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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance_Practices_and_Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_Practices_and_Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Performance Practices and Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_Practices_and_Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Further writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_metaphors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_metaphors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Symbols and metaphors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_metaphors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Ephrem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Ephrem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Greek Ephrem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Ephrem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration_as_a_saint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration_as_a_saint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Veneration as a saint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration_as_a_saint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ephrem the Syrian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أفرام السرياني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفرام السرياني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A1_%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B4_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Եփրեմ Ասորի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եփրեմ Ասորի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Яфрэм Сірын – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яфрэм Сірын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ефрем Сирин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефрем Сирин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efra%C3%AFm_de_S%C3%ADria" title="Efraïm de Síria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efraïm de Síria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efr%C3%A9m_Syrsk%C3%BD" title="Efrém Syrský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Efrém Syrský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephr%C3%A4m_der_Syrer" title="Ephräm der Syrer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ephräm der Syrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BC_%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εφραίμ ο Σύρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εφραίμ ο Σύρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efr%C3%A9n_de_Siria" title="Efrén de Siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efrén de Siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="افرایم سوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افرایم سوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89phrem_le_Syriaque" title="Éphrem le Syriaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éphrem le Syriaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eafr%C3%A1%C3%ADm_an_Siriach" title="Eafráím an Siriach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eafráím an Siriach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efr%C3%A9n_o_Sirio" title="Efrén o Sirio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Efrén o Sirio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%90%ED%94%84%EB%A0%98" title="시리아의 에프렘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아의 에프렘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B4_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Եփրեմ Ասորի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եփրեմ Ասորի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Sirijski" title="Efrem Sirijski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Efrem Sirijski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_orang_Suriah" title="Efrem orang Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efrem orang Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_il_Siro" title="Efrem il Siro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Efrem il Siro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="אפרים הסורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפרים הסורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ეფრემ ასური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეფრემ ასური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_wa_Syria" title="Efrem wa Syria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Efrem wa Syria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraem_Syrus" title="Ephraem Syrus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ephraem Syrus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADr_Szent_Efr%C3%A9m" title="Szír Szent Efrém – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szír Szent Efrém" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ефрем Сирин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ефрем Сирин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrema_Siriana" title="Efrema Siriana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Efrema Siriana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82" title="അപ്രേം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്രേം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="افرام السريانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افرام السريانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_de_Syri%C3%ABr" title="Efrem de Syriër – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Efrem de Syriër" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0" title="シリアのエフレム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリアのエフレム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Syrer" title="Efrem Syrer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Efrem Syrer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Syryjczyk" title="Efrem Syryjczyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efrem Syryjczyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efr%C3%A9m_da_S%C3%ADria" title="Efrém da Síria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efrém da Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Sirul" title="Efrem Sirul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Efrem Sirul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ефрем Сирин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ефрем Сирин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraimi_i_Siris%C3%AB" title="Efraimi i Sirisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Efraimi i Sirisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efr%C3%A9m_S%C3%BDrsky" title="Efrém Sýrsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Efrém Sýrsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li 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data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim_Syyrialainen" title="Efraim Syyrialainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Efraim Syyrialainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim_syriern" title="Efraim syriern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Efraim syriern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Syriac saint, theologian and writer (c. 306 – 373)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ephrem the Syrian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephrem_the_Syrian_(mosaic_in_Nea_Moni).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ephrem_the_Syrian_%28mosaic_in_Nea_Moni%29.jpg/220px-Ephrem_the_Syrian_%28mosaic_in_Nea_Moni%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ephrem_the_Syrian_%28mosaic_in_Nea_Moni%29.jpg/330px-Ephrem_the_Syrian_%28mosaic_in_Nea_Moni%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ephrem_the_Syrian_%28mosaic_in_Nea_Moni%29.jpg/440px-Ephrem_the_Syrian_%28mosaic_in_Nea_Moni%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="940" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mosaic in <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a> (11th century)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Harp of the Spirit, Deacon, Confessor and Doctor of the Church; Venerable Father</li><li>Hymn Writer, Teacher of the Faith</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 306</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">373<br /><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>28 January (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Byzantine_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Christianity</a>)</li><li>7th Saturday before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>) First Saturday of Great Lent (7 th Saturday before Qymtho Easter) (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a>)</li><li>የካቲት 4 (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Christianity">Ethiopian Christianity</a>) (translocation of relics)</li><li>June 9 (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>)</li><li>June 18 (<a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>; pre-1969 Roman Calendar)</li><li>ሐምሌ 15 (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Christianity">Ethiopian Christianity</a>)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epip_15_(Coptic_Orthodox_liturgics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epip 15 (Coptic Orthodox liturgics) (page does not exist)">Epip 15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vine and scroll, deacon's <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">thurible</a>; with <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Saint Basil the Great</a>; composing hymns with a <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Spiritual directors and spiritual leaders</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Oriental Orthodoxy"> a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:7a2cfe;font-size:14pt">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristCopticArt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/100px-ChristCopticArt.