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BC) and [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (1st c. AD),<ref>[[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'', 2:4, passim; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. ''Naturalis Historia,'' 4:106.</ref> ''Morinoì'' (Μορινοὶ) by [[Strabo]] (early 1st c. AD),<ref>[[Strabo]]. ''Geōgraphiká'', 4:3:5.</ref> ''Morinos'' by [[Pomponius Mela]] (mid-1st c. AD) and [[Tacitus]] (early 2nd c. AD),<ref>[[Pomponius Mela]]. ''De situ orbis'', 3:3:23; [[Tacitus]]''. Historiae'', 4:28.</ref> ''Morinō̃n'' (Μορινω̃ν) by [[Ptolemy]] (2nd c. AD),<ref>[[Ptolemy]]. ''Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis,'' 2:9:1.</ref> ''Mōrínous'' (Μωρίνους; <small>acc.</small>) by [[Cassius Dio]] (3rd c. AD),<ref>[[Cassius Dio]]. ''Rhōmaïkḕ Historía'', 39:44.</ref> and as ''Morinorum'' <small>(gen.)</small> in the ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'' (5th c. AD).<ref>''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'', 40:52.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Falileyev|2010}}, s.v. ''Morini''.</ref> The [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] [[ethnonym]] ''Morini'' (<small>sing.</small> ''Morinos'') literally means 'those of the sea', that is to say the 'sea folk' or the 'sailors'.<ref>{{harvnb|Lambert|1994|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Delamarre|2003|p=229}}; {{harvnb|Busse|2006|p=199}}; {{harvnb|Matasović|2009|p=277}}.</ref> It stems from [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] ''*mori'' ('sea'; cf. [[Old Irish]] ''muir'', [[Middle Welsh]] ''mor'' 'sea'), itself from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*mori'' ('sea, standing water'; cf. [[Latin|Lat.]] ''mare'' 'sea', [[Old High German|OHG]] ''mari'' 'sea, lake', [[Ossetian language|Osset.]] ''mal'' 'standing water').{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=229}}{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=277}} Drawing on earlier traditions, the Morini were poetically called by [[Virgil]] the "remotest people of mankind" (''extremique hominum Morini'').{{Sfn|Wightman|1985|p=29}}{{Sfn|Fratantuono|Smith|2018|p=743}} ==Geography== === Territory === [[File:Belgian Medieval Dioceses.png|thumb|The [[Ancient Diocese of Thérouanne]] may have been based on the territory of the Morini.|alt=]] The Morini lived south of the [[Menapii]], the river [[Aa (France)|Aa]] bordering the two tribes from the coast to the east of [[Saint-Omer|Saint Omer]]. There, the frontier turned southwards to meet the river [[Lys (river)|Leie]] up to [[Merville, Nord|Merville]], at the one-time territory of the [[Atrebates]].<ref name="Schön 2006a">{{Cite journal|last=Schön|first=Franz|date=2006|title=Morini|journal=Brill's New Pauly|doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e809950}}</ref> South of their territory, they were separated from the [[Ambiani]] by the [[Canche]] river.<ref name="Schön 2006a"/> [[Strabo]] (early 1st c. AD) describes the country of the Morini as being on the sea, close to the Menapii, and covered by part of a large forest with low thorny trees and shrubs. He also reports that before Roman conquest, the Morini and their neighbours in these forests "fixed stakes in various places, and then retreated with their whole families into the recesses of the forest, to small islands surrounded by marshes. During the rainy season these proved secure hiding-places, but in times of drought they were easily taken."<ref>''Geographica'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=4:chapter=3&highlight=morini IV 3]</ref> === Settlements === During the Roman period, their capital was known as Tervanna (or Tarvanna). The modern town of [[Thérouanne]] is located farther to the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schön|first=Franz|date=2006 |title=Tervanna|journal=Brill's New Pauly|doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1205060}}</ref> In later imperial times, Boulogne was referred to as a civitas itself, implying either that it had supplanted Tervanna, possibly after a partial destruction in 275, or else that it had become administratively separate, perhaps because of its military and economic importance.{{Sfn|Wightman|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C&pg=PA204 204]}} The harbour of the Morini was named [[Gesoriacum]] from the first century BC, corresponding to present-day [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]].