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J-20S vs F-22: how drones flip the battle of mighty stealth fighters | South China Morning Post
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military experts decided to find out, so they conducted a simulated battle between a J-20 of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and an F-22 of the US, setting the stage to the north of Taiwan.\nTo be cautious, the Chinese jet’s technical specs, including radar prowess and stealth capabilities, were deliberately set lower than its American counterpart.\nThe outcome? In every scenario, the Chinese fighter emerged on top with a win rate exceeding 95 per cent. This performance was attributed to the J-20’s ability to team up with two to three unmanned drones.\nThese aerial companions could scout out the enemy, draw fire from the F-22, and launch multidirectional attacks, while the human-piloted J-20 struck the decisive blow.\nAt this month’s China Airshow, the PLA unveiled the latest iteration of its heavy stealth fighter, the J-20S. A global first, this two-seater stealth jet features a unique set-up: one pilot focuses on flying and weaponry, while the other handles communication and drone coordination.\n“The landscape of modern air combat has undergone a paradigm shift, thanks to rapid advancements in information and drone technology,” wrote a research team led by Zhang Dong, an associate professor with the school of astronautics at Northwestern Polytechnical University, in a paper published this month.\n“While there’s still a gap between drone autonomy and the demands of air combat, manned-unmanned collaboration offers a promising solution,” Zhang and his colleagues said.\n\nThe concept of “loyal wingmen” originated in the US, with Kratos’ XQ-58 Valkyrie drone successfully linking up with F-22 and F-35 jets in recent tests. However, the project remains in its experimental stages, with one major hurdle being how one pilot could manage drones in the heat of battle.\nAccording to Zhang’s paper, the two pilots of the J-20S have a heavy workload: they must integrate data from satellites, warning aircraft, ground radars and drones, assess the battlefield situation, assign targets to drones, and make split-second decisions for attack or defence.\nSimulations revealed that a lone J-20 armed with eight medium-range air-to-air missiles had a less than 10 per cent chance of defeating an F-22 carrying six AIM-120C missiles. Despite the Chinese missiles’ longer range, the US jet’s radar had the edge in detection.\nBut the addition of two drones tipped the scales, and with three, the J-20’s advantage widened, allowing it to win without even engaging in combat.\nZhang’s team used a cutting-edge digital simulation system for their air combat scenarios.\n“Our platform includes realistic six-degree-of-freedom models for real fighter jets in service, sensor models and missile simulations, capable of replicating real-world manned-unmanned air combat,” they wrote.\nNorthwestern Polytechnical University, located in the historic city of Xian, is a key player in advanced military technology research. The Chinese government has accused the US National Security Agency of attempting to hack into the university’s network to steal sensitive information.\nThe peer-reviewed paper was published in the Chinese academic journal Systems Engineering and Electronics on November 20.\n","articleSection":"Science","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Stephen Chen","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/stephen-chen"},"dateCreated":"2024-11-28T15:46:46+08:00","dateModified":"2024-11-30T01:14:46+08:00","datePublished":"2024-11-29T22:00:09+08:00","description":"China and the United States boast the most formidable stealth fighter jets in the world – but which one reigns supreme?","genre":"News","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"J-20S vs F-22: how drones flip the battle of mighty stealth 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class="er6t7fe4 css-19mvk5a e1ql5f172" data-qa="ContentSubHeadline-ContainerWithTag"><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why</p></h3></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Sponsor" class="css-1qzrjqn ea45u6l19"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-ReadingTime" class="css-1ic67f3 ea45u6l18"><div class=" er6t7fe18 css-1cyqcxd e17crirv0" data-qa="ArticleReadingTime-Container"><span>Reading Time:</span><strong data-qa="ArticleReadingTime-strong">2 minutes</strong></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Spacer" class="css-mkkf9p e11xd9ce0"></div><a target="_blank" class=" ea45u6l31 e15mxrzj0 css-1p9kdgq e1llv60l0" href="/policies-and-standards#participation" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><div data-qa="ArticleTrustLabel-Container" class="css-1ws1v6m e15mxrzj2"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" 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operator="out"></feComposite><feColorMatrix type="matrix" values="0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0"></feColorMatrix><feBlend mode="normal" in2="BackgroundImageFix" result="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319"></feBlend><feBlend mode="normal" in="SourceGraphic" in2="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319" result="shape"></feBlend></filter></defs></svg></figure></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-ContentContainer" class="css-wvfhp ea45u6l28"><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Author" class="css-plhgzi ea45u6l15"><div data-qa="AuthorNames-AuthorNamesContainer" class=" er6t7fe31 css-1fl3ncg eybiz6w3"><a target="_self" class="e163ld431 css-uvyeg2 e1llv60l0" href="/author/stephen-chen" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">Stephen Chen</a><span data-qa="AuthorNames-renderLocations-AuthorLocation" class="css-1sn2av9 eybiz6w0">in <!-- -->Beijing</span></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PublishDateTime" class="css-mbzp8v ea45u6l14"><div class=" er6t7fe25 css-1qbx4v2 efakuk42" data-qa="Article20Date-Container"><time dateTime="2024-11-29T14:00:09.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-PublishedDate" class="css-0 efakuk41">Published: <!-- -->10:00pm, 29 Nov 2024</time><time dateTime="2024-11-29T17:14:46.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-UpdatedDate" class="css-m6ip7c efakuk40">Updated: <!