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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Filosofi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filosofi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Filosofi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filosofi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forandringens_og_bevægelsens_natur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forandringens_og_bevægelsens_natur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Forandringens og bevægelsens natur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forandringens_og_bevægelsens_natur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Begreber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Begreber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Begreber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Begreber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etik_og_psykologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etik_og_psykologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Etik og psykologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etik_og_psykologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retorik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retorik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Retorik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retorik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturvidenskab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturvidenskab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Naturvidenskab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturvidenskab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logik_og_metode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logik_og_metode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Logik og metode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logik_og_metode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristoteles'_skrifter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristoteles'_skrifter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aristoteles' skrifter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristoteles'_skrifter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indflydelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indflydelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indflydelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indflydelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_Danmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_Danmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>I Danmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_Danmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritikere_af_Aristoteles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritikere_af_Aristoteles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kritikere af Aristoteles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritikere_af_Aristoteles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Litteratur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oversættelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oversættelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Oversættelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oversættelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kommentarlitteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommentarlitteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kommentarlitteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommentarlitteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fodnoter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fodnoter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fodnoter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fodnoter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aristoteles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 219 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-219" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">219 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A3%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8A%E1%88%B5" title="አሪስጣጣሊስ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሪስጣጣሊስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3til" title="Aristótil – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aristótil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – oldengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="oldengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%E1%BB%8Dtulu" title="Aristọtulu – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Aristọtulu" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="أرسطو – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرسطو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="أرسطو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أرسطو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="اريسطو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريسطو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%27%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2" title="এৰিষ্ট'টল – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এৰিষ্ট'টল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9l%C3%A9s" title="Aristotélés – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aristotélés" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristuotelis" title="Aristuotelis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aristuotelis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арыстоцель – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыстоцель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арыстотэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арыстотэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristo" title="Aristo – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Aristo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аристотел – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аристотел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2" title="এরিস্টটল – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এরিস্টটল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotles" title="Aristotles – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Aristotles" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2til" title="Aristòtil – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aristòtil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – tjetjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%9F" title="ᎡᏫᏍᏔᏟ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏫᏍᏔᏟ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="ئەرەستوو – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەرەستوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel%C3%A9s" title="Aristotelés – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aristotelés" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%94%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C" title="Арїстотєл҄ь – kirkeslavisk" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Арїстотєл҄ь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="kirkeslavisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – nedersorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="nedersorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αριστοτέλης – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριστοτέλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelo" title="Aristotelo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aristotelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teli" title="Aristóteli – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aristóteli" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arastatal" title="Arastatal – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arastatal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里斯多德 – gan-kinesisk" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="亞里斯多德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelis" title="Aristotelis – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aristotelis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 – gotisk" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B2" title="એરિસ્ટોટલ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એરિસ્ટોટલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – hakka-kinesisk" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95" title="אריסטו – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריסטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अरस्तु – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरस्तु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2t" title="Aristòt – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aristòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisztotel%C3%A9sz" title="Arisztotelész – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arisztotelész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Արիստոտել – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արիստոտել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A7%D5%AC" title="Արիստոտէլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արիստոտէլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="アリストテレス – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリストテレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristakl" title="Aristakl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aristakl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/aristoteles" title="aristoteles – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="aristoteles" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9l%C3%A8s" title="Aristotélès – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aristotélès" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="არისტოტელე – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არისტოტელე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot" title="Aristot – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aristot" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B" title="អារីសស្ដូថូល – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អារីសស្ដូថូល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್‌ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="아리스토텔레스 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아리스토텔레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%AEstotel%C3%AAs" title="Arîstotelês – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Arîstotelês" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – luxembourgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94" title="ອາລີຊະຕົດ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາລີຊະຕົດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelis" title="Aristotelis – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aristotelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelis" title="Aristotelis – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aristotelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अरस्तु – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अरस्तु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотэль – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Аристотэль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B4ty" title="Aristôty – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aristôty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аристотел – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аристотел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="അരിസ്റ്റോട്ടിൽ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അരിസ്റ്റോട്ടിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯁꯇꯣꯇꯜ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯁꯇꯣꯇꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="ॲरिस्टॉटल – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲरिस्टॉटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotli" title="Aristotli – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Aristotli" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အရစ္စတိုတယ် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရစ္စတိုတယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – mazenisk" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – plattysk (Holland)" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="plattysk (Holland)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अरस्तु – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरस्तु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="एरिस्तोतल – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एरिस्तोतल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9les" title="Aristotéles – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aristotéles" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%95%DF%90%DF%95" title="ߊߙߌߛߑߕߐߕ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߙߌߛߑߕߐߕ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%AEtote" title="Arîtote – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Arîtote" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tel" title="Aristòtel – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aristòtel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristootil" title="Aristootil – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aristootil" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B2" title="ଆରିଷ୍ଟୋଟଲ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆରିଷ୍ଟୋଟଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਅਰਸਤੂ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਸਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arystoteles" title="Arystoteles – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arystoteles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2til" title="Aristòtil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aristòtil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ارستو – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارستو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristutiris" title="Aristutiris – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aristutiris" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – arumænsk" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арістотель – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арістотель" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="अरिस्टाटल् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अरिस्टाटल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – jakutisk" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tele" title="Aristòtele – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aristòtele" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tili" title="Aristòtili – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aristòtili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris%E1%B9%ADu" title="Arisṭu – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Arisṭu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇරිස්ටෝටල් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇරිස්ටෝටල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotile" title="Aristotile – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Aristotile" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteli" title="Aristoteli – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aristoteli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аристотел – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аристотел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteli" title="Aristoteli – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aristoteli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arystoteles" title="Arystoteles – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Arystoteles" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalisetute" title="Yalisetute – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yalisetute" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அரிசுட்டாட்டில் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரிசுட்டாட்டில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="అరిస్టాటిల్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరిస్టాటిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83" title="Арасту – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арасту" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="อาริสโตเติล – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาริสโตเติล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арістотель – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арістотель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arastu" title="Arastu – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arastu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel%27" title="Aristotel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Aristotel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里士多德 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亞里士多德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Aristotle" title="U-Aristotle – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="U-Aristotle" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="არისტოტელე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არისტოტელე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90" title="אריסטא – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אריסטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotulu" title="Aristotulu – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Aristotulu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚里士多德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里士多德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞里士多德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9l%C4%93s" title="Aristotélēs – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aristotélēs" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里士多德 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞里士多德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotile" title="Aristotile – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Aristotile" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Aristoteles" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ændr sprogvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">dansk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/19px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/29px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/38px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><i> Denne artikel omhandler en græsk filosof. Opslagsordet har også en anden betydning, se <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles_(m%C3%A5nekrater)" title="Aristoteles (månekrater)">Aristoteles (månekrater)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11833479">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #B0C4DE; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; font-size:140%; line-height: 130%;">Aristoteles<br /><span style="font-size:77%; font-weight:normal;">Vestlig filosofi</span><br /><span style="font-size:77%; font-weight:normal;">Græsk antik</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/224px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/336px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/448px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #B0C4DE;">Personlig information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Født</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">384 f.v.t. <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br />Stageira, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6kenland" title="Grækenland">Grækenland</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P19" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Død</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">322 f.v.t. <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P570" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br />Chalcis<sup id="cite_ref-sprog_enQ21235810_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprog_enQ21235810-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6kenland" title="Grækenland">Grækenland</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P20" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Dødsårsag</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Tarmsygdom <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P509" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Gravsted</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Stageira <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P119" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Bopæl</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a><small> (366 f.v.t.-347 f.v.t., 335 f.v.t.-323 f.v.t.)