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vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div 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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-等级" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#等级"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>等级</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-等级-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱覽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱覽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>延伸閱覽</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱覽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">什叶派宗教学者等级</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">添加语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131275789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="添加跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">添加链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="da:">丹麥語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>，此條目在對應語言版為高品質條目。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年10月2日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Category:伊斯兰教">系列</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="伊斯兰法学原理">伊斯蘭法學原理</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學">法學</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%B5%B1" title="教統">教統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%B6%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%94" title="伊制玛尔">伊制瑪爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%BA%E6%8F%90%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="伊智提哈德">伊智提哈德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%B5%AB%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%97" title="伊赫提拉弗">伊赫提拉弗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯提赫拉勒" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="استحلال"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯提赫拉勒（页面不存在）">伊斯提赫拉勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:استحلال"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">استحلال</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E5%93%88%E6%A1%91" title="伊斯提哈桑">伊斯提哈桑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯提斯哈布" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="استصحاب"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯提斯哈布（页面不存在）">伊斯提斯哈布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="ar:استصحاب"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">استصحاب</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%83" title="麦兹海布">麥茲海布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="伊斯蘭學校">伊斯蘭學校</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%97%E8%B5%96%E6%B5%B7" title="麦诗赖海">麥詩賴海</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格雅斯" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="قياس (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格雅斯（页面不存在）">格雅斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:قياس (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">قياس (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7" title="塔格利德">塔格利德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐爾夫" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="عرف (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐爾夫（页面不存在）">歐爾夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:عرف (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">عرف (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿堪" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الأحكام التكليفية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A0%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿堪（页面不存在）">裁決</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الأحكام التكليفية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الأحكام التكليفية</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法爾德 (伊斯蘭法)" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فرض"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法爾德 (伊斯蘭法)（页面不存在）">法爾德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="ar:فرض"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فرض</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆斯台哈卜" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="المندوب"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%B0%E5%93%88%E5%8D%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆斯台哈卜（页面不存在）">穆斯台哈卜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="ar:المندوب"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">المندوب</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F" title="清真">清真</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆巴哈" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مباح"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆巴哈（页面不存在）">穆巴哈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="ar:مباح"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مباح</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麥克盧哈" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مكروه"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E7%9B%A7%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥克盧哈（页面不存在）">麥克盧哈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87" class="extiw" title="ar:مكروه"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مكروه</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="哈拉姆">哈拉姆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴力格" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="بلوغ (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴力格（页面不存在）">巴力格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:بلوغ (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">بلوغ (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴推勒" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="باطل (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%8E%A8%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴推勒（页面不存在）">巴推勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:باطل (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">باطل (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比達阿" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="بدعة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E9%81%94%E9%98%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比達阿（页面不存在）">比達阿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:بدعة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">بدعة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法希沙" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فاحشة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法希沙（页面不存在）">法希沙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:فاحشة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فاحشة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法西格" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فاسق"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法西格（页面不存在）">法西格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:فاسق"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فاسق</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲特納" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فتنة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E7%89%B9%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲特納（页面不存在）">菲特納</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:فتنة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فتنة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="發撒德" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فساد (فقه)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E6%92%92%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發撒德（页面不存在）">發撒德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87)" class="extiw" title="ar:فساد (فقه)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فساد (فقه)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對於罪行的伊斯蘭法學觀點" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="دیدگاه_اسلام_در_مورد_گناه"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%96%BC%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對於罪行的伊斯蘭法學觀點（页面不存在）">古納亥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87" class="extiw" title="fa:دیدگاه