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#7a2cfe; color:#FFFFFF;"> Oriental Orthodox churches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independent churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Autonomous churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="French Coptic Orthodox Church">French Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Coptic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Ecumenical Councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Dvin" title="First Council of Dvin">Dvin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Dvin" title="Second Council of Dvin">Dvin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Dvin" title="Third Council of Dvin">Dvin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Dvin" title="Fourth Council of Dvin">Dvin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Manzikert" title="Council of Manzikert">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Capharthutha" title="Council of Capharthutha">Capharthutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Shirakavan" title="Council of Shirakavan">Shirakavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hromkla" title="Council of Hromkla">Hromkla</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Theology:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Theology">Oriental Orthodox Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgy and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Anaphora & Rites:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Anaphora of Saint Gregory">Anaphora of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Calendars:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)" title="Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Bible:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Bible">Coptic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Bible">Armenian Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Tewahedo Bible">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Cross:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">St. Thomas Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cross" title="Ethiopian cross">Ethiopian cross</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Mor Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Saints" title="Nine Saints">Nine Saints of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Awgin" title="Mar Awgin">Mar Awgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenoute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_(Copt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham (Copt)">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerses_IV_the_Gracious" title="Nerses IV the Gracious">Nerses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla" title="Giyorgis of Segla">Giyorgis of Segla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">Geevarghese Gregorios</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">Abuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_India" title="Catholicos of India">Catholicos of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch"> Patriarch of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> Fast</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Eastern Orthodox cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephrem%27s_Commentary_on_the_Diatessaron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ephrem%27s_Commentary_on_the_Diatessaron.jpg/220px-Ephrem%27s_Commentary_on_the_Diatessaron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ephrem%27s_Commentary_on_the_Diatessaron.jpg/330px-Ephrem%27s_Commentary_on_the_Diatessaron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ephrem%27s_Commentary_on_the_Diatessaron.jpg/440px-Ephrem%27s_Commentary_on_the_Diatessaron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a> manuscript of the Ephrem's Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>. Egypt, late 5th or early 6th century. <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ephrem the Syrian</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 306 – 373</span>), also known as <b>Saint Ephrem</b>, <b>Saint Ephraim</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>), <b>Ephrem of Edessa</b> or <b>Aprem of Nisibis</b>, was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">writer</a> who is revered as one of the most notable <a href="/wiki/Hymnographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnographers">hymnographers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a>, served as a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and later lived in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephrem is venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian saint">saint</a> by all traditional Churches. He is especially revered in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac tradition</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac tradition</a>, and also counted as a Holy and Venerable Father (i.e., a sainted monk) in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, especially in the Slovak tradition. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church in 1920. Ephrem is also credited as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Nisibis" title="School of Nisibis">School of Nisibis</a>, which, in later centuries, was the centre of learning of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. </p><p>Ephrem wrote a wide variety of hymns, poems, and sermons in verse, as well as prose <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>. These were works of practical theology for the edification of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> in troubled times. Some of these works have been examined by feminist scholars who have analyzed the incorporation of feminine imagery in his texts. They also examine the performance practice of all-women choirs singing his madrāšê, or his teaching hymns. Ephrem's works were so popular that, for centuries after his death, Christian authors wrote hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphal</a> works in his name. He has been called the most significant of all of the fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>-speaking church tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999180_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999180-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christian">Syriac Christian</a> tradition, he is considered patron of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_People_(Arameans,_Assyrians,_Chaldeans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac People (Arameans, Assyrians, Chaldeans)">Syriac Aramaic people.</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dormition_of_Saint_Ephraim_the_Syrian_(Cretan,_15th_c.,_Byzantine_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dormition_of_Saint_Ephraim_the_Syrian_%28Cretan%2C_15th_c.%2C_Byzantine_museum%29.jpg/220px-Dormition_of_Saint_Ephraim_the_Syrian_%28Cretan%2C_15th_c.%2C_Byzantine_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dormition_of_Saint_Ephraim_the_Syrian_%28Cretan%2C_15th_c.%2C_Byzantine_museum%29.jpg/330px-Dormition_of_Saint_Ephraim_the_Syrian_%28Cretan%2C_15th_c.%2C_Byzantine_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dormition_of_Saint_Ephraim_the_Syrian_%28Cretan%2C_15th_c.%2C_Byzantine_museum%29.jpg/440px-Dormition_of_Saint_Ephraim_the_Syrian_%28Cretan%2C_15th_c.%2C_Byzantine_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Dormition of Saint Ephraim</figcaption></figure> <p>Ephrem was born around the year 306 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>, that was <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nisibis_(299)" title="Peace of Nisibis (299)">recently</a> acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim20043_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim20043-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossekel19991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossekel19991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński200011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński200011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005179-235_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005179-235-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal evidence from Ephrem's hymnody suggests that both his parents were part of the growing Christian community in the city, although later <a href="/wiki/Hagiographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographer">hagiographers</a> wrote that his father was a pagan priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those days, religious culture in the region of Nisibis included local <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and several varieties of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>. Most of the population spoke the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> were languages of administration. The city had a complex ethnic composition, consisting of "Assyrians, Arabs, Greeks, Jews, Parthians, Romans, and Iranians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcVey19895_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVey19895-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Jacob of Nisibis">Jacob</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of Nisibis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005220-222_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005220-222-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was appointed in 308, and Ephrem grew up under his leadership of the community. Jacob of Nisibis is recorded as a signatory at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Nicea">First Council of Nicea</a> in 325. Ephrem was baptized as a youth and almost certainly became a <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Covenant" title="Members of the Covenant">son of the covenant</a>, an unusual form of Syriac proto-<a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. Jacob appointed Ephrem as a teacher (Syriac <i>malp̄ānâ</i>, a title that still carries great respect for Syriac Christians). He was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> either at his baptism or later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999180-181_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999180-181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to compose hymns and write biblical commentaries as part of his educational office. In his hymns, he sometimes refers to himself as a "herdsman" (<span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܥܠܢܐ</span></span>, <i>‘allānâ</i>), to his bishop as the "shepherd" (<span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܪܥܝܐ</span></span>, <i>rā‘yâ</i>), and to his community as a 'fold' (<span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܕܝܪܐ</span></span>, <i>dayrâ</i>). Ephrem is popularly credited as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Nisibis" title="School of Nisibis">School of Nisibis</a>, which, in later centuries, was the centre of learning of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Jacob_Church,_Nisibis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mar_Jacob_Church%2C_Nisibis.jpg/220px-Mar_Jacob_Church%2C_Nisibis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mar_Jacob_Church%2C_Nisibis.jpg/330px-Mar_Jacob_Church%2C_Nisibis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mar_Jacob_Church%2C_Nisibis.jpg/440px-Mar_Jacob_Church%2C_Nisibis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Newly excavated <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis">Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis</a>, where Ephrem taught and ministered</figcaption></figure> <p>In 337, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine I</a>, who had legalised and promoted the practice of Christianity in the Roman Empire, died. Seizing on this opportunity, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> of Persia began a series of attacks into Roman North <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Nisibis was besieged in 338, 346 and 350. During the first siege, Ephrem credits Bishop Jacob as defending the city with his prayers. In the third siege, of 350, Shapur rerouted the River Mygdonius to undermine the walls of Nisibis. The Nisibenes quickly repaired the walls while the Persian elephant cavalry became bogged down in the wet ground. Ephrem celebrated what he saw as the miraculous salvation of the city in a hymn that portrayed Nisibis as being like <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>, floating to safety on the flood. </p><p>One important physical link to Ephrem's lifetime is the <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a> of Nisibis. The inscription tells that it was constructed under Bishop Vologeses in 359. In that year, Shapur attacked again. The cities around Nisibis were destroyed one by one, and their citizens killed or deported. <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> was unable to respond; the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> in 363 ended with his death in battle. His army elected <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovian (Emperor)">Jovian</a> as the new emperor, and to rescue his army, he was forced to surrender Nisibis to Persia (also in 363) and to permit the expulsion of the entire Christian population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005215,_217,_223_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005215,_217,_223-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephrem declined being <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordinated</a> a bishop by <a href="/wiki/Feigning_madness" class="mw-redirect" title="Feigning madness">feigning madness</a>, because he regarded himself unworthy for it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephrem, with the others, went first to Amida (<a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>), eventually settling in <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a> (Urhay, in Aramaic) in 363.