</small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P551" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Far</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Nicomachus<small></small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P22" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Søskende</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Arimnestos<small></small>,<br />Arimneste<small></small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P3373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Ægtefælle</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Pythias<small></small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P26" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Herpyllis<small></small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P451" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Børn</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Nicomachus<small></small>,<br />Pythias<small></small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P40" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #B0C4DE;">Uddannelse og virke</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Uddannelsessted</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Platons_akademi" title="Platons akademi">Platons akademi</a><small></small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P69" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Elev af</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P1066" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Beskæftigelse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Filosof" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosof">Filosof</a><small></small> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Fagområde</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Etik" title="Etik">Etik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik">metafysik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logik" title="Logik">logik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videnskab" title="Videnskab">videnskab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Elever</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Theofrastos" title="Theofrastos">Theofrastos</a>, Chamaeleon, Klytus af Miletus, Neleus af Skepsis, Aristoxenos med flere <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P802" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Kendte værker</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Fysik<small></small>, eudaimonia<small></small>, <a href="/wiki/Poetikken" title="Poetikken">Poetik</a><small></small>, Meteorology<sup id="cite_ref-sprog_enQ2741164_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprog_enQ2741164-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><small></small>, Athenernes forfatning<small></small> med flere <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#P800" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Skole/tradition</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatiske_skole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatiske skole (ikke skrevet endnu)">peripatiske skole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Påvirket af</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Har påvirket</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;">Næsten al filosofi og videnskab efterfølgende</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top;">Betydningsfulde idéer</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Den_gyldne_middelvej" title="Den gyldne middelvej">Den gyldne middelvej</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em"><small><small>Information med symbolet <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="Billede af blyant" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wikidata-logo_S.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo_S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wikidata-logo_S.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo_S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> <small>[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868" class="extiw" title="d:Q868"> redigér på Wikidata</a> ] <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/5px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/8px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aristoteles</b> (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk_(sprog)" title="Græsk (sprog)">græsk</a>: <span lang="el">Ἀριστοτέλης</span> <i>Aristotélēs</i>; født <a href="/wiki/384_f.Kr." title="384 f.Kr.">384 f.Kr.</a>, død <a href="/wiki/322_f.Kr." title="322 f.Kr.">322 f.Kr.</a>) var en <a href="/wiki/Oldtidens_Gr%C3%A6kenland" title="Oldtidens Grækenland">græsk</a> <a href="/wiki/Filosof" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosof">filosof</a>. Han og <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> regnes for dem, der har haft størst indflydelse på den <a href="/wiki/Vestlige_verden" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestlige verden">vestlige verdens</a> tanker<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristoteles blev født i den <a href="/wiki/Jonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonien">joniske</a> <a href="/wiki/Havneby" title="Havneby">havneby</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stagira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stagira (ikke skrevet endnu)">Stagira</a> på den <a href="/wiki/Makedonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Makedonien">makedonske</a> kyst. Han kom fra en familie af <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6ge" title="Læge">læger</a>; hans far Nikomachus var hoflæge for det makedonske kongehus og døde tidligt i sønnens liv. Hans mor Phaestis skal også være død tidligt; hun kom fra byen Chalkis på øen Euboea, hvor hendes familie havde ejendomme.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proxenus fra Atarneus, som var gift med Aristoteles' storesøster Arimneste, blev drengens værge. Da Aristoteles var 17 år, sendte Proxenus ham til <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a> for at tage en højere uddannelse.<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneret2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneret2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han var elev på <a href="/wiki/Platons_akademi" title="Platons akademi">Platons akademi</a> i 20 år. Mod forventning blev han ikke Platons efterfølger som leder af Akademiet. Til forskel fra <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>, som anså den fysiske verden som en flygtig og ufuldstændig gengivelse af den fuldkomne <a href="/wiki/Ide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ide">ideernes</a> verden, anerkendte Aristoteles verdens fysiske virkelighed og mente, at vi kan stole på <a href="/wiki/Sans" title="Sans">sanserne</a> som vore primære kilder til viden. Han ønskede at nærme sig <a href="/wiki/Natur" title="Natur">naturen</a> med åbent sind for at lære den at kende.<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneret1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneret1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristoteles rejste til kysten af <a href="/wiki/Lilleasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilleasien">Lilleasien</a> for der at fortsætte sit filosofiske arbejde. Han foretog også indgående studier af dyrelivet og udviste hele sit liv en levende interesse for naturen. Aristoteles var uhyre produktiv. Af hans omkring 200 værker, findes i dag kun 31 bevaret. I 343 f.Kr. inviterede <a href="/wiki/Filip_2._af_Makedonien" title="Filip 2. af Makedonien">kong Filip</a> ham til Makedonien for at undervise sønnen, den senere <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_Store" title="Alexander den Store">Alexander den Store</a>. Efter kong Filips død i 335 f.Kr. rejste Aristoteles tilbage til Athen og grundlagde sin egen skole, <a href="/wiki/Lykeion" title="Lykeion">Lykeion</a>. Samme år døde hans kone Pythias og efterlod ham datteren, der som sin mor hed Pythias. Senere indledte han et forhold til Herpyllis. Hun var som han selv fra Stagira. Muligvis levede han også sammen med en <a href="/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri">slavinde</a>, han havde fået foræret af det makedonske <a href="/wiki/Hof" title="Hof">hof</a>. Parret fik børn som sønnen Nikomachus, opkaldt efter Aristoteles' far.<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneret2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneret2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I Lykeion indrettede Aristoteles et <a href="/wiki/Bibliotek" title="Bibliotek">bibliotek</a> i lejede bygninger. Han organiserede større fælles forskningsopgaver som indsamling af 58 græske <a href="/wiki/Bystat" title="Bystat">bystatsforfatninger</a>. I dag er kun Athens forfatning bevaret. I mellemtiden var Makedonien under kong Filip blevet en stormagt, der havde sikret sig lederskabet i Grækenland. Efter Alexander den Stores død i 323 f.Kr. blussede grækernes modvilje mod makedonerne op. Aristoteles kunne som følge af sin nære tilknytning til det makedonske kongehus ikke længere føle sig tryg i Athen. Han flyttede til sin mors hjemegn <a href="/wiki/Evia" title="Evia">Euboea</a>, hvor han døde.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filosofi">Filosofi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Filosofi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristoteles er især kendt for sit værk <i><a href="/wiki/Metafysik_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafysik (Aristoteles)">Metafysik</a></i>, hvori han undersøger og opstiller helt grundlæggende begreber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forandringens_og_bevægelsens_natur"><span id="Forandringens_og_bev.C3.A6gelsens_natur"></span>Forandringens og bevægelsens natur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Forandringens og bevægelsens natur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Forandringens og bevægelsens natur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aristoteles_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aristoteles_Statue.jpg/180px-Aristoteles_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aristoteles_Statue.jpg/270px-Aristoteles_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aristoteles_Statue.jpg/360px-Aristoteles_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Statue af Aristoteles i byen Chalkis på den græske ø Euboia, hvor han døde.</figcaption></figure> <p>En væsentlig del af Aristoteles' filosofi er hans udredning af forandringens og bevægelsens natur. Når noget forandrer sig, må det nødvendigvis forandre sig til det modsatte. Altså når x forandrer sig, må det nødvendigvis forandre sig til noget, der kan betegnes som ikke-x, da der ellers ingen forandring ville finde sted. Et eksempel er, at hvis en genstand i hvile forandrer sig, da må det være det samme som at sige, at den begynder at bevæge sig. Og hvis noget forandrer farve og derved bliver grønt, da må den have forandret sig fra noget, der ikke er grønt, for at genstanden overhovedet kunne forandres til at blive grøn. </p><p>At forstå en forandring er ifølge Aristoteles at forstå dens årsager, og han beskriver fire forskellige slags: </p> <ol><li>Den materielle årsag (causa materialis)</li> <li>Den formelle årsag (causa formalis)</li> <li>Den bevirkende årsag (causa efficient). Svarer til den moderne naturvidenskabelige kausal årsag</li> <li>Den intentionelle årsag (<a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos">causa finalis</a>). Svarer til den humanistiske intentionelle årsag</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Enteleki" title="Enteleki">Enteleki</a> (fra græsk ἐντελέχεια "virkeliggørelse", "fuldstændiggørelse") er et af Aristoteles udviklet begreb, der angiver en virkeliggørelse af noget, som tidligere kun var en potentiel mulighed. </p><p>Disse begreber blev grundlæggende for den middelalderlige <a href="/wiki/Teleologi" title="Teleologi">teleologi</a>, og de får stadig meget opmærksomhed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Begreber">Begreber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Begreber" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Begreber"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristoteles mildnede Platons ganske <a href="/wiki/Idealisme" title="Idealisme">idealistiske</a> position i sin abstraktionslære, idet han i stedet for at