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growth</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: epitaxial growth"> <meta name="keywords" content="epitaxial growth"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="epitaxial growth"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6420</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: epitaxial growth</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6420</span> Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of ZnSe Homoepitaxial Growth and Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Khachab">Hamid Khachab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yamani%20Abdelkafi"> Yamani Abdelkafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouna%20Barhmi"> Mouna Barhmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The epitaxial growth has great important in the fabricate of the new semi-conductors devices and upgrading many factors, such as the quality of crystallization and efficiency with their deferent types and the most effective epitaxial technique is the molecular beam epitaxial. The MBE growth modeling allows to confirm the experiments results out by atomic beam and to analyze the microscopic phenomena. In of our work, we determined the growth processes specially the ZnSe epitaxial technique by Kinetic Monte Carlo method and we also give observations that are made in real time at the growth temperature using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and photoemission current. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20beam%20epitaxy" title="molecular beam epitaxy">molecular beam epitaxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=II-VI" title=" II-VI"> II-VI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morpholy" title=" morpholy"> morpholy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoemission" title=" photoemission"> photoemission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RHEED" title=" RHEED"> RHEED</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetic%20Monte%20Carlo" title=" kinetic Monte Carlo"> kinetic Monte Carlo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnSe" title=" ZnSe"> ZnSe</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20695/kinetic-monte-carlo-simulation-of-znse-homoepitaxial-growth-and-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">490</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6419</span> Numerical Design and Characterization of MOVPE Grown Nitride Based Semiconductors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Skibinski">J. Skibinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Caban"> P. Caban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Wejrzanowski"> T. Wejrzanowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20J.%20Kurzydlowski"> K. J. Kurzydlowski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study numerical simulations of epitaxial growth of gallium nitride in Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy reactor AIX-200/4RF-S are addressed. The aim of this study was to design the optimal fluid flow and thermal conditions for obtaining the most homogeneous product. Since there are many agents influencing reactions on the crystal growth area such as temperature, pressure, gas flow or reactor geometry, it is difficult to design optimal process. Variations of process pressure and hydrogen mass flow rates have been considered. According to the fact that it’s impossible to determine experimentally the exact distribution of heat and mass transfer inside the reactor during crystal growth, detailed 3D modeling has been used to get an insight of the process conditions. Numerical simulations allow to understand the epitaxial process by calculation of heat and mass transfer distribution during growth of gallium nitride. Including chemical reactions in the numerical model allows to calculate the growth rate of the substrate. The present approach has been applied to enhance the performance of AIX-200/4RF-S reactor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title="computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20volume%20method" title=" finite volume method"> finite volume method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitaxial%20growth" title=" epitaxial growth"> epitaxial growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gallium%20nitride" title=" gallium nitride"> gallium nitride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19035/numerical-design-and-characterization-of-movpe-grown-nitride-based-semiconductors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6418</span> Epitaxial Growth of Crystalline Polyaniline on Reduced Graphene Oxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Majumdar">D. Majumdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Baskey"> M. Baskey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Saha"> S. K. Saha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Graphene has already been identified as a promising material for future carbon based electronics. To develop graphene technology, the fabrication of a high quality P-N junction is a great challenge. In the present work, we have described a simple and general technique to grow single crystalline polyaniline (PANI) films on graphene sheets using in situ polymerization via the oxidation-reduction of aniline monomer and graphene oxide, respectively, to fabricate a high quality P-N junction, which shows diode-like behavior with a remarkably low turn-on voltage (60 mV) and high rectification ratio (1880:1) up to a voltage of 0.2 Volt. The origin of these superior electronic properties is the preferential growth of a highly crystalline PANI film as well as lattice matching between the d-values [~2.48 Å] of graphene and {120} planes of PANI. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitaxial%20growth" title="epitaxial growth">epitaxial growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PANI" title=" PANI"> PANI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduced%20graphene%20oxide" title=" reduced graphene oxide"> reduced graphene oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rectification%20ratio" title=" rectification ratio"> rectification ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16296/epitaxial-growth-of-crystalline-polyaniline-on-reduced-graphene-oxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6417</span> Photoresponse of Epitaxial GaN Films Grown by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nisha%20Prakash">Nisha Prakash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kritika%20Anand"> Kritika Anand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Barvat"> Arun Barvat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabir%20Pal"> Prabir Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonachand%20Adhikari"> Sonachand Adhikari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suraj%20P.%20Khanna"> Suraj P. Khanna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Group-III nitride semiconductors (GaN, AlN, InN and their ternary and quaternary compounds) have attracted a great deal of attention for the development of high-performance Ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors. Any midgap defect states in the epitaxial grown film have a direct influence on the photodetectors responsivity. The proportion of the midgap defect states can be controlled by the growth parameters. To study this we have grown high quality epitaxial GaN films on MOCVD- grown GaN template using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) with different growth parameters. Optical and electrical properties of the films were characterized by room temperature photoluminescence and photoconductivity measurements, respectively. The observed persistent photoconductivity behaviour is proportional to the yellow luminescence (YL) and the absolute responsivity has been found to decrease with decreasing YL. The results will be discussed in more detail later. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gallium%20nitride" title="gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma-assisted%20molecular%20beam%20epitaxy" title=" plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy"> plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoluminescence" title=" photoluminescence"> photoluminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoconductivity" title=" photoconductivity"> photoconductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persistent%20photoconductivity" title=" persistent photoconductivity"> persistent photoconductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yellow%20luminescence" title=" yellow luminescence"> yellow luminescence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29135/photoresponse-of-epitaxial-gan-films-grown-by-plasma-assisted-molecular-beam-epitaxy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6416</span> Finite Volume Method Simulations of GaN Growth Process in MOVPE Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Skibinski">J. Skibinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Caban"> P. Caban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Wejrzanowski"> T. Wejrzanowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20J.%20Kurzydlowski"> K. J. Kurzydlowski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer during gallium nitride growth process in Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy reactor AIX-200/4RF-S is addressed. Existing knowledge about phenomena occurring in the MOVPE process allows to produce high quality nitride based semiconductors. However, process parameters of MOVPE reactors can vary in certain ranges. Main goal of this study is optimization of the process and improvement of the quality of obtained crystal. In order to investigate this subject a series of computer simulations have been performed. Numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer in GaN epitaxial growth process have been performed to determine growth rate for various mass flow rates and pressures of reagents. According to the fact that it’s impossible to determine experimentally the exact distribution of heat and mass transfer inside the reactor during the process, modeling is the only solution to understand the process precisely. Main heat transfer mechanisms during MOVPE process are convection and radiation. Correlation of modeling results with the experiment allows to determine optimal process parameters for obtaining crystals of highest quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Finite%20Volume%20Method" title="Finite Volume Method">Finite Volume Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductors" title=" semiconductors"> semiconductors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitaxial%20growth" title=" epitaxial growth"> epitaxial growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metalorganic%20vapor%20phase%20epitaxy" title=" metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy"> metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gallium%20nitride" title=" gallium nitride"> gallium nitride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19033/finite-volume-method-simulations-of-gan-growth-process-in-movpe-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6415</span> Fabrication and Analysis of Vertical Double-Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor (VDMOS)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepika%20Sharma">Deepika Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bal%20Krishan"> Bal Krishan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the structure of N-channel VDMOS was designed and analyzed using Silvaco TCAD tools by varying N+ source doping concentration, P-Body doping concentration, gate oxide thickness and the diffuse time. VDMOS is considered to be ideal power switches due to its high input impedance and fast switching speed. The performance of the device was analyzed from the Ids vs Vgs curve. The electrical characteristics such as threshold voltage, gate oxide thickness and breakdown voltage for the proposed device structures were extarcted. Effect of epitaxial layer on various parameters is also observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=on-resistance" title="on-resistance">on-resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20voltage" title=" threshold voltage"> threshold voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitaxial%20layer" title=" epitaxial layer"> epitaxial layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breakdown%20voltage" title=" breakdown voltage"> breakdown voltage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53747/fabrication-and-analysis-of-vertical-double-diffused-metal-oxide-semiconductor-vdmos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53747.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6414</span> Strain-Driven Bidirectional Spin Orientation Control in Epitaxial High Entropy Oxide Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhibo%20Zhao">Zhibo Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Horst%20Hahn"> Horst Hahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Kruk"> Robert Kruk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhisheck%20Sarkar"> Abhisheck Sarkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High entropy oxides (HEOs), based on the incorporation of multiple-principal cations into the crystal lattice, offer the possibility to explore previously inaccessible oxide compositions and unconventional properties. Here it is demonstrated that despite the chemical complexity of HEOs external stimuli, such as epitaxial strain, can selectively stabilize certain magneto-electronic states. Epitaxial (Co₀.₂Cr₀.₂Fe₀.₂Mn₀.₂Ni₀.₂)₃O₄-HEO thin films are grown in three different strain states: tensile, compressive, and relaxed. A unique coexistence of rocksalt and spinel-HEO phases, which are fully coherent with no detectable chemical segregation, is revealed by transmission electron microscopy. This dual-phase coexistence appears as a universal phenomenon in (Co₀.₂Cr₀.₂Fe₀.₂Mn₀.₂Ni₀.₂)₃O₄ epitaxial films. Prominent changes in the magnetic anisotropy and domain structure highlight the strain-induced bidirectional control of magnetic properties in HEOs. When the films are relaxed, their magnetization behavior is isotropic, similar to that of bulk materials. However, under tensile strain, the hardness of the out-of-plane (OOP) axis increases significantly. On the other hand, compressive straining results in an easy OOP magnetization and a maze-like magnetic domain structure, indicating perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Generally, this study emphasizes the adaptability of the high entropy design strategy, which, when combined with coherent strain engineering, opens additional prospects for fine-tuning properties in oxides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20entropy%20oxides" title="high entropy oxides">high entropy oxides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20film" title=" thin film"> thin film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20tuning" title=" strain tuning"> strain tuning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perpendicular%20magnetic%20anistropy" title=" perpendicular magnetic anistropy"> perpendicular magnetic anistropy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181120/strain-driven-bidirectional-spin-orientation-control-in-epitaxial-high-entropy-oxide-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181120.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">47</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6413</span> Enhanced Stability of Piezoelectric Crystalline Phase of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) and Its Copolymer upon Epitaxial Relationships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devi%20Eka%20Septiyani%20Arifin">Devi Eka Septiyani Arifin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jrjeng%20Ruan"> Jrjeng Ruan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As an approach to manipulate the performance of polymer thin film, epitaxy crystallization within polymer blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) was studied in this research, which involves the competition between phase separation and crystal growth of constitutive semicrystalline polymers. The unique piezoelectric feature of poly(vinylidene fluoride) crystalline phase is derived from the packing of molecular chains in all-trans conformation, which spatially arranges all the substituted fluorene atoms on one side of the molecular chain and hydrogen atoms on the other side. Therefore, the net dipole moment is induced across the lateral packing of molecular chains. Nevertheless, due to the mutual repulsion among fluorene atoms, this all-trans molecular conformation is not stable, and ready to change above curie temperature, where thermal energy is sufficient to cause segmental rotation. This research attempts to explore whether the epitaxial interactions between piezoelectric crystals and crystal lattice of hexamethylbenzene (HMB) crystalline platelet is able to stabilize this metastable all-trans molecular