin_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Erythromycin_A.svg/580px-Erythromycin_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rythromycine" title="Érythromycine">Érythromycine A</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Polyc%C3%A9tide" title="Polycétide">polycétide</a> de type <a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">macrolide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Polyc%C3%A9tide" title="Polycétide">polycétide</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <b>polycétides</b> sont une famille de molécules naturelles très diversifiées et pourvues de diverses activités biologiques et propriétés <a href="/wiki/Pharmacologie" title="Pharmacologie">pharmacologiques</a> produites par les <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animaux</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a>, et les <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">mycètes</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1126/science.1094318_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1126/science.1094318-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.2174/156802608784221479_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.2174/156802608784221479-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ils comprennent des <a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">macrolides</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Ansamycine" title="Ansamycine">ansamycines</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Poly%C3%A8ne" title="Polyène">polyènes</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Poly%C3%A9ther" title="Polyéther">polyéthers</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Cyclines_(antibiotiques)" title="Cyclines (antibiotiques)">tétracyclines</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tog%C3%A9nine" title="Acétogénine">acétogénines</a>, ainsi que divers composés tels que l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_usnique" title="Acide usnique">acide usnique</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Discodermolide" title="Discodermolide">discodermolide</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/Radicicol" title="Radicicol">radicicol</a>. On distingue les polycétides&#160;: </p> <ul><li>de type <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>, souvent produits par des mégasynthases multimodulaires, c'est-à-dire de grosses <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> pourvues de plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Site_actif" title="Site actif">sites actifs</a> assurant des réactions différentes et complémentaires&#160;;</li> <li>de type <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr>, de nature souvent <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_aromatique" title="Composé aromatique">aromatique</a> et produits par un processus itératif réalisé par un ensemble d'enzymes dissociées&#160;;</li> <li>de type <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>, souvent de <a href="/wiki/Petite_mol%C3%A9cule" title="Petite molécule">petites molécules</a> aromatiques produites par des espèces <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">fongiques</a>.</li></ul> <p>Ils sont généralement <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se" title="Biosynthèse">produits</a> par <a href="/wiki/Condensation_de_Claisen" title="Condensation de Claisen">condensation de Claisen</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tyl-coenzyme_A" title="Acétyl-coenzyme A"><span class="nowrap">acétyl-CoA</span></a>, de <a href="/wiki/Propionyl-coenzyme_A" title="Propionyl-coenzyme A"><span class="nowrap">propionyl-CoA</span></a> et d'unités moléculaires dérivées de la <a href="/wiki/Malonyl-coenzyme_A" title="Malonyl-coenzyme A"><span class="nowrap">malonyl-CoA</span></a>, selon un processus semblable à celui de la <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se_des_acides_gras" title="Biosynthèse des acides gras">biosynthèse des acides gras</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1098/rstb.1991.0038_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1098/rstb.1991.0038-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. De nombreux polycétides sont des <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_cyclique" title="Composé cyclique">molécules cycliques</a> dont la structure est modifiée par <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thylation" title="Méthylation">méthylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxydation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxydation">oxydation</a>, voire d'autres réactions. De nombreux <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9s_chimiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Composés chimiques">composés</a> couramment utilisés comme <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobien" title="Antimicrobien">antimicrobiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiparasitaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiparasitaire">antiparasitaires</a> et <a href="/wiki/Anticanc%C3%A9reux" title="Anticancéreux">anticancéreux</a> sont des polycétides ou leurs dérivés, tels que l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89rythromycine" title="Érythromycine">érythromycine</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Cyclines_(antibiotiques)" title="Cyclines (antibiotiques)">tétracyclines</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Avermectine" title="Avermectine">avermectines</a> et les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pothilone" title="Épothilone">épothilones</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stérols"><span id="St.C3.A9rols"></span>Stérols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Stérols" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Stérols"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cholic_Acid_vs_Other_Bile_Acids_fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cholic_Acid_vs_Other_Bile_Acids_fr.svg/290px-Cholic_Acid_vs_Other_Bile_Acids_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cholic_Acid_vs_Other_Bile_Acids_fr.svg/435px-Cholic_Acid_vs_Other_Bile_Acids_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cholic_Acid_vs_Other_Bile_Acids_fr.svg/580px-Cholic_Acid_vs_Other_Bile_Acids_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acide_cholique" title="Acide cholique">Acide cholique</a> et liens avec les autres <a href="/wiki/Acide_biliaire" title="Acide biliaire">acides biliaires</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">stérol</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <b>stérols</b>, comme le <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">cholestérol</a> et ses dérivés, sont des constituants importants des <a href="/wiki/Membrane_cellulaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane cellulaire">membranes biologiques</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00017-8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00017-8-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, à côté des <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycérides</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Sphingomy%C3%A9line" title="Sphingomyéline">sphingomyélines</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Stéroïde">stéroïdes</a>, qui partagent tous le même noyau <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rane" title="Stérane">stérane</a> à quatre cycles fusionnés, sont susceptibles d'agir biologiquement comme <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> et comme vecteurs de <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_cellulaire" title="Signalisation cellulaire">signalisation cellulaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Signalisation_lipidique" title="Signalisation lipidique">signalisation lipidique</a>). Les stéroïdes à 18&#160;atomes de carbone (C<sub>18</sub>) comprennent les <a href="/wiki/%C5%92strog%C3%A8ne" title="Œstrogène">œstrogènes</a> tandis que les stéroïdes en C<sub>19</sub> comprennent les <a href="/wiki/Androg%C3%A8ne" title="Androgène">androgènes</a> tels que la <a href="/wiki/Testost%C3%A9rone" title="Testostérone">testostérone</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Androst%C3%A9rone" title="Androstérone">androstérone</a>. Les stéroïdes en C<sub>21</sub> comprennent les <a href="/wiki/Progestatif" title="Progestatif">progestatifs</a> ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Glucocortico%C3%AFde" title="Glucocorticoïde">glucocorticoïdes</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9ralocortico%C3%AFde" title="Minéralocorticoïde">minéralocorticoïdes</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9cost%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Sécostéroïde">sécostéroïdes</a>, qui comprennent diverses formes de <a href="/wiki/Vitamine_D" title="Vitamine D">vitamine D</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ergocalcif%C3%A9rol" title="Ergocalciférol">ergocalciférol</a> et <a href="/wiki/Chol%C3%A9calcif%C3%A9rol" title="Cholécalciférol">cholécalciférol</a> notamment), sont caractérisés par le clivage du cycle B du noyau cyclopentanophénanthrène (<a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rane" title="Stérane">stérane</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.008-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Acide_biliaire" title="Acide biliaire">acides biliaires</a> et leurs conjugués sont d'autres exemples de <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">stérols</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; chez les <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a>, ce sont des dérivés <a href="/wiki/Oxydation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxydation">oxydés</a> du <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">cholestérol</a> produits dans le <a href="/wiki/Foie" title="Foie">foie</a>. Chez les <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a>, on trouve des <a href="/wiki/Phytost%C3%A9rol" title="Phytostérol">phytostérols</a> tels que le <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-sitost%C3%A9rol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bêta-sitostérol"><span class="nowrap">β-sitostérol</span></a>, le <a href="/wiki/Stigmast%C3%A9rol" title="Stigmastérol">stigmastérol</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Brassicast%C3%A9rol" title="Brassicastérol">brassicastérol</a>, ce dernier étant également utilisé comme <a href="/wiki/Biomarqueur" title="Biomarqueur">biomarqueur</a> pour la croissance des <a href="/wiki/Algue" title="Algue">algues</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.009-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'<a href="/wiki/Ergost%C3%A9rol" title="Ergostérol">ergostérol</a> est le principal stérol membranaire chez les <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">mycètes</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Steran_num_ABCD.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nomenclature du stérane"><img alt="Nomenclature du stérane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steran_num_ABCD.svg/200px-Steran_num_ABCD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steran_num_ABCD.svg/300px-Steran_num_ABCD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steran_num_ABCD.svg/400px-Steran_num_ABCD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Nomenclature du <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rane" title="Stérane">stérane</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cholesterol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cholestérol"><img alt="Cholestérol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholesterol.svg/200px-Cholesterol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholesterol.svg/300px-Cholesterol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholesterol.svg/400px-Cholesterol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">Cholestérol</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prénols"><span id="Pr.C3.A9nols"></span>Prénols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Prénols" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Prénols"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Bactoprenol2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bactoprenol2.svg/290px-Bactoprenol2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bactoprenol2.svg/435px-Bactoprenol2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bactoprenol2.svg/580px-Bactoprenol2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bactopr%C3%A9nol" title="Bactoprénol">Bactoprénol</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Polypr%C3%A9nol" title="Polyprénol">polyprénol</a> <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactérien</a> en C<sub>55</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phytol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phytol.svg/290px-Phytol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phytol.svg/435px-Phytol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phytol.svg/580px-Phytol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phytol" title="Phytol">Phytol</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nol" title="Prénol">prénol</a> en C<sub>20</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ubiquinone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ubiquinone.png/290px-Ubiquinone.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ubiquinone.png/435px-Ubiquinone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ubiquinone.png/580px-Ubiquinone.png 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">Ubiquinone</a>, une <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png/290px-Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png/435px-Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png/580px-Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-carot%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bêta-carotène">β-carotène</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Isopr%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoprénoïde">isoprénoïde</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nol" title="Prénol">prénol</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <b>prénols</b> sont <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se" title="Biosynthèse">synthétisés</a> à partir de précurseurs à cinq atomes de carbone, l'<a href="/wiki/Isopent%C3%A9nyl-pyrophosphate" title="Isopentényl-pyrophosphate">isopentényl-pyrophosphate</a> (IPP) et le <a href="/wiki/Dim%C3%A9thylallyl-pyrophosphate" title="Diméthylallyl-pyrophosphate">diméthylallyl-pyrophosphate</a> (DMAPP), issus de la <a href="/wiki/Voie_du_m%C3%A9valonate" title="Voie du mévalonate">voie du mévalonate</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1039/B109860H_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1039/B109860H-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> chez tous les <a href="/wiki/Eucaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucaryote">eucaryotes</a> supérieurs et la plupart des <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a>&#160;; chez les <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a>, certains <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">protozoaires</a> et la plupart des bactéries (dans ce cas, parallèlement à la voie du mévalonate), ces précurseurs sont issus de la <a href="/wiki/Voie_du_m%C3%A9thyl%C3%A9rythritol_phosphate" title="Voie du méthylérythritol phosphate">voie du méthylérythritol phosphate</a>. </p><p>Les isoprénoïdes simples sont formés par l'addition successive d'unités en C<sub>5</sub> et sont classés selon le nombre de ces unités <a href="/wiki/Terp%C3%A8ne" title="Terpène">terpène</a>. Les composés contenant plus de 40&#160;atomes de carbone sont appelés <i>polyterpènes</i>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Carot%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Caroténoïde">caroténoïdes</a> sont des <a href="/wiki/Isopr%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoprénoïde">isoprénoïdes</a> simples importants qui agissent comme des <a href="/wiki/Antioxydant" title="Antioxydant">antioxydants</a> et comme précurseurs de la <a href="/wiki/Vitamine_A" title="Vitamine A">vitamine A</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinones</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinones</a> sont une autre classe de molécules, qui contiennent une <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_lat%C3%A9rale" title="Chaîne latérale">chaîne latérale</a> isoprénique attachée à un noyau quinonoïde d'origine non isoprénique<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/0891-5849(89)90126-3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/0891-5849(89)90126-3-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_E" title="Vitamine E">vitamine E</a></span> et les <a href="/wiki/Vitamine_K" title="Vitamine K"><span class="nowrap">vitamines K</span></a>, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">ubiquinones</a>, sont des exemples de cette classe. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a> produisent des <a href="/wiki/Polypr%C3%A9nol" title="Polyprénol">polyprénols</a> appelés <a href="/wiki/Bactopr%C3%A9nol" title="Bactoprénol">bactoprénols</a> dans lesquels l'unité isoprénique terminale liée à l'<a href="/wiki/Hydroxyle" title="Hydroxyle">hydroxyle</a> reste insaturée, tandis que les <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animaux</a> produisent des <a href="/wiki/Dolichol" title="Dolichol">dolichols</a> dans lequel l'unité isoprénique terminale est réduite<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.plipres.2005.05.002_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.plipres.2005.05.002-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonctions_biologiques">Fonctions biologiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Fonctions biologiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Fonctions biologiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membranes_biologiques">Membranes biologiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Membranes biologiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Membranes biologiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Membrane_(biologie)" title="Membrane (biologie)">membrane (biologie)</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Cellule_(biologie)" title="Cellule (biologie)">cellules</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Eucaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucaryote">eucaryotes</a> sont <a href="/wiki/Compartiment_cellulaire" title="Compartiment cellulaire">compartimentées</a> en <a href="/wiki/Organite" title="Organite">organites</a> délimités par des <a href="/wiki/Membrane_(biologie)" title="Membrane (biologie)">membranes</a> et qui réalisent différentes fonctions biologiques. Les principaux constituants de ces membranes sont les <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycérides</a>&#160;: c'est le cas par exemple dans les <a href="/wiki/Membrane_plasmique" title="Membrane plasmique">membranes plasmiques</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_endomembranaire" title="Système endomembranaire">système endomembranaire</a>. Ce sont des <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule">molécules</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">amphiphiles</a>, c'est-à-dire qu'elles possèdent à la fois une région <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophile">hydrophile</a> — un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol-3-phosphate" title="Glycérol-3-phosphate">glycérol-3-phosphate</a> souvent appelé «&#160;tête hydrophile&#160;» — et une région <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobe</a> souvent appelée «&#160;queue hydrophobe&#160;» constituée d'<a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a>. Les membranes contiennent également des lipides autres que les phosphoglycérides, notamment des <a href="/wiki/Sphingomy%C3%A9line" title="Sphingomyéline">sphingomyélines</a> et des <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">stérols</a>, ces derniers étant surtout représentés chez les <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animaux</a> par le <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">cholestérol</a>. </p><p>Les membranes biologiques s'organisent autour d'une <a href="/wiki/Bicouche_lipidique" title="Bicouche lipidique">bicouche lipidique</a>, constituée de deux feuillets parallèles dans lesquels les phosphoglycérides s'orientent pour présenter leur tête hydrophile au contact de l'eau et leurs queues hydrophobes au contact de l'autre feuillet. La formation d'une telle bicouche est <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamique" title="Thermodynamique">thermodynamiquement</a> favorable lorsque des phosphoglycérides se trouvent en <a href="/wiki/Milieu_aqueux" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu aqueux">milieu aqueux</a>&#160;: c'est l'<a href="/wiki/Effet_hydrophobe" title="Effet hydrophobe">effet hydrophobe</a><sup id="cite_ref-&#80;MID_2087221_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_2087221-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; l'orientation et la distribution spatiale des <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d%27eau" title="Molécule d&#39;eau">molécules d'eau</a> autour d'une telle bicouche est étroitement conditionnée par la configuration des molécules amphiphiles qui la composent, de sorte que ces molécules d'eau forment comme des «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Clathrate" title="Clathrate">clathrates</a>&#160;» autour des lipides solvatés<sup id="cite_ref-10.1073/pnas.0500225102_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1073/pnas.0500225102-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. De telles bicouches tendent également à se refermer sur elles-mêmes, formant des <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9sicule_(biologie)" title="Vésicule (biologie)">vésicules</a>. Selon la concentration en lipides, leur interaction <a href="/wiki/Biophysique" title="Biophysique">biophysique</a> peut conduire à la formation de <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">liposomes</a> ou de surfaces membranaires. D'autres modes d'agrégation sont également observés et relèvent du polymorphisme des molécules amphiphiles. Le comportement des phases lipidiques est un domaine d'étude en biophysique et fait l'objet de recherches