tale om fænomener som forvrængede afspejlinger af ideerne i stedet talte om materie og form, som gennem sammensmeltning bliver til virkelighed: formen er derfor iboende stoffet. </p><p>Han var dog <a href="/wiki/Realisme" class="mw-disambig" title="Realisme">realist</a> med hensyn til almenbegreberne, da han mente, at erkendelse kun var mulig, hvis det almene havde eksistens. Men for Aristoteles var denne eksistens ikke uafhængig af enkelttingene - substanserne - som må findes; derved får de prioritet i forhold til det almene, således at universalierne bliver en slags "anden <a href="/wiki/Substans" title="Substans">substans</a>". Ideen og den perciperede genstands væren falder sammen i objektet (<i>universale <span style="text-decoration:underline;">in</span> re</i>) og bliver først adskilt ved en intellektuel akt. </p><p>Aristoteles fremførte følgende argumenter imod, at Platons ideer skulle have en uafhængig eksistens: </p> <ul><li>Ideerne var uforanderlige og kunne derfor ikke forklare forandring</li> <li>Forestillingen om ideernes uafhængige eksistens ville føre til en unødig fordobling af genstandene i verden</li> <li>For at kunne vurdere ligheden mellem ideen "menneske" og et individuelt menneske, ville man få brug for et andet menneske som målestok (argumentet "det tredje menneske"), og man ville få en "uendelig regres". Betingelserne vil aldrig høre op</li></ul> <p>Pointen er så, at vi som mennesker også har disse guddommelige former i vores intellekt. Vores opgave bliver derfor at studere verden for at blive opmærksom på den "guddommelige logik/system" (<i>logos</i>). En iagttager kan således finde de unikke egenskaber ved at studere medlemmer af den samme art og erkende fællestrækkene mellem de enkelte medlemmer. Eksempelvis har et egetræ mange fællestræk med tidligere generationer af egetræer: det besidder dermed en <i>egelighed</i>. Iagttageren kan derfor studere <a href="/wiki/Egetr%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Egetræ">egetræer</a> og intellektuelt erkende egetræers <i>egelighed</i>, altså erkende almenbegrebet gennem en deduktiv metode. Aristoteles regnes på denne baggrund som grundlægger af den realistiske skole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etik_og_psykologi">Etik og psykologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Etik og psykologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Etik og psykologi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristoteles etik er fremsat i tre bøger: <i><a href="/wiki/Den_nikomakh%C3%A6iske_etik" title="Den nikomakhæiske etik">Den nikomakhæiske etik</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_eudaimoniske_etik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den eudaimoniske etik (ikke skrevet endnu)">Den eudaimoniske etik</a></i> og <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Moralia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magna Moralia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Magna Moralia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De er samlet af hans elever. <i>Den nikomakhæiske etik</i> er efter overleveringen af hans søn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicomachus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicomachus (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nicomachus</a>. </p><p>Hans etik fremsætter den første <a href="/wiki/Dydsetik" title="Dydsetik">dydsetik</a>. Målet for livet er lykke, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudaimonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudaimonia (ikke skrevet endnu)">eudaimonia</a>. Vi opnår dette ved at have en god karakter. Denne består af dyder. En dyd er det karaktertræk, der ligger et sted imellem to ekstremer. At besidde mod ligger således mellem det at være en kujon og det at være overmodig. </p><p>Mennesket er selv ansvarligt for sin karakter. </p><p>Etikken er som en medicin for sjælen<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Det pædagogiske begreb <a href="/wiki/Protreptik" title="Protreptik">protreptik</a> er forbundet med Aristoteles etik. </p><p>Det psykologiske paradoks <a href="/wiki/Buridans_%C3%A6sel" title="Buridans æsel">Buridans æsel</a> stammer fra Aristoteles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politik">Politik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Politik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Begrebet <a href="/wiki/Autarki" title="Autarki">autarki</a> stammer fra Aristoteles. Det betyder selvforsyningsøkonomi og var ifølge hans værk <i>Politikken</i> et <a href="/wiki/Ideal" title="Ideal">ideal</a>, det var vigtigt at prøve at opnå. <a href="/wiki/Oligarki" title="Oligarki">Oligarki</a> er også et begreb, der stammer fra Aristoteles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retorik">Retorik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Retorik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Retorik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristoteles' retorik er en klassisk tekst inden for den vestlige filosofi, skrevet af den græske filosof Aristoteles<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. "Retorik" er et værk, der systematisk udforsker kunsten at overtale og overbevise gennem tale. Teksten består af tre bøger og er en grundlæggende kilde til forståelse af retorikens principper. </p><p>Aristoteles definerer retorik som "den færdighed, der består i at kunne finde de midler, der vil overbevise i hvert enkelt tilfælde." Han ser retorik som en praktisk færdighed, der sigter mod at påvirke og overbevise andre. </p><p>De tre <a href="/wiki/Appelformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Appelformer">appelformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Etos" title="Etos">etos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a> og <a href="/wiki/Patos" title="Patos">patos</a> stammer fra Aristoteles<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aristoteles identificerer således tre primære talegenrer eller appelformer: ethos, pathos og logos. Ethos fokuserer på talerens karakter og troværdighed, pathos appellerer til følelser, og logos handler om at bruge logik og argumentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturvidenskab">Naturvidenskab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Naturvidenskab" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Naturvidenskab"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles%27_fysik" title="Aristoteles' fysik">Aristoteles' fysik</a></span></span></div> <p>Ideen om en <i><a href="/wiki/Scala_naturae" title="Scala naturae">scala naturae</a></i> blev udviklet af Aristoteles. Han klassificerede dyrene på en <a href="/wiki/Hierarki" title="Hierarki">hierarkisk</a> måde, hvilket bl.a. byggede på indsamlinger foretaget af Alexander den Store, og var med til at give ham betegnelsen <a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">zoologiens</a> fader. Dette var grundlaget for <a href="/wiki/Klassifikation" title="Klassifikation">klassifikationen</a> af <a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">dyr</a> i over 2.000 år. </p><p>Aristoteles var af den overbevisning, at alt i hele verden er opbygget af <a href="/wiki/De_fire_elementer" title="De fire elementer">de fire elementer</a> jord, ild, luft og vand. Han bekræftede sin opfattelse ved blandt andet at se på træs forbrænding. Når træ brænder, kommer ilden frem, og luften forsvinder som røg, hvor også vandet forsvinder fra det brændende træ, indtil der kun er jorden, i form af aske, tilbage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dog anså Aristoteles denne antagelse af utilstrækkelig, derfor tilførte han <a href="/wiki/Et_femte_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Et femte element">et femte element</a>. Dette element var mere ukendt og åndeligt. Aristoteles mente, at dette femte element hverken kunne berøres eller ses, men udgjorde det ukendte, som de fire elementer var for utilstrækkelige til at kunne forklare.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han sluttede sig til datidens <a href="/wiki/Geocentrisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentrisk">geocentriske verdensbillede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han er også kaldt "videnskabens fader".<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneret1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneret1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logik_og_metode">Logik og metode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Logik og metode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Logik og metode"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristoteles opfandt den <a href="/wiki/Induktive-deduktive_metode" title="Induktive-deduktive metode">induktive-deduktive metode</a>, der blev videreudviklet af <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(filosof)" title="Francis Bacon (filosof)">Francis Bacon</a>. </p><p>Hans <a href="/wiki/Syllogisme" title="Syllogisme">syllogistiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Logik" title="Logik">logik</a> var standard helt til <a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</a>, hvor <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> udgav sit <i>Begriffsschrift</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aristoteles'_skrifter"><span id="Aristoteles.27_skrifter"></span>Aristoteles' skrifter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Aristoteles' skrifter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Aristoteles' skrifter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities,_history,_geography,_biography,_government,_law,_politics,_industry,_invention,_science,_religion,_literature,_art,_education_and_miscellany_(1904)_(14590266027).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gravure représentant un homme en toge à droite professant à un homme en tunique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities%2C_history%2C_geography%2C_biography%2C_government%2C_law%2C_politics%2C_industry%2C_invention%2C_science%2C_religion%2C_literature%2C_art%2C_education_and_miscellany_%281904%29_%2814590266027%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities%2C_history%2C_geography%2C_biography%2C_government%2C_law%2C_politics%2C_industry%2C_invention%2C_science%2C_religion%2C_literature%2C_art%2C_education_and_miscellany_%281904%29_%2814590266027%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities%2C_history%2C_geography%2C_biography%2C_government%2C_law%2C_politics%2C_industry%2C_invention%2C_science%2C_religion%2C_literature%2C_art%2C_education_and_miscellany_%281904%29_%2814590266027%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>Aristoteles underviser <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_den_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander den Store">Aleksander den Store</a>, <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Aristoteles forfattede to typer skrifter: </p> <ul><li>Skrifter beregnet for publicering, for det meste dialoger. De blev læst af mange i <a href="/wiki/Hellenisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisme">hellenistisk</a> tid, men findes i dag kun som fragmenter.