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005195-196_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005195-196-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephrem, in his late fifties, applied himself to ministry in his new church and seems to have continued his work as a teacher, perhaps in the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Edessa" title="School of Edessa">School of Edessa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> had been an important center of the Aramaic-speaking world, and the birthplace of a specific <a href="/wiki/Middle_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a> dialect that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was rich with rivaling philosophies and religions. Ephrem comments that orthodox Nicene Christians were simply called "Palutians" in Edessa, after a former bishop. <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisanites</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnostic sects</a> proclaimed themselves as the true church. In this confusion, Ephrem wrote a great number of hymns defending Nicene orthodoxy. A later Syriac writer, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a>, wrote that Ephrem rehearsed all-female choirs to sing his hymns set to Syriac folk tunes in the forum of Edessa. In 370 he visited Basil the Great at Caesarea, and then journeyed to the monks of Egypt. As he preached a panegyrie on St. Basil, who died in 379, his own death must be placed at a later date. After a ten-year residency in Edessa, in his sixties, Ephrem succumbed to the plague as he ministered to its victims. He died in 373.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephrem_miniature_16c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ephrem_miniature_16c.jpg/220px-Ephrem_miniature_16c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ephrem_miniature_16c.jpg/330px-Ephrem_miniature_16c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Ephrem_miniature_16c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Ephrem the Syriac in a 16th-century Russian illustration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg/220px-Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg/330px-Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg/440px-Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Church of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Jacob of Nisibis">Saint Jacob</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ephrem wrote exclusively in his native <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a>, using the local Edessan (<i>Urhaya</i>) dialect, that later came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac">Classical Syriac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a105_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a105-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephrem's works contain several <a href="/wiki/Endonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonymic">endonymic</a> (native) references to his language (<i>Aramaic</i>), homeland (<i>Aram</i>) and people (<i>Arameans</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith200215,_20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith200215,_20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20033_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer20033-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith2006447_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith2006447-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebié2009103_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebié2009103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesso2011119_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesso2011119-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is therefore known as "the authentic voice of Aramaic Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons195913_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons195913-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early stages of modern scholarly studies, it was believed that some examples of the long-standing Greek practice of labeling Aramaic as "Syriac", that are found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToepel2013540-584_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013540-584-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2007131-140_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2007131-140-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be attributed to Ephrem, but later scholarly analyses have shown that the work in question was written much later (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600) by an unknown author, thus also showing that Ephrem's original works still belonged to the tradition unaffected by <a href="/wiki/Exonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonymic">exonymic</a> (foreign) labeling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1998322-323_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1998322-323-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-539_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-539-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinov2013157-165_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2013157-165-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuzer2014196-197_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzer2014196-197-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the early admirers of Ephrem's works, theologian <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a> (d. 521), who already belonged to the generation that accepted the custom of a double naming of their language not only as Aramaic (<i>Ārāmāyā</i>) but also as "Syriac" (<i>Suryāyā</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay200078_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay200078-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2019222_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a> (<i>memrā</i>) dedicated to Ephrem, praising him as the <i>crown</i> or <i>wreath</i> of the <i>Arameans</i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܘܬܐ</span>), and the same praise was repeated in early liturgical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmar199564-65_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmar199564-65-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999b14-15_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999b14-15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only later, under the Greek influence already prevalent in the works of the middle fifth century author <a href="/wiki/Theodoret_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoret of Cyrus">Theodoret of Cyrus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzéma1965190-191_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzéma1965190-191-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did it became customary to associate Ephrem with Syriac identity, and label him only as "the Syrian" (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἐφραίμ ὁ Σῦρος</span>), thus blurring his Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Self-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identification">self-identification</a>, attested by his own writings and works of other Aramaic-speaking writers, and also by examples from the earliest liturgical tradition. </p><p>Some of those problems persisted up to the recent times, even in scholarly literature, as a consequence of several methodological problems within the field of <a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">source</a> editing. During the process of critical editing and translation of sources within <a href="/wiki/Syriac_studies" title="Syriac studies">Syriac studies</a>, some scholars have practiced various forms of arbitrary (and often unexplained) interventions, including the occasional disregard for the importance of original terms, used as <a href="/wiki/Endonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonymic">endonymic</a> (native) designations for Arameans and their language (ārāmāyā). Such disregard was manifested primarily in translations and commentaries, by replacement of authentic terms with <a href="/wiki/Polysemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemic">polysemic</a> Syrian/Syriac labels. In previously mentioned <i>memrā</i>, dedicated to Ephrem, one of the terms for <i>Aramean people</i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܘܬܐ</span> / Arameandom) was published correctly in original script of the source,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmar199564_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmar199564-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the same time it was translated in English as "Syriac nation"<i>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmar199565_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmar199565-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then enlisted among quotations related to "Syrian/Syriac" identity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmar199521_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmar199521-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without any mention of Aramean-related terms in the source. Even when noticed and corrected by some scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999b15_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999b15-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay200499_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay200499-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinov2020304_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2020304-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such replacements of terms continue to create problems for others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2012186_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2012186-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinov2013160_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2013160-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several translations of his writings exist in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Armenian language">Classical Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Georgian language">Old Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> and other languages. Some of his works are extant only in translation (particularly in Armenian). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over four hundred <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> composed by Ephrem still exist. Granted that some have been lost, Ephrem's productivity is not in doubt. The church historian <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> credits Ephrem with having written over three million lines. Ephrem combines in his writing a threefold heritage: he draws on the models and methods of early <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, he engages skillfully with Greek science and philosophy, and he delights in the Mesopotamian/Persian tradition of mystery symbolism. </p><p>The most important of his works are his lyric, teaching hymns (ܡܕܖ̈ܫܐ, <i>madrāšê</i>). These hymns are full of rich, poetic imagery drawn from biblical sources, folk tradition, and other religions and philosophies. The <i>madrāšê</i> are written in stanzas of <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_verse" title="Syllabic verse">syllabic verse</a> and employ over fifty different metrical schemes. The form is defined by an <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a>, or congregational <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a> (ܥܘܢܝܬܐ, <i>‘ûnîṯâ</i>), between each independent strophe (or verse), and the refrain's melody mimics that of the opening half of the strophe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <i>madrāšâ</i> had its <i>qālâ</i> (ܩܠܐ), a traditional tune identified by its opening line. All of these <i>qālê</i> are now lost. It seems that <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> composed <i>madrāšê</i>, and Ephrem felt that the medium was a suitable tool to use against their claims. The <i>madrāšê</i> are gathered into various hymn cycles. Each group has a title — <i>Carmina Nisibena</i>, <i>On Faith</i>, <i>On Paradise</i>, <i>On Virginity</i>, <i>Against Heresies</i> — but some of these titles do not do justice to the entirety of the collection (for instance, only the first half of the <i>Carmina Nisibena</i> is about Nisibis). Some of these hymn cycles provide implicit insight into Ephrem's perceived level of comfort with incorporating feminine imagery into his writings. One such hymn cycle was <i>Hymns on the Nativity</i>, centered around Mary, which contained 28 hymns and had the clearest pervasive theme of Ephrem's hymn cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of feminine imagery is found when Ephrem writes of the baby Jesus: "he was lofty but he sucked Mary's milk and from his blessings all creation sucks."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly influential were his <i>Hymns Against Heresies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith199997-114_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith199997-114-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephrem used these to warn his flock of the heresies that threatened to divide the early church. He lamented that the faithful were "tossed to and fro and carried around with every wind of doctrine, by the cunning of men, by their craftiness and deceitful wiles" (Eph 4:14).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMourachian200730-31_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMourachian200730-31-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He devised hymns laden with doctrinal details to inoculate right-thinking Christians against heresies such as <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetism</a>. The <i>Hymns Against Heresies</i> employ colourful metaphors to describe the Incarnation of Christ as fully human and divine. Ephrem asserts that Christ's unity of humanity and divinity represents peace, perfection and salvation; in contrast, docetism and other heresies sought to divide or reduce Christ's nature and, in doing so, rend and devalue Christ's followers with their false teachings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_Practices_and_Gender">Performance Practices and Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Performance Practices and Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between Ephrem's compositions and femininity is shown again in documentation suggesting that the madrāšê were sung by all-women choirs with an accompanying lyre. These women's choirs were composed of members of the Daughters of the Covenant, an important institution in historical <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, but they weren't always labeled as such.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephrem, like many Syriac liturgical poets, believed that women's voices were important to hear in the church as they were modeled after Mary, mother of Jesus, whose acceptance of God's call led to salvation for all through the birth of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One variety of the madrāšê, the <i>soghyatha</i>, was sung in a conversational style between male and female choirs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women's choir would sing the role of biblical women, and the men's choir would sing the male role. Through the role of singing Ephrem's madrāšê, women's choirs were granted a role in worship.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_writings">Further writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ephrem also wrote verse homilies (<span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܡܐܡܖ̈ܐ</span></span>, <i>mêmrê</i>). These sermons in poetry are far fewer in number than the madrāšê. The mêmrê were written in a heptosyllabic <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a> (pairs of lines of seven syllables each). </p><p>The third category of Ephrem's writings is his prose work. He wrote a biblical commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a> (the single gospel harmony of the early Syriac church), the Syriac original of which was found in 1957. His <i>Commentary on Genesis and Exodus</i> is an exegesis of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>. Some fragments exist in Armenian of his commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Pauline Epistles</a>. </p><p>He also wrote refutations against <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1912_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1912-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellBevanBurkitt1921_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellBevanBurkitt1921-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syriac churches still use many of Ephrem's hymns as part of the annual cycle of worship. However, most of these liturgical hymns are edited and conflated versions of the originals. </p><p>The most complete, critical text of authentic Ephrem was compiled between 1955 and 1979 by Dom Edmund Beck, OSB, as part of the <i>Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium</i>. </p><p>Ephrem is attributed with writing <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Saint_Mary_the_Harlot" title="The Life of Saint Mary the Harlot">The Life of Saint Mary the Harlot</a></i>, though this credit is called into question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockHarvey1998_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockHarvey1998-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the works attributed to Ephrem was the <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i>, written by a much later but unknown author, who lived at the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols_and_metaphors">Symbols and metaphors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Symbols and metaphors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ephrem's writings contain a rich variety of symbols and metaphors. Christopher Buck gives a summary of analysis of a selection of six key scenarios (the way, robe of glory, <a href="/wiki/Sons_and_daughters_of_the_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons and daughters of the Covenant">sons and daughters of the Covenant</a>, wedding feast, <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrowing of hell">harrowing of hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>/Mariner) and six root metaphors (physician, medicine of life, mirror, pearl, <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuck199977–109_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuck199977–109-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_Ephrem">Greek Ephrem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greek Ephrem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ephrem's meditations on the symbols of Christian faith and his stand against heresy made him a popular source of inspiration throughout the church. There is a huge corpus of Ephrem pseudepigraphy and legendary <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> in many languages. Some of these compositions are in verse, often mimicking Ephrem's heptasyllabic couplets. </p><p>There is a very large number of works by "Ephrem" extant in Greek. In the literature this material is often referred to as "Greek Ephrem", or <i>Ephraem Graecus</i> (as opposed to the real Ephrem the Syrian), as if it was by a single author. This is not the case, but the term is used for convenience. Some texts are in fact Greek translations of genuine works by Ephrem. Most are not. The best known of these writings is the <i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Saint_Ephrem" title="Prayer of Saint Ephrem">Prayer of Saint Ephrem</a></i>, which is recited at every service during <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a> and other fasting periods in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>. </p><p>There are also works by "Ephrem" in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonic language">Slavonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. "Ephrem Latinus" is the term given to Latin translations of "Ephrem Graecus". None is by Ephrem the Syrian. "Pseudo Ephrem Latinus" is the name given to Latin works under the name of Ephrem which are imitations of the style of Ephrem Latinus. </p><p>There has been very little critical examination of any of these works. They were edited uncritically by Assemani, and there is also a modern Greek edition by Phrantzolas.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration_as_a_saint">Veneration as a saint</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Veneration as a saint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg/220px-George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="472" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg/330px-George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg/440px-George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Saints Ephrem (right) <a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">George</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/St._John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Damascene">John Damascene</a> on a 14th-century triptych</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg/220px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg/330px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg/440px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary Romanian icon (2005)</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after Ephrem's death, legendary accounts of his life began to circulate. One of the earlier "modifications" is the statement that Ephrem's father was a pagan priest of Abnil or Abizal. However, internal evidence from his authentic writings suggest that he was raised by Christian parents.