académiques<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/nrm2330_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/nrm2330-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/nchembio1106-560_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/nchembio1106-560-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon certaines théories, la formation de <a href="/wiki/Protocellule" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocellule">protocellules</a> délimitées par une membrane lipidique aurait été une étape de l'<a href="/wiki/Abiogen%C3%A8se" title="Abiogenèse">abiogenèse</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1023/A:1006746807104_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1023/A:1006746807104-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Chez les <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a>, les membranes de <a href="/wiki/Thylako%C3%AFde" title="Thylakoïde">thylakoïdes</a> sont particulièrement riches en monogalactosyl diglycérides (MGDG), qui ne forment pas spontanément de <a href="/wiki/Bicouche_lipidique" title="Bicouche lipidique">bicouche lipidique</a> mais entrent néanmoins dans de telles structures lorsqu'ils interagissent avec les <a href="/wiki/Carot%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Caroténoïde">caroténoïdes</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Chlorophylle" title="Chlorophylle">chlorophylles</a> des membranes de thylakoïdes<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/BF02703373_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/BF02703373-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de sorte que les membranes des thylakoïdes s'organisent en bicouche lipidique dynamique<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/BF02702669_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/BF02702669-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; elles contiennent en revanche peu de <a href="/wiki/Phospholipide" title="Phospholipide">phospholipides</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stockage_d'énergie_métabolique"><span id="Stockage_d.27.C3.A9nergie_m.C3.A9tabolique"></span>Stockage d'énergie métabolique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Stockage d&#039;énergie métabolique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Stockage d&#039;énergie métabolique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a> stockés dans le <a href="/wiki/Tissu_adipeux" title="Tissu adipeux">tissu adipeux</a> est la principale forme de stockage de l'énergie chez les <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animaux</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">adipocytes</a> sont les <a href="/wiki/Cellule_(biologie)" title="Cellule (biologie)">cellules</a> chargées de la <a href="/wiki/Anabolisme" title="Anabolisme">synthèse</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Catabolisme" title="Catabolisme">dégradation</a> des triglycérides chez les animaux&#160;; chez ces derniers, la dégradation des triglycérides est essentiellement contrôlée par la <a href="/wiki/Lipase_hormonosensible" title="Lipase hormonosensible">lipase hormonosensible</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R700014-JLR200_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1194/jlr.R700014-JLR200-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'<a href="/wiki/Oxydation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxydation">oxydation</a> complète des <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a>, essentiellement par <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-oxydation" title="Bêta-oxydation">β-oxydation</a>, fournit davantage d'énergie — sous forme d'<a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9nosine_triphosphate" title="Adénosine triphosphate">ATP</a> — que celle des <a href="/wiki/Glucide" title="Glucide">glucides</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine" title="Protéine">protéines</a>&#160;: environ <span class="nowrap"><span title="">37</span>&#160;<span title=""><a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a></span>·<span title="Gramme">g</span><sup>-1</sup></span> contre <span class="nowrap"><span title="">17</span>&#160;<span title=""><a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a></span>·<span title="Gramme">g</span><sup>-1</sup></span> respectivement<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les triglycérides sont par exemple le carburant utilisé par les <a href="/wiki/Oiseau_migrateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Oiseau migrateur">oiseaux migrateurs</a> pour assurer leurs vols à longue distance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signalisation_cellulaire">Signalisation cellulaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Signalisation cellulaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Signalisation cellulaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_lipidique" title="Signalisation lipidique">signalisation lipidique</a>.</div></div> <p>Ce n'est qu'assez récemment qu'a été établi le rôle déterminant de la <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_lipidique" title="Signalisation lipidique">signalisation lipidique</a> comme composante de la <a href="/wiki/Signalisation_cellulaire" title="Signalisation cellulaire">signalisation cellulaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.012-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1093/bioinformatics/btr190_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1093/bioinformatics/btr190-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La signalisation lipidique peut faire intervenir des <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_coupl%C3%A9_aux_prot%C3%A9ines_G" title="Récepteur couplé aux protéines G">récepteurs couplés aux protéines G</a> ou des <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Récepteur nucléaire">récepteurs nucléaires</a>, et différents types de lipides ont été identifiés comme molécules de signalisation cellulaire et comme <a href="/wiki/Messager_secondaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Messager secondaire">messagers secondaires</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1152/advan.00088.2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1152/advan.00088.2006-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On compte parmi eux la <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">sphingosine-1-phosphate</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipide" title="Sphingolipide">sphingolipide</a> issu d'un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ramide" title="Céramide">céramide</a> et agissant comme un puissant messager intervenant dans la régulation de la mobilisation du <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a><sup id="cite_ref-&#80;MID_18951299_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_18951299-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dans la croissance des <a href="/wiki/Cellule_(biologie)" title="Cellule (biologie)">cellules</a> et dans l'<a href="/wiki/Apoptose" title="Apoptose">apoptose</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_16_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_16-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; les <a href="/wiki/Diglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Diglycéride">diglycérides</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">phosphatidylinositol</a> phosphates (PIP), qui interviennent dans l'activation de la <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine_kinase_C" title="Protéine kinase C">protéine kinase C</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.2741/2756_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.2741/2756-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; les <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandine" title="Prostaglandine">prostaglandines</a>, qui sont des <a href="/wiki/Eicosano%C3%AFde" title="Eicosanoïde">eicosanoïdes</a> impliqués dans les processus <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatoires</a> et <a href="/wiki/Immunit%C3%A9_(m%C3%A9decine)" title="Immunité (médecine)">immunitaires</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.2174/156652408785160989_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.2174/156652408785160989-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; les <a href="/wiki/Hormone_st%C3%A9ro%C3%AFdienne" title="Hormone stéroïdienne">hormones stéroïdiennes</a> telles que l'<a href="/wiki/%C5%92strog%C3%A8ne" title="Œstrogène">œstrogène</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Testost%C3%A9rone" title="Testostérone">testostérone</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>, qui régulent les diverses fonctions du <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolisme" title="Métabolisme">métabolisme</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Reproduction_(biologie)" title="Reproduction (biologie)">reproduction</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Pression_art%C3%A9rielle" title="Pression artérielle">pression artérielle</a>&#160;; les <a href="/wiki/Oxyst%C3%A9rol" title="Oxystérol">oxystérols</a> tels que le 25-hydroxycholestérol, qui sont des <a href="/wiki/Agoniste_(biochimie)" title="Agoniste (biochimie)">agonistes</a> des <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_nucl%C3%A9aire_des_oxyst%C3%A9rols" title="Récepteur nucléaire des oxystérols">récepteurs nucléaires des oxystérols</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00062.x_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00062.x-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les lipides de type <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyls%C3%A9rine" title="Phosphatidylsérine">phosphatidylsérine</a> sont connus pour intervenir dans la signalisation de la <a href="/wiki/Phagocytose" title="Phagocytose">phagocytose</a> des cellules apoptotiques. Ils assurent cette fonction en se retrouvant dans le feuillet externe de la <a href="/wiki/Membrane_plasmique" title="Membrane plasmique">membrane plasmique</a> après inactivation des <a href="/wiki/Flippase" title="Flippase">flippases</a>, qui les placent exclusivement dans le feuillet <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosolique</a>, et activation des <a href="/wiki/Scramblase" title="Scramblase">scramblases</a>, qui les font passer d'un feuillet à l'autre&#160;: la présence de phosphatidylsérines dans le feuillet externe de la membrane plasmique est reconnue par certaines cellules, qui les phagocytent, de même qu'elles phagocytent d'éventuels fragment cellulaires exposant le feuillet interne de la membrane plasmique<sup id="cite_ref-10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autres_fonctions">Autres fonctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Autres fonctions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Autres fonctions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine">vitamines</a> liposolubles — <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_A" title="Vitamine A">vitamine A</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamine_D" title="Vitamine D"><span class="nowrap">vitamines D</span></a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_E" title="Vitamine E">vitamine E</a></span> et <a href="/wiki/Vitamine_K" title="Vitamine K"><span class="nowrap">vitamines K</span></a> — sont des <a href="/wiki/Terp%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Terpénoïde">terpénoïdes</a> emmagasinés dans le <a href="/wiki/Foie" title="Foie">foie</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Tissu_adipeux" title="Tissu adipeux">tissus adipeux</a>. Ce sont des <a href="/wiki/Substance_essentielle" title="Substance essentielle">substances essentielles</a> assurant diverses fonctions biologiques. Les <a href="/wiki/Acylcarnitine" title="Acylcarnitine">acylcarnitines</a> interviennent dans le métabolisme des <a href="/wiki/Acides_gras" class="mw-redirect" title="Acides gras">acides gras</a> et leur transport dans et hors des <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrie" title="Mitochondrie">mitochondries</a>, à l'intérieur desquelles ils sont <a href="/wiki/Catabolisme" title="Catabolisme">dégradés</a> par <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-oxydation" title="Bêta-oxydation">β-oxydation</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/0005-2736(91)90110-T_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/0005-2736(91)90110-T-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Polypr%C3%A9nol" title="Polyprénol">polyprénols</a> et leurs dérivés phosphorylés jouent quant à eux un rôle important dans le transport des <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> à travers les membranes. Les dérivés osidiques à polyprénol phosphate et polyprénol diphosphate interviennent dans les réactions de <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasme" title="Cytoplasme">extra-cytoplasmiques</a>, dans la biosynthèse extracellulaire de <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> (par exemple dans la <a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9risation" title="Polymérisation">polymérisation</a> du <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycane" title="Peptidoglycane">peptidoglycane</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a>) et dans la <a href="/wiki/N-glycosylation" title="N-glycosylation"><i>N</i>-glycosylation</a> des <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine" title="Protéine">protéines</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Eucaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucaryote">eucaryotes</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/0304-4157(79)90006-6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/0304-4157(79)90006-6-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1126/science.291.5512.2364_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1126/science.291.5512.2364-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Cardiolipine" title="Cardiolipine">cardiolipines</a> sont une sous-classe de <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">phosphoglycérides</a> contenant quatre <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidus</a> <a href="/wiki/Acyle" title="Acyle">acyle</a> et trois résidus de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a>&#160;; elles sont particulièrement abondantes dans la <a href="/wiki/Membrane_mitochondriale_interne" title="Membrane mitochondriale interne">membrane mitochondriale interne</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1083/jcb.200901127_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1083/jcb.200901127-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On pense qu'elles activent les <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> qui interviennent dans la <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation_oxydative" title="Phosphorylation oxydative">phosphorylation oxydative</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/0304-4157(92)90035-9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/0304-4157(92)90035-9-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Métabolisme"><span id="M.C3.A9tabolisme"></span>Métabolisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier la section : Métabolisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Métabolisme"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolisme" title="Métabolisme">métabolisme</a>.</div></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a>, les <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">stérols</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Phospholipide" title="Phospholipide">phospholipides</a> <a href="/wiki/Membrane_(biologie)" title="Membrane (biologie)">membranaires</a> des <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animaux</a> constituent l'essentiel des lipides de l'<a href="/wiki/Alimentation_humaine" title="Alimentation humaine">alimentation humaine</a> et de celle des autres animaux. Le métabolisme lipidique est l'ensemble des processus par lesquels chaque <a href="/wiki/Tissu_biologique" title="Tissu biologique">tissu</a> <a href="/wiki/Anabolisme" title="Anabolisme">synthétise</a> et <a href="/wiki/Catabolisme" title="Catabolisme">dégrade</a> ses lipides structurels et fonctionnels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier la section : Digestion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Digestion"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2512_Chylomicrons_Contain_Triglycerides_Cholesterol_Molecules_and_Other_Lipids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2512_Chylomicrons_Contain_Triglycerides_Cholesterol_Molecules_and_Other_Lipids.jpg/290px-2512_Chylomicrons_Contain_Triglycerides_Cholesterol_Molecules_and_Other_Lipids.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2512_Chylomicrons_Contain_Triglycerides_Cholesterol_Molecules_and_Other_Lipids.jpg/435px-2512_Chylomicrons_Contain_Triglycerides_Cholesterol_Molecules_and_Other_Lipids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2512_Chylomicrons_Contain_Triglycerides_Cholesterol_Molecules_and_Other_Lipids.jpg/580px-2512_Chylomicrons_Contain_Triglycerides_Cholesterol_Molecules_and_Other_Lipids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Représentation schématique d'un <a href="/wiki/Chylomicron" title="Chylomicron">chylomicron</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.</div></div> <p>La digestion de certains lipides commence au niveau de la bouche avec l'action de la <a href="/wiki/Lipase_linguale" title="Lipase linguale">lipase linguale</a>, une <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> qui <a href="/wiki/Clivage_(chimie)" title="Clivage (chimie)">clive</a> certains <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a> à chaînes courtes en <a href="/wiki/Diglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Diglycéride">diglycérides</a> et <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a>, tandis que les <a href="/wiki/Mucine" title="Mucine">mucines</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Salive" title="Salive">salive</a> des <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a> contribuent, par leur <a href="/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A9" title="Viscosité">viscosité</a> et leur action mécanique, à dissocier le <a href="/wiki/Bol_alimentaire" title="Bol alimentaire">bol alimentaire</a> et à libérer les lipides. </p><p>Cependant, les lipides sont digérés essentiellement dans l'<a href="/wiki/Intestin_gr%C3%AAle" title="Intestin grêle">intestin grêle</a>. La présence de graisses à ce niveau favorise la sécrétion d'<a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> qui stimulent la libération, par le <a href="/wiki/Pancr%C3%A9as" title="Pancréas">pancréas</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Lipase_pancr%C3%A9atique" title="Lipase pancréatique">lipase pancréatique</a>, enzyme active à <a href="/wiki/Potentiel_hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Potentiel hydrogène">pH</a> acide, et de <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, cette dernière conduisant à une <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mulsion" title="Émulsion">émulsion</a> permettant l'absorption des lipides. La digestion complète des triglycérides conduit à un mélange d'acides gras, de <a href="/wiki/Monoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Monoglycéride">monoglycérides</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Diglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Diglycéride">diglycérides</a> et de triglycérides non digérés, mais pas de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a> libre. </p><p>Les triglycérides ne peuvent être absorbés par l'intestin grêle. En revanche, les <a href="/wiki/Ent%C3%A9rocyte" title="Entérocyte">entérocytes</a> de la paroi intestinale absorbent le contenu des <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a> en suspension dans la bile et reforment des triglycérides conditionnés avec des <a href="/wiki/Lipoprot%C3%A9ine" title="Lipoprotéine">lipoprotéines</a> dans de grandes micelles appelées <a href="/wiki/Chylomicron" title="Chylomicron">chylomicrons</a>. Ces derniers sont sécrétés dans les <a href="/wiki/Chylif%C3%A8re" title="Chylifère">chylifères</a> du <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_lymphatique" title="Système lymphatique">système lymphatique</a>, qui les déverse ensuite dans le <a href="/wiki/Sang" title="Sang">sang</a> depuis le <a href="/wiki/Conduit_thoracique" title="Conduit thoracique">conduit thoracique</a>. Ainsi, contrairement aux autres <a href="/wiki/Nutriment" title="Nutriment">nutriments</a>, les triglycérides absorbés par l'alimentation passent dans le sang en court-circuitant le foie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthèse"><span id="Biosynth.C3.A8se"></span>Biosynthèse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier la section : Biosynthèse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Biosynthèse"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se" title="Biosynthèse">biosynthèse</a>.