</li> <li>Afhandlinger, der ikke var beregnet på noget publikum. Aristoteles arbejdede med disse hele sit aktive liv.</li></ul> <p>Efter Aristoteles' død blev hans skrifter overtaget af hans nære ven og medarbejder <a href="/wiki/Theofrastos" title="Theofrastos">Theofrastos</a>, som testamenterede den til Neleus, der skulle overtage ledelsen af skolen i Athen. Imidlertid valgte skolens medlemmer en anden leder, og Neleus tog biblioteket med til byen Skepsis i <a href="/wiki/Lilleasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilleasien">Lilleasien</a>, hvor han slog sig ned. Hans efterkommere arvede hans bibliotek, men havde ingen interesse i det og passede dårligt på skrifterne, til de blev reddet af Apollikon (død 85 f.Kr.), som købte dem og bragte dem tilbage til Athen. Men da romerne året efter indtog Athen, sendte de skrifterne til <a href="/wiki/Rom" title="Rom">Rom</a>, hvor de blev sat i stand af grækeren Tyrannion. Skrifterne kunne meget nemt være gået tabt. I så fald havde <a href="/wiki/Middelalderen" title="Middelalderen">middelalderens</a> og den moderne tids tænkning udviklet sig ganske anderledes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyrannion gjorde skrifterne tilgængelige for Andronikos fra <a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der omkring 60 f.Kr. fuldførte en redigeret udgave af Aristoteles' skrifter. De blev læst og kommenteret af mange, ikke mindst Alexander fra Afrodisias <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Nyplatonikere" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyplatonikere">nyplatonikere</a>. Der opstod også en <a href="/wiki/Byzantinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantinsk">byzantinsk</a> kommentatortradition, der holdt sig indtil den <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">muslimske</a> magtovertagelse af det østromerske rige i <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>. Nyplatonikerne overtog mange begreber fra Aristoteles, ikke mindst i læren om sjælen; men fastholdt den platonske tanke om sjælens udødelighed. De betragtede Platon som teologen, mens Aristoteles blev anset som logiker og naturfilosof. I det nyplatonske studieprogram for nye studenter indgik normalt et grundstudium af Aristoteles, fulgt af et studium af Platon som en indvielse i "<i>de højere mysterier</i>". Via nyplatonismen fik Aristoteles indvirkning på kristen tænkning. Han blev læst af flere græske teologer, og i <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a> oversatte <a href="/wiki/Munk" title="Munk">munke</a> ham til syrisk. Kristne munke oversatte hans skrifter til arabisk, hvad der igen fik indvirkning på arabisk middelalderfilosofi.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De vigtigste af de overleverede skrifter er: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vigtige skrifter </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>‚Organon‘</th> <th>Theoretisk videnskab</th> <th>Praktisk videnskab</th> <th>Poetisk videnskab </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kategorier" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kategorier">Kategorier</a></i> (Cat.)</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metafysik_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafysik (Aristoteles)">Metafysik</a></i> (Met.)</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Den_nikomakh%C3%A6iske_etik" title="Den nikomakhæiske etik">Den nikomakhæiske etik</a></i> (EN)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retorik_(Aristoteles)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retorik (Aristoteles) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Retorik</a></i> (Rhet.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_interpretatione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De interpretatione (ikke skrevet endnu)">De interpretatione</a></i> (Int.)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fysik_(Aristoteles)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fysik (Aristoteles) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Physik</a></i> (Phys.)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_eudemische_etik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den eudemische etik (ikke skrevet endnu)">Den eudemische etik</a></i> (EE)</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Poetikken" title="Poetikken">Poetikken</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytica_priora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytica priora (ikke skrevet endnu)">Analytica priora</a></i> (An. pr.)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_anima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De anima (ikke skrevet endnu)">De anima</a></i> (An.)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_(Aristoteles)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik (Aristoteles) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Politik</a></i> (Pol.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytica_posteriora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytica posteriora (ikke skrevet endnu)">Analytica posteriora</a></i> (An. post.)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_animalium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia animalium (ikke skrevet endnu)">Historia animalium</a></i> (HA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topik_(Aristoteles)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topik (Aristoteles) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Topik</a></i> (Top.)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_generatione_et_corruptione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De generatione et corruptione (ikke skrevet endnu)">De generatione et corruptione</a></i> (Gen. corr.)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_sofistiske_slutninger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De sofistiske slutninger (ikke skrevet endnu)">De sofistiske slutninger</a></i> (Soph. el.)</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_generatione_animalium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De generatione animalium (ikke skrevet endnu)">De generatione animalium</a></i> (GA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_partibus_animalium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De partibus animalium (ikke skrevet endnu)">De partibus animalium</a></i> (PA)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indflydelse">Indflydelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Indflydelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Indflydelse"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aristotle_by_Raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aristotle_by_Raphael.jpg/220px-Aristotle_by_Raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="559" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aristotle_by_Raphael.jpg/330px-Aristotle_by_Raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Aristotle_by_Raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Aristoteles, fra <a href="/wiki/Rafael" class="mw-disambig" title="Rafael">Rafaels</a> <a href="/wiki/Freske" class="mw-redirect" title="Freske">freske</a> <i>Skolen i <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aristoteles har haft en uvurderlig påvirkning i den vestlige historie og tænkere som eksempelvis <a href="/wiki/Augustin" title="Augustin">Augustin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Augustin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans skrifter kom til <a href="/wiki/Vesten" title="Vesten">Vesten</a> i to etaper, den første via romeren <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Bo%C3%ABthius" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius">Boethius</a>, som havde studeret i Athen eller Alexandria og følgelig kunne græsk, men selv skrev på latin. Han var den første, der formidlede aristotelisk logik på latin. Han har nok planlagt at oversætte alle Aristoteles' skrifter til latin, men nåede kun at få de fleste logiske skrifter oversat. Han oversatte også <i>Isagoge</i>, en indledning til <i>Kategorierne</i> forfattet af nyplatonikeren <a href="/wiki/Porfyr_(filosof)" title="Porfyr (filosof)">Porfyrios</a>. Takket være Boethius' oversættelser blev aristotelisk logik en vigtig bestanddel i den tidlige middelaldertænkning; men anden påvirkning fra Aristoteles var stærkt begrænset, da man ikke kendte hans øvrige værker. Boethuis' oversættelser fik betydning for <a href="/wiki/Universaliestriden" class="mw-redirect" title="Universaliestriden">universaliestriden</a> og debatten om logikkens rolle i teologien som <a href="/wiki/Anselm_af_Canterbury" title="Anselm af Canterbury">Anselm af Canterburys</a> gudsbevis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stkirken" class="mw-redirect" title="Østkirken">østkirken</a> var Aristoteles' skrifter derimod kendt og studeret fra tidlig kristen tid. Munke oversatte dem fra græsk til <a href="/wiki/Syrisk_(sprog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrisk (sprog)">syrisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persisk_(sprog)" title="Persisk (sprog)">persisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Arabisk_(sprog)" title="Arabisk (sprog)">arabisk</a>. Det stimulerede til dannelsen af en arabisk kommentatortradition stærkt påvirket af nyplatonismen. I 1100-tallet blev skrifterne om logik, naturfilosofi, metafysik og etik tilgængelige også i Vesten. En hårdnakket <a href="/wiki/Myte" title="Myte">myte</a> hævder, at Vesten fik Aristoteles’ skrifter fra arabiske oversættelser, der blev oversat til latin i <a href="/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien">Spanien</a>. I virkeligheden blev de kun anvendt, når man manglede oversættelser fra græsk til latin. De fleste var oversat direkte fra græsk, med den græske sætningsbygning bevaret så vidt muligt. Deraf fremkom et ret opstyltet og u<a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiomatisk</a> latin. Men de arabiske tekster gik omvejen ad syriske oversættelser og stod altså to skridt fra den græske original. Følgelig blev græsk-latinske oversættelser foretrukket, i det omfang de fandtes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ud fra de fåtallige, overleverede <a href="/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript">manuskripter</a> ser det ikke ud til, at Aristoteles i nogen større grad blev studeret i 1100-tallet. Interessen var størst for de nye oversættelser, kaldet "den nye logik" (Boethius’ oversættelser blev kaldt "den gamle logik"). Men omkring år <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a> blev interessen for Aristoteles for alvor vækket. De vigtigste oversættere var <a href="/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop">biskop</a> af Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste, <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Dominikanerordenen" title="Dominikanerordenen">dominikanermunken</a> Wilhelm af Moerbeke <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fra <a href="/wiki/Flandern" title="Flandern">Flandern</a>. Begge oversatte fra græsk. Lige før <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a> må nogen have forelæst om aristotelisk naturfilosofi i <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Det år blev der nemlig afholdt et kirkemøde, der forbød både offentlig og privat undervisning i aristotelisk naturfilosofi ved Sorbonne. En gruppe teologer har nok frygtet, at den var en trussel mod den kristne tro. Da studierne ved universitetet i Paris blev omorganiseret i <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>, blev forbuddet opretholdt. Men samtidig tillod de kirkelige myndigheder forelæsninger om Aristoteles’ logik og etik; og nogle år senere reklamerede universitetet i <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> med undervisning i de skrifter af Aristoteles, der var forbudt i Paris. I <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a> nedsatte <a href="/wiki/Pave_Gregor_9." title="Pave Gregor 9.">pave Gregor 9.