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<li id="toc-Birth_of_the_European_Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_European_Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth of the European Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_European_Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Installation_in_Brussels_and_early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installation_in_Brussels_and_early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Installation in Brussels and early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Installation_in_Brussels_and_early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_Treaty:_political_and_town-planning_status_quo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_Treaty:_political_and_town-planning_status_quo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Merger Treaty: political and town-planning <i>status quo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_Treaty:_political_and_town-planning_status_quo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edinburgh_European_Council_compromise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edinburgh_European_Council_compromise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Edinburgh European Council compromise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edinburgh_European_Council_compromise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lobbyists_and_journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbyists_and_journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lobbyists and journalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbyists_and_journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Quarter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Quarter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>European Quarter</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_Quarter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European Quarter subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_Quarter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commission_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commission_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Commission buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commission_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Councils_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Councils_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Councils buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Councils_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Parliament buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography_and_economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography_and_economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demography and economic impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography_and_economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebuilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rebuilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebuilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pedestrian_squares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian_squares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Pedestrian squares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian_squares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_quarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_quarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Further quarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_quarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Political status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&params=50.84_N_4.38_E_type:landmark_region:BE&title=European+Quarter+of+Brussels"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°23′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.84°N 4.38°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.84; 4.38</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">European Quarter of Brussels</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_in_Belgium_and_the_European_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brussels_in_Belgium_and_the_European_Union.svg/275px-Brussels_in_Belgium_and_the_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brussels_in_Belgium_and_the_European_Union.svg/413px-Brussels_in_Belgium_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brussels_in_Belgium_and_the_European_Union.svg/550px-Brussels_in_Belgium_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>The location of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in Belgium and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Flag of the Brussels-Capital Region">flag of the Brussels-Capital Region</a><sup id="cite_ref-BN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) is considered the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> capital of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, having a long history of hosting a number of principal <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a> within its <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Quarter" title="Leopold Quarter">European Quarter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EU has no <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">official</a> capital but Brussels hosts the official seats of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, as well as a seat (officially the second seat) of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. In 2013, this presence generated about €250 million (8.3% of the regional <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>) and 121,000 jobs (16.7% of the regional employment).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main rationale for Brussels being chosen as "capital of the European Union" was its halfway location between France, Germany and the United Kingdom, the three countries whose rivalry <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">played a role</a> in starting the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">two</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World Wars</a> and whose reconciliation paved the way for <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Location_of_European_Union_institutions#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Location of European Union institutions">Location of European Union institutions § History</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 100%">Politics and government<br />of Brussels</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region"><img alt="Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Brussels-Capital Region">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region">Minister-President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Vervoort" title="Rudi Vervoort">Rudi Vervoort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Community_Commission" title="Common Community Commission">Common CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_Commission" title="French Community Commission">French CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community_Commission" title="Flemish Community Commission">Flemish CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Administrative_Arrondissement_Brussels-Capital" title="Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital">Governor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">Parliament</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Belgian_regional_elections#Brussels_Regional_Parliament" title="2019 Belgian regional elections">2019 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Belgian_regional_elections#Brussels_Regional_Parliament" title="2014 Belgian regional elections">2014 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Belgian_regional_elections#Brussels_Regional_Parliament" title="2009 Belgian regional elections">2009 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Belgian_regional_elections#Brussels_Regional_Parliament" title="2004 Belgian regional elections">2004 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Belgian_regional_elections#Brussels_Regional_Parliament" title="1999 Belgian regional elections">1999 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Belgian_regional_elections#Brussels_Regional_Parliament" title="1995 Belgian regional elections">1995 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Parliament_building" title="Brussels Parliament building">Building</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">MR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(francophone_Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)">PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolo" title="Ecolo">Ecolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_d%C3%A9mocrate_humaniste" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre démocrate humaniste">cdh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats">VLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_%E2%80%93_Differently" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party – Differently">sp.a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">VB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams">CD&V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groen!" class="mw-redirect" title="Groen!">Groen!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">NVA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">Municipalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_the_City_of_Brussels" title="List of mayors of the City of Brussels">Mayors</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde" title="Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde">BHV constituency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">As EU capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Periphery" title="Brussels Periphery">Periphery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Brussels" title="Template:Politics of Brussels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Brussels" title="Template talk:Politics of Brussels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Brussels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Brussels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_European_Communities">Birth of the European Communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth of the European Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, the leaders of six European countries (Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>) signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> (ECSC), and with this new community came the first institutions: the <a href="/wiki/High_Authority_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community">High Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of Ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">Common Assembly</a>. A number of cities were considered, and Brussels would have been accepted as a compromise, but the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Belgium" title="Federal Government of Belgium">Belgian Government</a> put all its effort into backing <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposed by all the other members, and was unable to formally back Brussels due to internal instability.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agreement remained elusive and a seat had to be found before the institutions could begin work, hence <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> was chosen as a provisional seat, though with the Common Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> as that was the only city with a large enough <a href="/wiki/Hemicycle_(chamber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemicycle (chamber)">hemicycle</a> (the one used by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>). This agreement was temporary, and plans were set to relocate the institutions to <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> (Germany), which would serve as a "European District", but this did not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1957 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> established two new communities: the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (Euratom). These shared the Assembly and Court of the ECSC but created two new sets of Councils and Commissions (equivalent to the ECSC's High Authority). Discussions on the seats of the institutions were left until the last moment before the treaties came into force, so as not to interfere with <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brussels waited until only a month before talks to enter its application, which received unofficial backing by several <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a>. The members agreed in principle to locate the executives, Councils, and the assembly in one city, though could still not decide which city, so they put the decision off for six months. In the meantime, the Assembly would stay in Strasbourg and the new Commissions would meet alternatively at the ECSC seat and at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Val-Duchesse" title="Château of Val-Duchesse">Château of Val-Duchesse</a>, in Brussels (headquarters of a temporary committee). The Councils would meet wherever their <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidents</a> wanted to.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this was at Val-Duchesse until autumn 1958 when it moved to central Brussels, at 2, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue Ravenstein</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Ravensteinstraat</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_Council_seat_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_Council_seat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installation_in_Brussels_and_early_development">Installation in Brussels and early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Installation in Brussels and early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg/250px-Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg/375px-Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg/500px-Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Brussels' European Quarter, hosting most of the EU's institutions</figcaption></figure> <p>Brussels missed out in its bid for a single seat due to a weak campaign from the Belgian Government in negotiations. The government eventually pushed its campaign and started large-scale construction, renting office space in the east of the city for use by the institutions. On 11 February 1958, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">the six member states'</a> governments concluded an unofficial agreement on the setting-up of community offices. On the principle that it would take two years after a final agreement to prepare the appropriate office space, full services were set up in Brussels in expectation of a report from the Committee of Experts looking into the matter of a final seat.