</div></div> <p>Chez les <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animaux</a>, des lipides peuvent être produits en réponse à l'absorption d'un excès de <a href="/wiki/Glucide" title="Glucide">glucides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">sucres</a>). Ceci fait intervenir la <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se_des_acides_gras" title="Biosynthèse des acides gras">biosynthèse des acides gras</a> à partir d'<a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tyl-coenzyme_A" title="Acétyl-coenzyme A">acétyl-CoA</a>, puis l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9rification" title="Estérification">estérification</a> d'une molécule de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a> par les <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a> produits pour former une molécule de <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycéride</a>. Ce processus est appelé <a href="/wiki/Lipogen%C3%A8se" title="Lipogenèse">lipogenèse</a>. </p><p>Les acides gras sont produits par l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_synthase" title="Acide gras synthase">acide gras synthase</a>, une <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> qui <a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9risation" title="Polymérisation">polymérise</a> les <a href="/wiki/Monom%C3%A8re" title="Monomère">monomères</a> acétyl-CoA, puis <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9duction_(chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Réduction (chimie)">réduit</a> le <a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A8re" title="Polymère">polymère</a> résultant. La chaîne <a href="/wiki/Acyle" title="Acyle">acyle</a> de l'acide gras est allongée de manière itérative par un cycle de réactions qui ajoutent un groupe <a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tyle" title="Acétyle">acétyle</a>, le réduit en <a href="/wiki/Alcool_(chimie)" title="Alcool (chimie)">alcool</a>, le <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9shydratation_(chimie)" title="Déshydratation (chimie)">déshydrate</a> en <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A8ne" title="Alcène">alcène</a>, et enfin le réduit à nouveau pour former un groupe <a href="/wiki/Alcane" title="Alcane">alcane</a>. </p><p>Les enzymes de la biosynthèse des acides gras sont classées en deux groupes distincts&#160;: chez les animaux et les <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">champignons</a>, toutes ces réactions sont réalisées par une <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine" title="Protéine">protéine</a> unique se comportant comme une enzyme multifonctionnelle<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, tandis que, chez les <a href="/wiki/Plaste" title="Plaste">plastes</a> des <a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">plantes</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie">bactéries</a>, ces réactions sont réalisées chacune par une protéine dédiée, chacune se comportant comme une enzyme monofonctionnelle réalisant une étape particulière de cette <a href="/wiki/Voie_m%C3%A9tabolique" title="Voie métabolique">voie métabolique</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces acides gras peuvent être par la suite convertis en triglycérides qui sont conditionnés dans des <a href="/wiki/Lipoprot%C3%A9ine" title="Lipoprotéine">lipoprotéines</a> sécrétées par le <a href="/wiki/Foie" title="Foie">foie</a>. </p><p>La biosynthèse des <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_insatur%C3%A9" title="Acide gras insaturé">acides gras insaturés</a> fait intervenir des réactions de <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_insatur%C3%A9" title="Composé insaturé">désaturation</a> par lesquelles une <a href="/wiki/Liaison_double" title="Liaison double">double liaison</a> est introduite dans la chaîne de l'acide gras. Ainsi, chez l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">homme</a>, la désaturation de l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_st%C3%A9arique" title="Acide stéarique">acide stéarique</a> par la <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9aryl-CoA_9-d%C3%A9saturase" title="Stéaryl-CoA 9-désaturase">stéaryl-CoA 9-désaturase</a> conduit à l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_ol%C3%A9ique" title="Acide oléique">acide oléique</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Acide_linol%C3%A9ique" title="Acide linoléique">acide linoléique</a>, doublement insaturé, ainsi que l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_alpha-linol%C3%A9nique" title="Acide alpha-linolénique">acide α-linolénique</a>, triplement insaturé, ne peuvent pas être produits par les tissus des <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a>, de sorte qu'ils doivent nécessairement être apportés par l'<a href="/wiki/Alimentation" title="Alimentation">alimentation</a>&#160;: ce sont des <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_essentiel" title="Acide gras essentiel">acides gras essentiels</a>. </p><p>La biosynthèse des triglycérides intervient dans le <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ticulum_endoplasmique" title="Réticulum endoplasmique">réticulum endoplasmique</a> à travers des voies métaboliques qui transfèrent les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie)">résidus</a> acyle d'unités <a href="/wiki/Acyl-coenzyme_A" title="Acyl-coenzyme A">acyl-CoA</a> aux <a href="/wiki/Groupe_fonctionnel" title="Groupe fonctionnel">groupes</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyle" title="Hydroxyle">hydroxyle</a> d'un résidu de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rol" title="Glycérol">glycérol</a>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Terp%C3%A8ne" title="Terpène">terpènes</a> et <a href="/wiki/Terp%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Terpénoïde">terpénoïdes</a>, dont font partie les <a href="/wiki/Carot%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Caroténoïde">caroténoïdes</a>, sont formés par assemblage et modification d'unités <a href="/wiki/Isopr%C3%A8ne" title="Isoprène">isoprène</a> fournis par l'<a href="/wiki/Isopent%C3%A9nyl-pyrophosphate" title="Isopentényl-pyrophosphate">isopentényl-pyrophosphate</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Dim%C3%A9thylallyl-pyrophosphate" title="Diméthylallyl-pyrophosphate">diméthylallyl-pyrophosphate</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1039/B109860H_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1039/B109860H-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9curseur_(chimie)" title="Précurseur (chimie)">précurseurs</a> peuvent être obtenus de différentes manières. Chez les animaux et chez les <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archées</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Voie_du_m%C3%A9valonate" title="Voie du mévalonate">voie du mévalonate</a> produit ces molécules à partir de l'acétyl-CoA<sup id="cite_ref-10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, tandis que les plantes et les bactéries les produisent à partir de <a href="/wiki/Acide_pyruvique" title="Acide pyruvique">pyruvate</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Glyc%C3%A9rald%C3%A9hyde-3-phosphate" title="Glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate">glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate</a> à travers la <a href="/wiki/Voie_du_m%C3%A9thyl%C3%A9rythritol_phosphate" title="Voie du méthylérythritol phosphate">voie du méthylérythritol phosphate</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1039/B109860H_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1039/B109860H-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La biosynthèse des <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Stéroïde">stéroïdes</a> est l'une des utilisations de tels isoprénoïdes activés les plus importantes, par l'intermédiaire du <a href="/wiki/Squal%C3%A8ne" title="Squalène">squalène</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Lanost%C3%A9rol" title="Lanostérol">lanostérol</a>. Ce dernier peut ensuite être converti en <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">cholestérol</a> et en <a href="/wiki/Ergost%C3%A9rol" title="Ergostérol">ergostérol</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/BF02537824_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/BF02537824-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dégradation"><span id="D.C3.A9gradation"></span>Dégradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier la section : Dégradation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dégradation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-oxydation" title="Bêta-oxydation">β-oxydation</a> est la <a href="/wiki/Voie_m%C3%A9tabolique" title="Voie métabolique">voie métabolique</a> par laquelle les <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a> sont dégradés en <a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tyl-coenzyme_A" title="Acétyl-coenzyme A">acétyl-CoA</a> dans les <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrie" title="Mitochondrie">mitochondries</a> ou dans les <a href="/wiki/Peroxysome" title="Peroxysome">peroxysomes</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Oxydation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxydation">oxydation</a> des acides gras est, pour une large part, semblable, en sens inverse, à la <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se_des_acides_gras" title="Biosynthèse des acides gras">biosynthèse des acides gras</a>&#160;: des unités de deux <a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">atomes</a> de <a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone">carbone</a> sont retirées séquentiellement à partir de l'extrémité de la chaîne hydrocarbonée de l'acide gras à l'issue de réactions de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9shydrog%C3%A9nation" title="Déshydrogénation">déshydrogénation</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9action_d%27hydratation" title="Réaction d&#39;hydratation">hydratation</a> et d'oxydation pour former un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9toacide" title="Cétoacide">β-cétoacide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clivage_(chimie)" title="Clivage (chimie)">clivé</a> par <a href="/wiki/Thiolyse" title="Thiolyse">thiolyse</a>. L'acétyl-CoA est enfin converti en <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9nosine_triphosphate" title="Adénosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioxyde_de_carbone" title="Dioxyde de carbone">CO<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></a> et <a href="/wiki/Eau" title="Eau">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></a> à travers le <a href="/wiki/Cycle_de_Krebs" title="Cycle de Krebs">cycle de Krebs</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_respiratoire" title="Chaîne respiratoire">chaîne respiratoire</a>. L'oxydation complète d'une molécule de <a href="/wiki/Acide_palmitique" title="Acide palmitique">palmitate</a> produit ainsi 108&#160;molécules d'ATP. La <a href="/wiki/Catabolisme" title="Catabolisme">dégradation</a> des acides gras <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_insatur%C3%A9" title="Composé insaturé">insaturés</a> ou à nombre impair d'<a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">atomes</a> de <a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone">carbone</a> nécessitent des <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> supplémentaires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diététique"><span id="Di.C3.A9t.C3.A9tique"></span>Diététique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifier la section : Diététique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Diététique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A9t%C3%A9tique" title="Diététique">diététique</a>.</div></div> <p>L'essentiel des lipides absorbés par l'<a href="/wiki/Alimentation" title="Alimentation">alimentation</a> est présent sous forme de <a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">triglycérides</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">cholestérol</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Phospholipide" title="Phospholipide">phospholipides</a>. Ils facilitent l'absorption des <a href="/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine">vitamines</a> <a href="/wiki/Liposoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Liposoluble">liposolubles</a> — <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_A" title="Vitamine A">vitamine A</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_D" title="Vitamine D">vitamine D</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_E" title="Vitamine E">vitamine E</a></span> et <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_K" title="Vitamine K">vitamine K</a></span> — et des <a href="/wiki/Carot%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Caroténoïde">caroténoïdes</a>. Chez les <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a>, certains <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">acides gras</a>, appelés <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_essentiel" title="Acide gras essentiel">acides gras essentiels</a>, doivent être apportés par l'alimentation car ils ne peuvent être produits par l'<a href="/wiki/Organisme_(physiologie)" title="Organisme (physiologie)">organisme</a> à partir d'autres <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9curseur_(chimie)" title="Précurseur (chimie)">précurseurs</a>. C'est par exemple le cas de l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_linol%C3%A9ique" title="Acide linoléique">acide linoléique</a>, un acide gras <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-6" title="Oméga-6">oméga-6</a>, et de l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_alpha-linol%C3%A9nique" title="Acide alpha-linolénique">acide α-linolénique</a>, un acide gras <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-3" title="Oméga-3">oméga-3</a>. Ces deux acides gras essentiels sont des <a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_insatur%C3%A9" title="Acide gras insaturé">acides gras polyinsaturés</a> à 18&#160;atomes de <a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone">carbone</a> qui ne diffèrent que par le nombre et la position des <a href="/wiki/Liaison_double" title="Liaison double">doubles liaisons</a>. La plupart des <a href="/wiki/Huile_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Huile végétale">huiles végétales</a> sont riches en acide linoléique, comme l'<a href="/wiki/Huile_de_carthame" title="Huile de carthame">huile de carthame</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Huile_de_tournesol" title="Huile de tournesol">huile de tournesol</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Huile_de_ma%C3%AFs" title="Huile de maïs">huile de maïs</a>. L'acide α-linolénique est présent dans les <a href="/wiki/Feuille" title="Feuille">feuilles</a> vertes et dans un ensemble de <a href="/wiki/Graine" title="Graine">graines</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Fruit_%C3%A0_coque" title="Fruit à coque">fruits à écale</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Gousse" title="Gousse">gousses</a>, notamment l'<a href="/wiki/Huile_de_lin" title="Huile de lin">huile de lin</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Huile_de_colza" title="Huile de colza">huile de colza</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Huile_de_noix" title="Huile de noix">huile de noix</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Huile_de_soja" title="Huile de soja">huile de soja</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Huile_de_poisson" title="Huile de poisson">huiles de poisson</a> sont particulièrement riches en acides gras <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A9ga-3" title="Oméga-3">ω-3</a> à longue chaîne tels que l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_eicosapenta%C3%A9no%C3%AFque" title="Acide eicosapentaénoïque">acide eicosapentaénoïque</a> (EPA) et l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_docosahexa%C3%A9no%C3%AFque" title="Acide docosahexaénoïque">acide docosahexaénoïque</a> (DHA). De nombreuses études ont démontré les effets bénéfiques pour la santé d'un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_alimentaire" title="Régime alimentaire">régime alimentaire</a> riche en acides gras ω-3 du point de vue du développement des enfants, de la prévention de <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Maladie_cardio-vasculaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maladie cardio-vasculaire">maladies cardiovasculaires</a> et de divers <a href="/wiki/Trouble_psychique" title="Trouble psychique">troubles psychiques</a> tels que la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_(psychiatrie)" title="Dépression (psychiatrie)">dépression</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Trouble_du_d%C3%A9ficit_de_l%27attention_avec_ou_sans_hyperactivit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Trouble du déficit de l&#39;attention avec ou sans hyperactivité">trouble du déficit de l'attention</a> et la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9mence" title="Démence">démence</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.022_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.022-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1177/026010600902000102_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1177/026010600902000102-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <i>A contrario</i>, il est établi que la consommation d'<a href="/wiki/Acide_gras_trans" title="Acide gras trans">acides gras trans</a> tels que ceux présents dans les huiles végétales <a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A9nation" title="Hydrogénation">hydrogénées</a> sont des facteurs de risque accru pour les maladies cardiovasculaires<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-&#80;MID_18427401_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_18427401-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/s11883-007-0065-9_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/s11883-007-0065-9-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Si la nature des lipides absorbés par l'alimentation est déterminante pour la santé, leur quantité totale importe finalement assez peu. Quelques études ont lié la quantité totale de lipides absorbés à un risque accru d'<a href="/wiki/Ob%C3%A9sit%C3%A9" title="Obésité">obésité</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1055/s-2005-871740_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1055/s-2005-871740-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et de <a href="/wiki/Diab%C3%A8te_sucr%C3%A9" title="Diabète sucré">diabète</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1177/0148607108321707_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1177/0148607108321707-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais de nombreuses études, dont certaines réalisées sur un grand nombre de personnes pendant plusieurs années<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, n'ont pas établi de tels liens<sup id="cite_ref-10.1001/jama.295.6.643_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1001/jama.295.6.643-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1001/jama.295.1.39_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1001/jama.295.1.39-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces études ne permettent pas non plus d'établir un lien entre le pourcentage de calories apportées par les lipides et un risque accru de cancer, de maladie cardiovasculaire ou d'obésité&#160;; ainsi, contrairement aux idées véhiculées au siècle dernier, les régimes à faible apport en graisses ne sont pas nécessairement bénéfiques pour la santé<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, car les plats dits <i>allégés</i> issus de l'<a href="/wiki/Industrie_agroalimentaire" title="Industrie agroalimentaire">industrie agroalimentaire</a> sont souvent enrichis en sucres cachés<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.3945/ajcn.2010.29622_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3945/ajcn.2010.29622-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:30em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200_1-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200_1-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Eoin_Fahy,_Shankar_Subramaniam,_Robert_C._Murphy,_Masahiro_Nishijima,_Christian_R._H._Raetz,_Takao_Shimizu,_Friedrich_Spener,_Gerrit_van_Meer,_Michael_J._O._Wakelam_et_Edward_A._Dennis2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Eoin Fahy, Shankar Subramaniam, Robert C. Murphy, Masahiro Nishijima, Christian R. H. Raetz, Takao Shimizu, Friedrich Spener, Gerrit van Meer, Michael J. O. Wakelam et Edward A. Dennis</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;50,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-12-19" data-sort-value="2008-12-19">19 décembre 2008</time>, S9-S14 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19098281">19098281</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200">10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jlr.org/content/50/Supplement/S9">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Update+of+the+LIPID+MAPS+comprehensive+classification+system+for+lipids&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Eoin+Fahy%2C+Shankar+Subramaniam%2C+Robert+C.+Murphy%2C+Masahiro+Nishijima%2C+Christian+R.+H.+Raetz%2C+Takao+Shimizu%2C+Friedrich+Spener%2C+Gerrit+van+Meer%2C+Michael+J.+O.+Wakelam+et+Edward+A.+Dennis&amp;rft.date=2008-12-19&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.pages=S9-S14&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1194%2Fjlr.R800095-JLR200&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19098281&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1021/cr200295k-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1021/cr200295k_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Shankar_Subramaniam,_Eoin_Fahy,_Shakti_Gupta,_Manish_Sud,_Robert_W._Byrnes,_Dawn_Cotter,_Ashok_Reddy_Dinasarapu_et_Mano_Ram_Maurya2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Shankar Subramaniam, Eoin Fahy, Shakti Gupta, Manish Sud, Robert W. Byrnes, Dawn Cotter, Ashok Reddy Dinasarapu et Mano Ram Maurya</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Bioinformatics and Systems Biology of the Lipidome</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Chemical Reviews</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;111, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;10,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-09-21" data-sort-value="2011-09-21">21 septembre 2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">6452-6490</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr200295k">10.1021/cr200295k</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr200295k">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bioinformatics+and+Systems+Biology+of+the+Lipidome&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.aulast=Shankar+Subramaniam%2C+Eoin+Fahy%2C+Shakti+Gupta%2C+Manish+Sud%2C+Robert+W.