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephrem is venerated as an example of monastic discipline in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> scheme of hagiography, Ephrem is counted as a Venerable Father (i.e., a sainted monk). His <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is celebrated on 28 January and on the Saturday of the Venerable Fathers (<a href="/wiki/Cheesefare" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheesefare">Cheesefare</a> Saturday), which is the Saturday before the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October 1920, Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a> proclaimed Ephrem a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> ("Doctor of the Syrians").<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most popular title for Ephrem is <i>Harp of the Spirit</i> (Syriac: <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܟܢܪܐ ܕܪܘܚܐ</span></span>, <i>Kenārâ d-Rûḥâ</i>). He is also referred to as the Deacon of Edessa, the Sun of the Syrians and a Pillar of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His Roman Catholic feast day of 9 June conforms to his date of death. For 48 years (1920–1969), it was on 18 June, and this date is still observed in the Extraordinary Form.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephrem is honored with a <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America)">liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA)</a> on June 10.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephrem is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(observance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemoration (observance)">commemoration</a> on <a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">9 June</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Sancti Patris Nostri Ephraem Syri opera omnia quae exstant</i> (3 vol), by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ambarach" title="Peter Ambarach">Peter Ambarach</a> Rome, 1737–1743.</li> <li>Ephrem the Syrian <i>Hymns</i>, introduced by John Meyendorff, translated by Kathleen E. McVey. (New York: Paulist Press, 1989) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3093-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3093-9">0-8091-3093-9</a></li> <li>St. Ephrem <i>Hymns on Paradise</i>, translated by Sebastian Brock (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-076-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-076-4">0-88141-076-4</a></li> <li><i>Saint Ephrem's Commentary on Tatian's Diatessaron: An English Translation of</i> Chester Beatty <i>Syriac MS 709 with Introduction and Notes</i>, translated by Carmel McCarthy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).</li> <li>St. Ephrem the Syrian <i>Commentary on Genesis, Commentary on Exodus, Homily on our Lord, Letter to Publius</i>, translated by Edward G. Mathews Jr., and Joseph P. Amar. Ed. by Kathleen McVey. (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1421-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1421-4">978-0-8132-1421-4</a></li> <li>St. Ephrem the Syrian <i>The Hymns on Faith</i>, translated by Jeffrey Wickes. (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2735-1">978-0-8132-2735-1</a></li> <li>San Efrén de Nísibis <i>Himnos de Navidad y Epifanía</i>, by Efrem Yildiz Sadak Madrid, 2016 (in Spanish). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-285-5235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-285-5235-6">978-84-285-5235-6</a></li> <li>Saint Ephraim the Syrian <i>Eschatological Hymns and Homilies</i>, translated by M.F. Toal and Henry Burgess, amended. (Florence, AZ: SAGOM Press, 2019). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9456-9907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9456-9907-8">978-1-9456-9907-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Saint_Ephrem" title="Prayer of Saint Ephrem">Prayer of Saint Ephrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_Christ" title="Light of Christ">Light of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis">Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsai" title="Narsai">Narsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Mār ʾAp̄rêm Sūryāyā</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Classical Syriac pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="syc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[mɑr<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔafˈrem<span class="wrap"> </span>surˈjɑjɑ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἐφραὶμ ὁ Σῦρος</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Efrém o Sýros</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ephraem Syrus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: <span lang="am">ቅዱስ ኤፍሬም ሶርያዊ</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1992a">Brock 1992a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1999a">Brock 1999a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999180-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999180_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1999">Parry 1999</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim20043-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim20043_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarim2004">Karim 2004</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossekel19991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossekel19991_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPossekel1999">Possekel 1999</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński200011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński200011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2000">Lipiński 2000</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005179-235-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005179-235_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2005">Russell 2005</a>, p. 179-235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1992a">Brock 1992a</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVey19895-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcVey19895_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcVey1989">McVey 1989</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005220-222-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005220-222_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2005">Russell 2005</a>, p. 220-222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999180-181-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999180-181_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1999">Parry 1999</a>, p. 180-181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005215,_217,_223-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005215,_217,_223_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2005">Russell 2005</a>, p. 215, 217, 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saint-ephrem/">"Saint Ephrem"</a>. 9 June 2022. p. Franciscan Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Ephrem&rft.pages=Franciscan+Media&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciscanmedia.org%2Fsaint-of-the-day%2Fsaint-ephrem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2016/01/28/100328-venerable-ephraim-the-syrian">"Venerable Ephraim the Syrian"</a>. p. The Orthodox Church in America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venerable+Ephraim+the+Syrian&rft.pages=The+Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2016%2F01%2F28%2F100328-venerable-ephraim-the-syrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedivinemercy.org/articles/harp-holy-spirit-st-ephrem-deacon-and-doctor-church">"Harp of the Holy Spirit: St. Ephrem, Deacon and Doctor of the Church"</a>. p. The Divine Mercy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harp+of+the+Holy+Spirit%3A+St.+Ephrem%2C+Deacon+and+Doctor+of+the+Church&rft.pages=The+Divine+Mercy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedivinemercy.org%2Farticles%2Fharp-holy-spirit-st-ephrem-deacon-and-doctor-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2005195-196-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2005195-196_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2005">Russell 2005</a>, p. 195-196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHealey2007">Healey 2007</a>, p. 115–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff2007" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (2007-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MAAQGjcjUWoC&dq=The+most+reliable+date+for+his+death+is+after+379+Ephrem&pg=PA189"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Second Series Volume IV Anthanasius</i></a>. Cosimo, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-514-7"><bdi>978-1-60206-514-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%3A+Second+Series+Volume+IV+Anthanasius&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60206-514-7&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMAAQGjcjUWoC%26dq%3DThe%2Bmost%2Breliable%2Bdate%2Bfor%2Bhis%2Bdeath%2Bis%2Bafter%2B379%2BEphrem%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy2021" class="citation web cs1">Darcy, Peter (2021-02-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredwindows.com/st-ephrems-marvelous-sermon-on-the-cross-of-christ/">"St. Ephrem's Marvelous Sermon on the Cross of Christ"</a>. <i>Sacred Windows</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Windows&rft.atitle=St.+Ephrem%27s+Marvelous+Sermon+on+the+Cross+of+Christ&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft.aulast=Darcy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredwindows.com%2Fst-ephrems-marvelous-sermon-on-the-cross-of-christ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a105-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999a105_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1999a">Brock 1999a</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith200215,_20-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith200215,_20_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith2002">Griffith 2002</a>, p. 15, 20.</span> </li> <li 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class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bates, J. Barrington (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42612097">"Songs and Prayers Like Incense: The Hymns of Ephrem the Syrian"</a>. <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 170–192. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42612097">42612097</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=Songs+and+Prayers+Like+Incense%3A+The+Hymns+of+Ephrem+the+Syrian&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=170-192&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42612097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=J.