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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Huvudmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" title="Besök huvudsidan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Huvudsida</span></a></li><li id="n-Introduktion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion"><span>Introduktion</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deltagarportalen" title="Om projektet, vad du kan göra, var man kan hitta saker"><span>Deltagarportalen</span></a></li><li id="n-Bybrunnen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bybrunnen"><span>Bybrunnen</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar" title="Lista över de senaste ändringarna på wikin [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Senaste ändringarna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Slumpsida" title="Gå till en slumpmässigt vald sida [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slumpartikel</span></a></li><li id="n-filuppladdning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Ladda upp filer till Wikimedia Commons"><span>Ladda upp filer</span></a></li><li id="n-Kontakta-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakta Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hj%C3%A4lp" title="Platsen där du hittar hjälp"><span>Hjälp</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sv.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:S%C3%B6k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Polemik" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Polemik" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Polemik" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Polemik" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polemik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 40 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemiek" title="Polemiek – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polemiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سجال – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سجال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палеміка – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палеміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полемика – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полемика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemika" title="Polemika – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polemika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A8mica" title="Polèmica – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polèmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemika" title="Polemika – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polemika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemeg" title="Polemeg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Polemeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polemik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polemik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Polemic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A9mica" title="Polémica – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polémica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemiko" title="Polemiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polemiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جدل – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A9mique" title="Polémique – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polémique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemyk" title="Polemyk – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Polemyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemika" title="Polemika – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polemika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polemik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemica" title="Polemica – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polemica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პოლემიკა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლემიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полемика – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полемика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полемика – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полемика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemiek" title="Polemiek – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polemiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ポレミック – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポレミック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleemik" title="Poleemik – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poleemik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemikk" title="Polemikk – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polemikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemikk" title="Polemikk – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polemikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemika" title="Polemika – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polemika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A9mica" title="Polémica – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polémica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic%C4%83" title="Polemică – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polemică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полемика – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полемика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polemic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemika" title="Polemika – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polemika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemika" title="Polemika – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polemika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полемика – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полемика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemika" title="Polemika – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polemika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemiikki" title="Polemiikki – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polemiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polemik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полеміка – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полеміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%AA%BF" title="反調 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反調" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polemik" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Polemik&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [inte skriven än] [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polemik"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polemik"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Polemik" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Polemik" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&oldid=54903474" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Polemik&id=54903474&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolemik"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolemik"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Polemik"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polemik&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27406" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Polemik</b> (av <a href="/wiki/Grek." class="mw-redirect" title="Grek.">grek.