conformation or not. As an aromatic crystalline compound, the melt of HMB was surprisingly found able to dissolve the poly(vinylidene fluoride), resulting in homogeneous eutectic solution. Thus, after quenching this binary eutectic mixture to room temperature, subsequent heating or annealing processes were designed to explore the involve phase separation and crystallization behavior. The phase transition behaviors were observed in-situ by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular packing was observed via transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the principles of electron diffraction were brought to study the internal crystal structure epitaxially developed within thin films. Obtained results clearly indicated the occurrence of heteroepitaxy of PVDF/PVDF-TrFE on HMB crystalline platelet. Both the concentration of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and the mixing ratios of these two constitutive polymers have been adopted as the influential factors for studying the competition between the epitaxial crystallization of PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) on HMB crystalline. Furthermore, the involved epitaxial relationship is to be deciphered and studied as a potential factor capable of guiding the wide spread of piezoelectric crystalline form. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitaxy" title="epitaxy">epitaxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallization" title=" crystallization"> crystallization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystalline%20platelet" title=" crystalline platelet"> crystalline platelet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20film%20and%20mixing%20ratio" title=" thin film and mixing ratio"> thin film and mixing ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46158/enhanced-stability-of-piezoelectric-crystalline-phase-of-polyvinylidene-fluoride-pvdf-and-its-copolymer-upon-epitaxial-relationships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6412</span> Growth Model and Properties of a 3D Carbon Aerogel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Marx">J. Marx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Smazna"> D. Smazna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Adelung"> R. Adelung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Fiedler"> B. Fiedler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerographite is a 3D interconnected carbon foam. Its tetrapodal morphology is based on the zinc oxide (ZnO) template structure, which is replicated in the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) into a hollow carbon structure. This replication process is analyzed in ex-situ studies via interrupted synthesis and the observation of the reaction progress by using scanning electron (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Based on the epitaxial growth process, with a layer-by-layer growth behaviour of the wall thickness or number of layers and the catalytical graphitization of the deposited amorphous carbon into graphitic carbon by zinc, a growth model is created. The properties of aerographite, such as the electrical conductivity is dependent on the graphitization and number of layer (wall thickness). Wall thicknesses between 3 nm and 22 nm are achieved by a controlled stepwise reduction of the synthesis time on the basis of the developed growth model, and by a further thermal treatment at 1800 °C the graphitization of the presented carbon foam is modified. The variation of the wall thickness leads to an optimum defect density (ID/IG ratio) and the graphitization to an improvement in the electrical conductivity. Furthermore, a metallic conducting behaviour of untreated and 1800 °C treated aerographite can be observed. Due to these structural and defective modifications, a fundamental structural-property equation for the description of their influences on the electrical conductivity is developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20conductivity" title="electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron%20microscopy%20%28SEM%2FTEM%29" title=" electron microscopy (SEM/TEM)"> electron microscopy (SEM/TEM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphitization" title=" graphitization"> graphitization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wall%20thickness" title=" wall thickness"> wall thickness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84148/growth-model-and-properties-of-a-3d-carbon-aerogel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6411</span> Topochemical Synthesis of Epitaxial Silicon Carbide on Silicon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrey%20V.%20Osipov">Andrey V. Osipov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20A.%20Kukushkin"> Sergey A. Kukushkin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrey%20V.%20Luk%E2%80%99yanov"> Andrey V. Luk’yanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A method is developed for the solid-phase synthesis of epitaxial layers when the substrate itself is involved into a topochemical reaction and the reaction product grows in the interior of substrate layer. It opens up new possibilities for the relaxation of the elastic energy due to the attraction of point defects formed during the topochemical reaction in anisotropic media. The presented method of silicon carbide (SiC) formation employs a topochemical reaction between the single-crystalline silicon (Si) substrate and gaseous carbon monoxide (CO). The corresponding theory of interaction of point dilatation centers in anisotropic crystals is developed. It is eliminated that the most advantageous location of the point defects is the direction (111) in crystals with cubic symmetry. The single-crystal SiC films with the thickness up to 200 nm have been grown on Si (111) substrates owing to the topochemical reaction with CO. Grown high-quality single-crystal SiC films do not contain misfit dislocations despite the huge lattice mismatch value of ~20%. Also the possibility of growing of thick wide-gap semiconductor films on these templates SiC/Si(111) and, accordingly, its integration into Si electronics, is demonstrated. Finally, the <em>ab initio</em> theory of SiC formation due to the topochemical reaction has been developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitaxy" title="epitaxy">epitaxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon%20carbide" title=" silicon carbide"> silicon carbide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topochemical%20reaction" title=" topochemical reaction"> topochemical reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wide-bandgap%20semiconductors" title=" wide-bandgap semiconductors"> wide-bandgap semiconductors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51231/topochemical-synthesis-of-epitaxial-silicon-carbide-on-silicon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6410</span> Microstructural and Transport Properties of La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 Thin Films Obtained by Metal-Organic Deposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Daoudi">K. Daoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Othmen"> Z. Othmen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20El%20Helali"> S. El Helali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.Oueslati"> M.Oueslati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Oumezzine"> M. Oumezzine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 thin films have been epitaxially grown on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 (001) single-crystal substrates by metal organic deposition process. The structural and micro structural properties of the obtained films have been investigated by means of high resolution X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission microscopy observations on cross-sections techniques. We noted a close dependence of the crystallinity on the used substrate and the film thickness. By increasing the annealing temperature to 1000ºC and the film thickness to 100 nm, the electrical resistivity was decreased by several orders of magnitude. The film resistivity reaches approximately 3~4 x10-4 Ω.cm in a wide interval of temperature 77-320 K, making this material a promising candidate for a variety of applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobaltite" title="cobaltite">cobaltite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20films" title=" thin films"> thin films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitaxial%20growth" title=" epitaxial growth"> epitaxial growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOD" title=" MOD"> MOD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TEM" title=" TEM"> TEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17368/microstructural-and-transport-properties-of-la07sr03coo3-thin-films-obtained-by-metal-organic-deposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6409</span> Generation of Charged Nanoparticles and Their Contribution to the Thin Film and Nanowire Growth during Chemical Vapour Deposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Min%20Yang">Seung-Min Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seong-Han%20Park"> Seong-Han Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Hoon%20Lee"> Sang-Hoon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Wan%20Yoo"> Seung-Wan Yoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan-Soo%20Kim"> Chan-Soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nong-Moon%20Hwang"> Nong-Moon Hwang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The theory of charged nanoparticles suggested that in many Chemical Vapour Depositions (CVD) processes, Charged Nanoparticles (CNPs) are generated in the gas-phase and become a building block of thin films and nanowires. Recently, the nanoparticle-based crystallization has become a big issue since the growth of nanorods or crystals by the building block of nanoparticles was directly observed by transmission electron microscopy observations in the liquid cell. In an effort to confirm charged gas-phase nuclei, that might be generated under conventional processing conditions of thin films and nanowires during CVD, we performed an in-situ measurement using differential mobility analyser and particle beam mass spectrometer. The size distribution and number density of CNPs were affected by process parameters such as precursor flow rate and working temperature. It was shown that many films and nanostructures, which have been believed to grow by individual atoms or molecules, actually grow by the building blocks of such charged nuclei. The electrostatic interaction between CNPs and the growing surface induces the self-assembly into films and nanowires. In addition, the charge-enhanced atomic diffusion makes CNPs liquid-like quasi solid. As a result, CNPs tend to land epitaxial on the growing surface, which results in the growth of single crystalline nanowires with a smooth surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20vapour%20deposition" title="chemical vapour deposition">chemical vapour deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charged%20nanoparticle" title=" charged nanoparticle"> charged nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20force" title=" electrostatic force"> electrostatic force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanostructure%20evolution" title=" nanostructure evolution"> nanostructure evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20mobility%20analyser" title=" differential mobility analyser"> differential mobility analyser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20beam%20mass%20spectrometer" title=" particle beam mass spectrometer"> particle beam mass spectrometer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2492/generation-of-charged-nanoparticles-and-their-contribution-to-the-thin-film-and-nanowire-growth-during-chemical-vapour-deposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2492.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6408</span> Double Negative Differential Resistance Features in Series AIN/GaN Double-Barrier Resonant Tunneling Diodes Vertically Integrated by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiajia%20Yao">Jiajia Yao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guanlin%20Wu"> Guanlin Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fang%20Liu"> Fang Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junshuai%20Xue"> Junshuai Xue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yue%20Hao"> Yue Hao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study reports on the epitaxial growth of a GaN-based resonant tunneling diode (RTD) structure with stable and repeatable double negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristics at room temperature on a c-plane GaN-on-sapphire template using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) technology. In this structure, two independent AlN/GaN RTDs are epitaxially connected in series in the vertical growth direction through a silicon-doped GaN layer. As the collector electrode bias voltage increases, the two RTDs respectively align the ground state energy level in the quantum well with the 2DEG energy level in the emitter accumulation well to achieve quantum resonant tunneling and then reach the negative differential resistance (NDR) region. The two NDR regions exhibit similar peak current densities and peak-to-valley current ratios, which are 230 kA/cm² and 249 kA/cm², 1.33 and 1.38, respectively, for a device with a collector electrode mesa diameter of 1 µm. The consistency of the NDR is much higher than the results of on-chip discrete RTD device interconnection, resulting from the smaller chip area, fewer interconnect parasitic parameters, and less process complexity. The methods and results presented in this paper show the brilliant prospects of GaN RTDs in the development of multi-value logic digital circuits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MBE" title="MBE">MBE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AlN%2FGaN" title=" AlN/GaN"> AlN/GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RTDs" title=" RTDs"> RTDs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20NDR" title=" double NDR"> double NDR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183595/double-negative-differential-resistance-features-in-series-aingan-double-barrier-resonant-tunneling-diodes-vertically-integrated-by-plasma-assisted-molecular-beam-epitaxy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6407</span> Energy Justice and Economic Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marinko%20Skare">Marinko Skare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malgorzata%20Porada%20Rochon"> Malgorzata Porada Rochon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper study the link between energy justice and economic growth. The link between energy justice and growth has not been extensively studied. Here we study the impact and importance of energy justice, as a part of the energy transition process, on economic growth. Our study shows energy justice growth is an important determinant of economic growth and development that should be addressed at the industry and economic levels. We use panel data modeling and causality testing to research the empirical link between energy justice and economic growth. Industry and economy-level policies designed to support energy justice initiatives are beneficial to economic growth. Energy justice is a necessary condition for green growth and sustainability targets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20justice" title="energy justice">energy justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20data" title=" panel data"> panel data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20transition" title=" energy transition"> energy transition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158297/energy-justice-and-economic-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6406</span> An Analysis of the Relationship between Manufacturing Growth and Economic Growth in South Africa: A Cointegration Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johannes%20T.%20Tsoku">Johannes T. Tsoku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teboho%20J.