+Byrnes%2C+Dawn+Cotter%2C+Ashok+Reddy+Dinasarapu+et+Mano+Ram+Maurya&amp;rft.date=2011-09-21&amp;rft.volume=111&amp;rft.pages=6452-6490&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr200295k&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC_1994-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_1994_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/index.html"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Glossary of names of organic comounds and reactive intermediates based on structure</i></span></a>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Orgnanic Division - Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, and Commission on Physical Organic Chemistry</i></span>, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/terp.html">Voir l'entrée des terpènoïdes sur le site de l'IUPAC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/bloch-lecture.pdf">discours du 11 décembre 1964</a>&#160;» en recevant le <a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine">prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/s11745-006-5049-y-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/s11745-006-5049-y_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="J._Edward_Hunter2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">J. Edward Hunter</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Dietary <i>trans</i> fatty acids: Review of recent human studies and food industry responses</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lipids</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;41, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;11,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-11-01" data-sort-value="2006-11-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> novembre 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">967-992</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17263298">17263298</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-5049-y">10.1007/s11745-006-5049-y</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11745-006-5049-y">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Dietary+%27%27trans%27%27+fatty+acids%3A+Review+of+recent+human+studies+and+food+industry+responses&amp;rft.jtitle=Lipids&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.aulast=J.+Edward+Hunter&amp;rft.date=2006-11-01&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.pages=967-992&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11745-006-5049-y&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17263298&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00051-1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00051-1_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Rosalind_A._Coleman_et_Douglas_P._Lee2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Rosalind A. Coleman et Douglas P. Lee</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Progress in Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;43, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-03" data-sort-value="2004-03">mars 2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">134-176</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14654091">14654091</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827%2803%2900051-1">10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00051-1</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782703000511">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Enzymes+of+triacylglycerol+synthesis+and+their+regulation&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Rosalind+A.+Coleman+et+Douglas+P.+Lee&amp;rft.date=2004-03&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.pages=134-176&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0163-7827%2803%2900051-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14654091&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span> <small class="plainlinks noarchive"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/"></a></small> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.001_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Georg_Hölzl2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Georg Hölzl</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Structure and function of glycoglycerolipids in plants and bacteria</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Progress in Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;46, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-09" data-sort-value="2007-09">septembre 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">225-243</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599463">17599463</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.001">10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.001</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016378270700015X">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+glycoglycerolipids+in+plants+and+bacteria&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.aulast=Georg+H%C3%B6lzl&amp;rft.date=2007-09&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.pages=225-243&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plipres.2007.05.001&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17599463&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1023/B:GLYC.0000043749.06556.3d-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1023/B:GLYC.0000043749.06556.3d_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Koichi_Honke,_Yanglong_Zhang,_Xinyao_Cheng,_Norihiro_Kotani_et_Naoyuki_Taniguchi2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Koichi Honke, Yanglong Zhang, Xinyao Cheng, Norihiro Kotani et Naoyuki Taniguchi</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Biological roles of sulfoglycolipids and pathophysiology of their deficiency</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Glycoconjugate Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;21, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr>&#160;1-2,&#8206; 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Berridge et Robin F. Irvine</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Inositol phosphates and cell signalling</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;341,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-09-21" data-sort-value="1989-09-21">21 septembre 1989</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">197-205</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/341197a0">10.1038/341197a0</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v341/n6239/abs/341197a0.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Inositol+phosphates+and+cell+signalling&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Michael+J.+Berridge+et+Robin+F.+Irvine&amp;rft.date=1989-09-21&amp;rft.volume=341&amp;rft.pages=197-205&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F341197a0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Akhlaq_A_Farooqui,_Lloyd_A_Horrocks_et_Tahira_Farooqui2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Akhlaq A Farooqui, Lloyd A Horrocks et Tahira Farooqui</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Chemistry and Physics of Lipids</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;106, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-06-01" data-sort-value="2000-06-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juin 2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1-29</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-3084%2800%2900128-6">10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009308400001286">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Glycerophospholipids+in+brain%3A+their+metabolism%2C+incorporation+into+membranes%2C+functions%2C+and+involvement+in+neurological+disorders&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+and+Physics+of+Lipids&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Akhlaq+A+Farooqui%2C+Lloyd+A+Horrocks+et+Tahira+Farooqui&amp;rft.date=2000-06-01&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.pages=1-29&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0009-3084%2800%2900128-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/S0076-6879(07)32002-8-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/S0076-6879(07)32002-8_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Pavlina_T._Ivanova,_Stephen_B._Milne,_Mark_O._Byrne,_Yun_Xiang_et_H._Alex_Brown2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Pavlina T. Ivanova, Stephen B. Milne, Mark O. Byrne, Yun Xiang et H. Alex Brown</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Glycerophospholipid Identification and Quantitation by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Methods in Enzymology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;432,&#8206; <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">21–57</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879%2807%2932002-8">10.1016/S0076-6879(07)32002-8</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0076687907320028">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Glycerophospholipid+Identification+and+Quantitation+by+Electrospray+Ionization+Mass+Spectrometry&amp;rft.jtitle=Methods+in+Enzymology&amp;rft.aulast=Pavlina+T.+Ivanova%2C+Stephen+B.+Milne%2C+Mark+O.+Byrne%2C+Yun+Xiang+et+H.+Alex+Brown&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=432&amp;rft.pages=21%E2%80%9357&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0076-6879%2807%2932002-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/0009-3084(94)90054-X-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/0009-3084(94)90054-X_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Fritz_Paltauf1994"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Fritz Paltauf</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Ether lipids in biomembranes</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Chemistry and Physics of Lipids</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;74, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1994-12-02" data-sort-value="1994-12-02">2 décembre 1994</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">101-139</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084%2894%2990054-X">10.1016/0009-3084(94)90054-X</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000930849490054X">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ether+lipids+in+biomembranes&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+and+Physics+of+Lipids&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Fritz+Paltauf&amp;rft.date=1994-12-02&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.pages=101-139&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0009-3084%2894%2990054-X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/S0167-7306(02)36016-2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/S0167-7306(02)36016-2_14-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Alfred_H._Merrill_Jr._et_Konrad_Sandhoff2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Alfred H. Merrill Jr. et Konrad Sandhoff</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Chapter 14 Sphingolipids: metabolism and cell signaling</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">New Comprehensive Biochemistry, Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes, <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;édition</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;36,&#8206; <time>2002</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">373–407</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7306%2802%2936016-2">10.1016/S0167-7306(02)36016-2</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167730602360162">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+14+Sphingolipids%3A+metabolism+and+cell+signaling&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Comprehensive+Biochemistry%2C+Biochemistry+of+Lipids%2C+Lipoproteins+and+Membranes%2C+4e%26nbsp%3B%C3%A9dition&amp;rft.aulast=Alfred+H.+Merrill+Jr.+et+Konrad+Sandhoff&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.pages=373%E2%80%93407&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-7306%2802%2936016-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/0163-7827(93)90003-F-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/0163-7827(93)90003-F_15-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Taro_Hori_et_Mutsumi_Sugita1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Taro Hori et Mutsumi Sugita</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Sphingolipids in lower animals</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Progress in Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;32, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>1993</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">25-45</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8415797">8415797</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827%2893%2990003-F">10.1016/0163-7827(93)90003-F</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016378279390003F">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sphingolipids+in+lower+animals&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Taro+Hori+et+Mutsumi+Sugita&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.pages=25-45&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0163-7827%2893%2990003-F&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8415797&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/0005-2760(92)90101-Z-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/0005-2760(92)90101-Z_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Herbert_Wiegandt1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Herbert Wiegandt</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Insect glycolipids</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1123, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1992-01-24" data-sort-value="1992-01-24">24 janvier 1992</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">117-126</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1739742">1739742</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760%2892%2990101-Z">10.1016/0005-2760(92)90101-Z</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000527609290101Z">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Insect+glycolipids&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Lipids+and+Lipid+Metabolism&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Herbert+Wiegandt&amp;rft.date=1992-01-24&amp;rft.volume=1123&amp;rft.pages=117-126&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0005-2760%2892%2990101-Z&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1739742&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.2741/2923-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.2741/2923_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Xueli_Guan,_Markus_R._Wenk2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Xueli Guan, Markus R. Wenk</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Biochemistry of inositol lipids</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Frontiers in Bioscience</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;13,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-05-01" data-sort-value="2008-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">3239-3251</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18508430">18508430</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2741/2923">10.2741/2923</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioscience.org/2008/v13/af/2923/list.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biochemistry+of+inositol+lipids&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Bioscience&amp;rft.aulast=Xueli+Guan%2C+Markus+R.+Wenk&amp;rft.date=2008-05-01&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=3239-3251&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2741%2F2923&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18508430&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1194/jlr.M600027-JLR200-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.M600027-JLR200_18-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Christian_R._H._Raetz,_Teresa_A._Garrett,_C._Michael_Reynolds,_Walter_A._Shaw,_Jeff_D._Moore,_Dale_C._Smith_Jr.,_Anthony_A._Ribeiro,_Robert_C._Murphy,_Richard_J._Ulevitch,_Colleen_Fearns,_Donna_Reichart,_Christopher_K._Glass,_Chris_Benner,_Shankar_Subramaniam,_Richard_Harkewicz,_Rebecca_C._Bowers-Gentry,_Matthew_W._Buczynski,_Jennifer_A._Cooper,_Raymond_A._Deems_et_Edward_A._Dennis2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Christian R. H. Raetz, Teresa A. Garrett, C. Michael Reynolds, Walter A. Shaw, Jeff D. Moore, Dale C. Smith Jr., Anthony A. Ribeiro, Robert C. Murphy, Richard J. Ulevitch, Colleen Fearns, Donna Reichart, Christopher K. Glass, Chris Benner, Shankar Subramaniam, Richard Harkewicz, Rebecca C. Bowers-Gentry, Matthew W. Buczynski, Jennifer A. Cooper, Raymond A. Deems et Edward A. Dennis</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Kdo<sub>2</sub>-Lipid A of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, a defined endotoxin that activates macrophages via TLR-<sub>4</sub></cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;47,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-05" data-sort-value="2006-05">mai 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1097-1111</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479018">16479018</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600027-JLR200">10.1194/jlr.M600027-JLR200</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jlr.org/content/47/5/1097">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kdo2-Lipid+A+of+%27%27Escherichia+coli%27%27%2C+a+defined+endotoxin+that+activates+macrophages+via+TLR-4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Christian+R.+H.+Raetz%2C+Teresa+A.+Garrett%2C+C.+Michael+Reynolds%2C+Walter+A.+Shaw%2C+Jeff+D.+Moore%2C+Dale+C.+Smith+Jr.%2C+Anthony+A.+Ribeiro%2C+Robert+C.+Murphy%2C+Richard+J.+Ulevitch%2C+Colleen+Fearns%2C+Donna+Reichart%2C+Christopher+K.+Glass%2C+Chris+Benner%2C+Shankar+Subramaniam%2C+Richard+Harkewicz%2C+Rebecca+C.+Bowers-Gentry%2C+Matthew+W.+Buczynski%2C+Jennifer+A.+Cooper%2C+Raymond+A.+Deems+et+Edward+A.+Dennis&amp;rft.date=2006-05&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.pages=1097-1111&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1194%2Fjlr.M600027-JLR200&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16479018&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1126/science.1094318-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1126/science.1094318_19-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Christopher_T._Walsh2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Christopher T. Walsh</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics: Modularity and Versatility</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Science</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;303, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5665,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-03-19" data-sort-value="2004-03-19">19 mars 2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1805-1810</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031493">15031493</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1094318">10.1126/science.1094318</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/303/5665/1805">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyketide+and+Nonribosomal+Peptide+Antibiotics%3A+Modularity+and+Versatility&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.issue=5665&amp;rft.aulast=Christopher+T.+Walsh&amp;rft.date=2004-03-19&amp;rft.volume=303&amp;rft.pages=1805-1810&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1094318&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15031493&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.2174/156802608784221479-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.2174/156802608784221479_20-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Patrick_Caffrey,_Jesus_F._Aparicio,_Francisco_Malpartida_et_Sergey_B._Zotchev2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Patrick Caffrey, Jesus F. Aparicio, Francisco Malpartida et Sergey B. Zotchev</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Biosynthetic Engineering of Polyene Macrolides Towards Generation of Improved Antifungal and Antiparasitic Agents</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;8, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;8,&#8206; <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">639-653</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18473889">18473889</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802608784221479">10.2174/156802608784221479</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php?CTMC/2008/00000008/00000008/0003R.SGM">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biosynthetic+Engineering+of+Polyene+Macrolides+Towards+Generation+of+Improved+Antifungal+and+Antiparasitic+Agents&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Topics+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.aulast=Patrick+Caffrey%2C+Jesus+F.+Aparicio%2C+Francisco+Malpartida+et+Sergey+B.+Zotchev&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.pages=639-653&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F156802608784221479&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18473889&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1098/rstb.1991.0038-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1098/rstb.1991.0038_21-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="John_A._Robinson1991"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">John A. Robinson</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Polyketide Synthase Complexes: Their Structure and Function in Antibiotic Biosynthesis</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;332, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1263,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1991-05-29" data-sort-value="1991-05-29">29 mai 1991</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">107-114</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1678529">1678529</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0038">10.1098/rstb.1991.0038</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/332/1263/107">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyketide+Synthase+Complexes%3A+Their+Structure+and+Function+in+Antibiotic+Biosynthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society++Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.issue=1263&amp;rft.aulast=John+A.+Robinson&amp;rft.date=1991-05-29&amp;rft.volume=332&amp;rft.pages=107-114&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1991.0038&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1678529&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002_22-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_E._Minto_et_Brenda_J._Blacklock2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Robert E. Minto et Brenda J. Blacklock</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Progress in Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;47, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-07" data-sort-value="2008-07">juillet 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">233-306</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387369">18387369</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002">10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782708000155">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+and+function+of+polyacetylenes+and+allied+natural+products&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Robert+E.