</a> <i>polemos</i> "krig") är en litterär strid, pennfejd, skriftlig meningsstrid (vanligen rörande någon vetenskaplig, teologisk, vitter, politisk eller kommunal fråga). Polemik är en omtvistad <a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">retorik</a> avsedd för att stödja en viss position i olika kontroversiella ämnen. En person som ofta uttalar sig polemiskt kallas <i>polemiker</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordet kommer från <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a> <i>πολεμικός</i> (polemikos) som betyder "krigisk, fientlig" och från <i>πόλεμος</i> (polemos) som betyder "krig".<sup id="cite_ref-Perseus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perseus-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polemik handlar ofta om frågor inom <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politik</a>. Ett polemiskt skrivsätt var vanligt i <a href="/wiki/Antikens_Grekland" title="Antikens Grekland">antikens Grekland</a>, som i skrifter av historikern <a href="/wiki/Polybios" title="Polybios">Polybios</a>. Polemik blev åter vanligt under <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltiden</a> och den <a href="/wiki/Tidigmoderna_tiden" title="Tidigmoderna tiden">tidigmoderna tiden</a>. Kända polemiker under senare tid har varit satirikern <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, den socialistiske filosofen <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, författaren <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> samt lingvisten <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apologetik" title="Apologetik">Apologetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitation" title="Agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogi" title="Demagogi">Demagogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialektik" title="Dialektik">Dialektik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation_(diskussion)" title="Disputation (diskussion)">Disputation (diskussion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A4vulens_advokat" title="Djävulens advokat">Djävulens advokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritik" title="Kritik">Kritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parodi" title="Parodi">Parodi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polemic&oldid=756087867">21 december 2016</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polemik&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 2005), s.v. <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(engelska)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/polemic">"polemic"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perseus-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Perseus_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpo%2Flemos">πόλεμος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Retorik" title="Mall:Retorik"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Retorik&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">Retorik</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Genrer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Apologetik" title="Apologetik">Apologetik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Blixttal" title="Blixttal">Blixttal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brandtal" title="Brandtal">Brandtal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Debatt" title="Debatt">Debatt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">Filibuster</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Demagogi" title="Demagogi">Demagogi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dialektik" title="Dialektik">Dialektik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sokratisk_metod" title="Sokratisk metod">Sokratisk metod</a>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Exemplum" title="Exemplum">Exemplum</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rel%C3%A4sning" title="Föreläsning">Föreläsning</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_deliberativum" title="Genus deliberativum">Genus deliberativum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_demonstrativum" title="Genus demonstrativum">Genus demonstrativum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_judiciale" title="Genus judiciale">Genus judiciale</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Homiletik" title="Homiletik">Homiletik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Inledningsanf%C3%B6rande" title="Inledningsanförande">Inledningsanförande</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intr%C3%A4destal" title="Inträdestal">Inträdestal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jungfrutal" title="Jungfrutal">Jungfrutal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Linjetal" title="Linjetal">Linjetal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lovtal" title="Lovtal">Lovtal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oration" title="Oration">Oration</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polemik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diatrib" title="Diatrib">Diatrib</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eristik" title="Eristik">Eristik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Filippik" title="Filippik">Filippik</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Parentation" title="Parentation">Parentation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Predikan" title="Predikan">Predikan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agitation" title="Agitation">Agitation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spin_(PR)" title="Spin (PR)">Spin</a>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethopoeia" title="Ethopoeia">Ethopoeia</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/%C3%84reminne" title="Äreminne">Äreminne</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="13"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/90px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/135px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/180px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/90px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/135px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/180px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Aptum" title="Aptum">Aptum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Arete_(retorik)" title="Arete (retorik)">Arete</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Argument_(retorik)" title="Argument (retorik)">Argument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Entymem" title="Entymem">Entymem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epikirem" title="Epikirem">Epikirem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Argumentationsfel" title="Argumentationsfel">Fallasi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_(retorik)" title="Paradigm (retorik)">Paradigm</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_et_contra" title="Pro et contra">Pro et contra</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Attentum" title="Attentum">Attentum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Benivolum" title="Benivolum">Benivolum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Copia" title="Copia">Copia</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Dekorum" title="Dekorum">Dekorum</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Disposition</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Exordium" title="Exordium">Exordium</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Narratio" title="Narratio">Narratio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Propositio" title="Propositio">Propositio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Argumentatio" title="Argumentatio">Argumentatio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Conclusio" title="Conclusio">Conclusio</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Docilem" title="Docilem">Docilem</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">Doxa</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Endoxa" title="Endoxa">Endoxa</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Fronesis_(retorik)" title="Fronesis (retorik)">Fronesis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Identifikation_(retorik)" title="Identifikation (retorik)">Identifikation</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Imitatio" title="Imitatio">Imitatio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(retorik)" title="Locus (retorik)">Locus</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Medel_f%C3%B6r_att_%C3%B6vertyga" title="Medel för att övertyga">Medel för att övertyga</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Patos" title="Patos">Pathos</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/Minnespalats" title="Minnespalats">Minnespalats</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Partes" title="Partes">Partes</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Intellectio" title="Intellectio">Intellectio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Actio" title="Actio">Actio</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasio" title="Persuasio">Persuasio</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Retor" title="Retor">Retor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Den_retoriska_situationen" title="Den retoriska situationen">Den retoriska situationen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statusl%C3%A4ran" title="Statusläran">Statusläran</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Status_coniecturalis" title="Status coniecturalis">Coniecturalis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_definitionis" title="Status definitionis">Definitionis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_qualitatis" title="Status qualitatis">Qualitatis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_translationis" title="Status translationis">Translationis</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/Facklitteratur#Stil" title="Facklitteratur">Stil</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5gstil" title="Lågstil">Låg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mellanstil" title="Mellanstil">Mellan</a> · <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gstil" title="Högstil">Hög</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Stilfigur" title="Stilfigur">Stilfigur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ornament_(stilistik)" title="Ornament (stilistik)">Ornament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trop_(retorik)" title="Trop (retorik)">Trop</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Talarens tre plikter</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Docere" title="Docere">Docere</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Delectare" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Movere" title="Movere">Movere</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Vir_bonus" title="Vir bonus">Vir bonus</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ltalighet" title="Vältalighet">Vältalighet</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Retoriker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Antiken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> · <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isokrates" title="Isokrates">Isokrates</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lukianos" title="Lukianos">Lukianos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a> · <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fabius_Quintilianus" title="Marcus Fabius Quintilianus">Quintilianus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> ·</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Medel- och tidigmodern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_av_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus av Rotterdam">Erasmus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Ram%C3%A9e" title="Pierre de la Ramée">Ramus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Modern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Bachtin" title="Michail Bachtin">Bachtin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Booth" title="Wayne Booth">Booth</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Armstrong_Richards" title="Ivor Armstrong Richards">Richards</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;font-style:italic;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Faidros_(dialog)" title="Faidros (dialog)">Faidros</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ad_Herennium" title="Ad Herennium">Ad Herennium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_inventione" title="De inventione">De inventione</a> · <a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a> · <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Den_sublima_stilen" title="Den sublima stilen">Perì Hýpsous</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Analys</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dramatismen" title="Dramatismen">Dramatismen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pentadanalys" title="Pentadanalys">Pentadanalys</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Fantasy-Themeanalys" title="Fantasy-Themeanalys">Fantasy-Themeanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Genreanalys" title="Genreanalys">Genreanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ideologikritik" title="Ideologikritik">Ideologikritik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klusteranalys" title="Klusteranalys">Klusteranalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Metaforanalys" title="Metaforanalys">Metaforanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neo-aristotelisk_analys" title="Neo-aristotelisk analys">Neo-aristotelisk analys</a> · <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rl%C3%A4sning" title="Närläsning">Närläsning</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin#Toulminmodellen" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulminmodellen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Historia</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_poetriae" title="Ars poetriae">Ars poetriae</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_praedicandi" title="Ars praedicandi">Ars praedicandi</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sofister" title="Sofister">Sofister</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(utbildning)" title="Trivium (utbildning)">Trivium</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Etik_(retorik)" title="Etik (retorik)">Etik (retorik)</a> · <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rskarteknik" title="Härskarteknik">Härskarteknik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pedagogisk_retorik" title="Pedagogisk retorik">Pedagogisk retorik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Psychagogia" title="Psychagogia">Psychagogia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Retorikf%C3%B6rlaget" title="Retorikförlaget">Retorikförlaget</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stilistik" title="Stilistik">Stilistik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stora_retorikpriset" title="Stora retorikpriset">Stora retorikpriset</a> · <a href="/wiki/Talskrivare" title="Talskrivare">Talskrivare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A4ngslan" title="Talängslan">Talängslan</a> · <a href="/wiki/TED_(konferens)" title="TED (konferens)">TED</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsretorik" title="Vetenskapsretorik">Vetenskapsretorik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Visuell_retorik" title="Visuell retorik">Visuell retorik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latent_retorik" title="Latent retorik">Latent</a> · <a href="/wiki/Manifest_retorik" title="Manifest retorik">Manifest</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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