</a> et udvalg på tre, der skulle undersøge skrifterne og rense dem for <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A6tteri" title="Kætteri">vranglære</a>. Men mere hørte man ikke om den sag; og i <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a> foreskrev <a href="/wiki/Statut" class="mw-redirect" title="Statut">statutterne</a> for det filosofiske <a href="/wiki/Fakultet_(universitet)" title="Fakultet (universitet)">fakultet</a> ved Paris-universitetet undervisning i nærmest alle kendte aristoteliske skrifter. Hans filosofi var nu fast etableret både i Paris og <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, og snart blev filosofi undervisning synonymt med undervisning i Aristoteles. Mest strid var der om hans syn på verdens ophav (uden begyndelse), på sjælen (den individuelle sjæl er ikke udødelig) og hans gudsbegreb (Gud er uden omsorg for verden og menneskene). Menneskelivets mål er for Aristoteles den højeste visdom og lykke, fremkommet ved filosofisk virksomhed; mens den kristne forestilling om visdom og lykke drejer sig om erkendelse af Gud, og forening med ham gennem et fromt liv. Da Siger af <a href="/wiki/Brabant_(hertugd%C3%B8mme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabant (hertugdømme)">Brabant</a> <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hævdede, at et liv i intellektuel dyd er det mest fuldkomne liv, blev det i <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a> fordømt af Etienne Tempier, biskop af Paris, da han offentliggjorde en liste over 219 sætninger, der indeholdt vildfarne opfattelser. Siger af Brabant og hans meningsfæller ved Paris-universitetet holdt fast ved den kristne tro; kun fremhævede de filosoffen, snarere end <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A6st" title="Præst">præsten</a>, som den bedste vejleder og lærer. Heraf ses, at filosofien var begyndt at søge løsrivelse fra sin nedarvede tilknytning til teologien.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I_Danmark">I Danmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: I Danmark" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: I Danmark"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristoteles har haft en betydelig indflydelse på dansk filosofi og intellektuel tradition. Hans tanker blev introduceret i Danmark gennem den middelalderlige skolastiske periode, hvor filosofi og teologi var nært forbundet. Middelalderens danske lærde studerede Aristoteles' værker som en del af deres uddannelse og intellektuelle dannelse. </p><p>I renæssancen fortsatte interessen for Aristoteles, da humanister som for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Niels_Hemmingsen" title="Niels Hemmingsen">Niels Hemmingsen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Anders_S%C3%B8rensen_Vedel" title="Anders Sørensen Vedel">Anders Sørensen Vedel</a> studerede og kommenterede hans tekster. Aristoteles' etik og politiske filosofi var særligt vigtige i denne periode. </p><p>I det 19. og 20. århundrede blev Aristoteles genstand for omfattende studier inden for dansk filosofi. Filosoffer som <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> og hans efterfølgere, herunder <a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a> og <a href="/wiki/K.E._L%C3%B8gstrup" title="K.E. Løgstrup">Knud Ejler Løgstrup</a>, indarbejdede elementer af Aristoteles' tanker i deres egne filosofiske systemer<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kierkegaard, som er kendt for sin eksistentielle filosofi, var dog også kritisk over for visse aspekter af Aristoteles' rationalisme. Blandt de nulevende danskere, der har skrevet bøger om Aristoteles, er Mogens Herman Hansen<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kritikere_af_Aristoteles">Kritikere af Aristoteles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigér afsnit: Kritikere af Aristoteles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kritikere af Aristoteles"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Immanuel Kant</b>: Kant kritiserede Aristoteles' metafysiske begreber, især ideen om substans og essens<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han argumenterede for, at disse begreber var uklare og ikke kunne tjene som grundlag for en systematisk og universel filosofi. </p><p><b>Francis Bacon</b>: Bacon, der var en pioner inden for videnskabelig metode, kritiserede Aristoteles' deduktive tilgang og understregede betydningen af empirisk observation og induktivt ræsonnement i videnskaben<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>Galileo Galilei</b>: Galilei var en vigtig figur inden for den videnskabelige revolution og kritiserede Aristoteles' geocentriske verdensbillede<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Galilei's observationer med teleskopet støttede Copernicus' heliocentriske model og udfordrede dermed Aristoteles' kosmologi. </p><p><b>Karl Marx</b>: Marx kritiserede Aristoteles' politiske filosofi og ideen om naturret<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han mente, at Aristoteles' syn på slaveri og hans sociale hierarkier var i strid med en mere egalitær og materialistisk tilgang til samfundet. </p><p><b>Friedrich Nietzsche</b>: Nietzsche kritiserede Aristoteles' etiske system, især dydsetik, og mente, at det var en manifestation af en slave-moral<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han søgte at udfordre traditionelle etiske normer og opfordrede til en genovervejelse af værdier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oversættelser"><span id="Overs.C3.A6ttelser"></span>Oversættelser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigér afsnit: Oversættelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Oversættelser"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tre naturfilosofiske skrifter. Forlaget Klim. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/9788771293739" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/9788771293739">9788771293739</a> (2015). (Indeholder <i>Om Sansning</i>, <i>Om Liv og Død</i> og <i>Om Levende Væseners Bevægelse</i>.)</li> <li>Retorik (1983). Museum Tusculanum Forlag</li> <li>Aristoteles' Forelæsning over Fysik – I-IV – om det Værende, Stof og Form, Aarsag og Virkning, Rum og Tid (1999). Gyldendal</li> <li>Om tilblivelse og tilintetgørelse – De generatione et corruptione (2004).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetikken" title="Poetikken">Poetikken</a></i>. <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAristoteles1970" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aristoteles</a> (1970), <i>Om digtekunsten</i>, København: <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal" title="Gyldendal">Gyldendal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-00-60761-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-00-60761-4"><bdi>87-00-60761-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL20890021M">20890021M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Om+digtekunsten&rft.place=K%C3%B8benhavn&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft.date=1970&rft_id=%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20890021M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=87-00-60761-4&rft.au=Aristoteles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AAristoteles" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108838054" class="extiw" title="d:Q108838054"> Q108838054 </a></li> <li>Hans Reitzels Forlag</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAristoteles2004" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aristoteles</a> (2004), <i>Poetikken</i>, <a href="/wiki/Det_lille_forlag" title="Det lille forlag">Det lille forlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-87-91220-08-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-87-91220-08-1"><bdi>978-87-91220-08-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetikken&rft.pub=Det+lille+forlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-87-91220-08-1&rft.au=Aristoteles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AAristoteles" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108837911" class="extiw" title="d:Q108837911"> Q108837911 </a> Oversat af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Henningsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niels Henningsen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Niels Henningsen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Aristoteles om hukommelse. (2007) Oversættelse af Om hukommelse og genkaldelse med indledning og kommentar af David Bloch.</li> <li>Etikken. (2007) (Den nikomacheiske etik). Det lille Forlag</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kommentarlitteratur">Kommentarlitteratur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigér afsnit: Kommentarlitteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kommentarlitteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Broadie, S. (1993). <i>Ethics with aristotle</i>. Oxford University Press</li> <li>Christensen, Anne-Marie Søndergaard (2013): “Moderne dydsetik. Arven fra Aristoteles”. Aarhus Universitetsforlag</li> <li>Christensen, S. (2018). Midtens ekstremisme - om tænksomt begær og regelløs fornuft hos Aristoteles. <i>Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie</i>, (20), 53–64</li> <li>Fink, J. L. (2007). Aristoteles og alle de andre platonikere. <i>Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie</i>, (49), 186–189.</li></ul> <ul><li>Hansen, Mogens Herman (2013): “Aristoteles”. Djøf</li> <li>Holst, Jonas (2010). Psyke og logos – to tilgange til Aristoteles’ lære om sjælen. <i>Psyke & Logos</i>, <i>31</i>(1), 15.</li> <li>Kenny, A. (2016). <i>The Aristotelian Ethics: A study of the relationship between the Eudemian and Nicomachean ethics of Aristotle</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Lev, A. (2008) <i>Filosofisk og politisk tænkning hos Aristoteles</i>, Museum Tusculanum Forlag.