+Minto+et+Brenda+J.+Blacklock&amp;rft.date=2008-07&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.pages=233-306&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plipres.2008.02.002&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18387369&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00017-8-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00017-8_23-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Diana_Bach_et_Ellen_Wachtel2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Diana Bach et Ellen Wachtel</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Phospholipid/cholesterol model membranes: formation of cholesterol crystallites</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1610, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-03-10" data-sort-value="2003-03-10">10 mars 2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">187-197</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12648773">12648773</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2736%2803%2900017-8">10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00017-8</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273603000178">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Phospholipid%2Fcholesterol+model+membranes%3A+formation+of+cholesterol+crystallites&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Biomembranes&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Diana+Bach+et+Ellen+Wachtel&amp;rft.date=2003-03-10&amp;rft.volume=1610&amp;rft.pages=187-197&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0005-2736%2803%2900017-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12648773&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.008-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.008_24-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Roger_Bouillon,_Annemieke_Verstuyf,_Chantal_Mathieu,_Sophie_Van_Cromphaut,_Ritsuko_Masuyama,_Petra_Dehaes_et_Geert_Carmeliet2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Roger Bouillon, Annemieke Verstuyf, Chantal Mathieu, Sophie Van Cromphaut, Ritsuko Masuyama, Petra Dehaes et Geert Carmeliet</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Vitamin D resistance</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;20, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12" data-sort-value="2006-12">décembre 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">627-645</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161336">17161336</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.008">10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.008</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521690X06000790">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Vitamin+D+resistance&amp;rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Roger+Bouillon%2C+Annemieke+Verstuyf%2C+Chantal+Mathieu%2C+Sophie+Van+Cromphaut%2C+Ritsuko+Masuyama%2C+Petra+Dehaes+et+Geert+Carmeliet&amp;rft.date=2006-12&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.pages=627-645&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.beem.2006.09.008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17161336&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712_25-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="David_W._Russell2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">David W. Russell</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">THE ENZYMES, REGULATION, AND GENETICS OF BILE ACID SYNTHESIS</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annual Review of Biochemistry</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;72,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-07" data-sort-value="2003-07">juillet 2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">137-174</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543708">12543708</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712">10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=THE+ENZYMES%2C+REGULATION%2C+AND+GENETICS+OF+BILE+ACID+SYNTHESIS&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=David+W.+Russell&amp;rft.date=2003-07&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.pages=137-174&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.72.121801.161712&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12543708&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.009_26-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Jennifer_C._Villinski,_John_M._Hayes,_Simon_C._Brassella,&#95;_Virginia_L._Riggert_et_Robert_B._Dunbar2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Jennifer C. Villinski, John M. Hayes, Simon C. Brassella, Virginia L. Riggert et Robert B. Dunbar</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Sedimentary sterols as biogeochemical indicators in the Southern Ocean</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Organic Geochemistry</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;39, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-05" data-sort-value="2008-05">mai 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">567–588</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.009">10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.009</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638008000089">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sedimentary+sterols+as+biogeochemical+indicators+in+the+Southern+Ocean&amp;rft.jtitle=Organic+Geochemistry&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.aulast=Jennifer+C.+Villinski%2C+John+M.+Hayes%2C+Simon+C.+Brassella%2C%0A++++Virginia+L.+Riggert+et+Robert+B.+Dunbar&amp;rft.date=2008-05&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.pages=567%E2%80%93588&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2008.01.009&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1039/B109860H-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-10.1039/B109860H_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1039/B109860H_27-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-10.1039/B109860H_27-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Tomohisa_Kuzuyama_et_Haruo_Seto2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Tomohisa Kuzuyama et Haruo Seto</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Diversity of the biosynthesis of the isoprene units</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Natural Product Reports</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;20, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">171-183</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12735695">12735695</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B109860H">10.1039/B109860H</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2003/NP/b109860h">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Diversity+of+the+biosynthesis+of+the+isoprene+units&amp;rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Tomohisa+Kuzuyama+et+Haruo+Seto&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.pages=171-183&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB109860H&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12735695&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="A.V._Rao_et_L.G._Rao2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">A.V. Rao et L.G. Rao</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Carotenoids and human health</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Pharmacological Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;55, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-03" data-sort-value="2007-03">mars 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">207-216</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17349800">17349800</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012">10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661807000357">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Carotenoids+and+human+health&amp;rft.jtitle=Pharmacological+Research&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=A.V.+Rao+et+L.G.+Rao&amp;rft.date=2007-03&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.pages=207-216&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.phrs.2007.01.012&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17349800&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/0891-5849(89)90126-3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/0891-5849(89)90126-3_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Anders_Brunmark_et_Enrique_Cadenas1989"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Anders Brunmark et Enrique Cadenas</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Redox and addition chemistry of quinoid compounds and its biological implications</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Free Radical Biology and Medicine</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;7, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time>1989</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">435-477</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2691341">2691341</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849%2889%2990126-3">10.1016/0891-5849(89)90126-3</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0891584989901263">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Redox+and+addition+chemistry+of+quinoid+compounds+and+its+biological+implications&amp;rft.jtitle=Free+Radical+Biology+and+Medicine&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Anders+Brunmark+et+Enrique+Cadenas&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=435-477&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0891-5849%2889%2990126-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2691341&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.plipres.2005.05.002-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.plipres.2005.05.002_30-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Ewa_Swiezewska_et_Witold_Danikiewicz2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Ewa Swiezewska et Witold Danikiewicz</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Polyisoprenoids: Structure, biosynthesis and function</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Progress in Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;44, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-07" data-sort-value="2005-07">juillet 2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">235-258</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2005.05.002">10.1016/j.plipres.2005.05.002</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782705000226">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Polyisoprenoids%3A+Structure%2C+biosynthesis+and+function&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Ewa+Swiezewska+et+Witold+Danikiewicz&amp;rft.date=2005-07&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.pages=235-258&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plipres.2005.05.002&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&#80;MID_2087221-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID_2087221_31-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="P._M._Wiggins1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">P. M. Wiggins</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Role of water in some biological processes</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;54, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-12" data-sort-value="1990-12">décembre 1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">432-449</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2087221">2087221</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/372788">372788</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/content/54/4/432.full.pdf+html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Role+of+water+in+some+biological+processes&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=P.+M.+Wiggins&amp;rft.date=1990-12&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.pages=432-449&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2087221&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1073/pnas.0500225102-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1073/pnas.0500225102_32-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Nonpolar solutes enhance water structure within hydration shells while reducing interactions between them</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;102, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;19,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-05-10" data-sort-value="2005-05-10">10 mai 2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">6777-6782</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15867152">15867152</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1100774">1100774</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500225102">10.1073/pnas.0500225102</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/19/6777">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nonpolar+solutes+enhance+water+structure+within+hydration+shells+while+reducing+interactions+between+them&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.date=2005-05-10&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=6777-6782&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0500225102&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15867152&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1038/nrm2330-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1038/nrm2330_33-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Gerrit_van_Meer,_Dennis_R._Voelker_et_Gerald_W._Feigenson2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Gerrit van Meer, Dennis R. Voelker et Gerald W. Feigenson</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;9, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02" data-sort-value="2008-02">février 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">112-124</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216768">18216768</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2642958">2642958</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2330">10.1038/nrm2330</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v9/n2/full/nrm2330.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Membrane+lipids%3A+where+they+are+and+how+they+behave&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Molecular+Cell+Biology&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Gerrit+van+Meer%2C+Dennis+R.+Voelker+et+Gerald+W.+Feigenson&amp;rft.date=2008-02&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=112-124&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrm2330&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18216768&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1038/nchembio1106-560-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1038/nchembio1106-560_34-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Gerald_W._Feigenson2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Gerald W. Feigenson</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Phase behavior of lipid mixtures</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature Chemical Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;11,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-11" data-sort-value="2006-11">novembre 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">560-563</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051225">17051225</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2685072">2685072</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio1106-560">10.1038/nchembio1106-560</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nchembio/journal/v2/n11/full/nchembio1106-560.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Phase+behavior+of+lipid+mixtures&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemical+Biology&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.aulast=Gerald+W.+Feigenson&amp;rft.date=2006-11&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=560-563&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio1106-560&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17051225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1023/A:1006746807104-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1023/A:1006746807104_35-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Daniel_Segré,_Dafna_Ben-Eli,_David_W._Deamer_et_Doron_Lancet2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Daniel Segré, Dafna Ben-Eli, David W. Deamer et Doron Lancet</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Lipid World</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;31, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-02" data-sort-value="2001-02">février 2001</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">119-145</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11296516">11296516</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1006746807104">10.1023/A:1006746807104</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1006746807104">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Lipid+World&amp;rft.jtitle=Origins+of+life+and+evolution+of+the+biosphere&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Daniel+Segr%C3%A9%2C+Dafna+Ben-Eli%2C+David+W.+Deamer+et+Doron+Lancet&amp;rft.date=2001-02&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=119-145&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006746807104&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11296516&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/BF02703373-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/BF02703373_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="R._C._Yashroy1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">R. C. Yashroy</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Lamellar dispersion and phase separation of chloroplast membrane lipids by negative staining electron microscopy</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Biosciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;15, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-06" data-sort-value="1990-06">juin 1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">93-98</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02703373">10.1007/BF02703373</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230820037_Lamellar_dispersion_and_phase_separation_of_chloroplast_membrane_lipids_by_negative_staining_electron_microscopy">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lamellar+dispersion+and+phase+separation+of+chloroplast+membrane+lipids+by+negative+staining+electron+microscopy&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=R.+C.+Yashroy&amp;rft.date=1990-06&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=93-98&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02703373&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/BF02702669-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/BF02702669_37-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="R._C._Yashroy1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">R. C. Yashroy</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Magnetic resonance studies of dynamic organisation of lipids in chloroplast membranes</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Biosciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;15, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1990,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-12" data-sort-value="1990-12">décembre 1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">281-288</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02702669">10.1007/BF02702669</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02702669">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Magnetic+resonance+studies+of+dynamic+organisation+of+lipids+in+chloroplast+membranes&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&amp;rft.issue=1990&amp;rft.aulast=R.+C.+Yashroy&amp;rft.date=1990-12&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=281-288&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02702669&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1194/jlr.R700014-JLR200-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1194/jlr.R700014-JLR200_38-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Dawn_L._Brasaemle2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Dawn L. Brasaemle</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en"><i>Thematic review series: Adipocyte Biology</i>. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Lipid Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;48, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;12,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-12" data-sort-value="2007-12">décembre 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">2547-2559</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878492">17878492</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R700014-JLR200">10.1194/jlr.R700014-JLR200</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jlr.org/content/48/12/2547.full.pdf+html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Thematic+review+series%3A+Adipocyte+Biology%27%27.+The+perilipin+family+of+structural+lipid+droplet+proteins%3A+stabilization+of+lipid+droplets+and+control+of+lipolysis&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Lipid+Research&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.aulast=Dawn+L.