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While waiting for the completion of the building on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue de la Joyeuse Entrée</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Blijde Inkomstlaan</span></span>, offices moved to 51–53, <a href="/wiki/Rue_Belliard" title="Rue Belliard">Rue Belliard/Belliardstraat</a> on 1 April 1958 (later exclusively used by the Euratom Commission), though with the numbers of <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">European civil servants</a> rapidly expanding, services were set up in buildings on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue du Marais</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Broekstraat</span></span>, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue de Broqueville</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">De Broquevillelaan</span></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_Tervueren" title="Avenue de Tervueren">Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan</a>, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue d'Arlon</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Aarlenstraat</span></span>, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue Joseph II</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Jozef II-straat</span></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Loi" title="Rue de la Loi">Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat</a> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue de Kortenberg</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Kortenberglaan</span></span>. The Belgian Government further provided newly built offices on the <a href="/wiki/Mont_des_Arts" title="Mont des Arts">Mont des Arts/Kunstberg</a> (22, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue des Sols</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Stuiversstraat</span></span>) for the Council of Ministers' Secretariat and <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Committee of Experts deemed Brussels to be the one option to have all the necessary features for a European capital: a large, active metropolis, without a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">congested</a> centre or poor quality of housing; good communications with other member states' capitals, including to major commercial and maritime markets; vast internal transport links; an important international business centre; plentiful housing for European civil servants; and an open economy. Furthermore, it was located halfway between France, Germany and the United Kingdom (as in the case of other seats of European institutions), and on the border between the two major European civilisations: <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>; and was at the centre of the first post-war integration experiment: the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>. As a capital of a small country, it also could not claim to use the presence of institutions to exert pressure on other member states, it being more of a neutral territory between the major European powers. The committee's report was approved of by the Council, Parliament and Commissions, however, the Council was still unable to achieve a final vote on the issue, and hence put off the issue for a further three years, despite all the institutions now leading in moving to Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision was put off due to the varied national positions preventing a unanimous decision. Luxembourg fought to keep the ECSC or have compensation; France fought for Strasbourg; Italy, initially backing Paris, fought for any Italian city to thwart Luxembourg and Strasbourg. Meanwhile, the Parliament passed a series of resolutions complaining about the whole situation of spreading itself across three cities, though unable to do anything about it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_Treaty:_political_and_town-planning_status_quo">Merger Treaty: political and town-planning <i>status quo</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Merger Treaty: political and town-planning status quo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046067-0010,_EG-Geb%C3%A4ude,_Haus_Charlemagne,_Sitz_EG-Ministerrat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046067-0010%2C_EG-Geb%C3%A4ude%2C_Haus_Charlemagne%2C_Sitz_EG-Ministerrat.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046067-0010%2C_EG-Geb%C3%A4ude%2C_Haus_Charlemagne%2C_Sitz_EG-Ministerrat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046067-0010%2C_EG-Geb%C3%A4ude%2C_Haus_Charlemagne%2C_Sitz_EG-Ministerrat.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046067-0010%2C_EG-Geb%C3%A4ude%2C_Haus_Charlemagne%2C_Sitz_EG-Ministerrat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046067-0010%2C_EG-Geb%C3%A4ude%2C_Haus_Charlemagne%2C_Sitz_EG-Ministerrat.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046067-0010%2C_EG-Geb%C3%A4ude%2C_Haus_Charlemagne%2C_Sitz_EG-Ministerrat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">Charlemagne building</a> (before renovation), headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> between 1971 and 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1965 <a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a> was seen as an appropriate moment to finally resolve the issue; the separate Commissions and Councils were to be merged. Luxembourg, concerned about losing the High Authority, proposed a split between Brussels and Luxembourg. The Commission and Council were to be located in Brussels, with Luxembourg keeping the Court and Parliamentary Assembly, together with a few of the Commission's departments. This was largely welcomed by the member states, but opposed by France, not wishing to see the Parliament leave Strasbourg, and by the Parliament itself, which wished to be with the executives and was further annoyed by the fact that it was not consulted on the matter of its own location.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hence, the <i>status quo</i> was maintained with some adjustments; the Commission, with most of its departments, would be in Brussels; as would the Council, except for April, June and October, when it would meet in Luxembourg. In addition, Luxembourg would keep the Court of Justice, some of the Commission's departments and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat of the European Parliament</a>. Strasbourg would continue to host the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ENA_COMM_SEAT_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_COMM_SEAT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_EiB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joining the Commission was the merged Council's Secretariat. The ECSC's Secretariat merged with the EEC's and EAEC's in the Ravenstein building, which then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">Charlemagne building</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a>, in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_Council_seat_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_Council_seat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Brussels, staff continued to be spread across a number of buildings, on the Rue Belliard, the Avenue de la Joyeuse Entrée, the Rue du Marais and at the Mont des Arts.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_EiB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first purpose-built building was the Berlaymont building in 1958, designed to house 3000 officials, which soon proved too small, causing the institution to spread out across the neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-blbe_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blbe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, despite the agreement to host these institutions in Brussels, its formal status was still unclear, and hence the city sought to strengthen its hand with major investment in buildings and infrastructure (including the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brussels_Metro_stations" title="List of Brussels Metro stations">metro station</a> <a href="/wiki/Schuman_metro_station" title="Schuman metro station">Schuman</a>). However, these initial developments were sporadic with little <a href="/wiki/Town_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town planning">town planning</a> and based on speculation (see <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselisation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-blbe_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blbe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1965 agreement was a source of contention for the Parliament, which wished to be closer to the other institutions, so it began moving some of its decision-making bodies, committee and political group meetings to Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_seats_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_seats-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, it went further by symbolically holding a plenary session in Brussels, in the basement of the Mont des Arts Congress Centre. However, the meeting was a fiasco and the poor facilities partly discredited Brussels' aim of being the sole seat of the institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Things looked up for Brussels when, in 1985, the Parliament gained its own <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">plenary chamber in the city</a> (on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue Wiertz</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Wiertzstraat</span></span>) for some of its part-sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_seats_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_seats-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done unofficially due to the sensitive nature of the Parliament's seat, with the building being constructed as an "international conference centre".<sup id="cite_ref-blbe_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blbe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When France unsuccessfully challenged the Parliament's half-move to Brussels in the Court of Justice, the Parliament's victory led it to build full facilities in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edinburgh_European_Council_compromise">Edinburgh European Council compromise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Edinburgh European Council compromise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breydel_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Breydel_building.jpg/220px-Breydel_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Breydel_building.jpg/330px-Breydel_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Breydel_building.jpg/440px-Breydel_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Breydel_building" title="Breydel building">Breydel building</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s headquarters while the <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont</a> was renovated.</figcaption></figure> <p>In response the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> of 1992, the EU adopted a final agreement on the location of its institutions. According to this decision, which was subsequently annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a> in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_seats_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_seats-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the Parliament was required to hold some of its sessions, including its budgetary session, in Strasbourg, additional sessions and committees could meet in Brussels. It also reaffirmed the presence of the Commission and Council in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-1992_Council_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992_Council-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before this summit, the Commission moved into the <a href="/wiki/Breydel_building" title="Breydel building">Breydel building</a>, at 45, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue d'Auderghem</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Oudergemlaan</span></span>. This was due to <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> being discovered in the Berlaymont, forcing its evacuation in 1989. The Commission threatened to move out of the city altogether, which would have destroyed Brussels's chances of hosting the Parliament, so the Belgian Government stepped in to build the Breydel building a short distance from the Berlaymont, in only 23 months, ensuring the Commission could move in before the Edinburgh Summit. Shortly after Edinburgh, the Parliament bought its new building in Brussels. With the status of Brussels now clear, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbyists</a>, advisory bodies and regional offices started basing themselves in the quarter near the institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-blbe_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blbe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council, which had been expanding into further buildings as it grew, consolidated once more in the <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius_building" title="Justus Lipsius building">Justus Lipsius building</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_Council_seat_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_Council_seat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2002, it was agreed that the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> should also be based in Brussels, having previously moved between different cities as the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">EU's Presidency</a> rotated. From 2004, all Councils were meant to be held in Brussels; however, some extraordinary meetings are still held elsewhere. The reason for the move was in part due to the experience of the <a href="/wiki/Policing_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing in Belgium">Belgian police</a> in dealing with protesters and the fixed facilities in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragoman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragoman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commission employs 25,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-E!Sarp_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E!Sarp-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Parliament employs about 6,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this concentration, Brussels is a preferred location for any move towards a single seat for Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite it not formally being the "capital" of the EU, some commentators see the fact that Brussels enticed an increasing number of the Parliament's sessions to the city, in addition to the main seats of the other two main political institutions, as making Brussels the <i>de facto</i> capital of the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brussels is frequently labelled as the "capital" of the EU, particularly in publications by local authorities, the Commission and press.<sup id="cite_ref-BELO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BELO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laconte_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laconte-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Brussels interprets the 1992 agreement on seats as declaring Brussels as the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-BELO_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BELO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two further cities hosting major institutions, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a> (judicial and second seats) and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (Parliament's main seat). Authorities in Strasbourg and organisations based there also refer to Strasbourg as the "capital" of Europe<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Brussels, Strasbourg and Luxembourg are also referred to as the joint capitals of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Laconte_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laconte-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, then-<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, while speaking to the European Parliament, said: "As you probably know, some American politicians and American journalists refer to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> as the 'capital of the free world.' But it seems to me that in this great city, which boasts 1,000 years of history and which serves as the capital of Belgium, the home of the European Union, and the headquarters for <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, this city has its own legitimate claim to that title."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbyists_and_journalists">Lobbyists and journalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lobbyists and journalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlaymont_Press_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Berlaymont_Press_Room.jpg/220px-Berlaymont_Press_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Berlaymont_Press_Room.jpg/330px-Berlaymont_Press_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Berlaymont_Press_Room.jpg/440px-Berlaymont_Press_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Brussels attracts the most journalists in the world (Commission's press room pictured).