+Barrington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42612097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith199997-114-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith199997-114_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith1999">Griffith 1999</a>, p. 97-114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMourachian200730-31-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMourachian200730-31_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMourachian2007">Mourachian 2007</a>, p. 30-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbrook_Harvey2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ashbrook Harvey, Susan (June 28, 2018). "Revisiting the Daughters of the Covenant: Women's Choirs and Sacred Song in Ancient Syriac Christianity". <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Daughters+of+the+Covenant%3A+Women%27s+Choirs+and+Sacred+Song+in+Ancient+Syriac+Christianity&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Ashbrook+Harvey&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbrook_Harvey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ashbrook Harvey, Susan (2010). "Singing women's stories in Syriac tradition". <i>Internationale kirchliche Zeitschrift</i>. <b>100</b> (3): 171–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internationale+kirchliche+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Singing+women%27s+stories+in+Syriac+tradition&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-183&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ashbrook+Harvey&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1912-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1912_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1912">Mitchell 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellBevanBurkitt1921-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellBevanBurkitt1921_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchellBevanBurkitt1921">Mitchell, Bevan & Burkitt 1921</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockHarvey1998-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockHarvey1998_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockHarvey1998">Brock & Harvey 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToepel2013">Toepel 2013</a>, p. 531-584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuck199977–109-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuck199977–109_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuck1999">Buck 1999</a>, p. 77–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A list of works with links to the Greek text can be found online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/ephraim-graecus-works/">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/28/100328-venerable-ephraim-the-syrian">"Venerable Ephraim the Syrian"</a>. <i>www.oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Venerable+Ephraim+the+Syrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2018%2F01%2F28%2F100328-venerable-ephraim-the-syrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravenc.ru/text/376984.html#part_34">"ЕФРЕМ СИРИН"</a>. <i>www.pravenc.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pravenc.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%A4%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9C+%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravenc.ru%2Ftext%2F376984.html%23part_34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xv_enc_05101920_principi-apostolorum-petro_en.html">PRINCIPI APOSTOLORUM PETRO</a> at Vatican.va</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05498a.htm">New Advent</a> at newadvent.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santosepulcro.co.il/en/saints/st-ephrem/">"Ephrem"</a>. <i>santosepulcro.co.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=santosepulcro.co.il&rft.atitle=Ephrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantosepulcro.co.il%2Fen%2Fsaints%2Fst-ephrem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extranet.generalconvention.org/staff/files/download/27226"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing. 2018. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextranet.generalconvention.org%2Fstaff%2Ffiles%2Fdownload%2F27226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmar1995" class="citation journal cs1">Amar, Joseph Phillip (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyvZAAAAMAAJ">"A Metrical Homily on Holy Mar Ephrem by Mar Jacob of Sarug: Critical Edition of the Syriac Text, Translation and Introduction"</a>. <i>Patrologia Orientalis</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 1–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patrologia+Orientalis&rft.atitle=A+Metrical+Homily+on+Holy+Mar+Ephrem+by+Mar+Jacob+of+Sarug%3A+Critical+Edition+of+the+Syriac+Text%2C+Translation+and+Introduction&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-76&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyvZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzéma1965" class="citation book cs1">Azéma, Yvan, ed. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82xIAAAAMAAJ"><i>Théodoret de Cyr: Correspondance</i></a>. Vol. 3. Paris: Editions du Cerf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9odoret+de+Cyr%3A+Correspondance&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Cerf&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82xIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiesen2006" class="citation book cs1">Biesen, Kees den (2006). <i>Simple and bold : Ephrem's art of symbolic thought</i> (1. Gorgias Press ed.). Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-397-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-397-8"><bdi>1-59333-397-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simple+and+bold+%3A+Ephrem%27s+art+of+symbolic+thought&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=1.+Gorgias+Press&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59333-397-8&rft.aulast=Biesen&rft.aufirst=Kees+den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBou_Mansour1988" class="citation book cs1">Bou Mansour, Tanios (1988). <i>La pensée symbolique de saint Ephrem le Syrien</i>. Kaslik, Lebanon: Bibliothèque de l'Université Saint Esprit XVI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+pens%C3%A9e+symbolique+de+saint+Ephrem+le+Syrien&rft.place=Kaslik%2C+Lebanon&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+Saint+Esprit+XVI&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Bou+Mansour&rft.aufirst=Tanios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramsociety.org/periodical/published-papers">"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature"</a>. <i>ARAM Periodical</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 11–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARAM+Periodical&rft.atitle=Three+Thousand+Years+of+Aramaic+Literature&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-23&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramsociety.org%2Fperiodical%2Fpublished-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1992a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992a) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQgLAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World Vision of Saint Ephrem</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879075248" title="Special:BookSources/9780879075248"><bdi>9780879075248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luminous+Eye%3A+The+Spiritual+World+Vision+of+Saint+Ephrem&rft.place=Kalamazoo&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Cistercian+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780879075248&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQgLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1992b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology</i></a>. Aldershot: Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860783053" title="Special:BookSources/9780860783053"><bdi>9780860783053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Syriac+Christianity%3A+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Theology&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780860783053&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHp_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1992c" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyzbHAJ_hAC">"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 212–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814323618" title="Special:BookSources/0814323618"><bdi>0814323618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eusebius+and+Syriac+Christianity&rft.btitle=Eusebius%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Judaism&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=212-234&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0814323618&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVyzbHAJ_hAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfVOuifv6xIC">"The Transmission of Ephrem's madrashe in the Syriac Liturgical Tradition"</a>. <i>Studia Patristica</i>. <b>33</b>: 490–505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789068318685" title="Special:BookSources/9789068318685"><bdi>9789068318685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Patristica&rft.atitle=The+Transmission+of+Ephrem%27s+madrashe+in+the+Syriac+Liturgical+Tradition&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=490-505&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789068318685&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfVOuifv6xIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8LAQAAMAAJ"><i>From Ephrem to Romanos: Interactions Between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860788003" title="Special:BookSources/9780860788003"><bdi>9780860788003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ephrem+to+Romanos%3A+Interactions+Between+Syriac+and+Greek+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780860788003&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999b" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol2/HV2N1Brock.pdf">"St. Ephrem in the Eyes of Later Syriac Liturgical Tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 5–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020103">10.31826/hug-2010-020103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688898">212688898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=St.+Ephrem+in+the+Eyes+of+Later+Syriac+Liturgical+Tradition&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-25&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol2%2FHV2N1Brock.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=5d351657dda01">"Greek Words in Ephrem and Narsai: A Comparative Sampling"</a>. <i>ARAM Periodical</i>. <b>12</b> (1–2): 439–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FARAM.12.0.504480">10.2143/ARAM.12.0.504480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARAM+Periodical&rft.atitle=Greek+Words+in+Ephrem+and+Narsai%3A+A+Comparative+Sampling&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=439-449&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FARAM.12.0.504480&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fsecure%2FPOJ%2Fdownloadpdf.php%3Fticket_id%3D5d351657dda01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlpsmkb1q2oC">"The Changing Faces of St Ephrem as Read in the West"</a>. <i>Abba: The Tradition of Orthodoxy in the West</i>. Crestwood: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 65–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881412482" title="Special:BookSources/9780881412482"><bdi>9780881412482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Faces+of+St+Ephrem+as+Read+in+the+West&rft.btitle=Abba%3A+The+Tradition+of+Orthodoxy+in+the+West&rft.place=Crestwood&rft.pages=65-80&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780881412482&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djlpsmkb1q2oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aepYpUVf9OkC">"Ephrem and the Syriac Tradition"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 362–372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521460835" title="Special:BookSources/9780521460835"><bdi>9780521460835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephrem+and+the+Syriac+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=362-372&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521460835&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaepYpUVf9OkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5k1swEACAAJ">"The Armenian Translation of the Syriac Life of St Ephrem and Its Syriac Source"</a>. <i>Reflections on Armenia and the Christian Orient</i>. Yerevan: Ankyunacar. pp. 119–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789939850306" title="Special:BookSources/9789939850306"><bdi>9789939850306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Translation+of+the+Syriac+Life+of+St+Ephrem+and+Its+Syriac+Source&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Armenia+and+the+Christian+Orient&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=119-130&rft.pub=Ankyunacar&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789939850306&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5k1swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockHarvey1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Ashbrook_Harvey" title="Susan Ashbrook Harvey">Harvey, Susan A.