+Brasaemle&amp;rft.date=2007-12&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.pages=2547-2559&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1194%2Fjlr.R700014-JLR200&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17878492&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/vie/dossiers/glucose-lipides/gluclip.htm#glulip"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">snv.jussieu.fr/vie/dossiers/gl…</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/vie/dossiers/glucose-lipides/gluclip.htm#glulip">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/vie/dossiers/glucose-lipides/gluclip.htm#glulip">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/vie/dossiers/glucose-lipides/gluclip.htm#glulip">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/vie/dossiers/glucose-lipides/gluclip.htm#glulip">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.012_40-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Xuemin_Wang2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Xuemin Wang</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Lipid signaling</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Current Opinion in Plant Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;7, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-06" data-sort-value="2004-06">juin 2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">329-336</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134755">15134755</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.012">10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.012</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526604000445">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lipid+signaling&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Plant+Biology&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=Xuemin+Wang&amp;rft.date=2004-06&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=329-336&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbi.2004.03.012&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15134755&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1093/bioinformatics/btr190-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1093/bioinformatics/btr190_41-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Ashok_Reddy_Dinasarapu,_Brian_Saunders,_Iley_Ozerlat3_Kenan_Azam_et_Shankar_Subramaniam2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Ashok Reddy Dinasarapu, Brian Saunders, Iley Ozerlat3 Kenan Azam et Shankar Subramaniam</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Signaling gateway molecule pages—a data model perspective</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bioinformatics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;27, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;12,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-06-15" data-sort-value="2011-06-15">15 juin 2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1736-1738</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21505029">21505029</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3106186">3106186</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr190">10.1093/bioinformatics/btr190</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/12/1736.full.pdf+html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Signaling+gateway+molecule+pages%E2%80%94a+data+model+perspective&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.aulast=Ashok+Reddy+Dinasarapu%2C+Brian+Saunders%2C+Iley+Ozerlat3+Kenan+Azam+et+Shankar+Subramaniam&amp;rft.date=2011-06-15&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.pages=1736-1738&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtr190&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21505029&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1152/advan.00088.2006-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1152/advan.00088.2006_42-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Kathleen_M._Eyster2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Kathleen M. Eyster</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The membrane and lipids as integral participants in signal transduction: lipid signal transduction for the non-lipid biochemist</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Advances in Physiology Education</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;31, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-03" data-sort-value="2007-03">mars 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">5-16</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17327576">17327576</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00088.2006">10.1152/advan.00088.2006</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advan.physiology.org/content/31/1/5">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+membrane+and+lipids+as+integral+participants+in+signal+transduction%3A+lipid+signal+transduction+for+the+non-lipid+biochemist&amp;rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Physiology+Education&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Kathleen+M.+Eyster&amp;rft.date=2007-03&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=5-16&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fadvan.00088.2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17327576&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&#80;MID_18951299-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID_18951299_43-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="V._Hinkovska-Galcheva,_S._M._VanWay,_T._P._Shanley_et_R._G._Kunkel2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">V. Hinkovska-Galcheva, S. M. VanWay, T. P. Shanley et R. G. Kunkel</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate in calcium homeostasis</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;9, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;11,&#8206; <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1192-1205</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18951299">18951299</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+sphingosine-1-phosphate+and+ceramide-1-phosphate+in+calcium+homeostasis&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Investigational+Drugs&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.aulast=V.+Hinkovska-Galcheva%2C+S.+M.+VanWay%2C+T.+P.+Shanley+et+R.+G.+Kunkel&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=1192-1205&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18951299&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_16-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_16_44-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Sahar_A._Saddoughi,_Pengfei_Song_et_Besim_Ogretmen2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Sahar A. Saddoughi, Pengfei Song et Besim Ogretmen</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Roles of Bioactive Sphingolipids in Cancer Biology and Therapeutics</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lipids in Health and Disease</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;49,&#8206; <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">413-440</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18751921">18751921</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2636716">2636716</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_16">10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_16</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Roles+of+Bioactive+Sphingolipids+in+Cancer+Biology+and+Therapeutics&amp;rft.jtitle=Lipids+in+Health+and+Disease&amp;rft.aulast=Sahar+A.+Saddoughi%2C+Pengfei+Song+et+Besim+Ogretmen&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.pages=413-440&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8831-5_16&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18751921&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.2741/2756-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.2741/2756_45-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Christian_Klein_et_Anant_N._Malviya2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Christian Klein et Anant N. Malviya</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Mechanism of nuclear calcium signaling by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate produced in the nucleus, nuclear located protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Frontiers in Bioscience</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;13,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-01" data-sort-value="2008-01">janvier 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1206-1226</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17981624">17981624</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2741/2756">10.2741/2756</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bioscience.org/2008/v13/af/2756/list.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+nuclear+calcium+signaling+by+inositol+1%2C4%2C5-trisphosphate+produced+in+the+nucleus%2C+nuclear+located+protein+kinase+C+and+cyclic+AMP-dependent+protein+kinase&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Bioscience&amp;rft.aulast=Christian+Klein+et+Anant+N.+Malviya&amp;rft.date=2008-01&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=1206-1226&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2741%2F2756&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17981624&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.2174/156652408785160989-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.2174/156652408785160989_46-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Joshua_A._Boyce2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Joshua A. Boyce</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Eicosanoids in asthma, allergic inflammation, and host defense</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Current Molecular Medicine</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;8, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08" data-sort-value="2008-08">août 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">335-349</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18691060">18691060</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652408785160989">10.2174/156652408785160989</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekaselect.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article&amp;issn=1566-5240&amp;volume=8&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=335">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Eicosanoids+in+asthma%2C+allergic+inflammation%2C+and+host+defense&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Molecular+Medicine&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.aulast=Joshua+A.+Boyce&amp;rft.date=2008-08&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.pages=335-349&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F156652408785160989&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18691060&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00062.x-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00062.x_47-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Jerzy_Bełtowski2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Jerzy Bełtowski</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Liver X Receptors (LXR) as Therapeutic Targets in Dyslipidemia</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Cardiovascular Therapeutics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;26, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">297-316</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19035881">19035881</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00062.x">10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00062.x</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00062.x/abstract">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Liver+X+Receptors+%28LXR%29+as+Therapeutic+Targets+in+Dyslipidemia&amp;rft.jtitle=Cardiovascular+Therapeutics&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Jerzy+Be%C5%82towski&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.pages=297-316&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1755-5922.2008.00062.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19035881&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007_48-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Mona_Biermann,_Christian_Maueröder,_Jan_M_Brauner,_Ricardo_Chaurio,_Christina_Janko,_Martin_Herrmann_et_Luis_E_Muñoz2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Mona Biermann, Christian Maueröder, Jan M Brauner, Ricardo Chaurio, Christina Janko, Martin Herrmann et Luis E Muñoz</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Surface code—biophysical signals for apoptotic cell clearance</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Physical Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;10, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-12" data-sort-value="2013-12">décembre 2013</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;065007 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305041">24305041</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007">10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007/meta">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Surface+code%E2%80%94biophysical+signals+for+apoptotic+cell+clearance&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Biology&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Mona+Biermann%2C+Christian+Mauer%C3%B6der%2C+Jan+M+Brauner%2C+Ricardo+Chaurio%2C+Christina+Janko%2C+Martin+Herrmann+et+Luis+E+Mu%C3%B1oz&amp;rft.date=2013-12&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=065007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1478-3975%2F10%2F6%2F065007&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24305041&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/0005-2736(91)90110-T-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/0005-2736(91)90110-T_49-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="C._Indiveri,_A._Tonazzi_et_F._Palmieri1991"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">C. Indiveri, A. Tonazzi et F. Palmieri</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Characterization of the unidirectional transport of carnitine catalyzed by the reconstituted carnitine carrier from rat liver mitochondria</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1069, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1991-10-14" data-sort-value="1991-10-14">14 octobre 1991</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">110-116</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1932043">1932043</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736%2891%2990110-T">10.1016/0005-2736(91)90110-T</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000527369190110T">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+unidirectional+transport+of+carnitine+catalyzed+by+the+reconstituted+carnitine+carrier+from+rat+liver+mitochondria&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Biomembranes&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=C.+Indiveri%2C+A.+Tonazzi+et+F.+Palmieri&amp;rft.date=1991-10-14&amp;rft.volume=1069&amp;rft.pages=110-116&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0005-2736%2891%2990110-T&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1932043&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/0304-4157(79)90006-6-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/0304-4157(79)90006-6_50-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Armando_J._Parodi_et_Luis_F._Leloir1979"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Armando J. 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Leloir</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The role of lipid intermediates in the glycosylation of proteins in the eucaryotic cell</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;559, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-04-23" data-sort-value="1979-04-23">23 avril 1979</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1-37</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/375981">375981</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4157%2879%2990006-6">10.1016/0304-4157(79)90006-6</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304415779900066">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+lipid+intermediates+in+the+glycosylation+of+proteins+in+the+eucaryotic+cell&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Reviews+on+Biomembranes&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Armando+J.+Parodi+et+Luis+F.+Leloir&amp;rft.date=1979-04-23&amp;rft.volume=559&amp;rft.pages=1-37&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4157%2879%2990006-6&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F375981&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1126/science.291.5512.2364-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1126/science.291.5512.2364_51-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Ari_Helenius_et_Markus_Aebi2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Ari Helenius et Markus Aebi</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Intracellular Functions of N-Linked Glycans</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Science</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;291, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5512,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-03-23" data-sort-value="2001-03-23">23 mars 2001</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">2364-2369</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11269317">11269317</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5512.2364">10.1126/science.291.5512.2364</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/291/5512/2364">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Intracellular+Functions+of+N-Linked+Glycans&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.issue=5512&amp;rft.aulast=Ari+Helenius+et+Markus+Aebi&amp;rft.date=2001-03-23&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.pages=2364-2369&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.291.5512.2364&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11269317&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007_52-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Marcin_Nowicki,_Franck_Müller_et_Margrit_Frentzen2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Marcin Nowicki, Franck Müller et Margrit Frentzen</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Cardiolipin synthase of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i></cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">FEBS Letters</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;579, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;10,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-04-11" data-sort-value="2005-04-11">11 avril 2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">2161-2165</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15811335">15811335</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007">10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007/abstract">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cardiolipin+synthase+of+%27%27Arabidopsis+thaliana%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.aulast=Marcin+Nowicki%2C+Franck+M%C3%BCller+et+Margrit+Frentzen&amp;rft.date=2005-04-11&amp;rft.volume=579&amp;rft.pages=2161-2165&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2005.03.007&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15811335&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1083/jcb.200901127-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1083/jcb.200901127_53-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Vishal_M._Gohil_et_Miriam_L._Greenberg2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Vishal M. Gohil et Miriam L. Greenberg</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Mitochondrial membrane biogenesis: phospholipids and proteins go hand in hand</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Cell Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;184, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-02-23" data-sort-value="2009-02-23">23 février 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">469-472</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19237595">19237595</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2654137">2654137</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200901127">10.1083/jcb.200901127</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcb.rupress.org/content/184/4/469">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+membrane+biogenesis%3A+phospholipids+and+proteins+go+hand+in+hand&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cell+Biology&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Vishal+M.+Gohil+et+Miriam+L.+Greenberg&amp;rft.date=2009-02-23&amp;rft.volume=184&amp;rft.pages=469-472&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1083%2Fjcb.200901127&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19237595&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/0304-4157(92)90035-9-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/0304-4157(92)90035-9_54-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Frederic_L._Hoch1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Frederic L. Hoch</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Cardiolipins and biomembrane function</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1113, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1992-03-26" data-sort-value="1992-03-26">26 mars 1992</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">71-133</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206472">10206472</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4157%2892%2990035-9">10.1016/0304-4157(92)90035-9</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304415792900359">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cardiolipins+and+biomembrane+function&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Reviews+on+Biomembranes&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Frederic+L.+Hoch&amp;rft.date=1992-03-26&amp;rft.volume=1113&amp;rft.pages=71-133&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4157%2892%2990035-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10206472&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9_55-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Subrahmanyam_S._Chirala_et_Salih_J._Wakil2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Subrahmanyam S. Chirala et Salih J. Wakil</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Structure and function of animal fatty acid synthase</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lipids</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;39, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;11,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-11" data-sort-value="2004-11">novembre 2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1045-1053</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15726818">15726818</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9">10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11745-004-1329-9">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+animal+fatty+acid+synthase&amp;rft.jtitle=Lipids&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam+S.+Chirala+et+Salih+J.