</figcaption></figure> <p>Brussels is a centre of political activity with ambassadors to Belgium, NATO and the EU being based in the city. It hosts 120 international institutions, 181 <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">intra muros</i></span>) and more than 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomats</a>, making it the second centre of diplomatic relations in the world (after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>). There is also a greater number of press corps in the city with media outlets in every EU member state having a Brussels correspondent and there are 10,000 lobbyists registered. The presence of the EU and the other international bodies has, for example, led to there being more ambassadors and journalists in Brussels than in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-E!Sarp_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E!Sarp-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brussels is third in the number of international conferences it hosts,<sup id="cite_ref-ULB_Int_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ULB_Int-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also becoming one of the largest convention centres in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-diplomatie_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplomatie-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of journalists accredited to the EU institutions was 955 as of late October 2015. This is marginally higher than 2012, when there were 931 reporters, and almost the same as after the <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">enlargement of 2004</a>. In addition to the 955 journalists accredited to the EU, there are 358 technicians (e.g. cameramen, photographers, producers, etc.) bringing the total number of accreditation badges to 1313. Belgium supplies by far the largest share of technicians with 376, with Germany on 143 and France on 105.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Accessibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg/220px-EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg/330px-EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg/440px-EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> of Europe. Brussels is located between the largest urban centres.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brussels is located in one of the most <a href="/wiki/Blue_Banana" title="Blue Banana">urbanised regions of Europe</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> (Germany), and the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> (Netherlands). Via <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">high speed trains</a>, Brussels is around 1hr 25min from Paris, 1hr 50min from London, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> (with adjacent <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> and the Rhine-Ruhr), and 3hr from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. The "Eurocap-rail" project plans to improve Brussels' links to the south to Luxembourg and Strasbourg.<sup id="cite_ref-Laconte_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laconte-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brussels is the hub of a range of national roads, the main ones being clockwise: the <a href="/wiki/N1_road_(Belgium)" title="N1 road (Belgium)">N1</a> (N to <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>), <a href="/wiki/N2_road_(Belgium)" title="N2 road (Belgium)">N2</a> (E to <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>), <a href="/wiki/N3_road_(Belgium)" title="N3 road (Belgium)">N3</a> (E to <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>), <a href="/wiki/N4_road_(Belgium)" title="N4 road (Belgium)">N4</a> (SE to Luxembourg) <a href="/wiki/N5_road_(Belgium)" title="N5 road (Belgium)">N5</a> (S to <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Rheims</a>), N6 (S to <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a>), N7 (SW to <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>), <a href="/wiki/N8_road_(Belgium)" title="N8 road (Belgium)">N8</a> (W to <a href="/wiki/Koksijde" title="Koksijde">Koksijde</a>) and N9 (NW to <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>). The region is skirted by the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E19" title="European route E19">European route E19</a> (N-S) and the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E40" title="European route E40">E40</a> (E-W), while the <a href="/wiki/E411" class="mw-redirect" title="E411">E411</a> leads away to the SE. </p><p>Brussels is also served by <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a>, located in the nearby Flemish municipality of <a href="/wiki/Zaventem" title="Zaventem">Zaventem</a>, and by the smaller <a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Brussels South Charleroi Airport</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> (Wallonia), some 50 km (30 mi) from Brussels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Quarter">European Quarter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European Quarter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the European Union's Brussels-based institutions are located within its <b>European Quarter</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Quartier Européen</i>; Dutch: <i lang="nl">Europese Wijk</i>), which is the unofficial name of the area corresponding to the approximate triangle between <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Park" title="Brussels Park">Brussels Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Cinquantenaire Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Park" title="Leopold Park">Leopold Park</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">European Parliament's hemicycle</a> extending into the latter). The Commission and Council are located on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Loi" title="Rue de la Loi">Rue de la Loi</a> at the heart of this area near <a href="/wiki/Schuman_railway_station" title="Schuman railway station">Schuman railway station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Roundabout" title="Robert Schuman Roundabout">Robert Schuman Roundabout</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:484px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Quarter_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rue de la Loi in the European Quarter of Brussels. View of the Europa building (seat of the European Council) on the lefthand side and the Berlaymont building (headquarters of the European Commission) on the righthand side."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/European_Quarter_%28cropped%29.jpg/476px-European_Quarter_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="476" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/European_Quarter_%28cropped%29.jpg/714px-European_Quarter_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/European_Quarter_%28cropped%29.jpg/952px-European_Quarter_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6342" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Quarter_(cropped).jpg" title="File:European Quarter (cropped).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Loi" title="Rue de la Loi">Rue de la Loi</a> in the European Quarter of Brussels. View of the <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa building</a> (seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>) on the lefthand side and the <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a> (headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>) on the righthand side.</div></div></div></div> <p>The European Parliament is located over <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Luxembourg_railway_station" title="Brussels-Luxembourg railway station">Brussels-Luxembourg railway station</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Luxembourg" title="Place du Luxembourg">Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_EiB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area, much of which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Quarter" title="Leopold Quarter">Leopold Quarter</a> for most of its history, was historically residential, an aspect which was rapidly lost as the institutions moved in, although the change from a residential area to a more office oriented one had already been underway for some time before the arrival of the European institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:493px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein in the European Quarter of Brussels. View facing east towards the European Parliament, including the old Brussels-Luxembourg railway station's entrance and the Monument to John Cockerill in front."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg/485px-Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg" decoding="async" width="485" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg/728px-Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg/970px-Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg" title="File:Place du Luxembourg 889 Wide.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Luxembourg" title="Place du Luxembourg">Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein</a> in the European Quarter of Brussels. View facing east towards the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, including the old <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Luxembourg_railway_station" title="Brussels-Luxembourg railway station">Brussels-Luxembourg railway station</a>'s entrance and the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_John_Cockerill,_Brussels" title="Monument to John Cockerill, Brussels">Monument to John Cockerill</a> in front.</div></div></div></div> <p>Historical and residential buildings, although still present, have been largely replaced by modern offices. These buildings were built not according to a high quality master plan or government initiative, but according to speculative private sector construction of office space, without which most buildings of the institutions would not have been built.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to Brussels's attempts to consolidate its position, there was large government investment in infrastructure in the quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-blbe_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blbe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorities are keen to stress that the previous chaotic development has ended, being replaced by planned architectural competitions<sup id="cite_ref-soft_capital_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft_capital-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a master plan (see "<a href="#Future">future</a>" below).<sup id="cite_ref-EA_buildings_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA_buildings-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architect Benoit Moritz has argued that the area has been an elite <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> surrounded by poorer districts since the mid-19th century, and that the contrast today is comparable to an Indian city. However, he also said that the city has made progress over the last decade in mixing land uses, bringing in more businesses and residences, and that the institutions are more open to "interacting" with the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermeersch_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermeersch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 850px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Quarter_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/European_Quarter_2.svg/850px-European_Quarter_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="850" height="654" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/European_Quarter_2.svg/1275px-European_Quarter_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/European_Quarter_2.svg/1700px-European_Quarter_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="654" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:173.8px; top:519.8px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/15px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/20px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Espace Léopold</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:376.8px; top:398px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius_building" title="Justus Lipsius building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Justus Lipsius</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:243.4px; top:357.4px"><a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Europa building</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:272.4px; top:334.2px"><a href="/wiki/Lex_building" title="Lex building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lex</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:220.2px; top:444.4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/10px-Purple_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/15px-Purple_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/20px-Purple_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Delors_building" title="Delors building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Delors<br />(Committees)</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:487px; top:340px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/10px-Purple_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/15px-Purple_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/20px-Purple_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Triangle_building" title="Triangle building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Triangle building (EEAS)</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:400px; top:299.4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Berlaymont</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:255px; top:299.4px"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Charlemagne</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:28.8px; top:32.6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Madou_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Madou Tower"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Madou Tower</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:144.8px; top:409.6px"><a href="/wiki/Convent_Van_Maerlant" title="Convent Van Maerlant"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Convent Van Maerlant</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:440.6px; top:467.6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Breydel_building" title="Breydel building"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Breydel building</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:434.8px; top:357.4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Roundabout" title="Robert Schuman Roundabout"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Schuman<br />Roundabout</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:255px; top:554.6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Park" title="Leopold Park"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Leopold Park</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:574px; top:432.8px"><a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Cinquantenaire</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86.8px; top:485px"><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Luxembourg" title="Place du Luxembourg"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Place du<br />Luxembourg</span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:336.2px; top:444.4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Place_Jean_Rey" title="Place Jean Rey"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Place <br />Jean Rey</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:266.6px; top:264.6px"><a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Maelbeek" title="Jardin du Maelbeek"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Jardin du<br />Maelbeek</span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:359.4px; top:589.4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Place Jourdan</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:127.4px; top:514px"><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Esplanade of the European Parliament"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Mall</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:179.6px; top:154.4px">Square Marie Louise <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:324.6px; top:131.2px">Square<br />Palmerston<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:405.8px; top:148.6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><br />Square<br /> Ambiorix</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:475.4px; top:125.4px">Square<br />Marguerite<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:40.4px; top:282px">Square du<br />Frère Orban<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:5.6px; top:450.2px">Square<br />de Meeûs<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:226px; top:630px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Natural_Sciences" title="Museum of Natural Sciences"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Museum of Natural Sciences</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:188.3px; top:290.7px"><a href="/wiki/Maelbeek/Maalbeek_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Maelbeek/Maalbeek metro station"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Maelbeek</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:400px; top:345.8px"><a href="/wiki/Schuman_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuman station"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Schuman</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:324.6px; top:328.4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/10px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/15px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/20px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Schuman_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuman station"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Schuman</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:28.8px; top:548.8px"><a href="/wiki/Brussels-Luxembourg_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Luxembourg Station"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Brussels-Luxembourg</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/10px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/15px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/20px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:23px; top:50px"><a href="/wiki/Madou_metro_station" title="Madou metro station"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Madou</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:5.6px; top:212.4px"><a href="/wiki/Arts-Loi/Kunst-Wet_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts-Loi/Kunst-Wet metro station"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Arts-Loi</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:791.5px; top:490.8px"><a href="/wiki/Merode_station" title="Merode station"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Merode</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:666.8px; top:137px"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels"><span style="color:black;background: white;">1</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:684.2px; top:166px"><a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles"><span style="color:black;background: white;">2</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:713.2px; top:160.2px"><a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek"><span style="color:black;background: white;">3</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:701.6px; top:108px"><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek"><span style="color:black;background: white;">4</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:678.4px; top:122.5px"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode"><span style="color:black;background: white;">5</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:52px; top:261.7px"><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Loi" title="Rue de la Loi"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Rue de la Loi</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg/8px-Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg/12px-Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg/16px-Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:57.8px; top:398px"><a href="/wiki/Rue_Belliard" title="Rue Belliard"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Rue Belliard</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg/8px-Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg/12px-Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg/16px-Pfeil_rechts_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:504.4px; top:305.2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfeil_links_unten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pfeil_links_unten.svg/8px-Pfeil_links_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pfeil_links_unten.svg/12px-Pfeil_links_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pfeil_links_unten.svg/16px-Pfeil_links_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="463" /></a></span> Avenue Cortenbergh</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162.2px; top:374.8px">Chaussée d'Etterbeek <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfeil_rechts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/8px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/12px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/16px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:34.6px; top:470.5px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfeil_links_unten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pfeil_links_unten.svg/8px-Pfeil_links_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pfeil_links_unten.svg/12px-Pfeil_links_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pfeil_links_unten.svg/16px-Pfeil_links_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="463" /></a></span> Rue du Luxembourg</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:405.8px; top:427px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfeil_links.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/8px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/12px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/16px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> Rue Froissart</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:690px; top:311px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a8c9ef; color:black;"> </span> Commission</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:690px; top:328.4px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ddd24e; color:black;"> </span> Parliament</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:690px; top:345.8px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e98a9a; color:black;"> </span> Council</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:690px; top:363.2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef9de0; color:black;"> </span> Other</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:690px; top:380.6px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightgreen; color:black;"> </span> Green Space</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:690px; top:398px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C2B280; color:black;"> </span> Pedestrian Area</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:690px; top:432.8px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/15px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/23px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg/30px-Bahn_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1024-15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rail Station</span></div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The quarter's land-use is very homogenous and criticised by some, for example the former Commission President, <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>, for being an administrative <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> isolated from the rest of the city (though this view is not shared by all). There is also a perceived lack of symbolism, with some such as the architect <a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> proposing that Brussels needs an architectural symbol to represent Europe (akin to the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>). Others do not think this is in keeping with the idea of the EU, with the novelist <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> viewing Brussels as a "soft capital"; rather than it being an "imperial city" of an empire, it should reflect the EU's position as the "<a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a>" of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-soft_capital_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft_capital-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the plans for redevelopment intend to deal with a certain extent of visual identity in the quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_buildings_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA_buildings-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commission_buildings">Commission buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commission buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most iconic structure is the <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a>, the primary seat of the Commission. It was the first building to be constructed for the Community, originally built in the 1960s. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Lucien_De_Vestel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucien De Vestel">Lucien De Vestel</a>, Jean Gilson, André Polak and Jean Polak and paid for by the Belgian Government (who could occupy it if the Commission left Brussels). It was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> headquarters building in Paris, designed as a four-pointed star on supporting columns, and at the time an ambitious design. </p><p>Originally built with flock asbestos, the building was renovated in the 1990s to remove it and renovate the ageing building to cope with enlargement. After a period of exile in the Breydel building on the Avenue d'Auderghem, the Commission reoccupied the Berlaymont from 2005 and bought the building for €550 million. </p><p>The president of the Commission occupies the largest office, near the Commission's meeting room on the top (13th) floor. Although the main Commission building, it houses only 2,000 out of the 20,000 Commission officials based in Brussels. In addition to the Commissioners and their cabinets, the Berlaymont also houses the Commission's Secretariat-General and Legal Service. Across the quarter the Commission occupies 865,000 m<sup>2</sup> (9,310,783 sq ft) in 61 buildings with the Berlaymont and <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">Charlemagne</a> buildings the only ones over 50,000 m<sup>2</sup> (538,196 sq ft). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 324.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 322.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Berlaymont building, primary headquarters of the European Commission"><img alt="The Berlaymont building, primary headquarters of the European Commission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/484px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="323" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/725px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/967px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="2894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a>, primary headquarters of the European Commission</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_building_across_rdll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Charlemagne building, the Commission's second largest building, housing DG TRADE, DG ECFIN and the Internal Audit Service"><img alt="The Charlemagne building, the Commission's second largest building, housing DG TRADE, DG ECFIN and the Internal Audit Service" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charlemagne_building_across_rdll.jpg/360px-Charlemagne_building_across_rdll.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charlemagne_building_across_rdll.jpg/540px-Charlemagne_building_across_rdll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charlemagne_building_across_rdll.jpg/720px-Charlemagne_building_across_rdll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">Charlemagne building</a>, the Commission's second largest building, housing <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Trade" title="Directorate-General for Trade">DG TRADE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs">DG ECFIN</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Audit_Service_(European_Commission)" title="Internal Audit Service (European Commission)">Internal Audit Service</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Councils_buildings">Councils buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Councils buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across the Rue de la Loi from the Berlaymont is the <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa building</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> have used as their headquarters since the beginning of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their former home in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius_building" title="Justus Lipsius building">Justus Lipsius building</a> is still used for low-level meetings and to house the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">Council's Secretariat</a>, which has been located in <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_(Brussels)" title="Pentagon (Brussels)">Brussels' city centre</a> and the Charlemagne building during the course of its history.<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_COMM_SEAT_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_COMM_SEAT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_EiB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The renovation and construction of the new Council building was intended to change the image of the European Quarter, and was designed by the architect Philippe Samyn to be a "feminine" and "jazzy" building to contrast with the hard, more "masculine" architecture of other EU buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermeersch_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermeersch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building features a "lantern shaped" structure surrounded by a glass atrium made up of recycled windows from across Europe, intended to appear "united from afar but showing their diversity up close."<sup id="cite_ref-Vermeersch_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermeersch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_building_February_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Europa building, seat of the European Council and the Council of the European Union"><img alt="The Europa building, seat of the European Council and the Council of the European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/370px-Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/555px-Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa building</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> and the Council of the European Union</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_Lipsius_tout_le_nord-est_689.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Justus Lipsius building is still used for low-level meetings and to house the Council's Secretariat."><img alt="The Justus Lipsius building is still used for low-level meetings and to house the Council's Secretariat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Justus_Lipsius_tout_le_nord-est_689.jpg/360px-Justus_Lipsius_tout_le_nord-est_689.