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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-level_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-level_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-level_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second-level courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-level_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First-level_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-level_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First-level courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-level_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Special courts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_courts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special courts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specialized_regional_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_regional_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Specialized regional courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_regional_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_of_Tax_Appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_of_Tax_Appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Court of Tax Appeals</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quasi-judicial_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasi-judicial_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Quasi-judicial bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasi-judicial_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_tribunals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_tribunals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electoral tribunals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_tribunals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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.plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">Charter Change</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_laws" title="List of Philippine laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugpong_ng_Pagbabago" title="Hugpong ng Pagbabago">HNP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional Commission">Constitutional commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Barua-Yap" title="Marilyn Barua-Yap">Marilyn Barua-Yap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Cordoba" title="Gamaliel Cordoba">Gamaliel Cordoba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>judiciary of the Philippines</b> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>, which is established in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a>, and three levels of lower courts, which are established through law by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a>. The Supreme Court has expansive powers, able to overrule political and administrative decisions, and with the ability to craft rules and law without precedent. It further determines the rules of procedure for lower courts, and its members sit on electoral tribunals. </p><p>Below the Supreme Court is the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a>, which also has national scope with different divisions based in different regions of the country. Decisions from this court can only be appealed to the Supreme Court. Below this level are <a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a>, which are spread throughout the country among judicial regions. Some of these courts are specialized to deal with certain types of cases. Below these courts are the first level Metropolitan and Municipal Trial Courts, which are located in <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">municipalities</a> throughout the country. </p><p>Outside of the regular court systems, special courts have been set up to deal with particular cases. These include the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a>, which are considered equivalent to the Court of Appeals. In some parts of the country, <a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_the_Philippines" title="Sharia in the Philippines">Sharia courts</a> have been established. Outside of the court system, a number of <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial_body" title="Quasi-judicial body">quasi-judicial bodies</a> have some powers established via law. </p><p>The Supreme Court was given its expansive powers following a <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">period of martial law</a>, where the Executive dominated. While the Judiciary oversees the other branches of government, judges are appointed to the Judiciary by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> from a shortlist submitted by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council" title="Judicial and Bar Council">Judicial and Bar Council</a>, a body the President can influence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hierarchy_of_courts">Hierarchy of courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hierarchy of courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Hierarchy of courts of the Philippines </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_the_Philippines#Sharia_District_Court" title="Sharia in the Philippines">Sharia District Court</a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First-level_courts">Metropolitan Trial Court</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First-level_courts">Municipal Trial Court in Cities</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First-level_courts">Municipal Trial Courts</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First-level_courts">Municipal Circuit Trial Court</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Sharia Circuit Court</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay Justice</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the Supreme Court</figcaption></figure> <p>The Supreme Court (SC) is the highest court of the land and is the court of last resort.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> It is led by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a>, who is joined by 14 <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">Associate Justices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> The court has expansive powers and a constitutional responsibility to oversee other branches of government, able even to overrule the discretion of political and administrative individuals and bodies. This power is a response to a <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">previous period of martial law</a> during which the courts often declined to act against the Executive.