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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cursive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cursive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cursive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cursive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use in writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calligraphic_variants_in_the_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphic_variants_in_the_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphic_variants_in_the_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations,_signs_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations,_signs_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Abbreviations, signs and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations,_signs_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">R</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="R (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="R (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="R (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="R (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B0)" title="आर (अंग्रेजी अच्छर) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर (अंग्रेजी अच्छर)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(lettre)" title="R (lettre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="R (lettre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="R үзг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="R үзг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="R (լատինական) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="R (լատինական)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="ആർ (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർ (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC)" title="အာရ် (အက္ခရာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရ် (အက္ခရာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(letter)" title="R (letter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="R (letter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(buksteew)" title="R (buksteew) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="R (buksteew)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="R (латин тиште) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="R (латин тиште)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(lotin)" title="R (lotin) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="R (lotin)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਆਰ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="R (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="R (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(Askkil)" title="R (Askkil) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="R (Askkil)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="R (латиниця) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="R (латиниця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="R" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9852#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/R" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:R" 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version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>18 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">18th letter of the Latin alphabet</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/R_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="R (disambiguation)">R (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint selfref">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, "R#J" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/R_and_J" title="R and J"><i>R and J</i></a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">R</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal">R r</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_R.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Latin_letter_R.svg/220px-Latin_letter_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Latin_letter_R.svg/330px-Latin_letter_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Latin_letter_R.svg/440px-Latin_letter_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>]</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a>]</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>]</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span></li></ul></div></li><li><i>(<a href="#Other_languages">table</a>)</i></li><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">English variations</a>)</i></li><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+0052, U+0072</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D1.png?aa707" height="19" title="D1" alt="D1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Res"><img alt="Res" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/20px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/30px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/40px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Ρ ρ</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%93" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌓">𐌓</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_06.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Greek Rho"><img alt="Early Greek Rho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Rho_06.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Rho_06.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Rho_06.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Half_r.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cursive R-rotunda"><img alt="Cursive R-rotunda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Half_r.svg/20px-Half_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Half_r.svg/30px-Half_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Half_r.svg/40px-Half_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="83" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>R r</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time period</th><td class="infobox-data">from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 AD</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="℟">℟</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%84%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="℞">℞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C2%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="®">®</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɍ">Ɍ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚱ">ᚱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82" class="mw-redirect" title="𐍂">𐍂</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%8E%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꭱ">Ꭱ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">ר</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">ر</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">ܪ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ࠓ">ࠓ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="𐎗">𐎗</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="𐡓">𐡓</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ረ">ረ</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ռ">Ռ</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:ռ">ռ</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ր">Ր</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:ր">ր</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ર">ર</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="र">र</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#R" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">r(x)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">rh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_Rr.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="R"><img alt="R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Latin_alphabet_Rr.svg/103px-Latin_alphabet_Rr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Latin_alphabet_Rr.svg/155px-Latin_alphabet_Rr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Latin_alphabet_Rr.svg/206px-Latin_alphabet_Rr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="35" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic<br />Latin alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="letter-spacing: 0.1em"> <span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rr</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz</a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>R</b>, or <b>r</b>, is the eighteenth <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">modern English alphabet</a>, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet#Letter_names" title="English alphabet"><i>ar</i></a> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>), plural <i>ars</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in Ireland <i>or</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>The name of the letter in Latin was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">er</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛr/</span>), following the pattern of other letters representing <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuants</a>, such as <span class="nowrap">⟨F⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨L⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨M⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨N⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨S⟩</span>. This name is preserved in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and many other languages. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the name of the letter changed from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛr/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ar/</span>, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as <i>farm</i> (compare French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ferme</i></span>) and <i>star</i> (compare German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stern</i></span>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, the letter is called <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒr/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːr/</span>, somewhat similar to <i>oar</i>, <i>ore</i>, <i>orr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Dog's_letter"></span> The letter R is sometimes referred to as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">littera canīna</i></span> 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the <b>dog's letter</b>. This Latin term referred to the Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> that was <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trilled</a> to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vōx canīna</i></span> 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">perro</i></span> 'dog').<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>'s <i>English Grammar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Egyptian </th> <th>Proto-Sinaitic </th> <th>Phoenician<br /><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a> </th> <th>Western Greek<br /><a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">Rho</a> </th> <th>Etruscan<br />R </th> <th>Latin<br />R </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D1.png?aa707" height="19" title="D1" alt="D1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/60px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/80px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianR-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PhoenicianR-01.png/30px-PhoenicianR-01.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PhoenicianR-01.png/45px-PhoenicianR-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PhoenicianR-01.png/60px-PhoenicianR-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/32px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/49px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/65px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanR-03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EtruscanR-03.svg/22px-EtruscanR-03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EtruscanR-03.svg/32px-EtruscanR-03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EtruscanR-03.svg/43px-EtruscanR-03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalis_monumentalis_R.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Capitalis_monumentalis_R.SVG/30px-Capitalis_monumentalis_R.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Capitalis_monumentalis_R.SVG/45px-Capitalis_monumentalis_R.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Capitalis_monumentalis_R.SVG/60px-Capitalis_monumentalis_R.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prognatus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prognatus.png/220px-Prognatus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prognatus.png/330px-Prognatus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Prognatus.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption>The word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">prognatus</i></span> as written on the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Lucius_Cornelius_Scipio_Barbatus" title="Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus">Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus</a> (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> by that time; the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨P⟩</span> at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic <i>rho</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in <a href="/wiki/Semitic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic alphabets">Semitic alphabets</a> for the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> because the word for 'head' was <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%AA%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Rêš">rêš</a></i> or similar in most <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophony</a>. </p><p>It developed into Greek <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">Ρ</a>⟩</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥῶ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">rhô</i></span>) and Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span>. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some <a href="/wiki/Western_Greek_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greek alphabets">Western Greek alphabets</a> (writing <i>rho</i> as <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), but it was not adopted in most <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabets</a>; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their <i>rho</i> between a <span class="nowrap">⟨P⟩</span> and a <span class="nowrap">⟨D⟩</span> shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Duenos_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Duenos Inscription">Duenos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forum_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum inscription">Forum inscription</a>, still write <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> using the <span class="nowrap">⟨P⟩</span> shape of the letter. The <a href="/wiki/Lapis_Satricanus" title="Lapis Satricanus">Lapis Satricanus</a> inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> and the <span class="nowrap">⟨Ρ⟩</span> shape of the <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> have become difficult to distinguish. The descending stroke of the Latin letter <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a> sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 AD</span>, the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨P⟩</span> would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cursive">Cursive</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg/220px-Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg/330px-Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>18th-century example of use of <i>r rotunda</i> in English blackletter typography</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_Pacioli,_De_divina_proportione,_Letter_R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Luca_Pacioli%2C_De_divina_proportione%2C_Letter_R.jpg/220px-Luca_Pacioli%2C_De_divina_proportione%2C_Letter_R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Luca_Pacioli%2C_De_divina_proportione%2C_Letter_R.jpg/330px-Luca_Pacioli%2C_De_divina_proportione%2C_Letter_R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Luca_Pacioli%2C_De_divina_proportione%2C_Letter_R.jpg/440px-Luca_Pacioli%2C_De_divina_proportione%2C_Letter_R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="3554" /></a><figcaption>Letter <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> from the alphabet by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/De_divina_proportione" class="mw-redirect" title="De divina proportione">De divina proportione</a></i> (1509)</figcaption></figure> <p>The minuscule form <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> developed through several variations on the capital form. Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> script of Late Antiquity into the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> of the 9th century. </p><p>In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today. </p><p>A calligraphic minuscule <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda">r rotunda</a></i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꝛ⟩</span>, was used in the sequence <span class="nowrap">⟨or⟩</span>, bending the shape of the <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> to accommodate the bulge of the <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> as in <span class="nowrap">⟨oꝛ⟩</span>, as opposed to <span class="nowrap">⟨or⟩</span>. Later, the same variant was also used where <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>, as well as to write the geminate <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨ꝛꝛ⟩</span>. Use of <i>r rotunda</i> was mostly tied to <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a> used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the <i>Insular r</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꞃ⟩</span>; this variant survives in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a> popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_writing_systems">Use in writing systems</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic consonant</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">Guttural R</a></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> by language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Phonemes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian orthography">Albanian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic romanization</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragonese orthography">Aragonese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Asturian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian orthography">Asturian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Basque_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque orthography">Basque</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span>, <i>silent</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Galician_alphabet" title="Galician alphabet">Galician</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">ɐ̯</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> romanization </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɻʲ</a>/</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Leonese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese dialect">Leonese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Manx_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx orthography">Manx</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori orthography">Māori</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɾʲ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">Swedish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Venetian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian orthography">Venetian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese orthography">Vietnamese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity in English</a></div> <p><span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> in English, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar approximant">alveolar approximant</a> (most varieties), <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> (some British varieties), or the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> (some varieties in the <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">South West England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Dublin</a>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a> accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3></div> <p><span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> in many languages, as shown in the table below. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:85%;margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">Alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Alveolar_trill.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Alveolar_trill.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Alveolar_trill.ogg/Alveolar_trill.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%">Standard <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> in some dialects, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> mostly in the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (traditional form), <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> more frequent in northern and western dialects, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar approximant">Alveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Alveolar_approximant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Alveolar_approximant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Alveolar_approximant.ogg/Alveolar_approximant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, especially when in weakly articulated positions, such as <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">word-final</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">Alveolar flap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">Alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Alveolar_tap.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Alveolar_tap.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Alveolar_tap.ogg/Alveolar_tap.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">Voiced retroflex fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʐ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiced_retroflex_sibilant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Voiced_retroflex_sibilant.ogg/Voiced_retroflex_sibilant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Voiced_retroflex_sibilant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> around <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> especially in Central Swedish dialects, such as the dialect in/around <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a> used before vowels, as in <i>raana</i>, "toad", from Spanish rana </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">Retroflex approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Retroflex_approximant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Retroflex_approximant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Retroflex_approximant.ogg/Retroflex_approximant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%"><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">Retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Retroflex_flap.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Retroflex_flap.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Retroflex_flap.ogg/Retroflex_flap.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> when followed by ⟨d⟩; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> on occasion; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> when followed by ⟨d⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill">Uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Uvular_trill.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Uvular_trill.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Uvular_trill.ogg/Uvular_trill.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> stage standard; some <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> dialects (in <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburg</a>, and some city dialects in the Netherlands); <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> in southern Sweden; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> in western and southern parts; <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> only in the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> area. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:35%"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">Voiced uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiced_uvular_fricative.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Voiced_uvular_fricative.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Voiced_uvular_fricative.ogg/Voiced_uvular_fricative.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td style="width:55%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North Mesopotamian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, standard European <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span>, standard Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span>, Puerto Rican Spanish <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> and 'r-' in western parts; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> in western and southern parts; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> in southern dialects </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other languages may use the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> in their alphabets (or Latin transliteration schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'. </p><p>The doubled <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> represents a trilled <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. </p><p>Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> has a great number of allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span>, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>. The latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span> in the syllable coda, as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> according to the European Portuguese norm and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>'s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>]</span> and, for a few speakers, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">r</span>⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="R (disambiguation)">R (disambiguation)</a></div> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">R rating</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">Motion Picture Association film rating system</a> denotes media, such as movies, that are intended for a restricted audience.