{{Sfn|Stevens|Drinkwater|2015|p=}} The settlement is almost certainly the same as ''[[Itius Portus|Portus Itius]]'' ([[Latin]]: 'channel harbour’) mentioned by Caesar.{{Sfn|Stevens|Drinkwater|2015|p=}} The site was mentioned as ''Bononia'' in 4 AD.<ref name="Schön 2006b">{{Cite journal |last=Schön |first=Franz |date=2006 |title=Gesoriacum |journal=Brill's New Pauly |doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e423500}}</ref> In fact, the denominations ''Gesoriacum'' and ''Bononia'' were used contemporaneously to designate different parts of the site. The traditional view is that Gesoriacum referred to the lower part and Bononia to the upper part of the city.<ref name="Schön 2006b"/> In late classical times, Bononia became part of the coastal defence administration known as the "[[Saxon shore]]", and was probably administered separately from Tervanna.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} ==Culture== Caesar described the Belgae, including the Morini, as Gauls who had different language, customs and laws compared to the central part of Gaul which he called Celtic.<ref name="dbg1.1">Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' [[s:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 1#1|1.1]]</ref> He also mentioned that he had heard that the Belgae had some Germanic ancestry from east of the Rhine.<ref name="dbg2.4">Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' [[wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 2#4|2.4]]</ref> Place names and personal names clearly show that the Belgae were heavily influenced by Celtic language, but some linguists such as [[Maurits Gysseling]], have argued based on placename studies that they spoke either a Germanic language, or else another language neither Celtic nor Germanic.<ref>See [[Belgae]].</ref> Edith Wightman reads Caesar to make a distinction between the core of the Belgae included the [[Suessiones]], [[Viromandui]] and [[Ambiani]], placing the Morini, Menapii, Nervii, and other northern tribes in a "transition zone" which may have been more Germanic.{{Sfn|Wightman|1985|p=12}} She proposes that coin evidence indicates that these northern tribes were probably bound to an alliance with the core group in the generations before Caesar's arrival, and that the Morini may have been a relatively new and loosely bound member of the alliance.{{Sfn|Wightman|1985|pp=20 & 29}} [[File:Celtic gold quarter stater Morini tribe.jpg|thumb|Celtic Gaul, uniface gold 1/4 [[stater]], attributed to the Morini tribe.|alt=]] [[Pliny the Elder]] remarked that the Morini cultivated [[flax]] and used [[linen]] to make sails.<ref>''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=19:chapter=2&highlight=morini XIX.2]</ref> The area was also known for exporting wool, geese, pork, salt, and [[garum]].<ref>{{citation|title=Rodanum: A Study of the Roman Settlement at Aardenburg and Its Metal Finds | author=G. P. A. Besuijen}} [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oqATqgz7ESYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11 page 11] and [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oqATqgz7ESYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA33 page 33]</ref> In late classical times [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] implied the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] character of the city, calling it ''Bononia germanorum''. ==History== Caesar was very interested in that part of the Morini territory, which is where the crossing of the sea to [[Britannia]] was "the shortest".<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', IV 21.3 - previously, Caesar knew only the crossing from the [[Veneti (Gaul)|Veneti]] region</ref> The Morini had several harbours of which ''Portus Itius'', was only one.<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', V 2.3; Strabo, ''Geographia'' IV 5.2.</ref> The tribe counted some ''[[Pagus|pagi]]'' (subregions), which, apparently, could make their own decisions.<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', IV 22.1, 5.</ref> The Morini fled into or behind the marshes and became unreachable for the Roman army. In 56 BC, when autumn was very wet, this tactic worked. The year after, which was much dryer, it failed.<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', III 28-29; IV 38. In book III Caesar writes about "uninterrupted woodlands and marshes". In Book IV he notes that the Morini had withdrawn in the marshes and the Menapii in the woods (IV 38.2-3).