</li> <li>Simpson, P. L. (2014). <i>The great ethics of Aristotle</i>. Transaction Publishers.</li> <li>Stiegen, A. (1964) <i>Aristoteles</i>. Købehavn: Berlingske.</li> <li>Sørensen, A. D. (2017): <i>Aristoteles fra lægekunst til livskunst</i>. Det Kongelige Bibliotek.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fodnoter">Fodnoter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigér afsnit: Fodnoter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Fodnoter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sprog_enQ21235810-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sprog_enQ21235810_1-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="color:gray; cursor:help;"><small>Navnet er anført på engelsk og stammer fra <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21235810" class="extiw" title="d:Q21235810">Wikidata</a> hvor navnet endnu ikke findes på dansk.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sprog_enQ2741164-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sprog_enQ2741164_2-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="color:gray; cursor:help;"><small>Navnet er anført på engelsk og stammer fra <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2741164" class="extiw" title="d:Q2741164">Wikidata</a> hvor navnet endnu ikke findes på dansk.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle">Aristotle | Biography, Works, Quotes, Philosophy, Ethics, & Facts | Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511023504/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Aristotle.html">"Aristotle biography"</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Aristotle.html">originalen</a> 11. maj 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. maj 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aristotle+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2FBiographies%2FAristotle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AAristoteles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogeneret2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogeneret2_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogeneret2_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/people/aristotle-9188415">Aristotle Biography - Biography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogeneret1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogeneret1_6-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogeneret1_6-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekmedicine.net/whos_who/Aristotle.html">Greek Medicine: Aristotle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollefsen, Syse og Nicolaisen: <i>Tenkere og ideer</i> (s. 115-6), forlaget Gyldendal, Oslo 2002, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/82-417-0966-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/82-417-0966-8">82-417-0966-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/">Aristotle’s Ethics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Aristoteles fra lægekunst til livskunst”, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gross 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gross, A. G., & Walzer, A. E. (Eds.). (2000). <i>Rereading Aristotle's Rhetoric</i>. SIU Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vejen til fysik, Knud Erik Nielsen og Esper Fogh, 2005, s. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaBczzC4wvIC&pg=PT33"><i>The Elements: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Very Short Introductions. OUP Oxford. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/9780191578250" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/9780191578250">9780191578250</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teachastronomy.com/textbook/Early-Astronomy/Aristotle-and-Geocentric-Cosmology/">Teach Astronomy - Aristotle and Geocentric Cosmology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollefsen, Syse og Nicolaisen: <i>Tenkere og ideer</i> (s. 159-60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-commentators/supplement.html">Commentators on Aristotle > Andronicus of Rhodes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alexander-aphrodisias/">Alexander of Aphrodisias (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollefsen, Syse og Nicolaisen: <i>Tenkere og ideer</i> (s. 160)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustin-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Augustin_20-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aigis.igl.ku.dk/2009,2/DB-Aristoteles.pdf">Augustin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231455/http://aigis.igl.ku.dk/2009,2/DB-Aristoteles.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 12. maj 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, David Bloch: Aristoteles, Augustin og Robert Grosseteste om videnskabens grundprincipper</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollefsen, Syse og Nicolaisen: <i>Tenkere og ideer</i> (s. 206-8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollefsen, Syse og Nicolaisen: <i>Tenkere og ideer</i> (s. 210-11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/grosseteste/">Robert Grosseteste (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-of-Moerbeke">William of Moerbeke | Belgian archbishop | Britannica.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Siger-de-Brabant">Siger De Brabant | Belgian philosopher | Britannica.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollefsen, Syse og Nicolaisen: <i>Tenkere og ideer</i> (s. 211-12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kierkegaard 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacon 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galilei 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche 1994</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><div class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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demokrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorere" title="Dorere">Dorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6ske_kolonier" title="Græske kolonier">Græske kolonier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joner" title="Joner">Joner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makedonien_i_oldtiden" title="Makedonien i oldtiden">Makedonien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milet" title="Milet">Milet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykene" title="Mykene">Mykene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_(helligdom_i_oldtiden)" title="Olympia (helligdom i oldtiden)">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oraklet_i_Delfi" title="Oraklet i Delfi">Oraklet i Delfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnes" title="Peloponnes">Peloponnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesiske_Krig" title="Peloponnesiske Krig">Peloponnesiske Krig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikles" title="Perikles">Perikles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perserkrigene" title="Perserkrigene">Perserkrigene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaget_ved_Marathon" title="Slaget ved Marathon">Slaget ved Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistokles" title="Themistokles">Themistokles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troja" title="Troja">Troja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86oler" title="Æoler">Æoler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenismen" title="Hellenismen">Hellenismen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_Store" title="Alexander den Store">Alexander den Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_historie" title="Athens historie">Athens historie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadokerne" title="Diadokerne">Diadokerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk_mytologi" title="Græsk mytologi">Græsk mytologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makedonien_(omr%C3%A5de)" title="Makedonien (område)">Makedonerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theben_(Gr%C3%A6kenland)" title="Theben (Grækenland)">Theben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrakien" title="Thrakien">Thrakien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk_litteratur" title="Græsk litteratur">Græsk litteratur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos">Aischylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristofanes" title="Aristofanes">Aristofanes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aristoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliaden" title="Iliaden">Iliaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_lyrikere" title="Ni lyrikere">Ni lyrikere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseen" title="Odysseen">Odysseen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofokles" title="Sofokles">Sofokles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thukydid" title="Thukydid">Thukydid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofon" title="Xenofon">Xenofon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romerske_republik" class="mw-redirect" title="Romerske republik">Den romerske republik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Det_romerske_Senat" title="Det romerske Senat">Det romerske Senat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruskere" title="Etruskere">Etruskere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbundsf%C3%A6llekrigen" title="Forbundsfællekrigen">Forbundsfællekrigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C%C3%A6sar" title="Julius Cæsar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallerkrigene" title="Gallerkrigene">Gallerkrigene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Latium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puniske_krige" title="Puniske krige">Puniske krige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romersk_borger" title="Romersk borger">Romersk borger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romersk_arkitektur" title="Romersk arkitektur">Romersk arkitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romersk_religion" title="Romersk religion">Romersk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirat" title="Triumvirat">Triumvirat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romerriget" title="Romerriget">Det romerske kejserrige</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien">Armenien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanien" title="Germanien">Germanien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrians_mur" title="Hadrians mur">Hadrians mur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julisk-Claudiske_dynasti" title="Julisk-Claudiske dynasti">Julisk-Claudiske dynasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejserkulten_i_Romerriget" title="Kejserkulten i Romerriget">Kejserkult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_den_Store" title="Konstantin den Store">Konstantin den Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes" title="Limes">Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteriereligion" title="Mysteriereligion">Mysteriereligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonien" title="Pannonien">Pannonien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_romana" title="Pax romana">Pax romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A6torianergarden" title="Prætorianergarden">Prætorianergarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkristendommen" title="Urkristendommen">Urkristendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Det_Byzantinske_Rige" title="Det Byzantinske Rige">Det østromerske rige (Byzans)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belisar" title="Belisar">Belisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Byzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6sareopapisme" title="Cæsareopapisme">Cæsareopapisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katafrakt" title="Katafrakt">Katafrakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_1." title="Justinian 1.">Justinian 1.