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_characters">Related characters</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet">Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet</h3></div> <ul><li>R with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C5%94" title="Ŕ">Ŕ ŕ</a> <a href="/wiki/R_with_stroke" title="R with stroke">Ɍ ɍ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">Ř ř</a> <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">Ŗ ŗ</a> <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Ṙ ṙ</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">Ȑ ȑ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C8%92" title="Ȓ">Ȓ ȓ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A" title="Ṛ">Ṛ ṛ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9C" title="Ṝ">Ṝ ṝ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṟ">Ṟ ṟ</a> <a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%A6" title="Ꞧ">Ꞧ ꞧ</a> <a href="/wiki/R_with_tail" title="R with tail">Ɽ ɽ</a> <a href="/wiki/R%CC%83" title="R̃">R̃ r̃</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵲ (page does not exist)">ᵲ</a><sup id="cite_ref-L203174_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L203174-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AD%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꭨ (page does not exist)">ꭨ</a><sup id="cite_ref-l219075_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l219075-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵳ">ᵳ</a><sup id="cite_ref-L203174_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L203174-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶉ">ᶉ</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>-specific symbols related to R: <span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-L220125_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L220125-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L221021_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L221021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%CA%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ʶ">ʶ</a> <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">˞ ʴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA superscript letters</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-L220252_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L220252-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet</a>: ɼ ɿ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a>-specific symbols related to R:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+1D19</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᴙ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D1A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᴚ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D3F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᴿ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D63</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵣ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:<sup id="cite_ref-Teuthonista_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teuthonista-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB45</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭅ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB46</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭆ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG</span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropos_phonetic_alphabet" title="Anthropos phonetic alphabet">Anthropos</a></i> phonetic transcription:<sup id="cite_ref-Teuthonista_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teuthonista-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB48</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭈ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB49</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭉ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB4A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭊ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL</span></li></ul></li> <li>Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription:<sup id="cite_ref-Teuthonista_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teuthonista-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB47</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭇ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB4B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭋ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AB4C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭌ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING</span></li></ul></li> <li>𝼨 – <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> with mid-height left hook was used by the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society" title="British and Foreign Bible Society">British and Foreign Bible Society</a> in the early 20th century for <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-L221156_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L221156-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ⱹ – A turned <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> with a tail is used in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Dialect_Alphabet" title="Swedish Dialect Alphabet">Swedish Dialect Alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<sup id="cite_ref-L220125_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L220125-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L221021_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L221021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 𝼖<sup id="cite_ref-L220125_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L220125-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L221021_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L221021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%CA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ʳ">ʳ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ʵ">ʵ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calligraphic_variants_in_the_Latin_alphabet">Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet</h3></div> <ul><li>Ꝛ ꝛ – <i><a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda">R rotunda</a></i></li> <li>Ꞃ ꞃ – <i>Insular r</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a>)</li> <li>ᫍ – Combining <i>Insular r</i>, as used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ormulum" title="Ormulum">Ormulum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-L220268_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L220268-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets">Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets</h3></div> <ul><li>𐤓 – <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Semitic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a>, from which the following letters derive: <ul><li>Ρ ρ – <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">Rho</a>, from which the following letters derive: <ul><li>𐌓 – <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic</a> letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨R⟩</span> <ul><li>ᚱ – <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido">Raido</a></li></ul></li> <li>Р р – <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Er</a></li> <li>𐍂 – <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> letter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reda_(letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reda (letter) (page does not exist)">Reda</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations,_signs_and_symbols"><span id="Abbreviations.2C_signs_and_symbols"></span>Abbreviations, signs and symbols</h3></div> <ul><li>℟ – symbol for <a href="/wiki/Response_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Response (liturgy)">response</a> in liturgy</li> <li>℞ – <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">Medical prescription</a></li> <li>® – <a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">Registered trademark symbol</a></li> <li>₹ – <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Indian rupee sign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_representations">Other representations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing_codes"></span></h3></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">R</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">r</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ｒ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ｒ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN SMALL LETTER R </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER R </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>82</td> <td>U+0052</td> <td>114</td> <td>U+0072</td> <td>65330</td> <td>U+FF32</td> <td>65362</td> <td>U+FF52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>82</td> <td>52</td> <td>114</td> <td>72</td> <td>239 188 178</td> <td>EF BC B2</td> <td>239 189 146</td> <td>EF BD 92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#82;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x52;<wbr /></td> <td>&#114;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x72;<wbr /></td> <td>&#65330;<wbr /></td> <td>&#xFF32;<wbr /></td> <td>&#65362;<wbr /></td> <td>&#xFF52;<wbr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> family</td> <td>217</td> <td>D9</td> <td>153</td> <td>99</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></td> <td>82</td> <td>52</td> <td>114</td> <td>72</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <div style="width: 500px;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; line-height:1.3em; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/NATO_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO spelling alphabet">NATO phonetic</a> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-family: monospace; font-weight: bold; line-height: 100%; font-size:150%"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;">Romeo<br /><i style="font-size:75%"></i> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; font-size: large;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion nounderlines"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/R_morse_code.ogg\/R_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span style=\"font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;\">&#160;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"R morse code.