</a> (1998) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h68wDwAAQBAJ"><i>Holy Women of the Syrian Orient</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520213661" title="Special:BookSources/9780520213661"><bdi>9780520213661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Women+of+the+Syrian+Orient&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520213661&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Susan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh68wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1999" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Christopher G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/pdf/b/buck_paradise_paradigm.pdf"><i>Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baha'i Faith</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+and+Paradigm%3A+Key+Symbols+in+Persian+Christianity+and+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fpdf%2Fb%2Fbuck_paradise_paradigm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2011" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Syriac-Language">"Syriac Language"</a>. <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 390–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Language&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=390-391&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FSyriac-Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2019" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26842432">"The Classical Syriac Language"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 222–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Classical+Syriac+Language&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=222-242&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26842432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebié2009" class="citation journal cs1">Debié, Muriel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/474647">"Syriac Historiography and Identity Formation"</a>. <i>Church History and Religious Culture</i>. <b>89</b> (1–3): 93–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187124109X408014">10.1163/187124109X408014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History+and+Religious+Culture&rft.atitle=Syriac+Historiography+and+Identity+Formation&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=93-114&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187124109X408014&rft.aulast=Debi%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F474647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlEQAQAAIAAJ">"Ephraem, the Deacon of Edessa, and the Church of the Empire"</a>. <i>Diakonia: Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer</i>. Washington: CUA Press. pp. 25–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813205960" title="Special:BookSources/9780813205960"><bdi>9780813205960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephraem%2C+the+Deacon+of+Edessa%2C+and+the+Church+of+the+Empire&rft.btitle=Diakonia%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Robert+T.+Meyer&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=25-52&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780813205960&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlEQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1583993">"Ephraem the Syrian's Hymns Against Julian: Meditations on History and Imperial Power"</a>. <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 238–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1583993">10.2307/1583993</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1583993">1583993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=Ephraem+the+Syrian%27s+Hymns+Against+Julian%3A+Meditations+on+History+and+Imperial+Power&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238-266&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1583993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1583993%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F1583993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27831238">"Images of Ephraem: The Syrian Holy Man and His Church"</a>. <i>Traditio</i>. <b>45</b>: 7–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900012666">10.1017/S0362152900012666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27831238">27831238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151782759">151782759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Images+of+Ephraem%3A+The+Syrian+Holy+Man+and+His+Church&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=7-33&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151782759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27831238%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900012666&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27831238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9n0WAQAAMAAJ"><i>Faith Adoring the Mystery: Reading the Bible with St. Ephraem the Syrian</i></a>. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874625776" title="Special:BookSources/9780874625776"><bdi>9780874625776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+Adoring+the+Mystery%3A+Reading+the+Bible+with+St.+Ephraem+the+Syrian&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Marquette+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780874625776&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9n0WAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol1/HV1N2Griffith.pdf">"A Spiritual Father for the Whole Church: The Universal Appeal of St. Ephraem the Syrian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 197–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-010113">10.31826/hug-2010-010113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688360">212688360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Spiritual+Father+for+the+Whole+Church%3A+The+Universal+Appeal+of+St.+Ephraem+the+Syrian&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-220&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-010113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol1%2FHV1N2Griffith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJgZ9pCoop0C&pg=PA97">"Setting Right the Church of Syria: Saint Ephraem's Hymns against Heresies"</a>. <i>The Limits of Ancient Christianity: Essays on Late Antique Thought and Culture</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 97–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472109979" title="Special:BookSources/0472109979"><bdi>0472109979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Setting+Right+the+Church+of+Syria%3A+Saint+Ephraem%27s+Hymns+against+Heresies&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Ancient+Christianity%3A+Essays+on+Late+Antique+Thought+and+Culture&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=97-114&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0472109979&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJgZ9pCoop0C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211205946/http://www.syriacstudies.com/2018/11/29/christianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith">"Christianity in Edessa and the Syriac-Speaking World: Mani, Bar Daysan, and Ephraem, the Struggle for Allegiance on the Aramean Frontier"</a>. <i>Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies</i>. <b>2</b>: 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjcsss-2009-020104">10.31826/jcsss-2009-020104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166480216">166480216</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriacstudies.com/2018/11/29/christianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith">the original</a> on 2018-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Canadian+Society+for+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+Edessa+and+the+Syriac-Speaking+World%3A+Mani%2C+Bar+Daysan%2C+and+Ephraem%2C+the+Struggle+for+Allegiance+on+the+Aramean+Frontier&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjcsss-2009-020104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166480216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriacstudies.com%2F2018%2F11%2F29%2Fchristianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463233105-026">"St. Ephraem, Bar Daysān and the Clash of Madrāshê in Aram: Readings in St. Ephraem's Hymni contra Haereses"</a>. <i>The Harp: A Review of Syriac and Oriental Studies</i>. <b>21</b>: 447–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463233105-026">10.31826/9781463233105-026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harp%3A+A+Review+of+Syriac+and+Oriental+Studies&rft.atitle=St.+Ephraem%2C+Bar+Days%C4%81n+and+the+Clash+of+Madr%C4%81sh%C3%AA+in+Aram%3A+Readings+in+St.+Ephraem%27s+Hymni+contra+Haereses&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=447-472&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463233105-026&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%2F9781463233105-026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=le11wgEACAAJ">"Denominationalism in Fourth-Century Syria: Readings in Saint Ephraem's Hymns against Heresies, Madrāshê 22–24"</a>. <i>The Garb of Being: Embodiment and the Pursuit of Holiness in Late Ancient Christianity</i>. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 79–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823287024" title="Special:BookSources/9780823287024"><bdi>9780823287024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Denominationalism+in+Fourth-Century+Syria%3A+Readings+in+Saint+Ephraem%27s+Hymns+against+Heresies%2C+Madr%C4%81sh%C3%AA+22%E2%80%9324&rft.btitle=The+Garb+of+Being%3A+Embodiment+and+the+Pursuit+of+Holiness+in+Late+Ancient+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79-100&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780823287024&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dle11wgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansbury2006" class="citation book cs1">Hansbury, Mary (trans.) (2006). <i>Hymns of St. Ephrem the Syrian</i> (1. ed.). Oxford: SLG Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymns+of+St.