+Wakil&amp;rft.date=2004-11&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.pages=1045-1053&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11745-004-1329-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15726818&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524_56-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Stephen_W._White,_Jie_Zheng,_Yong-Mei_Zhang_et_Charles_O._Rock2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Stephen W. White, Jie Zheng, Yong-Mei Zhang et Charles O. Rock</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The structural biology of type II fatty acid biosynthesis</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annual Review of Biochemistry</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;74,&#8206; <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">791-831</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15952903">15952903</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524">10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+structural+biology+of+type+II+fatty+acid+biosynthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Stephen+W.+White%2C+Jie+Zheng%2C+Yong-Mei+Zhang+et+Charles+O.+Rock&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.pages=791-831&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.74.082803.133524&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15952903&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109_57-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="John_B._Ohlrogge_et_Jan_G._Jaworski1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">John B. Ohlrogge et Jan G. Jaworski</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;48,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-06" data-sort-value="1997-06">juin 1997</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">109-136</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15012259">15012259</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109">10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Regulation+of+Fatty+Acid+Synthesis&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Physiology+and+Plant+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=John+B.+Ohlrogge+et+Jan+G.+Jaworski&amp;rft.date=1997-06&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.pages=109-136&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.48.1.109&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15012259&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006_58-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Laura_L._Grochowski,_Huimin_Xu_et_Robert_H._White2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Laura L. Grochowski, Huimin Xu et Robert H. White</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en"><i>Methanocaldococcus jannaschii</i> Uses a Modified Mevalonate Pathway for Biosynthesis of Isopentenyl Diphosphate</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Bacteriology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;188, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;9,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-05" data-sort-value="2006-05">mai 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">3192-3198</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16621811">16621811</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1447442">1447442</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006">10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jb.asm.org/content/188/9/3192.full.pdf+html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Methanocaldococcus+jannaschii%27%27+Uses+a+Modified+Mevalonate+Pathway+for+Biosynthesis+of+Isopentenyl+Diphosphate&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.aulast=Laura+L.+Grochowski%2C+Huimin+Xu+et+Robert+H.+White&amp;rft.date=2006-05&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.pages=3192-3198&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJB.188.9.3192-3198.2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16621811&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47_59-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47_59-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Hartmut_K._Lichtenthaler1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The 1-deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Plants</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;50,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-06" data-sort-value="1999-06">juin 1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">47-65</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15012203">15012203</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47">10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+1-deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate+Pathway+of+Isoprenoid+Biosynthesis+in+Plants&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Physiology+and+Plant+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Hartmut+K.+Lichtenthaler&amp;rft.date=1999-06&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.pages=47-65&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.50.1.47&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15012203&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/BF02537824-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/BF02537824_60-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="N._D._Lees,_B._Skaggs,_D._R._Kirsch_et_M._Bard1995"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">N. D. Lees, B. Skaggs, D. R. Kirsch et M. Bard</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Cloning of the late genes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> — A review</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lipids</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;30, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1995-03" data-sort-value="1995-03">mars 1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">221-226</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7791529">7791529</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02537824">10.1007/BF02537824</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02537824">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cloning+of+the+late+genes+in+the+ergosterol+biosynthetic+pathway+of+%27%27Saccharomyces+cerevisiae%27%27+%E2%80%94+A+review&amp;rft.jtitle=Lipids&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=N.+D.+Lees%2C+B.+Skaggs%2C+D.+R.+Kirsch+et+M.+Bard&amp;rft.date=1995-03&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=221-226&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02537824&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7791529&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020_61-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Gian_Luigi_Russo2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Gian Luigi Russo</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Dietary <i>n</i> − 6 and <i>n</i> − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: From biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biochemical Pharmacology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;77, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-15" data-sort-value="2009-03-15">15 mars 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">937-946</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19022225">19022225</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020">10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295208007776">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Dietary+%27%27n%27%27+%E2%88%92+6+and+%27%27n%27%27+%E2%88%92+3+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids%3A+From+biochemistry+to+clinical+implications+in+cardiovascular+prevention&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Pharmacology&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Gian+Luigi+Russo&amp;rft.date=2009-03-15&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.pages=937-946&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2008.10.020&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19022225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.022-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.022_62-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Natalie_D._Riediger,_Rgia_A._Othman,_Miyoung_Suh_et_Mohammed_H._Moghadasian2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Natalie D. Riediger, Rgia A. Othman, Miyoung Suh et Mohammed H. Moghadasian</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A Systemic Review of the Roles of n-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;109, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-04" data-sort-value="2009-04">avril 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">668-679</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19328262">19328262</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.022">10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.022</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andjrnl.org/article/S0002-8223(08)02335-3/abstract">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Systemic+Review+of+the+Roles+of+n-3+Fatty+Acids+in+Health+and+Disease&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Academy+of+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Natalie+D.+Riediger%2C+Rgia+A.+Othman%2C+Miyoung+Suh+et+Mohammed+H.+Moghadasian&amp;rft.date=2009-04&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft.pages=668-679&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2008.12.022&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19328262&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1177/026010600902000102-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1177/026010600902000102_63-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Claudio_Galli_et_Patrizia_Risé2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Claudio Galli et Patrizia Risé</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Fish Consumption, Omega 3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. The Science and the Clinical Trials</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nutrition and Health</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;20, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">11-20</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19326716">19326716</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600902000102">10.1177/026010600902000102</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nah.sagepub.com/content/20/1/11.1">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fish+Consumption%2C+Omega+3+Fatty+Acids+and+Cardiovascular+Disease.+The+Science+and+the+Clinical+Trials&amp;rft.jtitle=Nutrition+and+Health&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Claudio+Galli+et+Patrizia+Ris%C3%A9&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.pages=11-20&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026010600902000102&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19326716&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008_64-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="R._Micha_et_D._Mozaffarian2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">R. Micha et D. Mozaffarian</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Trans fatty acids: Effects on cardiometabolic health and implications for policy</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;79, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr>&#160;3-5,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008" data-sort-value="2008">septembre-novembre 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">147-152</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18996687">18996687</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2639783">2639783</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008">10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plefa.com/article/S0952-3278(08)00127-0/abstract">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trans+fatty+acids%3A+Effects+on+cardiometabolic+health+and+implications+for+policy&amp;rft.jtitle=Prostaglandins%2C+Leukotrienes+and+Essential+Fatty+Acids&amp;rft.issue=3-5&amp;rft.aulast=R.+Micha+et+D.+Mozaffarian&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=79&amp;rft.pages=147-152&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plefa.2008.09.008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18996687&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&#80;MID_18427401-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID_18427401_65-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="I._Dalainas_et_H._P._Ioannou2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">I. Dalainas et H. P. Ioannou</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The role of trans fatty acids in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and infant development</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">International Angiology&#160;: a Journal of the International Union of Angiology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;27, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-04" data-sort-value="2008-04">avril 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">146-156</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18427401">18427401</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/openview/bb52540a9d37687624ceeaa54425606d/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=46530">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+trans+fatty+acids+in+atherosclerosis%2C+cardiovascular+disease+and+infant+development&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Angiology+%3A+a+Journal+of+the+International+Union+of+Angiology&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=I.+Dalainas+et+H.+P.+Ioannou&amp;rft.date=2008-04&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.pages=146-156&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18427401&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/s11883-007-0065-9-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/s11883-007-0065-9_66-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Dariush_Mozaffarian_et_Walter_C._Willett2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Dariush Mozaffarian et Walter C. Willett</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk: A unique cardiometabolic imprint?</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Current Atherosclerosis Reports</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;9, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-12" data-sort-value="2007-12">décembre 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">486-493</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377789">18377789</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-007-0065-9">10.1007/s11883-007-0065-9</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11883-007-0065-9">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trans+fatty+acids+and+cardiovascular+risk%3A+A+unique+cardiometabolic+imprint%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Atherosclerosis+Reports&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Dariush+Mozaffarian+et+Walter+C.+Willett&amp;rft.date=2007-12&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=486-493&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11883-007-0065-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18377789&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x_67-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Arne_Astrup,_Jørn_Dyerberg,_Matthew_Selleck_et_Steen_Stender2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Arne Astrup, Jørn Dyerberg, Matthew Selleck et Steen Stender</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Nutrition transition and its relationship to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Obesity Reviews</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;9, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;s1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03" data-sort-value="2008-03">mars 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">48-52</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18307699">18307699</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x">10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x/abstract">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nutrition+transition+and+its+relationship+to+the+development+of+obesity+and+related+chronic+diseases&amp;rft.jtitle=Obesity+Reviews&amp;rft.issue=s1&amp;rft.aulast=Arne+Astrup%2C+J%C3%B8rn+Dyerberg%2C+Matthew+Selleck+et+Steen+Stender&amp;rft.date=2008-03&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=48-52&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-789X.2007.00438.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18307699&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1055/s-2005-871740-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1055/s-2005-871740_68-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Arne_Astrup2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Arne Astrup</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Role of Dietary Fat in Obesity</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Seminars in Vascular Medicine</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;5, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-02" data-sort-value="2005-02">février 2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">40-47</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968579">15968579</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-871740">10.1055/s-2005-871740</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2005-871740">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Dietary+Fat+in+Obesity&amp;rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Vascular+Medicine&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Arne+Astrup&amp;rft.date=2005-02&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=40-47&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2005-871740&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15968579&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1177/0148607108321707-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1177/0148607108321707_69-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Arne_Astrup2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Arne Astrup</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Dietary Management of Obesity</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Parenteral &amp; Enteral Nutrition</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;32, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008" data-sort-value="2008">septembre-octobre 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">575-577</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753397">18753397</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607108321707">10.1177/0148607108321707</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pen.sagepub.com/content/32/5/575">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Dietary+Management+of+Obesity&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parenteral+%26+Enteral+Nutrition&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.aulast=Arne+Astrup&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.pages=575-577&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0148607108321707&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18753397&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">notamment une étude portant sur 49&#160;000&#160;femmes pendant huit ans baptisée <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial</i></span>, mais aussi la <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Nurses' Health Study</i></span> et la <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Health Professionals Follow-up Study</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1001/jama.295.6.643-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1001/jama.295.6.643_71-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Shirley_A._A._Beresford,_Karen_C._Johnson,_Cheryl_Ritenbaugh,_Norman_L._Lasser,_Linda_G._Snetselaar,_Henry_R._Black,_Garnet_L._Anderson,_Annlouise_R._Assaf,_Tamsen_Bassford,_Deborah_Bowen,_Robert_L._Brunner,_Robert_G._Brzyski,_Bette_Caan,_Rowan_T._Chlebowski,_Margery_Gass,_Rosanne_C._Harrigan,_Jennifer_Hays,_David_Heber,_Gerardo_Heiss,_Susan_L._Hendrix,_Barbara_V._Howard,_Judith_Hsia,_F._Allan_Hubbell,_Rebecca_D._Jackson,_Jane_Morley_Kotchen,_Lewis_H._Kuller,_Andrea_Z._LaCroix,_Dorothy_S._Lane,_Robert_D._Langer,_Cora_E._Lewis,_JoAnn_E._Manson,_Karen_L._Margolis,_Yasmin_Mossavar-Rahmani,_Judith_K._Ockene,_Linda_M._Parker,_Michael_G._Perri,_Lawrence_Phillips,_Ross_L._Prentice,_John_Robbins,_Jacques_E._Rossouw,_Gloria_E._Sarto,_Marcia_L._Stefanick,_Linda_Van_Horn,_Mara_Z._Vitolins,_Jean_Wactawski-Wende,_Robert_B._Wallace_et_Evelyn_Whitlock2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Shirley A. A. Beresford, Karen C. Johnson, Cheryl Ritenbaugh, Norman L. Lasser, Linda G. Snetselaar, Henry R. Black, Garnet L. Anderson, Annlouise R. Assaf, Tamsen Bassford, Deborah Bowen, Robert L. Brunner, Robert G. Brzyski, Bette Caan, Rowan T. Chlebowski, Margery Gass, Rosanne C. Harrigan, Jennifer Hays, David Heber, Gerardo Heiss, Susan L. Hendrix, Barbara V. Howard, Judith Hsia, F. Allan Hubbell, Rebecca D. Jackson, Jane Morley Kotchen, Lewis H. Kuller, Andrea Z. LaCroix, Dorothy S. Lane, Robert D. Langer, Cora E. Lewis, JoAnn E. Manson, Karen L. Margolis, Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, Judith K. Ockene, Linda M. Parker, Michael G. Perri, Lawrence Phillips, Ross L. Prentice, John Robbins, Jacques E. Rossouw, Gloria E. Sarto, Marcia L. Stefanick, Linda Van Horn, Mara Z. Vitolins, Jean Wactawski-Wende, Robert B. Wallace et Evelyn Whitlock</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Cancer – The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of the American Medical Association</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;295, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-02-08" data-sort-value="2006-02-08">8 février 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">643-654</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467233">16467233</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.6.643">10.1001/jama.295.6.643</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=202340">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Low-Fat+Dietary+Pattern+and+Risk+of+Colorectal+Cancer+%E2%80%93+The+Women%27s+Health+Initiative+Randomized+Controlled+Dietary+Modification+Trial&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Shirley+A.+A.+Beresford%2C+Karen+C.+Johnson%2C+Cheryl+Ritenbaugh%2C+Norman+L.+Lasser%2C+Linda+G.+Snetselaar%2C+Henry+R.+Black%2C+Garnet+L.+Anderson%2C+Annlouise+R.