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/R_morse_code.ogg/R_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:R_morse_code.ogg" title="File:R morse code.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="height: 80px;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Romeo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ICS_Romeo.svg/75px-ICS_Romeo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ICS_Romeo.svg/113px-ICS_Romeo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ICS_Romeo.svg/150px-ICS_Romeo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semaphore_Romeo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Semaphore_Romeo.svg/90px-Semaphore_Romeo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Semaphore_Romeo.svg/135px-Semaphore_Romeo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Semaphore_Romeo.svg/180px-Semaphore_Romeo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_language_R.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sign_language_R.svg/90px-Sign_language_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sign_language_R.svg/135px-Sign_language_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sign_language_R.svg/180px-Sign_language_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BSL_letter_R.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BSL_letter_R.svg/90px-BSL_letter_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BSL_letter_R.svg/135px-BSL_letter_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BSL_letter_R.svg/180px-BSL_letter_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_R.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠗"><img alt="⠗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/77px-Braille_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/116px-Braille_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/154px-Braille_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver; padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Signal flag</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/British_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="British manual alphabet">British manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Braille_pattern_dots-1235" title="Braille pattern dots-1235">Braille dots-1235</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">Guttural R</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"R", <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> 2nd edition (1989); "ar", <i>op. cit</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrömerová" class="citation thesis cs1">Krömerová, Alena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Analysis of 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digilib.k.utb.cz&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+selected+contemporary+Irish+dialects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.k.utb.cz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10563%2F9938%2Fkr%25C3%25B6merov%25C3%25A1_2009_bp.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogarty2013" class="citation web cs1">Hogarty, Steve (November 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977">"Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Losing+My+Voice+-+This+Happened+to+Me&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.aulast=Hogarty&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fthis-happened-to-me%2Flosing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/">"Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!"</a>. <i>Irish with Ian</i>. December 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+with+Ian&rft.atitle=Mind+your+%27P%27s+and+%27Q%27s+%E2%80%93+ore+you%27ll+get+into+trouble%21&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishwithian.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2Fmind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html">"A Word A Day: Dog's letter"</a>. <i>Wordsmith.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054240/http://www.wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wordsmith.org&rft.atitle=A+Word+A+Day%3A+Dog%27s+letter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordsmith.org%2Fwords%2Fdogs_letter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeareHorace_Howard_FurnessFrederick_Williams1913" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William; Horace Howard Furness; Frederick Williams (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoandjuliet02furngoog"><i>Romeo and Juliet</i></a>. Lippincott. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoandjuliet02furngoog/page/n218">189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140620931" title="Special:BookSources/9780140620931"><bdi>9780140620931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romeo+and+Juliet&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=9780140620931&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Horace+Howard+Furness&rft.au=Frederick+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromeoandjuliet02furngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L203174-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L203174_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L203174_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2003" class="citation web cs1">Constable, Peter (September 30, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf">"L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011013938/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=L2%2F03-174R2%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+Phonetic+Symbols+with+Middle+Tilde+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2003-09-30&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2003%2F03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l219075-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l219075_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2019" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (May 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf">"L2/19-075R: Proposal to add six phonetic characters for Scots to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190054/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F19-075R%3A+Proposal+to+add+six+phonetic+characters+for+Scots+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2019%2F19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2004" class="citation web cs1">Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf">"L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=L2%2F04-132+Proposal+to+add+additional+phonetic+characters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L220125-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L220125_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L220125_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L220125_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2020" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk (July 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf">"L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F20-125R%3A+Unicode+request+for+expected+IPA+retroflex+letters+and+similar+letters+with+hooks&rft.date=2020-07-11&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L221021-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L221021_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L221021_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L221021_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Deborah (December 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf">"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F21-021%3A+Reference+doc+numbers+for+L2%2F20-266R+%22Consolidated+code+chart+of+proposed+phonetic+characters%22+and+IPA+etc.