%20Mosikari"> Teboho J. Mosikari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diteboho%20Xaba"> Diteboho Xaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thatoyaone%20Modise"> Thatoyaone Modise</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the relationship between manufacturing growth and economic growth in South Africa using quarterly data ranging from 2001 to 2014. The paper employed the Johansen cointegration to test the Kaldor’s hypothesis. The Johansen cointegration results revealed that there is a long run relationship between GDP, manufacturing, service and employment. The Granger causality results revealed that there is a unidirectional causality running from manufacturing growth to GDP growth. The overall findings of the study confirm that Kaldor’s first law of growth is applicable in South African economy. Therefore, investment strategies and policies should be alignment towards promoting growth in the manufacturing sector in order to boost the economic growth of South Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cointegration" title="cointegration">cointegration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaldor%E2%80%99s%20law" title=" Kaldor’s law"> Kaldor’s law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing%20growth" title=" manufacturing growth"> manufacturing growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60865/an-analysis-of-the-relationship-between-manufacturing-growth-and-economic-growth-in-south-africa-a-cointegration-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6405</span> A Spectroscopic Study by Photoluminescence of Erbium in Gallium Nitride</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Melouah">A. Melouah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Diaf"> M. Diaf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The III-N nitride semiconductors appear to be excellent host materials, in particular, GaN epilayers doped with Erbium ions have shown a highly reduced thermal quenching of the Er luminescence intensity from cryogenic to elevated temperatures. The remarkable stability may be due to the large energy band gap of the material. Two methods are used for doping the Gallium nitride films with Erbium ions; ion implantation in the wafers obtained by (CVDOM) and in-situ incorporation during epitaxial growth of the layers by (MBE). Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been the main optical technique used to characterize the emission of Er-doped III-N semiconductor materials. This technique involves optical excitation of Er3+ ions and measurement of the spectrum of the light emission as a function of energy (wavelength). Excitation at above band gap energy leads to the creation of Electron-Hole pairs. Some of this pairs may transfer their energy to the Er3+ ions, exciting the 4f-electrons and resulting in optical emission. This corresponds to an indirect excitation of the Er3+ ions by electron-hole pairs. The direct excitation by the optical pumping of the radiation can be obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoluminescence" title="photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erbium" title=" Erbium"> Erbium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaN" title=" GaN"> GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor%20%20materials" title=" semiconductor materials"> semiconductor materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46060/a-spectroscopic-study-by-photoluminescence-of-erbium-in-gallium-nitride" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6404</span> Microstructure and Oxidation Behaviors of Al, Y Modified Silicide Coatings Prepared on an Nb-Si Based Ultrahigh Temperature Alloy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiping%20Guo">Xiping Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Li"> Jing Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The microstructure of an Si-Al-Y co-deposition coating prepared on an Nb-Si based ultra high temperature alloy by pack cementation process at 1250°C for eight hours was studied. The results showed that the coating was composed of a (Nb,X)Si₂ (X represents Ti, Cr and Hf elements) outer layer, a (Ti,Nb)₅Si₄ middle layer and an Al, Cr-rich inner layer. For comparison, the oxidation behaviors of the coating at 800, 1050 and 1350°C were investigated respectively. Linear oxidation kinetics was found with the parabolic rate constants of 5.29×10⁻², 9×10⁻²and 5.81 mg² cm⁻⁴ h⁻¹, respectively. Catastrophic pesting oxidation has not been found at 800°C even for 100 h. The surface of the scale was covered by compact glassy SiO₂ film. The coating was able to effectively protect the Nb-Si based alloy from oxidation at 1350°C for at least 100 h. The formation process of the scale was testified following an epitaxial growth mechanism. The mechanism responsible for the oxidation behavior of the Si-Al-Y co-deposition coating at 800, 1050 and 1350°C was proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nb-Si%20based%20ultra%20high%20temperature%20alloy" title="Nb-Si based ultra high temperature alloy">Nb-Si based ultra high temperature alloy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation%20resistance" title=" oxidation resistance"> oxidation resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pack%20cementation" title=" pack cementation"> pack cementation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicide%20coating" title=" silicide coating"> silicide coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20and%20Y%20modified" title=" Al and Y modified"> Al and Y modified</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78981/microstructure-and-oxidation-behaviors-of-al-y-modified-silicide-coatings-prepared-on-an-nb-si-based-ultrahigh-temperature-alloy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6403</span> Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides Semiconductor Materials; Theory and Practical Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20Elrouby">Mahmoud Elrouby</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metal chalcogenide materials have wide spectrum of properties, for that these materials can be used in electronics, optics, magnetics, solar energy conversion, catalysis, passivation, ion sensing, batteries, and fuel cells. This work aims to, how can obtain these materials via electrochemical methods simply for further applications. The work regards in particular the systems relevant to the sulphur sub-group elements, i.e., sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. The role of electrochemistry in synthesis, development, and characterization of the metal chalcogenide materials and related devices is vital and important. Electrochemical methods as preparation tool offer the advantages of soft chemistry to access bulk, thin, nano film and epitaxial growth of a wide range of alloys and compounds, while as a characterization tool provides exceptional assistance in specifying the physicochemical properties of materials. Moreover, quite important applications and modern devices base their operation on electrochemical principles. Thereupon, our scope in the first place was to organize existing facts on the electrochemistry of metal chalcogenides regarding their synthesis, properties, and applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodeposition" title="electrodeposition">electrodeposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20chacogenides" title=" metal chacogenides"> metal chacogenides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductors" title=" semiconductors"> semiconductors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applications" title=" applications"> applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24099/electrochemistry-of-metal-chalcogenides-semiconductor-materials-theory-and-practical-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6402</span> Modification of Magneto-Transport Properties of Ferrimagnetic Mn₄N Thin Films by Ni Substitution and Their Magnetic Compensation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taro%20Komori">Taro Komori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshiki%20Gushi"> Toshiki Gushi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akihito%20Anzai"> Akihito Anzai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taku%20Hirose"> Taku Hirose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaoru%20Toko"> Kaoru Toko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shinji%20Isogami"> Shinji Isogami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takashi%20Suemasu"> Takashi Suemasu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ferrimagnetic antiperovskite Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN thin film exhibits both small saturation magnetization and rather large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) when x is small. Both of them are suitable features for application to current induced domain wall motion devices using spin transfer torque (STT). In this work, we successfully grew antiperovskite 30-nm-thick Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN epitaxial thin films on MgO(001) and STO(001) substrates by MBE in order to investigate their crystalline qualities and magnetic and magneto-transport properties. Crystalline qualities were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The magnetic properties were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. Anomalous Hall effect was measured by physical properties measurement system. Both measurements were performed at room temperature. Temperature dependence of magnetization was measured by VSM-Superconducting quantum interference device. XRD patterns indicate epitaxial growth of Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN thin films on both substrates, ones on STO(001) especially have higher c-axis orientation thanks to greater lattice matching. According to VSM measurement, PMA was observed in Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN on MgO(001) when x ≤ 0.25 and on STO(001) when x ≤ 0.5, and MS decreased drastically with x. For example, MS of Mn₃.