CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91338d6bad25f908',cH: 'pSddPeMHtiWqJ_Tk9o7Lsw8zmt_tDJaTehhBC3Ady8Y-1739771977-1.2.1.1-aQ_WQ3Ftck69SO6vvF9pO2QS653Sz8ZhCriUvgwmewLfaIGWc66pYBH3onTXxSqq',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SiO2&__cf_chl_tk=vFi94yyMFdA8jIh.crdp54V2cXfQQlMRcW2ciL8UxnI-1739771977-1.0.1.1-YIO3w7AE8X6DTAkwxcO8BwWoXcjhWREo5ieoYR0rUJM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739771977',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SiO2&__cf_chl_f_tk=vFi94yyMFdA8jIh.crdp54V2cXfQQlMRcW2ciL8UxnI-1739771977-1.0.1.1-YIO3w7AE8X6DTAkwxcO8BwWoXcjhWREo5ieoYR0rUJM",md: "hn.deTC3m943RR.Fs1fKd4qeUlq5zhtEuSanNbKsWLo-1739771977-1.2.1.1-p.60f4DK8zdA5Y9tEktbviQqe1H0HD8x3WbeYcIrp_3nrqCwEEI45lmC9oy6lXa3c4EAcHU0NSKH.9lCTUWesqiXC1863T_pptMcgNSk.nZm3Wx25Y26ZULOdUcaW68Ao5ApG3srkr9DursvJfeZLan1JeVWDvUcnBfMMCpFjigehn78z4v6kZOSpBupF4T7s5QIIDy0X3PeLQ05s8ZY1J5G2g5VFoLWG_yK6tTETUUMAt2mAp5250XY_C.mVMhNqVLY__mInEgsP0mHCi8Uwmxeanc9O0.Gl6Uatjf1.ZHNFIOn138vkosiIXs6oHoUnIuvH7CShMt9Vvi_EsC0tzo34aqP_3mTryKdt4hrqmaFYwpSVV3aYW0E3e4wQuEWPQLlPo70nrE3MDfsRbF8XLPrqwdh5F1uc61Oe3fmoYvGjG_F1ZY6.Sqg1nD9GnD_eNXLTbk2T005g63LDx2ASEajkgHupgaFsVr6XZMMveHXGGSaCS6Htz3_8rr_mmJmNDl8hfVZb9CshE6GaegECkNgfRJY02NK5dCwx6VVmHIuCf6lggqYVlI9QVXJ71ZRJOCZOy7Nq1QOS011uZbvOnl4aeD8v1i9Xru.cgTNI2enY35LzUtsOOp9fYygU0z_xGhxWHKn_sxLZhN3wGmFWfocnqQgbA_FRtfN2y8f05H4cVkbPJRGVo6jsmT0aPOCoZDfDxpQUJrG.sC_Z7H.YkOx1qrIwJ.tm.b608PSlIJbA.Q2BwBxuoW.XfP69Lhj0vaNogfpTABy79FOxJ5y_aY4YW8_76WbPrMh2t6Z8ion98pkb6JF9aznl7PGHf6IzDxzew5kBScZYOxrLkgNzTYUKO6lvUHin6xTUM3rAxwnzEfOBe03RZ5XmI2ZxqNRu1QnmZ5k48CCZUF2YPwIeZp0qPGRSkDiVOFSXCgLl4ZrN54lz4B0G1WVIvayZWrAjWqO2NG0fSi.03egMD0E_KnpzFHmlZhE1lcioUGYEFNrfS6yZ8KDU0YOHiIIFPOMzEOO_UNNAxQ05KS7PPA7mdbJ_tcS50N1uZFsf5C72sWy7mKcWhtpkY0v2xptcB3wvs4iDMgtTWbD.LoPC9dBOR6_M1ddwhYMdH7TvGSUa02MTDIt7e8g27GujhwWCcJ58xAAy4p2gBPj.y3cGgZppyPkGs9dqpTudRgIUdwZHjiH6fam1gKQtNq_mmB289xhRQPXjp3pGH3V.Xr2RuH567N0UZ_bocq8E_H0MFkt4i8E4yOZRVC.dGuHP0M3iqmpr6K.4Vi9tFBN56sGSjZUdWFhT1P6pV7RJ.nYyTF0Ng.jznaXrRWjS9fYjMxq7JPjUFqF02Lhi_zB_DQfdwu38BQCG8yHE2xpicxDGmefF4Z_eIbvpF4BdyQi3x38gF3oAVGuAZx7pnWzTBqySPx7kkjE1Ynx34EdoXojU1DeHHa4GmDUhR.njkoUV67Q73hSVcfzAVorBazrFCVZdAEFE57Iwko9t6eu9_u0dVaPuLAEd9RhqVVXhdFtZh1EiVMWuMx7_gG3L3G1CpHkXK_Iw2tv7WzyaKNttHhBVCJCIoggSfyPDkqpfiAN6fPpp3FTLeKvmlE3XsKOrxnC1tKtxnZai9CVPdNPSwCn4eFl1hGtMKAcPP4BrMTon_B4_4.RtLmhEuuMCQjN5udFSlZaotj1kOHhc6Gyh303EEpYK8tAyZo9wxNptwArQr2TgrUyjb1JariO88VhSacJK6SaxG6d5W8RG7FUyWaubjDVG4IU4Z4HhSyOBS6SFGsB8gEI1M2gWQYLukDHXDpjlEZQm09LULvylCsSqZES8domN7fMN6NRpkyCJMmR2W8knt_QlRt3WlSWf1NF_6dWbneRj9jO3vEZutwX2KWndVUXmo7f1vnGljEXaMAmEKK8LX28",mdrd: "2m7SUU0j9g1vPhqjwTsIvTpFBN633FrMfJByUP4cSok-1739771977-1.2.1.1-I9jwSiSeKcs284v6CNpAzM2GlEzLQeWuWRShq.0m1d7xXJwfKNP9eCBiKvGDsCu87Va0AbI5F393bF8R8uLWzGlU_0UTR8sYWat8xt2XNby9yOXMWBcBe5mUU2zFXdnHXbPn1_KpMg8AxNzOwgRHS.NNCIa5os8zxFVqj7pN7EyzEcF40wtuOpP8ai3ddNjfoR35NBxULgAgHZmJLT8BWzqObwPapgGWUQa.RWLiHWw0qGGkk_3tc54kkrnCAJRjo2IFUkz7m2rd3GbiUsF4A5.n.zOJNozmyB8d04AXeDpRwe6.gXobiHjDLIEuDnAEwXsaPS9tINONHXhwXYRV5kl7fNrMh0PCOHM9QDHW03hmPHxvAgJD7C8cLZUkq3dWl46TfjIP_Y8Itdt9gvfN3pOx4ahJEuep30QjbvwapBBU80GEfQSZZQu0PcjPLgzKUAK6YLUG_YFTzloi6WIM17mWSGdEJ9bZRS6icFOJ8_wq_.Bj2HP0zqLmnXFavIfoS_Xh3WBE1GLf6pzZZWDHbQNmamg0V5ZryVvLiex2O3jxnLKrMiwBWBi8JjagZChtw4x79TMiXXRTTqqL6Q8fipN6qvckr.7rg7E105dN67qYCg4LhUhDfz9IXNyAEle_tD5C3yF1_OgLS.07pxXIXIOZ0XYXctldLnbMJWezX_0MWtMAOWYl8AxuRf0WgTS9wY7Cz1MZPZ1cesOpywx_7tCI5W2ezzlAPtTlnz7HRpjUKSwzHq7hFfW_BSF5Va762F8KcS6nJQ7QgOuFiwoSX3ic.663Nes9rADs3IXp5aLTAuuVCP31hVig3tYUEAqrpncTkF5E9gOwNa5lXa2ndn8CK.muSWWPsehyGnCojppEAhaWUP1zY6cluEH8pzfnpokRtuh6Oa9emNFce.KB.1U_nZDI26BVKUQVosPWIfV8i3tl6aqhE3ZZjSgC6_0f8cp3e3SyjP1lxAEv4I1nyjafJOfjxHU72HuTUZhAplW2vadB.TkK.ncLhZ0CGZCTvEdWUxVx8ZRXcE5eHNqXj7gXd56CC_yuxVpYZeaORLfl.rDIujLaxme7G7KSf2nDQR0bdBjdSg3QV_zCyeSVPXGIb1uI3IhqF0KMJhl3uJsyq6gcdeqTk6_jjyiiimPEf21oTI5oJxo5oT6jsOTDD6QF43qVCyh8U1YyqiccgSRKgyfZbhhpzNzdx6rZvBifrQq28fvKHjv1oTh1RDnNfvkGPn4pGaL6aSHUTZFuCZmBclNobhqNYSbO0UPRDpc277l7Qj0itvJqHDygzhW3BOuL9BwRLW4TQod6ikBef5Rk9P9CDaew4WzSuiAGfO4Ick..RSsletZYQnFGLxwV85v9jcsmrPP7uOEip3qDM3a944wGB9W0.QRlrlkuflU0OzY0jk4.tdoMR8ke1aGSg0AEy4dWRYE1M4MV4.h3kD8WHXc.JpQG7oS2nV96joQwk1ie4IBNyCig4PBRGCuKU4AtuF2eBFK_e3AtBfUregdoGRAqq_nuW2pjitnVUKkvU9Xjwn6OlstLZMMvjh_.GuzmIJXIG0IMqwe1JP5pwfEEzxyZG7w0qwVTcWbnFDMbIgmi65AR_baRJHLWBaxgrgl_ytZ_eQBgGi6G4YSmp04D4YqxYsiqULJ6Lo__8pDGKqSznqoH6SwFTZZ1fFYiAXiE76AgNEJzvkbvFW8h53Nbb3ofH562glPkFNDyA0tWcp1BT3ha5ixQnWY47lBhiwATRnhzuWQLiUnyiAH0.kgWgAFHcjKdLlBp8ZbFE4kKAUi8FKBzugtdBrBC1gobVIc7zMOUMzSYDTXrbElLMjke.aKuzwW4FB_1ZwzaL0baiVBNpk8yOtRdOGDM_PdXbV6_23p31H2Rb511lpqtyQYGE6t_S8Xs09pwUIMJqLDoHibNM3Jv488U39ICuLA5NDLa_No9ykaYQAfXX5PJHCs3XWOCiIUepUc8vTsrMgGQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91338d6bad25f908';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=SiO2&__cf_chl_rt_tk=vFi94yyMFdA8jIh.crdp54V2cXfQQlMRcW2ciL8UxnI-1739771977-1.0.1.1-YIO3w7AE8X6DTAkwxcO8BwWoXcjhWREo5ieoYR0rUJM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>