اسلام در مورد گناه"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">دیدگاه_اسلام_در_مورد_گناه</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈亞" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حياء"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈亞（页面不存在）">哈亞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" class="extiw" title="ar:حياء"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حياء</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯拉" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="إصلاح إسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯拉（页面不存在）">伊斯拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:إصلاح إسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">إصلاح إسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="依斯蒂法" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="استغفار"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依斯蒂法（页面不存在）">依斯蒂法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:استغفار"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">استغفار</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希拉巴" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حرابة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希拉巴（页面不存在）">希拉巴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:حرابة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حرابة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊拉提什哈德" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="عملیات استشهادی"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E4%BB%80%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊拉提什哈德（页面不存在）">伊拉提什哈德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:عملیات استشهادی"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">عملیات استشهادی</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="吉哈德">吉哈德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A1%8C" title="聖行">聖行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%94%AB%E7%BB%A5%E9%B2%81" title="太甫绥鲁">太甫綏魯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大歐特" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الطاغوت"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%90%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大歐特（页面不存在）">大歐特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="ar:الطاغوت"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الطاغوت</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E" title="塔基亞">塔基亞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="討白" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="التوبة في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8E%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="討白（页面不存在）">討白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:التوبة في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">التوبة في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="泰茲基耶" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تزكية (صوفية)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E8%8C%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%80%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰茲基耶（页面不存在）">泰茲基耶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:تزكية (صوفية)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تزكية (صوفية)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色瓦布" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ثواب"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色瓦布（页面不存在）">色瓦布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="ar:ثواب"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ثواب</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦薩特" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="وسطية (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%96%A9%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦薩特（页面不存在）">瓦薩特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:وسطية (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">وسطية (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> 法職與頭銜</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" title="哈里发">哈里发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD" title="謝赫伊斯蘭">謝赫伊斯蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E7%BE%A9%E5%BE%B7" title="賽義德">賽義德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB" title="谢里夫">谢里夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB" title="谢里夫">阿沙夫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈茲拉特" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حضرة (لقب)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈茲拉特（页面不存在）">哈茲拉特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:حضرة (لقب)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حضرة (لقب)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%A8%87" title="阿訇">阿訇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%BA%E8%B5%AB" title="法基赫">法基赫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿拉瑪" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="علامة (لقب)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%91%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉瑪（页面不存在）">阿拉瑪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:علامة (لقب)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">علامة (لقب)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%A4%AB%E6%8F%90" title="穆夫提">穆夫提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A9%86%E5%A4%AB%E6%8F%90" title="大穆夫提">大穆夫提</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍賈特伊斯蘭" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حجة الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%B4%BE%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="霍贾特伊斯兰">霍賈特伊斯蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:حجة الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حجة الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%BA%E6%8F%90%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="伊智提哈德">穆智提哈德</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">阿亞圖拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%88" title="馬爾賈">馬爾賈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%8F%B2%E8%8C%B2_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%AC%82)" title="哈菲茲 (稱謂)">哈菲茲</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="侯加" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="حجت"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%AF%E5%8A%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="侯加（页面不存在）">侯加</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="fa:حجت"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">حجت</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%9F%BA%E5%A7%86_(%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7)" title="哈基姆 (称号)">哈基姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8E%9B%E7%9B%AE" title="伊玛目">伊玛目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%8B%89" title="毛拉">毛拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%AA" title="马赫迪">马赫迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%8B%89%E9%9F%A6" title="毛拉韦">毛拉韋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8E%A8%E5%B8%83" title="海推布">海推布</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈瓦賈" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="خواجه"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%93%A6%E8%B3%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈瓦賈（页面不存在）">哈瓦賈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87" class="extiw" title="fa:خواجه"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">خواجه</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3" title="毛拉纳">毛拉納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%8B%89" title="毛拉">毛喇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%94%AB%E7%BB%A5%E9%B2%81" title="太甫绥鲁">穆法西爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="穆里希德">穆里希德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%88%BE_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%AC%82)" title="皮爾 (稱謂)">皮爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C_(%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)" title="瓦里 (頭銜)">瓦里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%A8%87" title="阿訇">阿洪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93%E5%AD%B8" title="聖訓學">穆罕底斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆加迪迪" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مجدد (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E5%8A%A0%E8%BF%AA%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆加迪迪（页面不存在）">穆加迪迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:مجدد (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مجدد (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA_(%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98)" title="卡迪 (法官)">卡迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E8%B5%AB_(%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7)" title="谢赫 (称号)">謝赫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬拉布特" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مرابط (تصوف)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬拉布特（页面不存在）">馬拉布特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:مرابط (تصوف)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مرابط (تصوف)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="烏里阿姆爾" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ولي الأمر في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏里阿姆爾（页面不存在）">烏里阿姆爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:ولي الأمر في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ولي الأمر في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7" title="烏斯塔德">烏斯塔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%89%E6%B4%A5" title="穆安津">穆安津</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="穆里德">穆里德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E8%80%85" title="聖戰者">聖戰者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%BD%8A" title="加齊">加齊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="沙希德">沙希德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%90%89" title="哈吉">哈吉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E5%A3%AB" title="辅士">辅士</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賽萊夫" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="سلف (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%BD%E8%90%8A%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賽萊夫（页面不存在）">賽萊夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:سلف (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">سلف (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="薩哈巴">薩哈巴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5%E5%90%8C%E4%BC%B4%E8%BF%BD%E9%9A%8F%E8%80%85" title="先知同伴追随者">塔比文</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三傳弟子" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تابعو التابعين"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%82%B3%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三傳弟子（页面不存在）">三傳弟子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:تابعو التابعين"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تابعو التابعين</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大傳教師" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="داعی مطلق"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大傳教師（页面不存在）">大傳教師</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82" class="extiw" title="fa:داعی مطلق"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">داعی مطلق</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朵拉" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الدولة (لقب)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B5%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朵拉（页面不存在）">朵拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:الدولة (لقب)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الدولة (لقب)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="Template:伊斯蘭法學原理"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:伊斯蘭法學原理（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:伊斯蘭法學原理"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>对于不确定或不可靠的教法问题能够通过“创制”（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%BA%E6%8F%90%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="伊智提哈德">伊智提赫德</a>）得出结论。有资格进行创制的宗教学者（<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%90%86%E7%91%AA" title="烏理瑪">乌理玛</a>）被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%BA%E6%8F%90%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7#穆智台希德的資格" title="伊智提哈德">穆智台希德</a>”，比如類似於天主教的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%88%B6_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2)" title="教父 (基督教歷史)">教父</a>職責；一般来说，在伊朗，他們則被叫做「阿亞圖拉」，宗教学者在宗教学校学习数年后才能成为穆智台希德，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a>的一些支派，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BC%8A%E7%8E%9B%E7%9B%AE%E6%B4%BE" title="十二伊玛目派">十二伊玛目派</a>认为，他们分为若干等级。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="等级"><span id=".E7.AD.89.E7.BA.A7"></span>等级</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：等级"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>大阿亞圖拉</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>：<span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مرجع تقلید</span>‎；阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آية ‌الله العظمی</span>‎，<small><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><span lang="ar-Latn" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化"><i>ʾĀyatullāh al-ʿUẓmā</i></span>），穆智台希德的最高称号，意为“真主最伟大的象征”。如已故<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96" title="伊朗最高领袖">伊朗最高领袖</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="何梅尼">何梅尼</a>、现伊朗最高领袖<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里·哈米尼">阿里·哈米尼</a>、伊拉克宗教领袖<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC" title="阿里·西斯塔尼">阿里·西斯塔尼</a>。 </p><p><b>阿亚图拉</b>（阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آية الله</span>‎，<small><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><span lang="ar-Latn" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化"><i>ʾĀyatullāh</i></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>：<span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آيت‌الله</span>‎），较高级的穆智台希德，意为“真主的象征”。如伊朗已故总统<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%A1%91%E8%B4%BE%E5%B0%BC" title="阿克巴尔·哈什米·拉夫桑贾尼">阿克巴尔·哈什米·拉夫桑贾尼</a>。 </p><p><b>霍贾特伊斯兰</b>，低一層穆智台希德，意为“伊斯兰和穆斯林的证据”。如伊拉克宗教学者<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="穆克塔达·萨德尔">穆克塔达·萨德尔</a>。 </p><p>此外，为数众多的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%A8%87" title="阿訇">阿訇</a>等最更低階宗教学者，還不属于穆智台希德，被称为“希卡特伊斯兰”，意为“伊斯兰的信任”。 </p><p>普通人应选择一位穆智台希德作为效仿对象，大阿亚图拉是“效仿渊源”(<span lang="">Wilayat al-Taqlid</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2022年10月失效">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>。有时还存在一个“最高效仿渊源”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%88" title="馬爾賈">馬爾賈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%BA%E8%B5%AB" title="法基赫">法基赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%BA%E8%B5%AB%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%A3%E8%AD%B7" title="法基赫的監護">法基赫的監護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="伊瑪目">伊瑪目</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713135606/http://lifuquan.blshe.com/post/11612/454558">黎巴嫩什葉派伊斯蘭理論家法德拉拉及其思想 - 李福泉的博客</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-02-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifuquan.blshe.com/post/11612/454558">原始内容</a>存档于2012-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&rft.btitle=%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3+-+%E6%9D%8E%E7%A6%8F%E6%B3%89%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifuquan.blshe.com%2Fpost%2F11612%2F454558&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱覽"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.A6.BD"></span>延伸閱覽</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：延伸閱覽"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>吴冰冰，什叶派现代伊斯兰主义的兴起，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7500442424" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-5004-4242-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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