-- -->1:14am, 30 Nov 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1u2o0u6 ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe38 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">China and the United States boast the most formidable stealth fighter jets in the world – but which one reigns supreme?</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">A team of Chinese <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-military?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">military</span></a> experts decided to find out, so they conducted a simulated battle between a <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3286267/why-j-20-mighty-dragon-symbol-chinas-military-modernisation?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">J-20</span></a> of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and an <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/f-22-raptor-fighter-jets?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">F-22</span></a> of the US, setting the stage to the north of Taiwan.</div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">To be cautious, the Chinese jet’s technical specs, including radar prowess and stealth capabilities, were deliberately set lower than its American counterpart.</p><div class="js-reading-20-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">The outcome? In every scenario, the Chinese fighter emerged on top with a win rate exceeding 95 per cent. This performance was attributed to the J-20’s ability to team up with two to three <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/drones?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">unmanned drones</span></a>.</div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">These aerial companions could scout out the enemy, draw fire from the F-22, and launch multidirectional attacks, while the human-piloted J-20 struck the decisive blow.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">At this month’s <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/zhuhai-airshow?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">China Airshow</span></a>, the PLA unveiled the latest iteration of its heavy stealth fighter, <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3286267/why-j-20-mighty-dragon-symbol-chinas-military-modernisation?module=inline&pgtype=article?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">the J-20S</span></a>. A global first, this two-seater stealth jet features a unique set-up: one pilot focuses on flying and weaponry, while the other handles communication and drone coordination.</div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">“The landscape of modern <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287740/chinese-scientists-increase-fighter-jet-afterburner-efficiency-nearly-100-study?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">air combat</span></a> has undergone a paradigm shift, thanks to rapid advancements in information and drone technology,” wrote a research team led by Zhang Dong, an associate professor with the school of astronautics at Northwestern Polytechnical University, in a paper published this month.</div></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" 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...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: 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style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleRelatedTopicsContent\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetContentTypeNameContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n flag\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n ...contentLiveArticleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n}\n\nfragment liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n liveArticle(filter: {entityUuid: $entityUuid}) {\n customTimezone\n liveContents {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n title\n body {\n text\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...entityLink\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...headerMorningStudioArticle\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleFooterContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityUuid\n topics {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment newsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...headerNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment notificationSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryDialogContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...photoGalleryDialogContent\n}\n\nfragment pianoIntegrationArticle on Article {\n __typename\n contentLock\n createdDate\n entityId\n entityUuid\n headline\n publishedDate\n sponsor\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n ...helpersIsArchiveWallArticle\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...useShareContentUnlockedArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n ...articleDateContent\n ...authorNamesArticle\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTitleArticle on Article {\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...plusArticleTypeTitleContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTypeTitleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n areaOfExpertise\n}\n\nfragment plusColumnsArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment plusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent\n ...plusArticleTitleArticle\n}\n\nfragment popupArticle20ShareMenuContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment postMagazineArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...genericArticleContent\n}\n\nfragment scmpYoutubeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...seriesPrimaryContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...seriesBannerContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment seriesBannerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesPrimaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe\n}\n\nfragment shareArticle20Content on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...popupArticle20ShareMenuContent\n}\n\nfragment sponsorTagSponsor on Sponsor {\n name\n type\n images {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n sponsor {\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n authors {\n ...authorNameAuthor\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle\n}\n\nfragment styleAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorSocialLinksAuthor\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment topicLinkTopic on Topic {\n ...entityLink\n name\n shortName\n}\n\nfragment useShareContentUnlockedArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment videoDurationOverlayVideo on Video {\n duration\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment widgetNewsletterArticleArticle on 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...