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Justus_Lipsius_tout_le_nord-est_689.jpg/540px-Justus_Lipsius_tout_le_nord-est_689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Justus_Lipsius_tout_le_nord-est_689.jpg/720px-Justus_Lipsius_tout_le_nord-est_689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius_building" title="Justus Lipsius building">Justus Lipsius building</a> is still used for low-level meetings and to house the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">Council's Secretariat</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_buildings">Parliament buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Parliament buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>'s buildings are located to the south between Leopold Park and the Place du Luxembourg, over Brussels-Luxembourg Station, which is underground. The complex, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Espace Léopold</a>" (or "Leopoldsruimte" in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>), has two main buildings: the Paul-Henri Spaak building and the Altiero Spinelli building, which cover 372,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,004,175 sq ft). The complex is not the official seat of the Parliament with its work being split with Strasbourg (its official seat) and Luxembourg (its secretariat). However, the decision-making bodies of the Parliament, along with its committees and some of its plenary sessions, are held in Brussels to the extent that three-quarters of its activity take place in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parliament buildings were extended with the new D4 and D5 buildings being completed and occupied in 2007 and 2008. It is believed the complex now provides enough space for the Parliament with no major new building projects foreseen.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_Shape_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV_Shape-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 290px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 288px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Espace Léopold buildings, housing the European Parliament"><img alt="The Espace Léopold buildings, housing the European Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg/432px-Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg/648px-Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg/864px-Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Espace Léopold</a> buildings, housing the European Parliament</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Paul-Henri Spaak building"><img alt="The Paul-Henri Spaak building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_06.jpg/371px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_06.jpg/557px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_06.jpg/742px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Paul-Henri Spaak building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Altiero Spinelli building"><img alt="The Altiero Spinelli building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_07.jpg/169px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_07.jpg/253px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_07.jpg/337px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_-_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="3614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Altiero Spinelli building</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_institutions">Other institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a> (EEAS) has been based in the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_building" title="Triangle building">Triangle building</a> since 1 December 2010. The EEAS's bodies related to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> (CSDP) are situated in the <a href="/wiki/Kortenberg_building" title="Kortenberg building">Kortenberg building</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Social Committee">Economic and Social Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of the Regions">Committee of the Regions</a> together occupy the <a href="/wiki/Delors_building" title="Delors building">Delors building</a>, which is next to Leopold Park and used to be occupied by the Parliament. They also use the office building <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a>. Both buildings were named in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brussels also hosts two additional EU agencies: the <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a> (located on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue des Drapiers</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Lakenweversstraat</span></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Agency_for_Competitiveness_and_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation">Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Madou_Plaza_Tower" title="Madou Plaza Tower">Madou Plaza Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a>). There is also <a href="/wiki/EUROCONTROL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUROCONTROL">EUROCONTROL</a>, a semi-EU <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> agency covering much of Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>, which is a non-EU military organisation currently merging into the EU's CFSP, and is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Belgium" title="Haren, Belgium">Haren</a>, on the north-eastern perimeter of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography_and_economic_impact">Demography and economic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demography and economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EU's presence in Brussels has created significant social and economic impact. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Vanraes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Luc Vanraes (page does not exist)">Jean-Luc Vanraes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Vanraes" class="extiw" title="nl:Jean-Luc Vanraes">nl</a>]</span>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels' Parliament</a> responsible for the city's external relations, goes as far to say the prosperity of Brussels "is a consequence of the European presence". As well as the institutions themselves, large companies are drawn to the city due to the EU's presence. In total, about 10% of the city has a connection to the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of demographics, 46% of the population of Brussels is from outside Belgium;<sup id="cite_ref-Invasion_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Invasion-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of this, half is from other EU member states. About 3/5 of European civil servants live in the Brussels-Capital Region with 63% in the municipalities around the European district (24% in the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> and 11% in the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Our_Town_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_Town-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half of civil servants are home owners. The "international community" in Brussels numbers at least 70,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutions draw in, directly employed and employed by representatives, 50,000 people to work in the city. A further 20,000 people are working in Brussels due to the presence of the institutions (generating €2 billion a year) and 2000 foreign companies drawn into the city employ 80,000 <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> locals.<sup id="cite_ref-Demey_7_and_8_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demey_7_and_8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Brussels, there are 3,500,000 m<sup>2</sup> (38,000,000 sq ft) of occupied office space; half of this is taken up by the EU institutions alone, accounting for a quarter of available office space in the city. The majority of EU office space is concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Quarter" title="Leopold Quarter">Leopold Quarter</a>. Running costs of the EU institutions total €2 billion a year, half of which benefit Brussels directly, and a further €0.8 billion come from the expenses of diplomats, journalists, etc. <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Business tourism</a> in the city generates 2.2 million annual <a href="/wiki/Hotel_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel room">hotel room</a> nights. There are thirty <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international schools</a> (15,000 pupils run by 2000 employees) costing €99 million a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Demey_7_and_8_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demey_7_and_8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there is considerable division between the two communities, with local Brussels residents feeling excluded from the European Quarter (a "<a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> ghetto"). The communities often do not mix much, with <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> having their own society. This is in part down to that many expatriates in Brussels stay for short periods only and do not always learn the local languages (supplanted by English/<a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerriere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Globish (Nerriere)">Globish</a>), remaining in expatriate communities and sending their children to <a href="/wiki/European_School" title="European School">European Schools</a>, rather than local Belgian ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Invasion_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Invasion-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Our_Town_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_Town-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Euroland_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euroland-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebuilding">Rebuilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rebuilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-06-18_Demonstration_in_Brussels_-_blocked_streets_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2008-06-18_Demonstration_in_Brussels_-_blocked_streets_12.jpg/220px-2008-06-18_Demonstration_in_Brussels_-_blocked_streets_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2008-06-18_Demonstration_in_Brussels_-_blocked_streets_12.jpg/330px-2008-06-18_Demonstration_in_Brussels_-_blocked_streets_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2008-06-18_Demonstration_in_Brussels_-_blocked_streets_12.jpg/440px-2008-06-18_Demonstration_in_Brussels_-_blocked_streets_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Loi" title="Rue de la Loi">Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat</a> is set to be rebuilt with taller and more open buildings.</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2007, then-<a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Administrative_Affairs,_Audit_and_Anti-Fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Administrative Affairs, Audit and Anti-Fraud">Commissioner for Administrative Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siim_Kallas" title="Siim Kallas">Siim Kallas</a>, together with then-<a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region">Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Picqu%C3%A9" title="Charles Picqué">Charles Picqué</a>, unveiled plans for rebuilding the district. It would involve new buildings (220,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,368,060 sq ft) of new office space) but also more efficient use of existing space. This is primarily through replacing numerous smaller buildings with fewer, larger, buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_buildings_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA_buildings-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2009, a French-Belgian-British team led by the French architect <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Portzamparc" title="Christian de Portzamparc">Christian de Portzamparc</a> won a competition to redesign the Rue de la Loi between <a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Maelbeek" title="Jardin du Maelbeek">Maalbeek/Maelbeek Garden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Résidence Palace</a> in the east to the <a href="/wiki/Small_Ring,_Brussels" title="Small Ring, Brussels">Small Ring</a> in the west. Siim Kallas stated that the project, which would be put into action over a few a long period rather than all at once, would create a "symbolic area for the EU institutions" giving "body and soul to the European political project" and providing the Commission with extra office space. The road would be reduced from four lanes to two, be returned to two way traffic (rather than all west-bound), and the architects proposed a tram line to run down the centre. A series of high rise buildings would be built on either side with three taller "flagship" high rises at the east end on the north side. Charles Picqué described the towers as "iconic buildings that would be among the highest in Brussels" and that "building higher allows you to turn closed blocks into open spaces."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tallest buildings would be up to 80 metres (260 ft) high, though most between 16 and 55, but the higher the building the further back it would be set from the road.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freed up space (some 180,000 m<sup>2</sup> (1,900,000 sq ft)) would be given over to housing, shops, services and open spaces to give the area a more "human" feel.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_buildings_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA_buildings-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sixth European School may also be built. On the western edge of the quarter, on the Small Ring, there would be "gates to Europe" to add visual impact.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_Today_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF_Today-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the delays and cost of the Berlaymont and other projects, the Commissioner emphasised that the new plans would offer "better value for money" and that the designs would be subject to an international architectural competition. He also pushed that controlling the buildings <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> would be "an integral part of the programme".<sup id="cite_ref-EA_buildings_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA_buildings-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedestrian_squares">Pedestrian squares</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pedestrian squares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_du_Cinquantenaire_30-05-06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire_30-05-06.JPG/220px-Parc_du_Cinquantenaire_30-05-06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire_30-05-06.JPG/330px-Parc_du_Cinquantenaire_30-05-06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire_30-05-06.JPG/440px-Parc_du_Cinquantenaire_30-05-06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a> would be one of three European pedestrian squares.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were plans to <a href="/wiki/Pedestrianise" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrianise">pedestrianise</a> parts of the Rue de la Loi next to the Berlaymont.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_Future_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF_Future-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Place Schuman</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Schumanplein</span></span> (currently the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Roundabout" title="Robert Schuman Roundabout">Robert Schuman Roundabout</a>) would be one of three new pedestrian squares. Schuman would focus on "policy and politics"<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_Today_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF_Today-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Schuman Station itself would be redesigned.<sup id="cite_ref-iF_SS_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iF_SS-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coverings over nearby motorways and railways would be extended to shield them from view.