</ref> The Morini participated together with other coastal people ([[Lexovii]], [[Namnetes]], Ambiliati, [[Diablintes]] and [[Menapii]]) and tribes from Britain, in the uprising of the [[Veneti (Gaul)|Veneti]].<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', III 9.10</ref> Caesar wanted to induce fear in the northern Morini so "that they wouldn't attack him."<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', IV 22</ref> The territory of the Morini and [[Menapii]] was well protected by marshes and woodland and suited for guerrilla tactics. The dangers outweighed the benefits of subduing those economically less interesting regions. In 55 BC [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]] tightened the Roman grip upon the strategically more important western side of the Morini tribal areas.<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', IV 38.1-2</ref> In 54 BC Caesar let one legion, under the command of legate Caius Fabius, hibernate there.<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', V 24.2</ref> In 53 BC the Morini were joined most probably with the Menapii under the command of the Atrebate Commius.<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', VI 8.4 en VII 76.2</ref> During the great Gallic rebellion led by [[Vercingetorix]], the Morini, like many other Gaulish tribes, sent a contingent of some 5000 men to the relief force which had to liberate [[Alesia (city)|Alesia]].<ref>Caes., ''D.B.G.'', VII 75.3</ref> Although Caesar fought the Morini, he managed to conquer only a part of their territory around [[Calais]]. The rest of the Morini were annexed by emperor [[Augustus]] between the years 33-23 B.C. Their tribal lands became part of the Roman province of [[Gallia Belgica]], forming one district together with the Atrebates and Ambiani.{{Sfn|Wightman|1985|p=63}} The area was converted to [[Christianity]] by [[Victoricus, Fuscian, and Gentian|Saints Victoricus and Fuscian]], but the region was re-evangelized by [[Saint Audomare|Saint Omer]] in the seventh century. [[Thérouanne]] became the capital of a medieval diocese which included the old territories of the Morini and Atrebates, as well as part of the old Menapian civitas. ==See also== *[[Nehalennia]] ==References== {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book|last=Busse|first=Peter E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC|title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-440-0|editor-last=Koch|editor-first=John T.|pages=195–200|chapter=Belgae}} *{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|date=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}} *{{Cite book|last=Falileyev|first=Alexander|title=Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World|publisher=CMCS|year=2010|isbn=978-0955718236}} *{{Cite book|last1=Fratantuono|first1=Lee M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGdjDwAAQBAJ|title=Virgil, Aeneid 8: Text, Translation, and Commentary|last2=Smith|first2=R. Alden|date=2018|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-36738-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Lambert|first=Pierre-Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjMcAQAAIAAJ|title=La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies|date=1994|publisher=Errance|isbn=978-2-87772-089-2|author-link=Pierre-Yves Lambert}} *{{Cite book|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović}} *{{Cite book|last=Nègre|first=Ernest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsNpi7IVulEC|title=Toponymie générale de la France|date=1990|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-02883-7|author-link=Ernest Nègre}} *{{Citation|last1=Stevens|first1=Courtenay E.|last2=Drinkwater|first2=John F.|title=Gesoriacum|date=2015 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2834}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C|title = Gallia Belgica|isbn = 978-0-520-05297-0|date = 1985|last=Wightman|first=Edith M.|publisher=University of California Press|author-link=Edith Mary Wightman}} {{Refend}} {{Gallic peoples}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Morini| ]] [[Category:Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul]] [[Category:Early Germanic peoples]] [[Category:Tribes involved in the Gallic Wars]] [[Category:Belgae]] [[Category:Tribes conquered by Rome]] [[Category:Gauls]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" 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