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleListArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...articleDividerArticle\n ...articleFooterArticle\n ...articlePaginationCheckerArticle\n ...articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4\n ...articleRecommendationArticle\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n ...articleRenderArticle_3o8td4\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent\n ...contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n images {\n url\n style(filter: {style: \"237x147\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle on Article {\n styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRelatedTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleRelatedTopicsContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentActionBarContent\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ...helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle\n ...helpersGetContentTypeNameContent\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleRelatedTopicsContent\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetContentTypeNameContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n 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He investigates major research projects in China, a new power house of scientific and technological innovation, and their impact to humanity. Stephen has produced a large number of exclusive stories on China research, some highly controversial or shrouded in secrecy. He has been with the SCMP since 2006.","socialLinks":[{"class":"email","title":"","url":"mailto: binglin.chen@scmp.com"},{"class":"facebook","title":"","url":"https://www.facebook.com/Stephen.Chen.SCMP"}],"role":{"text":"News Editor, Science\n"},"areaOfExpertise":["China science, research, innovation"]}],"headline":"J-20S vs F-22: how drones flip the battle of mighty stealth fighters","socialHeadline":"J-20S vs F-22: how drones flip the battle of mighty stealth fighters","images":[{"generic_og":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=zzdAYo66\u0026v=1732780007"},"styles":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_posties_article/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=-B6uBZp8\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_posties_article"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_postmag/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=XdijNgVu\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_postmag"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_analysis/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=MrjLvimL\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_analysis"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_explainer/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=siZmHJKR\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_explainer"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_editorial/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=3qd8hOQ3\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_editorial"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_fact_check/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=MUdSN1GT\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_fact_check"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_debate/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=FZCiLclc\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_debate"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_live/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=yxxmp4hb\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_live"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_obituary/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=q1APtBkk\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_obituary"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_opinion/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=I_hfuLoL\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_opinion"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_review/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=lCJeInSs\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_review"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_series/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=aLY29sr6\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_series"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=zzdAYo66\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_generic"}],"type":"leading","style":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=Gil8IIMU\u0026v=1732780007"},"title":"Chinese military researchers have pitted the Chinese J-20 stealth fighter - seen here during the recent China Airshow - against an American F-22 in a simulated battle to see who would be victorious. 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Photo: Northwestern Polytechnical University","url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg","isSlideshow":null,"sizeLandscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=rYhJKNrQ"},"size1280x720":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=Zbd7Df6F"},"size1200x800":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1200x800/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=ybvhHTzn"},"size1020x680":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1020x680/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=cWlqLphF"},"size768x768":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=6Nk-DjWl"},"landscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=rYhJKNrQ"},"size540x360":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/540x360/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=cKML6k8l"},"height":1581,"width":1999}],"disableOffPlatformContent":[],"published":true,"sponsorType":null,"publishedDate":1732888809000,"updatedDate":1732900486000,"summary":{"text":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why"}]}]},"body":{"text":"China and the United States boast the most formidable stealth fighter jets in the world – but which one reigns supreme?