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_Today_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF_Today-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the planned <a href="/wiki/Pedestrianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrianisation">pedestrianisation</a> of the Schuman Roundabout was cancelled in late 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermeersch_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermeersch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pedestrian and visual link would be created between the Berlaymont and Leopold Park by demolishing sections of the ground to fourth floors of the Justus Lipsius, the south "bland" facade of which would be redesigned. Further pedestrian and cycle links would be created around the quarter. Pedestrian routes would also be created for demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_Today_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF_Today-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next to the Parliament at Leopold Park, the block of buildings between the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue d'Arlon</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Aarlenstraat</span></span> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue de Trêves</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Trierstraat</span></span> would be removed, creating a broad boulevard-like extension<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Place du Luxembourg, the second pedestrian square (focusing on citizens).<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_Today_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF_Today-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third pedestrian square would be the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Esplanade du Cinquantenaire</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Esplanade van het Jubelpark</span></span> (for events and festivities).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wider development may also surround Cinquantenaire Park with plans for a new metro station, underground <a href="/wiki/Car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Car park">car park</a> and the "Europeanisation" of part of the Cinquantenaire complex with a "socio-cultural facility". It is possible that the Council may have to move to this area from the Europa building for security reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_Today_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF_Today-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_quarters">Further quarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further quarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concentration of offices in the European Quarter has led to increase real estate prices due to the increased demand and reduced space. In response to this problem, the Commission has, since 2004, begun decentralising across the city to areas such as the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue de Beaulieu</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Beaulieulaan</span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Auderghem" title="Auderghem">Auderghem</a> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Rue de Genève</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Genevestraat</span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EUB_buildings_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUB_buildings-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUO_buildings_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUO_buildings-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has reduced price increases but it is still one of the most expensive areas in the city (€295/m<sup>2</sup>, compared to €196/m<sup>2</sup> on average).<sup id="cite_ref-EUB_buildings_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUB_buildings-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUO_buildings_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUO_buildings-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the Parliament nor the Council have followed suit, however, and the policy of decentralisation is unpopular among the Commission's staff.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_Shape_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV_Shape-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centenary_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Centenary_Palace.jpg/300px-Centenary_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Centenary_Palace.jpg/450px-Centenary_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Centenary_Palace.jpg/600px-Centenary_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Expo" title="Brussels Expo">Centenary Palace</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Plateau" title="Heysel Plateau">Heysel/Heizel Plateau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nevertheless, the Commission intends to develop two or three large "poles" outside the quarter, each greater than 100,000 m<sup>2</sup> (1,076,391 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Siim_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siim-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Plateau" title="Heysel Plateau">Heysel/Heizel Plateau</a> has been proposed as one of the new poles by the City of Brussels, which intends to develop the area as an international district regardless. The park, built around the <a href="/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium">Atomium</a> landmark, already hosts a <a href="/wiki/European_School,_Brussels_IV" title="European School, Brussels IV">European School</a>, has the largest parking facilities in Belgium, a <a href="/wiki/Heysel/Heizel_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Heysel/Heizel metro station">metro station</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Expo" title="Brussels Expo">exhibition centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mini-Europe" title="Mini-Europe">Mini-Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniature_park" title="Miniature park">miniature park</a>. The city intends to build an international conference centre with 3,500 seats and an "important commercial centre." The Commission will respond to the proposal in the first half of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Heysel_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heysel-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (April 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As for the existing Beaulieu pole, which is to the south east of the European Quarter, there is a proposal to link it with the main quarter by covering the railway lines between Beaulieu and the European Parliament (the <a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Esplanade of the European Parliament">esplanade</a> of which sits on top of Brussels-Luxembourg Station). Traffic on the lines is expected to increase creating environmental problems that would be solved by covering the lines. The surface would then be covered by flagstones, in the same manner as the Parliament's esplanade, to create a pedestrian/cyclist path between the two districts. The plan proposes that this "promenade of Europeans" of 3,720 metres (12,200 ft) be divided into areas dedicated to each of the member states.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_status">Political status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium#Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Belgium">Partition of Belgium § Brussels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/330px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/440px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Belgium:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fab274; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2385d2; color:black;"> </span> Brussels-Capital Region</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2536b; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon Region</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communities_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/330px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/440px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Communities of Belgium:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fab274; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> / Dutch language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#f2536b;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-left: 1.25em solid #fab274;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #f2536b;"> </span></span> Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2536b; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> / French language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#40bb6a; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a> / German language area</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Belgium operates a complex federal system and is divided into three regions, with the Brussels-Capital Region being an independent region, alongside <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>. The regions are mostly responsible for the economy, mobility and other territory-related matters. Belgium is also divided into three communities: the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Community">German-speaking Community</a>. These communities are responsible for language-related matters such as culture or education. </p><p>Brussels does not belong to any community, but has a bilingual status, so Brussels' inhabitants may enjoy education, cultural affairs and education organised by the Flemish and/or the French community. This structure is the result of many compromises in the political spectrum going from separatism to unionism, while also combining the wishes of the Brussels population to have a degree of independence, as well as those of the Flemish and Walloon populations to having a level of influence over Brussels. The system has been criticised by some but it has also been compared to the EU, as a "laboratory of Europe". </p><p>In the hypothetical scenario of a separation of Belgium, the future status of Brussels is unknown. It might become an EU member state,<sup id="cite_ref-uclouvain_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uclouvain-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or jointly run by the nations formed from Belgium and the EU itself.<sup id="cite_ref-mardell20060907_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mardell20060907-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible status of Brussels as a "<a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city state</a>" has also been suggested by Charles Picqué, who sees a tax on the <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a> as a way of enriching the city. However, the Belgian issue has very little discussion within the EU bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boundaries of the Brussels-Capital Region were determined from the 1947 language census' data. This was the last time that some <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">municipalities</a> were legally converted from monolingual Dutch-speaking into bilingual municipalities, joined with the Brussels agglomeration. The suggestive nature of the questions led to massive protests in Flanders (especially around Brussels), causing it to be unlikely to ever hold a language-related census again in Belgium. The result is that the Brussels Region is now a lot smaller than the French-speaking influence around the capital, and that there is very little space left in Brussels for important expansions of its infrastructure. Enlarging the territory of Brussels could potentially give it around <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by population">1.5 million inhabitants</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">airport</a>, a bigger <a href="/wiki/Sonian_Forest" title="Sonian Forest">forest</a>, and bring the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Ring" title="Brussels Ring">Brussels Ring</a> onto its territory. A large and independent status may also help Brussels in its claim as the capital of the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-uclouvain_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uclouvain-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Institutions_in_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="European Institutions in Strasbourg">European Institutions in Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_European_Union_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Location of European Union institutions">Location of European Union institutions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselnieuws.be/nl/nieuws/gewest-gaat-voor-nieuwe-vlag-met-hartjeslogo">"Gewest gaat voor nieuwe vlag met hartjeslogo"</a>. <i>brusselsnieuws.be</i> (in Dutch). Brussels. 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=brusselsnieuws.be&rft.atitle=Gewest+gaat+voor+nieuwe+vlag+met+hartjeslogo&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselnieuws.be%2Fnl%2Fnieuws%2Fgewest-gaat-voor-nieuwe-vlag-met-hartjeslogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels+and+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see the references below in the <i>Status</i> section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybriwsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692489" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692489"><bdi>9781610692489</bdi></a>. <q>Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is considered to be the de facto capital of the EU</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Cities+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781610692489&rft.aulast=Cybriwsky&rft.aufirst=Roman+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb6NAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels+and+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dotti, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9M6DQAAQBAJ&dq=Brussels+halfway+between+Paris+and+Berlin&pg=PA339"><i>Contested Spaces, Common Ground: Space and Power Structures in Contemporary Multireligious Societies</i></a>. 11 October 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004325807" title="Special:BookSources/9789004325807"><bdi>9789004325807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Spaces%2C+Common+Ground%3A+Space+and+Power+Structures+in+Contemporary+Multireligious+Societies&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.isbn=9789004325807&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp9M6DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBrussels%2Bhalfway%2Bbetween%2BParis%2Band%2BBerlin%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels+and+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 175–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The plan was that it would be a "European district" between France and Germany, and institutions would move when the status was agreed. But three years later Saarbrücken voted massively to rejoin West Germany, cancelling the European district plan and maintaining Luxembourg's position.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 178–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 187–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENA_Council_seat-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_Council_seat_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_Council_seat_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_Council_seat_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_seat_of_the_council_of_the_european_union-en-2028084d-5182-4846-a4b3-5caa7f8dacb2.html">"Seat of the Council of the European Union"</a>. CVCE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seat+of+the+Council+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=CVCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fthe_seat_of_the_council_of_the_european_union-en-2028084d-5182-4846-a4b3-5caa7f8dacb2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels+and+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 190–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The EIB moved to Luxembourg in 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 196–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 205–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENA_COMM_SEAT-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_COMM_SEAT_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_COMM_SEAT_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/seat_of_the_european_commission-en-275b9e3f-6f85-4fd7-b967-f1b520357288.html">Seat of the European Commission</a> on CVCE website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC_EiB-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC_EiB_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission publication: <i>Europe in Brussels</i> 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blbe-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blbe_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blbe_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blbe_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blbe_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blbe_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blbe.be/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=1850">The European Quarter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312204430/http://www.blbe.be/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=1850">Archived</a> 12 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brussels-Europe Liaison Office (2008-07-20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENA_seats-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_seats_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_seats_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENA_seats_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_seats_of_the_institutions_of_the_european_union-en-cd672879-aeb1-4cad-a0c1-9e4ff75ff660.html">"The seats of the institutions of the European Union"</a>. CVCE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+seats+of+the+institutions+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=CVCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fthe_seats_of_the_institutions_of_the_european_union-en-cd672879-aeb1-4cad-a0c1-9e4ff75ff660.