+Assaf%2C+Tamsen+Bassford%2C+Deborah+Bowen%2C+Robert+L.+Brunner%2C+Robert+G.+Brzyski%2C+Bette+Caan%2C+Rowan+T.+Chlebowski%2C+Margery+Gass%2C+Rosanne+C.+Harrigan%2C+Jennifer+Hays%2C+David+Heber%2C+Gerardo+Heiss%2C+Susan+L.+Hendrix%2C+Barbara+V.+Howard%2C+Judith+Hsia%2C+F.+Allan+Hubbell%2C+Rebecca+D.+Jackson%2C+Jane+Morley+Kotchen%2C+Lewis+H.+Kuller%2C+Andrea+Z.+LaCroix%2C+Dorothy+S.+Lane%2C+Robert+D.+Langer%2C+Cora+E.+Lewis%2C+JoAnn+E.+Manson%2C+Karen+L.+Margolis%2C+Yasmin+Mossavar-Rahmani%2C+Judith+K.+Ockene%2C+Linda+M.+Parker%2C+Michael+G.+Perri%2C+Lawrence+Phillips%2C+Ross+L.+Prentice%2C+John+Robbins%2C+Jacques+E.+Rossouw%2C+Gloria+E.+Sarto%2C+Marcia+L.+Stefanick%2C+Linda+Van+Horn%2C+Mara+Z.+Vitolins%2C+Jean+Wactawski-Wende%2C+Robert+B.+Wallace+et+Evelyn+Whitlock&amp;rft.date=2006-02-08&amp;rft.volume=295&amp;rft.pages=643-654&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.295.6.643&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16467233&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1001/jama.295.1.39-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1001/jama.295.1.39_72-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Barbara_V._Howard,_JoAnn_E._Manson,_Marcia_L._Stefanick,_Shirley_A._Beresford,_Gail_Frank,_Bobette_Jones,_Rebecca_J._Rodabough,_Linda_Snetselaar,_Cynthia_Thomson,_Lesley_Tinker,_Mara_Vitolins_et_Ross_Prentice2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Barbara V. Howard, JoAnn E. Manson, Marcia L. Stefanick, Shirley A. Beresford, Gail Frank, Bobette Jones, Rebecca J. Rodabough, Linda Snetselaar, Cynthia Thomson, Lesley Tinker, Mara Vitolins et Ross Prentice</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Weight Change Over 7 Years – The Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of the American Medical Association</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;295, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-01-04" data-sort-value="2006-01-04">4 janvier 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">39-49</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391215">16391215</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.1.39">10.1001/jama.295.1.39</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=202138">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Low-Fat+Dietary+Pattern+and+Weight+Change+Over+7+Years+%E2%80%93+The+Women%27s+Health+Initiative+Dietary+Modification+Trial&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Barbara+V.+Howard%2C+JoAnn+E.+Manson%2C+Marcia+L.+Stefanick%2C+Shirley+A.+Beresford%2C+Gail+Frank%2C+Bobette+Jones%2C+Rebecca+J.+Rodabough%2C+Linda+Snetselaar%2C+Cynthia+Thomson%2C+Lesley+Tinker%2C+Mara+Vitolins+et+Ross+Prentice&amp;rft.date=2006-01-04&amp;rft.volume=295&amp;rft.pages=39-49&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.295.1.39&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16391215&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Fats and Cholesterol</cite></a>&#160;», <span class="italique">The Nutrition Source</span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard School of Public Health">Harvard School of Public Health</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-07-03" data-sort-value="2016-07-03">3 juillet 2016</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6_74-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Patty_W._Siri-Tarino,_Qi_Sun,_Frank_B._Hu_et_Ronald_M._Krauss2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Patty W. Siri-Tarino, Qi Sun, Frank B. Hu et Ronald M. Krauss</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Saturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Modulation by Replacement Nutrients</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Current Atherosclerosis Reports</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;12, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11" data-sort-value="2010-11">novembre 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">384-390</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20711693">20711693</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2943062">2943062</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6">10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Saturated+Fatty+Acids+and+Risk+of+Coronary+Heart+Disease%3A+Modulation+by+Replacement+Nutrients&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Atherosclerosis+Reports&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Patty+W.+Siri-Tarino%2C+Qi+Sun%2C+Frank+B.+Hu+et+Ronald+M.+Krauss&amp;rft.date=2010-11&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=384-390&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11883-010-0131-6&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20711693&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.3945/ajcn.2010.29622-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.3945/ajcn.2010.29622_75-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Frank_B._Hu2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Frank B. Hu</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Are refined carbohydrates worse than saturated fat?</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;91, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-06" data-sort-value="2010-06">juin 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1541-1542</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410095">20410095</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2869506">2869506</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29622">10.3945/ajcn.2010.29622</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/91/6/1541.full.pdf+html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Are+refined+carbohydrates+worse+than+saturated+fat%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Frank+B.+Hu&amp;rft.date=2010-06&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.pages=1541-1542&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2010.29622&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20410095&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099_76-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Marianne_U._Jakobsen,_Claus_Dethlefsen,_Albert_M._Joensen,_Jakob_Stegger,_Anne_Tjønneland,_Erik_B._Schmidt_et_Kim_Overvad2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Marianne U. Jakobsen, Claus Dethlefsen, Albert M. Joensen, Jakob Stegger, Anne Tjønneland, Erik B. Schmidt et Kim Overvad</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: importance of the glycemic index</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;91, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-06" data-sort-value="2010-06">juin 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1764-1768</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375186">20375186</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099">10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/91/6/1764.full.pdf+html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Intake+of+carbohydrates+compared+with+intake+of+saturated+fatty+acids+and+risk+of+myocardial+infarction%3A+importance+of+the+glycemic+index&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Marianne+U.+Jakobsen%2C+Claus+Dethlefsen%2C+Albert+M.+Joensen%2C+Jakob+Stegger%2C+Anne+Tj%C3%B8nneland%2C+Erik+B.+Schmidt+et+Kim+Overvad&amp;rft.date=2010-06&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.pages=1764-1768&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.29099&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20375186&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipide"></span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/lipide" class="extiw" title="wikt:lipide">lipide</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li><li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Lipides" class="extiw" title="v:Lipides">Lipides</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiversity</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipogen%C3%A8se" title="Lipogenèse">Lipogenèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se_des_acides_gras" title="Biosynthèse des acides gras">Biosynthèse des acides gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta-oxydation" title="Bêta-oxydation">β-oxydation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_des_lipides" title="Classification des lipides">Classification des lipides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27indices_en_chimie_et_physique" title="Liste d&#39;indices en chimie et physique">Indice chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_d%27%C3%A9mulsion" title="Test d&#39;émulsion">Test d'émulsion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipide&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/lipid.html">Entrée sur les lipides du glossaire IUPAC</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lipidmaps.org/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>LIPID MAP</i></span>, site de ressource sur les lipides incluant un système de classification</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Lipides" title="Modèle:Palette Lipides"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Lipides&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lipides</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Acylglyc%C3%A9rol" title="Acylglycérol">Glycérides</a><br />(acylglycérols)</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Monoglycéride">Monoglycéride</a> (monoacylglycérol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Diglycéride">Diglycéride</a> (diacylglycérol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Triglycéride">Triglycéride</a> (triacylglycérol)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triformine" title="Triformine">Triformine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triac%C3%A9tine" title="Triacétine">Triacétine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triheptano%C3%AFne" title="Triheptanoïne">Triheptanoïne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimyristine" title="Trimyristine">Trimyristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilinol%C3%A9ine" title="Trilinoléine">Trilinoléine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triol%C3%A9ine" title="Trioléine">Trioléine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89therlipide" title="Étherlipide">Étherlipide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ol" title="Archéol">Archéol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldarch%C3%A9ol" title="Caldarchéol">Caldarchéol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9narch%C3%A9ol" title="Crénarchéol">Crénarchéol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Phosphoglyc%C3%A9ride" title="Phosphoglycéride">Phosphoglycérides</a><br />(phosphoacylglycérols)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acide_phosphatidique" title="Acide phosphatidique">Acide phosphatidique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a> (lécithine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyls%C3%A9rine" title="Phosphatidylsérine">Phosphatidylsérine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyl%C3%A9thanolamine" title="Phosphatidyléthanolamine">Phosphatidyléthanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">Phosphatidylinositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylglyc%C3%A9rol" title="Phosphatidylglycérol">Phosphatidylglycérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiolipine" title="Cardiolipine">Cardiolipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine" title="1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine">1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89therlipide" title="Étherlipide">Étherlipide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasmalog%C3%A8ne" title="Plasmalogène">Plasmalogène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facteur_d%27activation_plaquettaire" title="Facteur d&#39;activation plaquettaire">Facteur d'activation plaquettaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide" title="Phosphoinositide">Phosphoinositides</a> (PIP)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate">PtdIns(3)<i>P</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate">PtdIns(4)<i>P</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate">PtdIns(5)<i>P</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate">PtdIns(3,4)<i>P</i><sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate">PtdIns(3,5)<i>P</i><sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate">PtdIns(4,5)<i>P</i><sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate">PtdIns(3,4,5)<i>P</i><sub>3</sub></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipide" title="Lysophospholipide">Lysophospholipides</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acide_lysophosphatidique" title="Acide lysophosphatidique">Acide lysophosphatidique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidylcholine" title="Lysophosphatidylcholine">Lysophosphatidylcholines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Lysophosphatidylcholine" title="1-Lysophosphatidylcholine">1-Lysophosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Lysophosphatidylcholine" title="2-Lysophosphatidylcholine">2-Lysophosphatidylcholine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidyls%C3%A9rine" title="Lysophosphatidylsérine">Lysophosphatidylsérine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidyl%C3%A9thanolamine" title="Lysophosphatidyléthanolamine">Lysophosphatidyléthanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysophosphatidylinositol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysophosphatidylinositol (page inexistante)">Lysophosphatidylinositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl-lysophospholipide" title="Alkyl-lysophospholipide">Alkyl-lysophospholipides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89delfosine" title="Édelfosine">Édelfosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt%C3%A9fosine" title="Miltéfosine">Miltéfosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rifosine" title="Périfosine">Périfosine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipide" title="Sphingolipide">Sphingolipides</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">Sphingosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingomy%C3%A9line" title="Sphingomyéline">Sphingomyéline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ramide" title="Céramide">Céramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactosylc%C3%A9ramide" title="Lactosylcéramide">Lactosylcéramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipide" title="Glycosphingolipide">Glycosphingolipides</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9broside" title="Cérébroside">cérébroside</a>)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactoc%C3%A9r%C3%A9broside" title="Galactocérébroside">Galactocérébroside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucoc%C3%A9r%C3%A9broside" title="Glucocérébroside">Glucocérébroside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglioside" title="Ganglioside">Ganglioside</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GM1_(ganglioside)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GM1 (ganglioside) (page inexistante)">GM1</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM1" class="extiw" title="en:GM1"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;GM1&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GM2_(ganglioside)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GM2 (ganglioside) (page inexistante)">GM2</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2_(ganglioside)" class="extiw" title="en:GM2 (ganglioside)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;GM2 (ganglioside)&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GD2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GD2 (page inexistante)">GD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globoside" title="Globoside">Globoside</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globotriaosylc%C3%A9ramide" title="Globotriaosylcéramide">Globotriaosylcéramide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9rol" title="Stérol">Stérols</a> et <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Stéroïde">Stéroïdes</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholest%C3%A9rol" title="Cholestérol">Cholestérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92strog%C3%A8ne" title="Œstrogène">Œstrogène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androg%C3%A8ne" title="Androgène">Androgène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocortico%C3%AFde" title="Glucocorticoïde">Glucocorticoïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9ralocortico%C3%AFde" title="Minéralocorticoïde">Minéralocorticoïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9cost%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Sécostéroïde">Sécostéroïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_D" title="Vitamine D">Vitamine D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergost%C3%A9rol" title="Ergostérol">Ergostérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocalcif%C3%A9rol" title="Ergocalciférol">Ergocalciférol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol%C3%A9calcif%C3%A9rol" title="Cholécalciférol">Cholécalciférol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotachyst%C3%A9rol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotachystérol (page inexistante)">Dihydrotachystérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acide_fusidique" title="Acide fusidique">Acide fusidique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanost%C3%A9rol" title="Lanostérol">Lanostérol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldost%C3%A9rol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldostérol (page inexistante)">Aldostérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acide_biliaire" title="Acide biliaire">Acide biliaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytost%C3%A9rol" title="Phytostérol">Phytostérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Sitost%C3%A9rol" title="Β-Sitostérol">β-Sitostérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campest%C3%A9rol" title="Campestérol">Campestérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmast%C3%A9rol" title="Stigmastérol">Stigmastérol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicast%C3%A9rol" title="Brassicastérol">Brassicastérol</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nol" title="Prénol">Prénols</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carot%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Caroténoïde">Caroténoïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">Quinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">Hydroquinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_E" title="Vitamine E">Vitamine E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamine_K" title="Vitamine K">Vitamine K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">Ubiquinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactopr%C3%A9nol" title="Bactoprénol">Bactoprénol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichol" title="Dolichol">Dolichol</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Polyc%C3%A9tide" title="Polycétide">Polycétides</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">Macrolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphot%C3%A9ricine_B" title="Amphotéricine B">Amphotéricine B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9tracycline" title="Tétracycline">Tétracycline</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Glycolipide" title="Glycolipide">Glycolipides</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactolipide" title="Galactolipide">Galactolipide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfolipide" title="Sulfolipide">Sulfolipide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglyc%C3%A9rol" title="Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycérol">SQDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfatide" title="Sulfatide">Sulfatide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipide" title="Glycosphingolipide">Glycosphingolipide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol" title="Glycosylphosphatidylinositol">Glycosylphosphatidylinositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipide_A" title="Lipide A">Lipide A</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"><b>Grandes familles de <a href="/wiki/Biomol%C3%A9cule" title="Biomolécule">biomolécules</a></b>&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acide_amin%C3%A9" title="Acide aminé">Acides aminés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acide_nucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide nucléique">Acides nucléiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucide" title="Glucide">Glucides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9oside" title="Nucléoside">Nucléosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprot%C3%A9ine" title="Glycoprotéine">Glycoprotéines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lipides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acide_gras" title="Acide gras">Acides gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terp%C3%A8ne" title="Terpène">Terpènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carot%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Caroténoïde">Caroténoïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trapyrrole" title="Tétrapyrrole">Tétrapyrroles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofacteur_(biochimie)" title="Cofacteur (biochimie)">Cofacteurs enzymatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Stéroïde">Stéroïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavono%C3%AFde" title="Flavonoïde">Flavonoïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcalo%C3%AFde" title="Alcaloïde">Alcaloïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyc%C3%A9tide" title="Polycétide">Polycétides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9roside" title="Hétéroside">Hétérosides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail de la chimie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail:Chimie">Portail de la chimie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Biochimie" title="Portail de la biochimie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg/26px-Hemoglobin.jpg" decoding="async" width="26" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg/39px-Hemoglobin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg/52px-Hemoglobin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a 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