\nA team of Chinese military experts decided to find out, so they conducted a simulated battle between a J-20 of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and an F-22 of the US, setting the stage to the north of Taiwan.\nTo be cautious, the Chinese jet’s technical specs, including radar prowess and stealth capabilities, were deliberately set lower than its American counterpart.\nThe outcome? In every scenario, the Chinese fighter emerged on top with a win rate exceeding 95 per cent. This performance was attributed to the J-20’s ability to team up with two to three unmanned drones.\nThese aerial companions could scout out the enemy, draw fire from the F-22, and launch multidirectional attacks, while the human-piloted J-20 struck the decisive blow.\nAt this month’s China Airshow, the PLA unveiled the latest iteration of its heavy stealth fighter, the J-20S. A global first, this two-seater stealth jet features a unique set-up: one pilot focuses on flying and weaponry, while the other handles communication and drone coordination.\n“The landscape of modern air combat has undergone a paradigm shift, thanks to rapid advancements in information and drone technology,” wrote a research team led by Zhang Dong, an associate professor with the school of astronautics at Northwestern Polytechnical University, in a paper published this month.\n“While there’s still a gap between drone autonomy and the demands of air combat, manned-unmanned collaboration offers a promising solution,” Zhang and his colleagues said.\n\nThe concept of “loyal wingmen” originated in the US, with Kratos’ XQ-58 Valkyrie drone successfully linking up with F-22 and F-35 jets in recent tests. However, the project remains in its experimental stages, with one major hurdle being how one pilot could manage drones in the heat of battle.\nAccording to Zhang’s paper, the two pilots of the J-20S have a heavy workload: they must integrate data from satellites, warning aircraft, ground radars and drones, assess the battlefield situation, assign targets to drones, and make split-second decisions for attack or defence.\nSimulations revealed that a lone J-20 armed with eight medium-range air-to-air missiles had a less than 10 per cent chance of defeating an F-22 carrying six AIM-120C missiles. Despite the Chinese missiles’ longer range, the US jet’s radar had the edge in detection.\nBut the addition of two drones tipped the scales, and with three, the J-20’s advantage widened, allowing it to win without even engaging in combat.\nZhang’s team used a cutting-edge digital simulation system for their air combat scenarios.\n“Our platform includes realistic six-degree-of-freedom models for real fighter jets in service, sensor models and missile simulations, capable of replicating real-world manned-unmanned air combat,” they wrote.\nNorthwestern Polytechnical University, located in the historic city of Xian, is a key player in advanced military technology research. The Chinese government has accused the US National Security Agency of attempting to hack into the university’s network to steal sensitive information.\nThe peer-reviewed paper was published in the Chinese academic journal Systems Engineering and Electronics on November 20.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China and the United States boast the most formidable stealth fighter jets in the world – but which one reigns supreme?"}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A team of Chinese "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-military","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"046da166-8dee-49b0-b8d5-25a24aa1ef2e","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"military"}]},{"type":"text","data":" experts decided to find out, so they conducted a simulated battle between a "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3286267/why-j-20-mighty-dragon-symbol-chinas-military-modernisation","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"65fd8629-1a21-4f76-bb12-49b4bd7cc0bc","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"J-20"}]},{"type":"text","data":" of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and an "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/f-22-raptor-fighter-jets","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"e0b140bc-02b4-455d-8dbd-0cb72aa76a0f","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"F-22"}]},{"type":"text","data":" of the US, setting the stage to the north of Taiwan."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"To be cautious, the Chinese jet’s technical specs, including radar prowess and stealth capabilities, were deliberately set lower than its American counterpart."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The outcome? In every scenario, the Chinese fighter emerged on top with a win rate exceeding 95 per cent. This performance was attributed to the J-20’s ability to team up with two to three "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/drones","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"19bc8abc-7698-4051-9eb2-1575266f4aa8","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"unmanned drones"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"These aerial companions could scout out the enemy, draw fire from the F-22, and launch multidirectional attacks, while the human-piloted J-20 struck the decisive blow."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"At this month’s "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/zhuhai-airshow","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c651ca26-7ebe-4078-a891-f50bc0924c16","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"China Airshow"}]},{"type":"text","data":", the PLA unveiled the latest iteration of its heavy stealth fighter, "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3286267/why-j-20-mighty-dragon-symbol-chinas-military-modernisation?module=inline\u0026pgtype=article","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"65fd8629-1a21-4f76-bb12-49b4bd7cc0bc","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"the J-20S"}]},{"type":"text","data":". A global first, this two-seater stealth jet features a unique set-up: one pilot focuses on flying and weaponry, while the other handles communication and drone coordination."