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels+and+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 209–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demey, 2007: 211–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1992_Council-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1992_Council_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Council1992" class="citation web cs1">European Council (12 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/decision_of_the_representatives_of_the_governments_of_the_member_states_on_the_location_of_the_seats_of_the_institutions_12_december_1992-en-c57a4cd5-71e9-4447-b126-912081822a50.html2">"Decision taken by Common Agreement between the representatives of the governments of member states on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies and departments of the European Communities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">European Parliament</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decision+taken+by+Common+Agreement+between+the+representatives+of+the+governments+of+member+states+on+the+location+of+the+seats+of+the+institutions+and+of+certain+bodies+and+departments+of+the+European+Communities.&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft.date=1992-12-12&rft.au=European+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fdecision_of_the_representatives_of_the_governments_of_the_member_states_on_the_location_of_the_seats_of_the_institutions_12_december_1992-en-c57a4cd5-71e9-4447-b126-912081822a50.html2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels+and+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dragoman-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dragoman_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark" class="citation web cs1">Stark, Christine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709220601/http://www.dragoman.org/ec/belfast-2002.pdf">"Evolution of the European Council: The implications of a permanent seat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dragoman.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dragoman.org/ec/belfast-2002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=50.8425057&lon=4.3808842&z=15&l=0&m=a&v=2">European Quarter on Wikimapia</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706133242/http://www.charlespicque.be/download.php?f=57486bdc942d18f44841d509079924fc">Le Plan de Développement International de Bruxelles</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113190018/http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/fr/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/ministere_de_la_region_de_bruxelles_capitale/competences_et_organisation/amenagement_du_territoire_et_logement/direction_de_la_planification/schemadirquareurop.shtml">bruxelles.irisnet.be</a> or <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brussel.irisnet.be/nl/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/ministere_de_la_region_de_bruxelles_capitale/competences_et_organisation/amenagement_du_territoire_et_logement/direction_de_la_planification/schemadirquareurop.shtml">brussel.irisnet.be</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>: Future plans for the European Quarter, Brussels-Capital Region</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Robert+Schuman,+Brussels&layer=&sll=50.847194,4.361615&sspn=0.027963,0.061798&ie=UTF8&z=16&ll=50.842424,4.383459&spn=0.006992,0.021629&t=k&om=1&iwloc=addr">Google Maps, Robert Schuman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040205012916/http://www.landmarks-publishing.com/pdfs/mainEUarea.pdf">Map of the EU area</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselsinternational.be/wabxlint/visitor/discover/themayear.jsp?lg=EN">Brussels International</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040359/http://www.brusselsinternational.be/wabxlint/visitor/discover/themayear.jsp?lg=EN">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Brussels Tourism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public/staticDisplay.do?id=50&language=EN">Visit the European Parliament</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528191150/http://www.vkgroup.be/ShowNews.asp?CT=-1&ID=957">Parliament D4 & D5 buildings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193417/http://www.eupedia.com/gallery/showgallery.php/cat/564">Gallery of the EU Quarter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605082053/http://www.blbe.be/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=1721&V_LANG_ID=5">The Brussels-Europe Liaison Office</a>, a body charged to promote Brussels as Europe's capital <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101220823/http://www.blbe.be/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=1848">Statistics on the EU presence in Brussels</a>, Brussels-Europe Liaison Office</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffue.org">Foundation for the Urban Environment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brussels" title="Template talk:Brussels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brussels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brussels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brussels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Brussels" title="Category:History of Brussels">Historical events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brussels" title="Timeline of Brussels">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Brussels" title="Fortifications of Brussels">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Massacre (1370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels_(1656)" title="Treaty of Brussels (1656)">1656 treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Brussels (1695)">1695 bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brussels" title="Siege of Brussels">1746 siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Richmond%27s_ball" title="Duchess of Richmond's ball">Duchess of Richmond's ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covering_of_the_Senne" title="Covering of the Senne">Covering of the Senne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Francisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1897)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1897)">Expo 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1910)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1910)">Expo 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1935)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1935)">Expo 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Innovation_department_store_fire" title="L'Innovation department store fire">L'Innovation department store fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster" title="Heysel Stadium disaster">Heysel Stadium disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">2016 bombings</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2016_Brussels_bombings" title="Reactions to the 2016 Brussels bombings">reactions</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_brussels_iris.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Belgium_brussels_iris.svg/105px-Belgium_brussels_iris.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Belgium_brussels_iris.svg/158px-Belgium_brussels_iris.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Belgium_brussels_iris.svg/210px-Belgium_brussels_iris.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region">Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region">Minister-President</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Administrative_Arrondissement_Brussels-Capital" title="Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital">Governor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historical" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drapery_Court_of_Brussels" title="Drapery Court of Brussels">Drapery Court of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Brussels" title="Guilds of Brussels">Guilds of Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Brussels" title="Category:Transport in Brussels">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_S_Train" title="Brussels S Train">S Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Charleroi Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_connection" title="North–South connection">North–South connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brussels" title="Trams in Brussels">Trams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Ring" title="Brussels Ring">Brussels Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Ring,_Brussels" title="Small Ring, Brussels">Small Ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Brussels" title="Symbols of Brussels">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Brussels" title="List of flags of Brussels">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Festival" title="Iris Festival">Iris Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brussels" title="Science and technology in Brussels">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Brussels" title="List of people from Brussels">Notable persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Brussels" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Brussels">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Brussels" title="List of museums in Brussels">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Brussels" title="List of railway stations in Brussels">Railway stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brussels_Metro_stations" title="List of Brussels Metro stations">Metro stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_in_Brussels" title="Template:Schools in Brussels">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Brussels" title="List of parks and gardens in Brussels">Parks and gardens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region,_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region</a>, Belgium</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auderghem" title="Auderghem">Auderghem / Oudergem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe">Berchem-Sainte-Agathe / Sint-Agatha-Berchem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Bruxelles-Ville / Stad Brussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek">Etterbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest / Vorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren">Ganshoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles / Elsene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jette" title="Jette">Jette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean / Sint-Jans-Molenbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode / Sint-Joost-ten-Node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek / Schaarbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle / Ukkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort" title="Watermael-Boitsfort">Watermael-Boitsfort / Watermaal-Bosvoorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert / Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Pierre" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre">Woluwe-Saint-Pierre / Sint-Pieters-Woluwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Administration_of_the_European_Commission" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Commission_administration" title="Template:European Commission administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Commission_administration" title="Template talk:European Commission administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Commission_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Commission administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Administration_of_the_European_Commission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Administration of the</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/dgs_en.htm">Table of European Commission Directorates-General and Services</a></i></span></li> <li>DG = <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorate-General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(European_Commission)" title="Cabinet (European Commission)">Cabinets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitology" title="Comitology">Comitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Personnel_Selection_Office" title="European Personnel Selection Office">EPSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Tribunal_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service Tribunal (European Union)">Civil Service Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg/100px-European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg/150px-European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg/200px-European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy DGs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" title="Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development">Agriculture and Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Climate_Action" title="Directorate-General for Climate Action">Climate Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Communications_Networks,_Content_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology">Communications Networks, Content and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Competition" title="Directorate-General for Competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">Defence Industry and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs">Economic and Financial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Education_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Education and Culture">Education and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Employment,_Social_Affairs_and_Inclusion" title="Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion">Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_the_Internal_Market,_Industry,_Entrepreneurship_and_SMEs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for the Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs">Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety">Health and Food Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Migration_and_Home_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs">Migration and Home Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Financial_Stability,_Financial_Services_and_Capital_Markets_Union" title="Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union">Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Research_Centre" title="Joint Research Centre">Joint Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Justice_and_Consumers" title="Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers">Justice and Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Maritime_Affairs_and_Fisheries" title="Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Regional_and_Urban_Policy" title="Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy">Regional