<sup id="cite_ref-Context_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Context-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 356–357">: 356–357 </span></sup> These powers also gave the courts rule-making abilities more typically associated with legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristroph_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristroph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10874">: 10874 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1987 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">constitution</a> gives the Supreme Court "original jurisdiction on cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>, prohibition, <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">quo warranto</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1987Constitution_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1987Constitution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> It is the appellate court for cases where "the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question", for the "legality of any tax" and related matters, where the "jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue", "criminal cases where the penalty is <i><a href="/wiki/Reclusi%C3%B3n_perpetua" title="Reclusión perpetua">reclusión perpetua</a></i> or higher", and "in which only an error or question of law is involved".<sup id="cite_ref-1987Constitution_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1987Constitution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–49">: 48–49 </span></sup> Appeals from lower courts are taken on certiorari.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66–67">: 66–67 </span></sup> Appellate jurisdiction over various matters can be increased by the Philippine Congress in agreement with the court.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCSessionHalljf0126_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SCSessionHalljf0126_22.JPG/220px-SCSessionHalljf0126_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SCSessionHalljf0126_22.JPG/330px-SCSessionHalljf0126_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SCSessionHalljf0126_22.JPG/440px-SCSessionHalljf0126_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Internal session hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The court's powers allow it to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">create new law</a> without requiring precedent, and on which its decision is final.<sup id="cite_ref-Context_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Context-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367–368">: 367–368 </span></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Oposa_v._Factoran" title="Oposa v. Factoran">Oposa v. Factoran</a></i> case, centered on environmental protection, saw the court recognize the rights of future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bueta_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bueta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">Writs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amparo_and_habeas_data_in_the_Philippines" title="Amparo and habeas data in the Philippines"><i>amparo</i> and habeas data</a> were approved in 2007, to better enable courts to deal with extrajudicial killings and disappearances.<sup id="cite_ref-GMAamparo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMAamparo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 it rewrote <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> guidelines, reducing penalties.<sup id="cite_ref-Context_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Context-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364">: 364 </span></sup> Environmental protections were further enhanced through the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_Kalikasan" title="Writ of Kalikasan">writ of <i>kalikasan</i></a> in 2010, which provided protections against extreme environmental damage.<sup id="cite_ref-ICJ_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICJ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hilario_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilario-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these writs came with a provision that removed filing fees.<sup id="cite_ref-GMAamparo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMAamparo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICJ_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICJ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> The 2010 rules of procedure for environmental cases established by the Supreme Court were a first for any country.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristroph_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristroph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10866">: 10866 </span></sup> In 2015 the court recognized the <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a>, including "toothed whales, dolphins, [and] porpoises",<sup id="cite_ref-Bueta_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bueta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who while lacking independent <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal personality</a> could be represented by Philippine citizens,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a case regarding <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%B1on_Strait" title="Tañon Strait">Tañon Strait</a>. The decision came following a case lasting eight years, ending long after the oil exploration had already ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court is the only court established through the constitution, with all lower courts being established through legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> It makes up the fourth and highest level of court, with lower courts on the same level unable to review the decisions of courts at the same level.<sup id="cite_ref-CACJ-JudicialBranch_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-JudicialBranch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules governing the proceedings in the lower courts are determined by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regular_courts">Regular courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regular courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Supreme Court, there are three lower levels of regular courts. This structure is hierarchical.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> Second and First-level courts are organized geographically, although this is purely an administrative arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-level_courts">Third-level courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third-level courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca22jf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ca22jf.JPG/220px-Ca22jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ca22jf.JPG/330px-Ca22jf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ca22jf.JPG/440px-Ca22jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of the Court of Appeals</figcaption></figure> <p>The Court of Appeals (CA) is the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a> for civil and criminal cases not involving actions related to governing the country, and has original jurisdiction on issuance of writs of mandamus, prohibition, injunction, certiorari, habeas corpus and other auxiliary writs.