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The landscape of modern "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287740/chinese-scientists-increase-fighter-jet-afterburner-efficiency-nearly-100-study","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"68f8a62b-52a9-48f1-8b5d-d44831a5d09e","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"air combat"}]},{"type":"text","data":" has undergone a paradigm shift, thanks to rapid advancements in information and drone technology,” wrote a research team led by Zhang Dong, an associate professor with the school of astronautics at Northwestern Polytechnical University, in a paper published this month."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“While there’s still a gap between drone autonomy and the demands of air combat, manned-unmanned collaboration offers a promising solution,” Zhang and his colleagues said."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg","data-fid":"15874902","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1581","title":"Chinese scientists have released their findings from a simulated battle they conducted between stealth fighter jets from China and the US. Photo: Northwestern Polytechnical University","alt":"Chinese scientists have released their findings from a simulated battle they conducted between stealth fighter jets from China and the US. Photo: Northwestern Polytechnical University"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The concept of “"},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3278606/chinas-gj-11-stealth-drone-sightings-hint-future-role-fighter-jet-wingmen","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"9b9bc6b7-50f3-4295-9d78-20d7a8dd6b1b","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"loyal wingmen"}]},{"type":"text","data":"” originated in the US, with Kratos’ XQ-58 Valkyrie drone successfully linking up with F-22 and F-35 jets in recent tests. However, the project remains in its experimental stages, with one major hurdle being how one pilot could manage drones in the heat of battle."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Zhang’s paper, the two pilots of the J-20S have a heavy workload: they must integrate data from satellites, warning aircraft, ground radars and drones, assess the battlefield situation, assign targets to drones, and make split-second decisions for attack or defence."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Simulations revealed that a lone J-20 armed with eight medium-range air-to-air missiles had a less than 10 per cent chance of defeating an F-22 carrying six AIM-120C missiles. Despite the Chinese missiles’ longer range, the US jet’s "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287546/new-coating-can-make-chinas-stealth-aircraft-invisible-anti-stealth-radar-study?module=Science\u0026pgtype=section","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"b3f17e80-b4bc-43b8-8ee6-ff5496d8fced","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"radar"}]},{"type":"text","data":" had the edge in detection."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But the addition of two drones tipped the scales, and with three, the J-20’s advantage widened, allowing it to win without even engaging in combat."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zhang’s team used a cutting-edge digital simulation system for their air combat scenarios."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Our platform includes realistic six-degree-of-freedom models for real fighter jets in service, sensor models and missile simulations, capable of replicating real-world manned-unmanned air combat,” they wrote."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, located in the historic city of Xian, is a key player in advanced military technology "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c7125601-b36c-44c2-8646-2ca97798aa3c","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"section"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"research"}]},{"type":"text","data":". 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He investigates major research projects in China, a new power house of scientific and technological innovation, and their impact to humanity. Stephen has produced a large number of exclusive stories on China research, some highly controversial or shrouded in secrecy. He has been with the SCMP since 2006.","socialLinks":[{"class":"email","title":"","url":"mailto: binglin.chen@scmp.com"},{"class":"facebook","title":"","url":"https://www.facebook.com/Stephen.Chen.SCMP"}],"role":{"text":"News Editor, Science\n"},"areaOfExpertise":["China science, research, innovation"]}],"headline":"J-20S vs F-22: how drones flip the battle of mighty stealth fighters","socialHeadline":"J-20S vs F-22: how drones flip the battle of mighty stealth fighters","images":[{"generic_og":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=zzdAYo66\u0026v=1732780007"},"styles":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_posties_article/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=-B6uBZp8\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_posties_article"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_postmag/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=XdijNgVu\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_postmag"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_analysis/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=MrjLvimL\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_analysis"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_explainer/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=siZmHJKR\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_explainer"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_editorial/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=3qd8hOQ3\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_editorial"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_fact_check/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=MUdSN1GT\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_fact_check"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_debate/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=FZCiLclc\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_debate"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_live/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=yxxmp4hb\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_live"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_obituary/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=q1APtBkk\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_obituary"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_opinion/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=I_hfuLoL\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_opinion"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_review/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=lCJeInSs\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_review"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_series/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=aLY29sr6\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_series"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=zzdAYo66\u0026v=1732780007","style":"og_image_scmp_generic"}],"type":"leading","style":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/c3e907c7-b692-4313-a050-cf12a816a682_24b7239b.jpg?itok=Gil8IIMU\u0026v=1732780007"},"title":"Chinese