+Ephrem+the+Syrian&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=SLG+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hansbury&rft.aufirst=Mary+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2007" class="citation journal cs1">Healey, John F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol10/HV10N2Healey.pdf">"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 115–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Edessan+Milieu+and+the+Birth+of+Syriac&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-127&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol10%2FHV10N2Healey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarim2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_II" title="Ignatius Aphrem II">Karim, Cyril Aphrem</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObxdvgAACAAJ"><i>Symbols of the Cross in the Writings of the Early Syriac Fathers</i></a>. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593332303" title="Special:BookSources/9781593332303"><bdi>9781593332303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+the+Cross+in+the+Writings+of+the+Early+Syriac+Fathers&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781593332303&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Aphrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObxdvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonammakkal1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Koonammakkal" title="Thomas Koonammakkal">Koonammakkal, Thomas</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H7ztgAACAAJ"><i>The Theology of Divine Names in the Genuine Works of Ephrem</i></a>. 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Leuven: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042908598" title="Special:BookSources/9789042908598"><bdi>9789042908598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aramaeans%3A+Their+Ancient+History%2C+Culture%2C+Religion&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789042908598&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrMKKtiBBI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVey1989" class="citation book cs1">McVey, Kathleen E., ed. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJUelxbOxPIC"><i>Ephrem the Syrian: Hymns</i></a>. 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Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity"</a>. <i>Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 306–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F2120%2FJJS-1998">10.18647/2120/JJS-1998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+Creation+or+the+Primordial+Language%3A+A+Case+of+Cultural+Polemics+in+Antiquity&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=306-333&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F2120%2FJJS-1998&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Milka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16441972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Paul S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol8/HV8N2Russell.pdf">"Nisibis as the Background to the Life of Ephrem the Syrian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 179–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2011-080113">10.31826/hug-2011-080113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688633">212688633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Nisibis+as+the+Background+to+the+Life+of+Ephrem+the+Syrian&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-235&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2011-080113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol8%2FHV8N2Russell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzer2014" class="citation book cs1">Ruzer, Serge (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QXAwAAQBAJ">"Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus' Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors"</a>. <i>The Language Environment of First Century Judaea</i>. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 182–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004264410" title="Special:BookSources/9789004264410"><bdi>9789004264410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebrew+versus+Aramaic+as+Jesus%27+Language%3A+Notes+on+Early+Opinions+by+Syriac+Authors&rft.btitle=The+Language+Environment+of+First+Century+Judaea&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pages=182-205&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004264410&rft.aulast=Ruzer&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF5QXAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1959" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Ernest (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnU9AAAAYAAJ"><i>The Fathers and Doctors of the Church</i></a>. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fathers+and+Doctors+of+the+Church&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Bruce+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnU9AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToepel2013" class="citation book cs1">Toepel, Alexander (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kCbpAgAAQBAJ">"The Cave of Treasures: A new Translation and Introduction"</a>. <i>Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures</i>. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 531–584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802827395" title="Special:BookSources/9780802827395"><bdi>9780802827395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cave+of+Treasures%3A+A+new+Translation+and+Introduction&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Pseudepigrapha%3A+More+Noncanonical+Scriptures&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=531-584&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780802827395&rft.aulast=Toepel&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkCbpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wickes, Jeffrey (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26497707">"Mapping the Literary Landscape of Ephrem's Theology of Divine Names"</a>. <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>69</b>: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26497707">26497707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Literary+Landscape+of+Ephrem%27s+Theology+of+Divine+Names&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26497707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wickes&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26497707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Philip (2007). Panicker, Geevarghese; Thekeparampil, Rev. Jacob; Kalakudi, Abraham (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9781463233112/10.31826/9781463233112-010.xml">"Syrian Identity in the Cave of Treasures"</a>. <i>The Harp</i>. <b>22</b>: 131–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463233112-010">10.31826/9781463233112-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463233112" title="Special:BookSources/9781463233112"><bdi>9781463233112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harp&rft.atitle=Syrian+Identity+in+the+Cave+of+Treasures&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=131-140&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463233112-010&rft.isbn=9781463233112&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9781463233112%2F10.31826%2F9781463233112-010.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2012" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Philip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEYSDAAAQBAJ">"Syriac and the Syrians"</a>. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 170–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190277536" title="Special:BookSources/9780190277536"><bdi>9780190277536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+and+the+Syrians&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=170-194&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780190277536&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEYSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ephrem_the_Syrian" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ephraem_Syrus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ephraem Syrus">Ephraem Syrus</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114142254/http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/MEphrem/"><i>Margonitho</i>: Mor Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041205111118/http://www.anastasis.org.uk/ephrem.htm"><i>Anastasis</i> article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204212800/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol1No2/index.html"><i>Hugoye</i>: Influence of Saint Ephraim the Syrian, part 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204213801/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No1/index.html"><i>Hugoye</i>: Influence of Saint Ephraim the Syrian, part 2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613183654/http://www.theandros.com/ephraem.html">"St. Ephraem 'Faith Adoring the Mystery'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theandros.com/ephraem.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Ephraem+%27Faith+Adoring+the+Mystery%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theandros.com%2Fephraem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphrem+the+Syrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201111050/http://www.zenit.org/article-21141?l=english">Benedict XVI on St. Ephrem and his role in history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_235b.html">Lewis E 235b Grammatical treatise (Ad correctionem eorum qui virtuose vivunt) at OPenn</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syriac_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>, legacy of <br />the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i><br />(the <i>"Nestorian Church"</i>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>,<br />legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></i><br />(active 1st century–1601)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200608#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118530550">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082928">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119923330">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119923330">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00768647">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ephraem : Syrus <santo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV021559">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35073660">Australia</a></span></li><li><span 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000061200">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=18415">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlljjq2mf84g3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674116205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/57608">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260980605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511757606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14002666">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01051313?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c19db5bd-047d-4c65-8e43-b15d41a1fdd9">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/818671">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118530550.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118530550">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027999297">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62v2fbp">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/50053925">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&oldid=1254816954">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephrem_the_Syrian&oldid=1254816954</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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