<sup id="cite_ref-CACJ_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court is composed of 68 associate justices headed by a presiding justice. These are divided into 23 divisions of 3 members, 17 of which are based in Manila and hear cases from Luzon, 3 of which are based in Cebu City and hear cases from the Visayas, and 3 which are based in Cagayan de Oro and hear cases from Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> The court shares some concurrent original jurisdiction with the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> It is the second highest court, and decisions reached by this court can only be appealed to the Supreme Court on questions of law.<sup id="cite_ref-CACJ_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second-level_courts">Second-level courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second-level courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></div> <p>A Regional Trial Court (RTC) has original jurisdiction on criminal matters, except on those where the Sandiganbayan has original jurisdiction on, and for certain civil suits.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53, 57">: 53, 57 </span></sup> Multiple branches of regional trial courts can be established in the same judicial region. Each branch, as in all second and first level courts, is led by a single judge.<sup id="cite_ref-CACJ-JudicialBranch_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-JudicialBranch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some RTC branches are directed to focus exclusively on certain types of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45, 101">: 45, 101 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First-level_courts">First-level courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First-level courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First-level courts have original jurisdiction on criminal matters, except on those where the Sandiganbayan and Regional Trial Courts have original jurisdiction on, on violations of city or municipal ordinances, on certain civil cases, and on cases involving <a href="/wiki/Forcible_entry" title="Forcible entry">forcible entry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup> Each court has one judge.<sup id="cite_ref-CACJ-JudicialBranch_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-JudicialBranch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A party may appeal to a Regional Trial Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> </p><p>The following are the first level courts:<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CACJ_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTC) are first level courts in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li>Municipal Trial Courts (MTC) are first level courts in each <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">municipality</a></li> <li>Municipal Trial Courts in Cities are first level courts in each <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">city</a> outside Metro Manila</li> <li>Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (MCTC) are first level courts in two or more <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">municipalities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_courts">Special courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Special courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some courts have been created by law to deal with specific types of cases, with their rulings restricted to this specific jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_regional_courts">Specialized regional courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specialized regional courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some regional courts are specifically assigned to handle certain types of cases with their relevant geographical area. Some are designated as a "Family Court", with jurisdiction over cases involving children.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> Others have been designated "Heinous Crime Courts", dealing with cases involving kidnapping, certain forms of robbery, drug crimes, intellectual property rights, and libel.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> In 2008 some were designated to deal with environmental cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilario_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilario-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_of_Tax_Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Court of Tax Appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></div> <p>The Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) both has original jurisdiction and is an appellate court for matters related to taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> The court is led by a presiding justice, and has eight associate justices. It is an appellate court, equal to the Court of Appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sandiganbayan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandiganbayan_(Commonwealth,_Quezon_City;_2017-03-27).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Sandiganbayan_%28Commonwealth%2C_Quezon_City%3B_2017-03-27%29.jpeg/220px-Sandiganbayan_%28Commonwealth%2C_Quezon_City%3B_2017-03-27%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Sandiganbayan_%28Commonwealth%2C_Quezon_City%3B_2017-03-27%29.jpeg/330px-Sandiganbayan_%28Commonwealth%2C_Quezon_City%3B_2017-03-27%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Sandiganbayan_%28Commonwealth%2C_Quezon_City%3B_2017-03-27%29.jpeg/440px-Sandiganbayan_%28Commonwealth%2C_Quezon_City%3B_2017-03-27%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Sandiganbayan operates out of the Centennial building, which lies on <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue,_Quezon_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City">Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sandiganbayan is a special court set up to deal with instances of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">corruption</a> involving a government official or an official in a government-owned body.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42, 52">: 42, 52 </span></sup> It also has jurisdiction over other crimes committed by public officials, if these felonies relate to their office.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> The court is led by a presiding justice, and with the presiding justice, is composed of 14 associate justices. It is considered equal to the Court of Appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> The Sandiganbayan was originally established as the Tanodbayan under the 1973 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207">: 207 </span></sup> </p><p>Cases are filed at the Sandibanbayan by the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ombudsman is tasked with investigation official corruption, and can prosecute all public officials and agencies aside from the President, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential immunity">who is immune</a> from such prosecution while in office. The Ombudsman and their deputies are selected by the President from a list provided by the Judicial and Bar Council, with the Ombudsman requiring ten years of experience as a judge or lawyer. The President has no ability to appoint individuals from outside of this list. These appointments do not require confirmation from the legislature. Terms of office last seven years, and an Ombudsman cannot be reappointed.