military researchers have pitted the Chinese J-20 stealth fighter - seen here during the recent China Airshow - against an American F-22 in a simulated battle to see who would be victorious. 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Photo: Northwestern Polytechnical University","url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg","isSlideshow":null,"sizeLandscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=rYhJKNrQ"},"size1280x720":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=Zbd7Df6F"},"size1200x800":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1200x800/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=ybvhHTzn"},"size1020x680":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1020x680/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=cWlqLphF"},"size768x768":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=6Nk-DjWl"},"landscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=rYhJKNrQ"},"size540x360":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/540x360/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg?itok=cKML6k8l"},"height":1581,"width":1999}],"disableOffPlatformContent":[],"published":true,"sponsorType":null,"publishedDate":1732888809000,"updatedDate":1732900486000,"summary":{"text":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A simulated battle between Chinese and American stealth fighter jets has shown which would be the victor – and why"}]}]},"body":{"text":"China and the United States boast the most formidable stealth fighter jets in the world – but which one reigns supreme?\nA team of Chinese military experts decided to find out, so they conducted a simulated battle between a J-20 of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and an F-22 of the US, setting the stage to the north of Taiwan.\nTo be cautious, the Chinese jet’s technical specs, including radar prowess and stealth capabilities, were deliberately set lower than its American counterpart.\nThe outcome? In every scenario, the Chinese fighter emerged on top with a win rate exceeding 95 per cent. This performance was attributed to the J-20’s ability to team up with two to three unmanned drones.\nThese aerial companions could scout out the enemy, draw fire from the F-22, and launch multidirectional attacks, while the human-piloted J-20 struck the decisive blow.\nAt this month’s China Airshow, the PLA unveiled the latest iteration of its heavy stealth fighter, the J-20S. A global first, this two-seater stealth jet features a unique set-up: one pilot focuses on flying and weaponry, while the other handles communication and drone coordination.\n“The landscape of modern air combat has undergone a paradigm shift, thanks to rapid advancements in information and drone technology,” wrote a research team led by Zhang Dong, an associate professor with the school of astronautics at Northwestern Polytechnical University, in a paper published this month.\n“While there’s still a gap between drone autonomy and the demands of air combat, manned-unmanned collaboration offers a promising solution,” Zhang and his colleagues said.\n\nThe concept of “loyal wingmen” originated in the US, with Kratos’ XQ-58 Valkyrie drone successfully linking up with F-22 and F-35 jets in recent tests. However, the project remains in its experimental stages, with one major hurdle being how one pilot could manage drones in the heat of battle.\nAccording to Zhang’s paper, the two pilots of the J-20S have a heavy workload: they must integrate data from satellites, warning aircraft, ground radars and drones, assess the battlefield situation, assign targets to drones, and make split-second decisions for attack or defence.\nSimulations revealed that a lone J-20 armed with eight medium-range air-to-air missiles had a less than 10 per cent chance of defeating an F-22 carrying six AIM-120C missiles. Despite the Chinese missiles’ longer range, the US jet’s radar had the edge in detection.\nBut the addition of two drones tipped the scales, and with three, the J-20’s advantage widened, allowing it to win without even engaging in combat.\nZhang’s team used a cutting-edge digital simulation system for their air combat scenarios.\n“Our platform includes realistic six-degree-of-freedom models for real fighter jets in service, sensor models and missile simulations, capable of replicating real-world manned-unmanned air combat,” they wrote.\nNorthwestern Polytechnical University, located in the historic city of Xian, is a key player in advanced military technology research. The Chinese government has accused the US National Security Agency of attempting to hack into the university’s network to steal sensitive information.\nThe peer-reviewed paper was published in the Chinese academic journal Systems Engineering and Electronics on November 20.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China and the United States boast the most formidable stealth fighter jets in the world – but which one reigns supreme?"}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A team of Chinese "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-military","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"046da166-8dee-49b0-b8d5-25a24aa1ef2e","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"military"}]},{"type":"text","data":" experts decided to find out, so they conducted a simulated battle between a "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3286267/why-j-20-mighty-dragon-symbol-chinas-military-modernisation","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"65fd8629-1a21-4f76-bb12-49b4bd7cc0bc","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"J-20"}]},{"type":"text","data":" of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and an "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/f-22-raptor-fighter-jets","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"e0b140bc-02b4-455d-8dbd-0cb72aa76a0f","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"F-22"}]},{"type":"text","data":" of the US, setting the stage to the north of Taiwan."