+code+point+and+name+changes&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2021%2F21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L220252-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L220252_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerAshby2020" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (November 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf">"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F20-252R%3A+Unicode+request+for+IPA+modifier-letters+%28a%29%2C+pulmonic&rft.date=2020-11-08&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft.au=Ashby%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>; et al. (March 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf">"L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=L2%2F02-141%3A+Uralic+Phonetic+Alphabet+characters+for+the+UCS&rft.date=2002-03-20&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2002%2F02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teuthonista-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teuthonista_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teuthonista_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teuthonista_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonDicklbergerPentzlinWandl-Vogt2011" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=L2%2F11-202%3A+Revised+proposal+to+encode+%22Teuthonista%22+phonetic+characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dicklberger%2C+Alois&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft.au=Wandl-Vogt%2C+Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L221156-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L221156_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerRees2021" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (July 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf">"L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F21-156%3A+Unicode+request+for+legacy+Malayalam&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft.au=Rees%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2021%2F21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemonenRuppelKolehmainenSandström2006" class="citation web cs1">Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (January 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf">"L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=L2%2F06-036%3A+Proposal+to+encode+characters+for+Ordbok+%C3%B6ver+Finlands+svenska+folkm%C3%A5l+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.aulast=Lemonen&rft.aufirst=Therese&rft.au=Ruppel%2C+Klaas&rft.au=Kolehmainen%2C+Erkki+I.&rft.au=Sandstr%C3%B6m%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2006%2F06036-lma-proposal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L220268-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L220268_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonWest2020" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (October 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf">"L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F20-268%3A+Revised+proposal+to+add+ten+characters+for+Middle+English+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=West%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_letter_R" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LetterR" title="Template:LetterR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LetterR" title="Template talk:LetterR"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LetterR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LetterR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_letter_R" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The letter <a class="mw-selflink selflink">R</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_of_English_/r/_and_/l/_by_Japanese_speakers" title="Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers">Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">Pronunciation of English /r/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">Guttural R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">Linking and intrusive R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pronunciations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">Voiceless alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">Voiced alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" title="Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants">Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap_and_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar tap and flap">Voiceless alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">Voiced alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps">Voiced alveolar lateral flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɺ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">Voiced retroflex approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">Voiced retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">Voiced retroflex trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽr]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">Voiced velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_bunched_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar bunched approximant">Voiced velar bunched approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̈]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">Voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">Voiced velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">Voiceless uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">Voiced uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">Voiceless uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">Voiced uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">Voiced pharyngeal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">Voiceless glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">Voiced glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ꝛꝛ (<a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda">R rotunda</a>)</li> <li>Ꞃꞃ (<a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a>)</li> <li>Ɽɽ (<a href="/wiki/R_with_tail" title="R with tail">R with tail</a>)</li> <li>Ɍɍ (<a href="/wiki/R_with_stroke" title="R with stroke">R with stroke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yr_rune_(Younger_Futhark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yr rune (Younger Futhark)">Ʀʀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">Ȑȑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%94" title="Ŕ">Ŕŕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">Ŗŗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">Řř</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%92" title="Ȓ">Ȓȓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%CC%83" title="R̃">R̃r̃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Ṙṙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A" title="Ṛ">Ṛṛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="R̄">R̄r̄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9C" title="Ṝ">Ṝṝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṟ">Ṟṟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rd_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rd (digraph)">Rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">Rh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rl (digraph)">Rl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rm (digraph)">Rm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rn (digraph)">Rn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rp (digraph)">Rp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">Rr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rs_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rs (digraph)">Rs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rt_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rt (digraph)">Rt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rw_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rw (digraph)">Rw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rz (digraph)">Rz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rnd_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rnd (trigraph)">Rnd</a></li> <li>ᚱ (<a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido">Raidô</a>)</li> <li>ℝ (<a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">Real number</a>)</li> <li>® (<a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">Registered trademark symbol</a>)</li> <li>Ⓡ (<a href="/wiki/Enclosed_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosed R">Enclosed R</a>)</li> <li>℞ (<a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">Medical prescription</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter R with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%94" title="Ŕ">Ŕŕ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">Řř</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṙ">Ṙṙ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŗ">Ŗŗ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȑ">Ȑȑ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%92" title="Ȓ">Ȓȓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A" title="Ṛ">Ṛṛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9C" title="Ṝ">Ṝṝ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṟ">Ṟṟ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/R%CC%83" title="R̃">R̃r̃</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/R_with_stroke" title="R with stroke">Ɍɍ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%A6" title="Ꞧ">Ꞧꞧ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɽ">Ɽɽ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵲ (page does not exist)">ᵲ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶉ">ᶉ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%EA%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ꭉ">ꭉ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9D%BC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𝼨 (page does not exist)">𝼨</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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