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharia_Courts">Sharia Courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sharia Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_the_Philippines" title="Sharia in the Philippines">Sharia in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Sharia District Courts (ShDC), which rule on <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>, have limited jurisdiction over cases relating to Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> They also have limited territorial jurisdiction, which is determined by the Supreme Court. They are present only in five judicial regions, all areas of Southwest Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> They are equivalent to regional trial courts,<sup id="cite_ref-CACJ_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were established under the "Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines" (Presidential Decree No. 1083) to handle personal relations between Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> Sharia courts have original jurisdiction over a number of issues relating to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>. They also have concurrent jurisdiction over some matters that fall within the jurisdiction of civil courts, but only where all parties are Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-AIJC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIJC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception is that cases can be filed in Sharia courts by non-Muslim women married to a Muslim man through Islamic rites.<sup id="cite_ref-AIJC_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIJC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Sharia Circuit Courts (ShCC) have the same rank as Municipal Circuit Trial Courts<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> Sharia District Courts are theoretically overseen by a Sharia Appellate Court, but it has not been established, leaving their decisions instead reviewed by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-CACJ-JudicialBranch_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACJ-JudicialBranch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_courts">Military courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cases involving the military are handled by civil courts, except when the offense is determined to be service-oriented by a civil court. In that case, it shall be tried by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, military courts may try civilians if no civilian courts are functional.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quasi-judicial_bodies">Quasi-judicial bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quasi-judicial bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial_body" title="Quasi-judicial body">quasi-judicial body</a> can adjudicate on matters of law, but only through existing legal basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> They have no actual judicial power.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li>Agricultural Inventions Board<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li>Board of Investments<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li>Bureau of Patents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li>Central Board of Assessment Appeal<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board_(Philippines)" title="Civil Aeronautics Board (Philippines)">Civil Aeronautics Board</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service Commission of the Philippines">Civil Service Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit of the Philippines">Commission on Audit</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup></li> <li>Construction Industry Arbitration Commission<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agrarian_Reform" title="Department of Agrarian Reform">Department of Agrarian Reform</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li>Employees Compensation Commission<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li>Energy Regulatory Board<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Service_Insurance_System" title="Government Service Insurance System">Government Service Insurance System</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li>Human Settlements Adjudication Commission<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Insurance Commission<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Registration_Authority_(Philippines)" title="Land Registration Authority (Philippines)">Land Registration Authority</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electrification_Administration" title="National Electrification Administration">National Electrification Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Commission" title="National Labor Relations Commission">National Labor Relations Commission</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Commission_(Philippines)" title="National Police Commission (Philippines)">National Police Commission</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_Commission" title="National Telecommunications Commission">National Telecommunications Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Office of the President</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Competition_Commission" title="Philippine Competition Commission">Philippine Competition Commission</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Nuclear_Research_Institute" title="Philippine Nuclear Research Institute">Philippine Atomic Energy Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines)">Securities and Exchange Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup></li> <li>Social Security Commission<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup></li> <li>Tariff Commission<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The decisions of these bodies are appealed to an appellate court.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_tribunals">Electoral tribunals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electoral tribunals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are electoral tribunals for the presidency and Congress. The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Presidential Electoral Tribunal">Presidential Electoral Tribunal</a> is composed of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Senate Electoral Tribunal">Senate Electoral Tribunal</a> is composed of three associate justices of the Supreme Court, and six senators. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_Electoral_Tribunal" title="House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal">House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal</a> is composed of three associate justices of the Supreme Court, and six representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Muñoz_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muñoz-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition of the six representatives from both houses should reflect the proportional distribution of political parties in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazo_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence">Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sc3jf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sc3jf.JPG/220px-Sc3jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sc3jf.JPG/330px-Sc3jf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sc3jf.JPG/440px-Sc3jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Banners handing outside the Supreme Court during the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Renato_Corona" title="Impeachment of Renato Corona">impeachment of Renato Corona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Judiciary is a co-equal branch of Government to the Executive and the Legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-Relacion_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relacion-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1987 constitution, Judicial terms of office are out of sync with other offices such as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a>, to promote independence. The President appoints individuals to the judiciary. Appointments to the judiciary are recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council" title="Judicial and Bar Council">Judicial and Bar Council</a> (JBC) to the President. For the Supreme Court, the President is required to select justices from a shortlist prepared by the JBC, which must include at least three people. However, there have been instances where the President has rejected a shortlist entirely and requested a new one.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The JBC was created to further separate the judiciary from political influence, with judges previously being approved by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Context_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Context-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364">: 364 </span></sup> However, the President has direct influence in the JBC, and can appoint half of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-Relacion_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relacion-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political pressure has also been observed in court decisions, causing inconsistency between different cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristroph_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristroph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10875–10876">: 10875–10876 </span></sup> </p><p>The constitution prevents the President from appointing individuals in the last two months of their term, however a 2010 Supreme Court ruling established that this prohibition did not apply to judicial appointments, overturning previous court rulings under which the prohibition did apply. This majority for this ruling consisted of appointees of President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, whose unusually long term in office undermined some of the constitutional guards against undue Presidential influence in other branches of government. The next Chief Justice, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Corona" title="Renato Corona">Renato Corona</a>, was appointed following this ruling,<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an appointment which also broke with the traditional precedent whereby the most senior associate justice became the next Chief Justice, which had been in place since the end of martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-Relacion_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relacion-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corona was not recognized by subsequent President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, although his executive order cancelling the late appointments justified by the 2010 Supreme Court ruling was reversed by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquino subsequently bypassed seniority in other judicial appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-Relacion_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relacion-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges must retire at age 70.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristroph_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristroph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10875">: 10875 </span></sup> </p><p>There is also some legislative oversight of the judicial system, with the legislature able to carry out impeachment proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-Relacion_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relacion-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attempt to impeach a Chief Justice, in 2003, was quashed by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Context_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Context-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 366–367">: 366–367 </span></sup> Corona was <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Renato_Corona" title="Impeachment of Renato Corona">impeached in 2012</a>, the first time a Chief Justice had been impeached in Philippine history.<sup id="cite_ref-Relacion_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relacion-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Lourdes_Sereno" title="Maria Lourdes Sereno">Maria Lourdes Sereno</a>, also had impeachment proceedings brought against her. However, she was removed from office through <i><a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">quo warranto</a></i> proceedings, before any impeachment proceedings took place.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Solicitor_General_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Solicitor General of the Philippines">Office of the Solicitor General</a> is an independent body that represents the government in legal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pangalangan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangalangan_1-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPangalangan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pangalangan, Raul C., ed. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf">"The Philippine Judicial System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Law Series</i>. Institute of Developing Economies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Law+Series&rft.atitle=The+Philippine+Judicial+System&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutphilippines.org%2Fdoc-pdf-ppt-etc%2F05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Context-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Context_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Context_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Context_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Context_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Context_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangalangan2015" class="citation book cs1">Pangalangan, Raul C. (2015). "The Philippines' post-Marcos judiciary: the institutional turn and the populist backlash". In Jiunn-rong Yeh; Wen-Chen Chang (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk1sBQAAQBAJ"><i>Asian Courts in