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"To be cautious, the Chinese jet’s technical specs, including radar prowess and stealth capabilities, were deliberately set lower than its American counterpart."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The outcome? In every scenario, the Chinese fighter emerged on top with a win rate exceeding 95 per cent. This performance was attributed to the J-20’s ability to team up with two to three "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/drones","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"19bc8abc-7698-4051-9eb2-1575266f4aa8","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"unmanned drones"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"These aerial companions could scout out the enemy, draw fire from the F-22, and launch multidirectional attacks, while the human-piloted J-20 struck the decisive blow."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"At this month’s "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/zhuhai-airshow","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c651ca26-7ebe-4078-a891-f50bc0924c16","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"China Airshow"}]},{"type":"text","data":", the PLA unveiled the latest iteration of its heavy stealth fighter, "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3286267/why-j-20-mighty-dragon-symbol-chinas-military-modernisation?module=inline\u0026pgtype=article","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"65fd8629-1a21-4f76-bb12-49b4bd7cc0bc","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"the J-20S"}]},{"type":"text","data":". A global first, this two-seater stealth jet features a unique set-up: one pilot focuses on flying and weaponry, while the other handles communication and drone coordination."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The landscape of modern "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287740/chinese-scientists-increase-fighter-jet-afterburner-efficiency-nearly-100-study","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"68f8a62b-52a9-48f1-8b5d-d44831a5d09e","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"air combat"}]},{"type":"text","data":" has undergone a paradigm shift, thanks to rapid advancements in information and drone technology,” wrote a research team led by Zhang Dong, an associate professor with the school of astronautics at Northwestern Polytechnical University, in a paper published this month."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“While there’s still a gap between drone autonomy and the demands of air combat, manned-unmanned collaboration offers a promising solution,” Zhang and his colleagues said."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/bca17a92-5648-4fc2-87d1-ed77328bc22d_3d65ba1e.jpg","data-fid":"15874902","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1581","title":"Chinese scientists have released their findings from a simulated battle they conducted between stealth fighter jets from China and the US. Photo: Northwestern Polytechnical University","alt":"Chinese scientists have released their findings from a simulated battle they conducted between stealth fighter jets from China and the US. Photo: Northwestern Polytechnical University"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The concept of “"},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3278606/chinas-gj-11-stealth-drone-sightings-hint-future-role-fighter-jet-wingmen","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"9b9bc6b7-50f3-4295-9d78-20d7a8dd6b1b","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"loyal wingmen"}]},{"type":"text","data":"” originated in the US, with Kratos’ XQ-58 Valkyrie drone successfully linking up with F-22 and F-35 jets in recent tests. However, the project remains in its experimental stages, with one major hurdle being how one pilot could manage drones in the heat of battle."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Zhang’s paper, the two pilots of the J-20S have a heavy workload: they must integrate data from satellites, warning aircraft, ground radars and drones, assess the battlefield situation, assign targets to drones, and make split-second decisions for attack or defence."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Simulations revealed that a lone J-20 armed with eight medium-range air-to-air missiles had a less than 10 per cent chance of defeating an F-22 carrying six AIM-120C missiles. Despite the Chinese missiles’ longer range, the US jet’s "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287546/new-coating-can-make-chinas-stealth-aircraft-invisible-anti-stealth-radar-study?module=Science\u0026pgtype=section","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"b3f17e80-b4bc-43b8-8ee6-ff5496d8fced","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"radar"}]},{"type":"text","data":" had the edge in detection."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But the addition of two drones tipped the scales, and with three, the J-20’s advantage widened, allowing it to win without even engaging in combat."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zhang’s team used a cutting-edge digital simulation system for their air combat scenarios."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Our platform includes realistic six-degree-of-freedom models for real fighter jets in service, sensor models and missile simulations, capable of replicating real-world manned-unmanned air combat,” they wrote."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, located in the historic city of Xian, is a key player in advanced military technology "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c7125601-b36c-44c2-8646-2ca97798aa3c","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"section"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"research"}]},{"type":"text","data":". 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