₉Ni₀.₁N on STO(001) was 47.4 emu/cm³. From the anomalous Hall resistivity (ρAH) of Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN thin films on STO(001) with the magnetic field perpendicular to the plane, we found out Mr/MS was about 1 when x ≤ 0.25, which suggests large magnetic domains in samples and suitable features for DW motion device application. In contrast, such square curves were not observed for Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN on MgO(001), which we attribute to difference in lattice matching. Furthermore, it’s notable that although the sign of ρAH was negative when x = 0 and 0.1, it reversed positive when x = 0.25 and 0.5. The similar reversal occurred for temperature dependence of magnetization. The magnetization of Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN on STO(001) increases with decreasing temperature when x = 0 and 0.1, while it decreases when x = 0.25. We considered that these reversals were caused by magnetic compensation which occurred in Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN between x = 0.1 and 0.25. We expect Mn atoms of Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN crystal have larger magnetic moments than Ni atoms do. The temperature dependence stated above can be explained if we assume that Ni atoms preferentially occupy the corner sites, and their magnetic moments have different temperature dependence from Mn atoms at the face-centered sites. At the compensation point, Mn₄₋ₓNiₓN is expected to show very efficient STT and ultrafast DW motion with small current density. What’s more, if angular momentum compensation is found, the efficiency will be best optimized. In order to prove the magnetic compensation, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism will be performed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry is a candidate method to analyze the accurate composition ratio of samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compensation" title="compensation">compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrimagnetism" title=" ferrimagnetism"> ferrimagnetism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mn%E2%82%84N" title=" Mn₄N"> Mn₄N</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMA" title=" PMA"> PMA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104347/modification-of-magneto-transport-properties-of-ferrimagnetic-mn4n-thin-films-by-ni-substitution-and-their-magnetic-compensation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6401</span> Multi-Faceted Growth in Creative Industries </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanja%20Pfeifer">Sanja Pfeifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nata%C5%A1a%20%C5%A0arlija"> Nataša Šarlija</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Jeger"> Marina Jeger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Biland%C5%BEi%C4%87"> Ana Bilandžić</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to explore the different facets of growth among micro, small and medium-sized firms in Croatia and to analyze the differences between models designed for <em>all</em> micro, small and medium-sized firms and those in <em>creative</em> industries. Three growth prediction models were designed and tested using the growth of sales, employment and assets of the company as dependent variables. The key drivers of sales growth are: prudent use of cash, industry affiliation and higher share of intangible assets. Growth of assets depends on retained profits, internal and external sources of financing, as well as industry affiliation. Growth in employment is closely related to sources of financing, in particular, debt and it occurs less frequently than growth in sales and assets. The findings confirm the assumption that growth strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in creative industries have specific differences in comparison to SMEs in general. Interestingly, only 2.2% of growing enterprises achieve growth in employment, assets and sales simultaneously. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creative%20industries" title="creative industries">creative industries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20prediction%20model" title=" growth prediction model"> growth prediction model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20determinants" title=" growth determinants"> growth determinants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20measures" title=" growth measures"> growth measures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43741/multi-faceted-growth-in-creative-industries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6400</span> Structural Analysis of Phase Transformation and Particle Formation in Metastable Metallic Thin Films Grown by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pouyan%20Motamedi">Pouyan Motamedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ken%20Bosnick"> Ken Bosnick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ken%20Cadien"> Ken Cadien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20Hogan"> James Hogan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Growth of conformal ultrathin metal films has attracted a considerable amount of attention recently. Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) is a method capable of growing conformal thin films at low temperatures, with an exemplary control over thickness. The authors have recently reported on growth of metastable epitaxial nickel thin films via PEALD, along with a comprehensive characterization of the films and a study on the relationship between the growth parameters and the film characteristics. The goal of the current study is to use the mentioned films as a case study to investigate the temperature-activated phase transformation and agglomeration in ultrathin metallic films. For this purpose, metastable hexagonal nickel thin films were annealed using a controlled heating/cooling apparatus. The transformations in the crystal structure were observed via in-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The samples were annealed to various temperatures in the range of 400-1100° C. The onset and progression of particle formation were studied in-situ via laser measurements. In addition, a four-point probe measurement tool was used to record the changes in the resistivity of the films, which is affected by phase transformation, as well as roughening and agglomeration. Thin films annealed at various temperature steps were then studied via atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, in order to get a better understanding of the correlated mechanisms, through which phase transformation and particle formation occur. The results indicate that the onset of hcp-to-bcc transformation is at 400°C, while particle formations commences at 590° C. If the annealed films are quenched after transformation, but prior to agglomeration, they show a noticeable drop in resistivity. This can be attributed to the fact that the hcp films are grown epitaxially, and are under severe tensile strain, and annealing leads to relaxation of the mismatch strain. In general, the results shed light on the nature of structural transformation in nickel thin films, as well as metallic thin films, in general. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20layer%20deposition" title="atomic layer deposition">atomic layer deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metastable" title=" metastable"> metastable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel" title=" nickel"> nickel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20transformation" title=" phase transformation"> phase transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20film" title=" thin film"> thin film</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81113/structural-analysis-of-phase-transformation-and-particle-formation-in-metastable-metallic-thin-films-grown-by-plasma-enhanced-atomic-layer-deposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6399</span> Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Mexico</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20G%C3%B3mez">Mario Gómez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Rodr%C3%ADguez"> José Carlos Rodríguez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has been an important issue in the economic literature. This paper studies the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Mexico for the period of 1971-2011. In so doing, unit root tests and causality test are applied. The results show that the series are stationary in levels and that there is causality running from economic growth to energy consumption. The energy conservation policies have little or no impact on economic growth in México. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=causality" title="causality">causality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20consumption" title=" energy consumption"> energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mexico" title=" Mexico"> Mexico</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27583/electricity-consumption-and-economic-growth-the-case-of-mexico" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27583.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">858</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6398</span> Mathematics Vision of the Companies' Growth with Educational Technologies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valencia%20P.%20L.%20Rodrigo">Valencia P. L. Rodrigo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morita%20A.%20Adelina"> Morita A. Adelina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vargas%20V.%20Martin"> Vargas V. Martin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This proposal consists of an analysis of macro concepts involved within an organization growth using educational technologies, which will relate each concept, in a mathematical way with a vision of harmonic work. Working collaboratively, competitively and cooperatively so that this growth is harmonious and homogenous, coining a new term, Harmonic Work. The Harmonic Work ensures that the organization grows in all business directions, allowing managers to project a much more accurate growth, making clear the contribution of each department, resulting in an algorithm that analyzes each of the variables both endogenous and exogenous, establishing different performance indicators in its process of growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20projection" title="business projection">business projection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaboration" title=" collaboration"> collaboration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competitiveness" title=" competitiveness"> competitiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20technology" title=" educational technology"> educational technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonious%20growth" title=" harmonious growth"> harmonious growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78593/mathematics-vision-of-the-companies-growth-with-educational-technologies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6397</span> Economic Analysis of Endogenous Growth Model with ICT Capital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoji%20Katagiri">Shoji Katagiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hugang%20Han"> Hugang Han</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper clarifies the role of ICT capital in Economic Growth. Albeit ICT remarkably contributes to economic growth, there are few studies on ICT capital in ICT sector from theoretical point of view. In this paper, production function of ICT which is used as input of intermediate good in final good and ICT sectors is incorporated into our model. In this setting, we analyze the role of ICT on balance growth path and show the possibility of general equilibrium solutions for this model. Through the simulation of the equilibrium solutions, we find that when ICT impacts on economy and economic growth increases, it is necessary that increases of efficiency at ICT sector and of accumulation of non-ICT and ICT capitals occur simultaneously. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endogenous%20economic%20growth" title="endogenous economic growth">endogenous economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICT" title=" ICT"> ICT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intensity" title=" intensity"> intensity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capital%20accumulation" title=" capital accumulation"> capital accumulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8987/economic-analysis-of-endogenous-growth-model-with-ict-capital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8987.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6396</span> On Differential Growth Equation to Stochastic Growth Model Using Hyperbolic Sine Function in Height/Diameter Modeling of Pines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20O.%20Oyamakin">S. O. Oyamakin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20U.%20Chukwu"> A. U. Chukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Richard's growth equation being a generalized logistic growth equation was improved upon by introducing an allometric parameter using the hyperbolic sine function. The integral solution to this was called hyperbolic Richard's growth model having transformed the solution from deterministic to a stochastic growth model. Its ability in model prediction was compared with the classical Richard's growth model an approach which mimicked the natural variability of heights/diameter increment with respect to age and therefore provides a more realistic height/diameter predictions using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) results. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk test was also used to test the behavior of the error term for possible violations. The mean function of top height/Dbh over age using the two models under study predicted closely the observed values of top height/Dbh in the hyperbolic Richard's nonlinear growth models better than the classical Richard's growth model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=height" title="height">height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dbh" title=" Dbh"> Dbh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest" title=" forest"> forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pinus%20caribaea" title=" Pinus caribaea"> Pinus caribaea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperbolic" title=" hyperbolic"> hyperbolic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%27s" title=" Richard's"> Richard's</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic" title=" stochastic"> stochastic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17738/on-differential-growth-equation-to-stochastic-growth-model-using-hyperbolic-sine-function-in-heightdiameter-modeling-of-pines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17738.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6395</span> An Alternative Richards’ Growth Model Based on Hyperbolic Sine Function</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Oluwafemi%20Oyamakin">Samuel Oluwafemi Oyamakin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angela%20Unna%20Chukwu"> Angela Unna Chukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Richrads growth equation being a generalized logistic growth equation was improved upon by introducing an allometric parameter using the hyperbolic sine function. The integral solution to this was called hyperbolic Richards growth model having transformed the solution from deterministic to a stochastic growth model. Its ability in model prediction was compared with the classical Richards growth model an approach which mimicked the natural variability of heights/diameter increment with respect to age and therefore provides a more realistic height/diameter predictions using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) results. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk test was also used to test the behavior of the error term for possible violations. The mean function of top height/Dbh over age using the two models under study predicted closely the observed values of top height/Dbh in the hyperbolic Richards nonlinear growth models better than the classical Richards growth model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=height" title="height">height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diameter%20at%20breast%20height" title=" diameter at breast height"> diameter at breast height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DBH" title=" DBH"> DBH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperbolic%20sine%20function" title=" hyperbolic sine function"> hyperbolic sine function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pinus%20caribaea" title=" Pinus caribaea"> Pinus caribaea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richards%27%20growth%20model" title=" Richards' growth model"> Richards' growth model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66329/an-alternative-richards-growth-model-based-on-hyperbolic-sine-function" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66329.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6394</span> Effects of Egg Yolk Peptide on the Retardation of Bone Growth Induced by Low-Calcium Diets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kang-Hyun%20Leem">Kang-Hyun Leem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myung-Gyou%20Kim"> Myung-Gyou Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hye%20Kyung%20Kim"> Hye Kyung Kim </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Eggs have long been an important contributor to the nutritional quality of the human, and recognized as a very valuable source of proteins for human nutrition. Egg yolk is composed of various important chemical substances for human health. Growth means not only the increase of body weight but also the elongation of height and the enlargement of each organ's anatomical and morphological size. A calcium shortage causes the growth retardation on the body growth. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effects of egg yolk peptide (EYP) on the retardation of the longitudinal bone growth induced by low-calcium diet (0.05%) in adolescent rats. Low calcium diets were administrated for 15 days. During the last five days, calcium and/or vitamin D and/or EYP were administrated. The body weights, longitudinal bone growth rates, the heights of growth plates, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 expressions were measured using histochemical analysis. Low calcium diets caused the significant reduction in body weight gains and the longitudinal bone growth. The heights of growth plates and the expressions of BMP-2 and IGF-1 showed the impairment of body growth as well. Calcium and/or vitamin D administration could not significantly increase the longitudinal bone growth. However, calcium, vitamin D, and EYP administration significantly increased the bone growth, the growth plate height, and BMP-2 and IGF-1 expressions. These results suggest that EYP enhances the longitudinal bone growth in the calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency and it could be a promising agent for the treatment of children suffering from malnutrition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egg%20yolk%20peptide" title="egg yolk peptide">egg yolk peptide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-calcium%20diet" title=" low-calcium diet"> low-calcium diet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=longitudinal%20bone%20growth" title=" longitudinal bone growth"> longitudinal bone growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphogenetic%20protein-2" title=" morphogenetic protein-2"> morphogenetic protein-2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulin-like%20growth%20factor-1" title=" insulin-like growth factor-1"> insulin-like growth factor-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20D" title=" vitamin D"> vitamin D</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11287/effects-of-egg-yolk-peptide-on-the-retardation-of-bone-growth-induced-by-low-calcium-diets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6393</span> Finite Element and Experimental Investigation of Ductile Crack Growth of Surface Cracks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20A.%20Terfas">Osama A. Terfas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhakim%20A.%20Hameda"> Abdelhakim A. Hameda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdusalam%20A.%20Alktiwi"> Abdusalam A. Alktiwi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An investigation on ductile crack growth of shallow semi-elliptical surface cracks with a/w=0.2, a/c=0.33 under bending was carried out, where a is the crack depth, w is the plate thickness and c is the crack length at surface. Finite element analysis and experiments were modelling and the crack growth model were verified with experimental data. The results showed that the initial crack shape was no longer maintained as the crack developed under ductile tearing. The maximum growth at the deepest point at early stages was stopped when the crack depth reached half thickness and growth occurred beneath surface. Excellent agreement in the crack shape patterns was observed between the experiments and the crack growth model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20growth" title="crack growth">crack growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ductile%20tearing" title=" ductile tearing"> ductile tearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20stress" title=" mean stress"> mean stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20cracks" title=" surface cracks "> surface cracks </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19645/finite-element-and-experimental-investigation-of-ductile-crack-growth-of-surface-cracks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6392</span> Using Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Population Growth and Stability Obtaining</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubakar%20Sadiq%20Mensah">Abubakar Sadiq Mensah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Knowledge of the population growth of a nation is paramount to national planning. The population of a place is studied and a model developed over a period of time, Matrices is used to form model for population growth. The eigenvalue ƛ of the matrix A and its corresponding eigenvector X is such that AX = ƛX is calculated. The stable age distribution of the population is obtained using the eigenvalue and the characteristic polynomial. Hence, estimation could be made using eigenvalues and eigenvectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eigenvalues" title="eigenvalues">eigenvalues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eigenvectors" title=" eigenvectors"> eigenvectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population" title=" population"> population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%2Fstability" title=" growth/stability"> growth/stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49175/using-eigenvalues-and-eigenvectors-in-population-growth-and-stability-obtaining" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">521</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6391</span> The External Debt in the Context of Economic Growth: The Sample of Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ay%C5%9Fen%20Edirneligil">Ayşen Edirneligil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Mucuk"> Mehmet Mucuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In developing countries, one of the most important restrictions about the economic growth is the lack of national savings which are supposed to finance the investments. In order to overcome this restriction and achieve the higher rate of economic growth by increasing the level of output, countries choose the external borrowing. However, there is a dispute in the literature over the correlation between external debt and economic growth. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of external debt on Turkish economic growth by using VAR analysis with the quarterly data over the period of 2002:01-2014:04. In this respect, Johansen Cointegration Test, Impulse- Response Function and Variance Decomposition Tests will be used for analyses. Empirical findings show that there is no cointegration in the long run. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20debt" title="external debt">external debt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkish%20economy" title=" Turkish economy"> Turkish economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20series%20analysis" title=" time series analysis"> time series analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29395/the-external-debt-in-the-context-of-economic-growth-the-sample-of-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads 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