Context</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107066083" title="Special:BookSources/9781107066083"><bdi>9781107066083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philippines%27+post-Marcos+judiciary%3A+the+institutional+turn+and+the+populist+backlash&rft.btitle=Asian+Courts+in+Context&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107066083&rft.aulast=Pangalangan&rft.aufirst=Raul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYk1sBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ristroph-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ristroph_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristroph_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristroph_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristroph_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRistroph2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ristroph, Elizabeth Barrett (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228231140/https://elr.info/news-analysis/42/10866/role-philippine-courts-establishing-environmental-rule-law">"The Role of Philippine Courts in Establishing the Environmental Rule of Law"</a>. <i>Environmental Law Reporter</i>. <b>42</b> (9). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elr.info/news-analysis/42/10866/role-philippine-courts-establishing-environmental-rule-law">the original</a> on 2021-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Court+of+Tax+Appeals&rft.pub=Court+of+Tax+Appeals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcta.judiciary.gov.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazo-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazo_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazo_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazo2009" class="citation book cs1">Lazo, Ricardo S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC"><i>Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution</i></a> (2006 ed.). Rex Bookstore, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789712345463" title="Special:BookSources/9789712345463"><bdi>9789712345463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Governance+and+the+1987+Constitution&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789712345463&rft.aulast=Lazo&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMszAErMRKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2014" class="citation news cs1">Santos, Reynaldo Jr. (June 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/know-sandiganbayan-graft-plunder">"Get to know the anti-graft court Sandiganbayan"</a>. <i>Rappler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Get+to+know+the+anti-graft+court+Sandiganbayan&rft.date=2014-06-14&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnewsbreak%2Fiq%2Fknow-sandiganbayan-graft-plunder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2020" class="citation news cs1">Nicholls, AC (November 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130035732/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/24/ombudsman-sandiganbayan-cases.html">"Ombudsman faces possible all-time low record in cases filed at Sandiganbayan"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/24/ombudsman-sandiganbayan-cases.html">the original</a> on November 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=Ombudsman+faces+possible+all-time+low+record+in+cases+filed+at+Sandiganbayan&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F24%2Fombudsman-sandiganbayan-cases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose-AckermanDesiertoVolosin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rose-Ackerman, Susan; Desierto, Diane A.; Volosin, Natalia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5170&context=fss_papers">"Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and Philippines"</a>. <i>Berkeley Journal of International Law</i>. <b>29</b>: 302–306, 323–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Hyper-Presidentialism%3A+Separation+of+Powers+without+Checks+and+Balances+in+Argentina+and+Philippines&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=302-306%2C+323-325&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rose-Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Desierto%2C+Diane+A.&rft.au=Volosin%2C+Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5170%26context%3Dfss_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIJC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIJC_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIJC_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutphilippines.org/files/code_muslim_sharia_courts.pdf">"Courts for Muslims A Primer on the Philippine Shari'a Courts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Courts+for+Muslims+A+Primer+on+the+Philippine+Shari%27a+Courts&rft.pub=Asian+Institute+of+Journalism+and+Communication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutphilippines.org%2Ffiles%2Fcode_muslim_sharia_courts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAning2014" class="citation news cs1">Aning, Jerome (June 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/607322/sc-parties-in-sharia-courts-must-be-muslim">"SC: Parties in Shari'a courts must be Muslim"</a>. <i>The Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Inquirer&rft.atitle=SC%3A+Parties+in+Shari%27a+courts+must+be+Muslim&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft.aulast=Aning&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F607322%2Fsc-parties-in-sharia-courts-must-be-muslim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1991/06/20/republic-act-no-7055/">"Republic Act No. 7055"</a>. Presidential Communications Operations Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+Act+No.+7055&rft.pub=Presidential+Communications+Operations+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1991%2F06%2F20%2Frepublic-act-no-7055%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/25/philippines-martial-law-threatens-escalation-abuses">"Philippines: Martial Law Threatens Escalation of Abuses"</a>. Human Rights Watch. May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+Martial+Law+Threatens+Escalation+of+Abuses&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F25%2Fphilippines-martial-law-threatens-escalation-abuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTe2020" class="citation news cs1">Te, Theodore (November 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/analysis-solicitor-general-presidential-electoral-tribunal-problem">"The Sol-Gen's P.E.T. problem"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Sol-Gen%27s+P.E.T.+problem&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Te&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fvoices%2Fthought-leaders%2Fanalysis-solicitor-general-presidential-electoral-tribunal-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muñoz-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muñoz_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz2002" class="citation book cs1">Muñoz, Mauro R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDUcZOS9nPQC&pg=PA73"><i>Philippine Governance and Constitution</i></a>. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715740623" title="Special:BookSources/9789715740623"><bdi>9789715740623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Governance+and+Constitution&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Goodwill+Trading+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789715740623&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.aufirst=Mauro+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDUcZOS9nPQC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relacion-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Relacion_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relacion_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relacion_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relacion_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relacion_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relacion_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelacionMagalzo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Relacion, April Farell M.; Magalzo, Grace C. (2014). "System of Checks and Balances in the Philippine Presidential Form of Government". <i>J Multidisciplinary Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 51–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7828%2FJMDS.V4I1.632">10.7828/JMDS.V4I1.632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154463227">154463227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Multidisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=System+of+Checks+and+Balances+in+the+Philippine+Presidential+Form+of+Government&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-56&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7828%2FJMDS.V4I1.632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154463227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Relacion&rft.aufirst=April+Farell+M.&rft.au=Magalzo%2C+Grace+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeinlaDressel2019" class="citation book cs1">Deinla, Imelda; Dressel, Björn (June 10, 2019). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVe_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>From Aquino II to Duterte (2010–2018): Change, Continuity—and Rupture</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814843287" title="Special:BookSources/9789814843287"><bdi>9789814843287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=From+Aquino+II+to+Duterte+%282010%E2%80%932018%29%3A+Change%2C+Continuity%E2%80%94and+Rupture&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.isbn=9789814843287&rft.aulast=Deinla&rft.aufirst=Imelda&rft.au=Dressel%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVe_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2016" class="citation news cs1">Lim, Gerard (January 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-osg-solicitor-general">"FAST FACTS: The Office of the Solicitor General and its roles"</a>. <i>Rappler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=FAST+FACTS%3A+The+Office+of+the+Solicitor+General+and+its+roles&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnewsbreak%2Fiq%2Ffast-facts-osg-solicitor-general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/">"Supreme Court of the Philippines"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsc.judiciary.gov.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sb.judiciary.gov.ph/">"Sandiganbayan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sandiganbayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsb.judiciary.gov.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/">"Court of Tax Appeals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+of+Tax+Appeals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcta.judiciary.gov.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oca.judiciary.gov.ph/">"Office of the Court Administrator"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Court+Administrator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foca.judiciary.gov.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philja.judiciary.gov.ph/">"Philippine Judicial Academy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Judicial+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilja.judiciary.gov.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1916" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, David Cecil (February 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1274449">"Courts in the Philippines, Old: New"</a>. <i>Michigan Law Review</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 300–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1274449">10.2307/1274449</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1274449">1274449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Courts+in+the+Philippines%2C+Old%3A+New&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=300-319&rft.date=1916-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1274449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1274449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1274449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValle-Corpuz" class="citation web cs1">Valle-Corpuz, Menrado. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No53/No53_27PA_Corpuz.pdf">"The role and function of the prosecution in the Philippine criminal justice system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Asia and Far East Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Asia+and+Far+East+Institute&rft.atitle=The+role+and+function+of+the+prosecution+in+the+Philippine+criminal+justice+system&rft.aulast=Valle-Corpuz&rft.aufirst=Menrado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funafei.or.jp%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FRS_No53%2FNo53_27PA_Corpuz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudiciary+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciaries_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciaries_of_Asia" title="Template:Judiciaries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciaries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Judiciaries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciaries_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judiciaries of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Afghanistan" title="Judiciary of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Azerbaijan" title="Judiciary of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bahrain" title="Judiciary of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bangladesh" title="Judiciary of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cambodia" title="Judiciary of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cyprus" title="Judiciary of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Indonesia" title="Judiciary of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel" title="Judiciary of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_North_Korea" title="Judiciary of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Judiciary of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Maldives" title="Judiciary of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Mongolia" title="Judiciary of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Judiciary of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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