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98kumenisk_koncil" title="Økumenisk koncil">Økumeniske Konciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarkiet" title="Tetrarkiet">Tetrarkiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora" title="Theodora">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ringer" title="Væringer">Varægergarden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romersk_litteratur" title="Romersk litteratur">Romersk litteratur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin" title="Augustin">Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horats" title="Horats">Horats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livius" class="mw-redirect" title="Livius">Livius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukrets" title="Lukrets">Lukrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Martialis" title="Marcus Valerius Martialis">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinius_den_%C3%A6ldre" title="Plinius den ældre">Plinius den Ældre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinius_den_yngre" title="Plinius den yngre">Plinius den Yngre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properts" title="Properts">Properts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fabius_Quintilian" title="Marcus Fabius Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveton" title="Sveton">Sveton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86neiden" title="Æneiden">Æneiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persien" class="mw-redirect" title="Persien">Persien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A6menidiske_rige" title="Achæmenidiske rige">Achæmenide-dynastiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareios_1." title="Dareios 1.">Dareios den Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyros_den_Store" title="Kyros den Store">Kyros 2.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mederne" title="Mederne">Mederne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partherriget" title="Partherriget">Partherriget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perserkrigene" title="Perserkrigene">Perserkrigene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassaniderne" title="Sassaniderne">Sasaniderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleukiderne" title="Seleukiderne">Seleukiderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_1._af_Persien" title="Xerxes 1. af Persien">Xerxes 1.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra" title="Zarathustra">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarathustrianisme" title="Zarathustrianisme">Zarathustrianisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Se også: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie">Andre indgange til historien</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Retorik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11746895"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Navboks_Retorik" title="Skabelon:Navboks Retorik"><abbr title="Se denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skabelondiskussion:Navboks_Retorik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skabelondiskussion:Navboks Retorik (ikke skrevet endnu)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a 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(ikke skrevet endnu)">Retoriske hovedfunktioner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitzers_retoriske_situation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitzers retoriske situation (ikke skrevet endnu)">Den retoriske situation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciceros_tre_stillejer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciceros tre stillejer (ikke skrevet endnu)">Stillejer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appelformerne" title="Appelformerne">Appelformerne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patos" title="Patos">Patos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etos" title="Etos">Etos</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Retorikere" title="Kategori:Retorikere"><span style="color:black;">Retorikere</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aristoteles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isokrates" title="Isokrates">Isokrates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korax (ikke skrevet endnu)">Korax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fabius_Quintilian" title="Marcus Fabius Quintilian">Quintilian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teisias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teisias (ikke skrevet endnu)">Teisias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(filosof)" title="Francis Bacon (filosof)">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_C._Booth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne C. Booth (ikke skrevet endnu)">Wayne C. Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Burke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Burke (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kenneth Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaim_Perelman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaim Perelman (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chaim Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Toulmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Toulmin (ikke skrevet endnu)">Stephen Toulmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Troper_og_stilfigurer" title="Kategori:Troper og stilfigurer"><span style="color:black;">Troper og stilfigurer</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allusion (ikke skrevet endnu)">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anafor" title="Anafor">Anafor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogi" title="Analogi">Analogi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antepifor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antepifor (ikke skrevet endnu)">Antepifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tese_og_antitese" title="Tese og antitese">Antitese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apori (ikke skrevet endnu)">Apori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besj%C3%A6ling" title="Besjæling">Besjæling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budskab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budskab (ikke skrevet endnu)">Budskab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatribe" title="Diatribe">Diatribe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digression (ikke skrevet endnu)">Digression</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysfemisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysfemisme (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dysfemisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekfrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekfrase (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ekfrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellipse_(sprog)" title="Ellipse (sprog)">Ellipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epifor" title="Epifor">Epifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme">Eufemisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamatio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exclamatio (ikke skrevet endnu)">Exclamatio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Figur_(retorik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Figur (retorik) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Figur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbel_(retorik)" title="Hyperbel (retorik)">Hyperbol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogatio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interrogatio (ikke skrevet endnu)">Interrogatio</a></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Paralipse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paralipse (ikke skrevet endnu)">Paralipse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perifrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perifrase (ikke skrevet endnu)">Perifrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme">Personifikation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleonasme" title="Pleonasme">Pleonasme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik">Polemik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosopopeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosopopeia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Prosopopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protreptik" title="Protreptik">Protreptik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtale" title="Samtale">Samtale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkasme" title="Sarkasme">Sarkasme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontradiktion" title="Kontradiktion">Selvmodsigelse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simile (ikke skrevet endnu)">Simile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto" title="Pars pro toto">Synekdoke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talefigur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talefigur (ikke skrevet endnu)">Talefigur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tankefigur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tankefigur (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tankefigur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trikolon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trikolon (ikke skrevet endnu)">Trikolon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trope_(retorik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trope (retorik) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table 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