and Urban Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Research_and_Innovation_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)">Research and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union" title="Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union">Taxation and Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Mobility_and_Transport" title="Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport">Mobility and Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Energy" title="Directorate-General for Energy">Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External DGs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_for_Foreign_Policy_Instruments" title="Service for Foreign Policy Instruments">Service for Foreign Policy Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Neighbourhood_and_Enlargement_Negotiations" title="Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations">Neighborhood and Enlargement Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Trade" title="Directorate-General for Trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_International_Cooperation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development">International Cooperation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Services_in_the_European_Commission" title="General Services in the European Commission">General Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Communication" title="Directorate-General for Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Emergency_Preparedness_and_Response_Authority" title="Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority">HERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-fraud_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="European Anti-fraud Office">OLAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publications_Office_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications Office (European Union)">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretariat-General of the European Commission">Secretariat-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretary-General of the European Commission">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Reform_Support_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Reform Support Service">Structural Reform Support Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Services_in_the_European_Commission" title="Internal Services in the European Commission">Internal Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Budget" title="Directorate-General for Budget">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Strategy_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="European Political Strategy Centre">European Political Strategy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Digital_Services" title="Directorate-General for Digital Services">Digital Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_Data_Protection_Officer" title="European Commission Data Protection Officer">Data Protection Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Infrastructure_and_Logistics" title="Office of Infrastructure and Logistics">Infrastructures and Logistics (Brussels & Luxembourg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Audit_Service_(European_Commission)" title="Internal Audit Service (European Commission)">Internal Audit Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Interpretation" title="Directorate-General for Interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Legal_Service" title="Directorate-General for Legal Service">Legal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_administration_and_payment_of_individual_entitlements" title="Office for administration and payment of individual entitlements">PMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Human_Resources_and_Security" title="Directorate-General for Human Resources and Security">Human Resources and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Translation" title="Directorate-General for Translation">Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breydel_building" title="Breydel building">Breydel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_Van_Maerlant" title="Convent Van Maerlant">Convent Van Maerlant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroforum_building" title="Euroforum building">Euroforum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_2_building" title="Jean Monnet 2 building">Jean Monnet 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchberg_District_Centre" title="Kirchberg District Centre">Joseph Bech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madou_Plaza_Tower" title="Madou Plaza Tower">Madou Plaza Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_European_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of the European Commission">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_building" title="Triangle building">Triangle building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_European_Parliament" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Parliament" title="Template:European Parliament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Parliament" title="Template talk:European Parliament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Parliament" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Parliament"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_European_Parliament" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Bureau of the European Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees and Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Roberta Metsola</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_(European_Parliament)" title="Quaestor (European Parliament)">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapporteur" title="Rapporteur">Rapporteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EP_logo_CMYK_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EP_logo_CMYK_EN.svg/150px-EP_logo_CMYK_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EP_logo_CMYK_EN.svg/225px-EP_logo_CMYK_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EP_logo_CMYK_EN.svg/300px-EP_logo_CMYK_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Parliamentary_Committees_for_Union_Affairs_of_Parliaments_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of Parliamentary Committees for Union Affairs of Parliaments of the European Union">COSAC</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_parliaments_of_the_European_Union" title="National parliaments of the European Union">National parliaments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_working_group_on_parliamentary_reform" title="Special working group on parliamentary reform">Reform working group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">1979</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_European_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First European Parliament (page does not exist)">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament,_1979%E2%80%931984" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament, 1979–1984">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election" title="1984 European Parliament election">1984</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_European_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second European Parliament (page does not exist)">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament,_1984%E2%80%931989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament, 1984–1989">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election" title="1989 European Parliament election">1989</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_European_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third European Parliament (page does not exist)">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament,_1989%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament, 1989–1994">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election" title="1994 European Parliament election">1994</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_European_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth European Parliament (page does not exist)">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament_1994%E2%80%931999" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament 1994–1999">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election" title="1999 European Parliament election">1999</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifth_European_Parliament" title="Fifth European Parliament">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament_1999%E2%80%932004" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament 1999–2004">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election" title="2004 European Parliament election">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sixth_European_Parliament" title="Sixth European Parliament">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament_2004%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament 2004–2009">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election" title="2009 European Parliament election">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_European_Parliament" title="Seventh European Parliament">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament_2009%E2%80%932014" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament 2009–2014">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election" title="2014 European Parliament election">2014</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eighth_European_Parliament" title="Eighth European Parliament">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament_2014%E2%80%932019" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament 2014–2019">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ninth_European_Parliament" title="Ninth European Parliament">session</a> / <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament_2019%E2%80%932024" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament 2019–2024">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tenth_European_Parliament" title="Tenth European Parliament">session</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Members_of_the_European_Parliament_2024%E2%80%932029&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Members of the European Parliament 2024–2029 (page does not exist)">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_in_the_European_Parliament" title="Apportionment in the European Parliament">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Club" title="Crocodile Club">Crocodile Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinelli_Group" title="Spinelli Group">Spinelli Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Working_Group" title="Paneuropean Working Group">Paneuropean Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Intergroup_on_long_term_investment_and_reindustrialisation" title="European Parliament Intergroup on long term investment and reindustrialisation"> Intergroup on long term investment and reindustrialisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Seats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_institutions_in_Strasbourg" title="European institutions in Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seat_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Strasbourg" title="Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg">Buildings</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Esplanade of the European Parliament">Esplanade</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_in_Luxembourg" title="European Parliament in Luxembourg">Luxembourg buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Assizes" title="European Assizes">Assizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission#Budget_controversy" title="Santer Commission">Budget controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission#Commissioner_hearings" title="Barroso Commission">Buttiglione controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe" title="Convention on the Future of Europe">European Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_parliamentary_meeting_on_the_Future_of_Europe" title="Joint parliamentary meeting on the Future of Europe">Joint parliamentary meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Charlemagne_Youth_Prize" title="European Charlemagne Youth Prize">Charlemagne Youth Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="European Citizens' Prize">European Citizens' Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakharov_Prize" title="Sakharov Prize">Sakharov Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux_Prize" title="Lux Prize">Lux Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Simulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Parliament" title="European Youth Parliament">European Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_European_Parliament" title="Model European Parliament">Model European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_European_Union_Strasbourg" title="Model European Union Strasbourg">Model European Union Strasbourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EuroparlTV" title="EuroparlTV">EuroparlTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_(European_Union)" title="State of the Union (European Union)">State of the Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_the_European_Union_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Council of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Council of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_the_European_Union_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a> <ul><li>current trio: <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">Voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Configurations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Fisheries_Council" title="Agriculture and Fisheries Council">Agriculture and Fisheries Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Economic and Financial Affairs Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Youth,_Culture_and_Sport_Council" title="Education, Youth, Culture and Sport Council">Education, Youth, Culture and Sport Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment,_Social_Policy,_Health_and_Consumer_Affairs_Council" title="Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council">Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Council" title="Environment Council">Environment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitiveness_Council_(COMPET)" title="Competitiveness Council (COMPET)">Competitiveness Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Council" title="Foreign Affairs Council">Foreign Affairs Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnich_meeting" title="Gymnich meeting">Gymnich meeting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Affairs_Council" title="General Affairs Council">General Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Home_Affairs_Council" title="Justice and Home Affairs Council">Justice and Home Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport,_Telecommunications_and_Energy_Council" title="Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council">Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union">Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Agriculture" title="Special Committee on Agriculture">SCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directorates-general_of_the_council_of_the_european_union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of directorates-general of the council of the european union">Directorates-general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives" title="Committee of Permanent Representatives">COREPER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Working_Party" title="Council Working Party">Council Working Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_Drug_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal Drug Group">HDG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius_building" title="Justus Lipsius building">Justus Lipsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_building" title="Lex building">Lex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, 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