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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shia Muslim ethnic group in Afghanistan</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Afghan Qizilbash</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Naib_Sharif_in_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mohammad_Naib_Sharif_in_Kabul.jpg/250px-Mohammad_Naib_Sharif_in_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mohammad_Naib_Sharif_in_Kabul.jpg/375px-Mohammad_Naib_Sharif_in_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mohammad_Naib_Sharif_in_Kabul.jpg/500px-Mohammad_Naib_Sharif_in_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Depiction of the Afghan Qizilbash leader Mohammad Naib Sharif and his secretary by <a href="/wiki/James_Rattray" title="James Rattray">James Rattray</a>, dated 1848</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Dari_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari Persian">Dari Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Afghan Qizilbash</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: <span lang="prs" dir="rtl">قزلباش‌های افغان</span>) are a Persian-speaking ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, mainly residing in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. Numbering around 30,000, they are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia Islam</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> were originally <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> tribesmen who supported the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> in Iran. Many Qizilbash were stationed in present-day Afghanistan during the reign of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> (king) <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> in 1738–1739, when garrisons were established in Kabul and Kandahar. After the assassination of Nader Shah in 1747, the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah</a> integrated the Qizilbash into his forces and administration. He granted them land, self-governance, and religious autonomy, enabling them to maintain their Shia faith while supporting his rule. The Qizilbash formed part of the bodyguard regiment <i>ghulam khana</i>, recruited to balance the power of Durrani and <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilzai</a> tribal leaders. The Qizilbash have historically presented themselves as <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> to avoid religious discrimination and participate fully in Afghan government and society. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Qizilbash&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Qizilbash&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarship has traditionally overlooked the numerous <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslim</a> minority communities in Afghanistan. Minimal research has been done on the Qizilbash and <a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a>, while a few publications has been made about the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201727_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201727-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "<a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>" (meaning "red head") was first used in the late 15th-century to describe the red cap worn by <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> tribesmen who backed <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Haydar" title="Shaykh Haydar">Shaykh Haydar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1488</span>), the father of <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1501–1524</span>), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of Iran. The Qizilbash held a prominent position as provincial governors and administrators under the Safavids. During this time, some Qizilbash migrated to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> since present-day western Afghanistan was a part of Safavid Iran. It is generally accepted that the garrisons established by the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> (king) <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1736–1747</span>) in Kandahar and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">1738–1739 Indian invasion</a> was when the Qizilbash became a large community in Afghanistan. 12,000 families were reported to have made up the garrison in Kabul. Referred to as "Khorasani" or "Persian", the Qizilbash was the biggest group from Iran to live near Kabul, with the <a href="/wiki/Javanshir_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanshir tribe">Javanshir tribe</a> forming the biggest part of their group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199725-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Durrani_Empire">In the Durrani Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Qizilbash&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Durrani Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1757</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nader Shah was murdered by mutinous officers on 21 June 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006102–103_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006102–103-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006279–281_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006279–281-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death led to a power vacuum, which resulted in his vast empire being divided by various sovereigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017496_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017496-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Khan</a>, the leader of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdali tribe</a> and formerly part of the Afghan cadre of Nader Shah's army, fled to the city of <a href="/wiki/Naderabad,_Kandahar" title="Naderabad, Kandahar">Naderabad</a> in Kandahar. There he assumed the title of <i>Durr-i Durran</i> ("Pearl of Pearls") and thus changed the name of his Abdali tribe to "Durrani." Ahmad Khan (now titled Ahmad Shah) then went on to conquer what had originally served as the frontier region between Safavid Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017496_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017496-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Afghan historians disagree with the importance that Nader Shah had in establishing the Afghan Qizilbash, considering the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> kings to have played a bigger role. Aziz al-Din Fofalzai notes that in 1740, Nader Shah left only one army unit in Kabul and one in Kandahar after withdrawing the majority of his forces to western Afghanistan. He also questions whether any lasting settlements in Kabul were established by Nader Shah. He believes that in 1748 and 1755, Ahmad Shah imported large groups of "new and old Khorasanis" to Kabul and granted them property in the city's environs based on their tribal affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199725-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Autumn 1747, Ahmad Shah began a campaign against the Mughals, seizing <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, before advancing on Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019118_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Khan_Shirazi" title="Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi">Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi</a>, a former officer of Nader Shah, joined Ahmad Shah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019106–107_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019106–107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gained the support of the Qizilbash garrison in the <a href="/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul" title="Bala Hissar, Kabul">Bala Hissar</a>. The Qizilbash opened the gates of Kabul to Ahmad Shah as a result when he arrived at the city. The two sides exchanged many terms, with Ahmad Shah granting the Qizilbash a share in loot gained from war, self-governance, and protection to practice their Shia faith. The Qizilbash were further given districts in <a href="/wiki/Chindawol" title="Chindawol">Chindawol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murad_Khani" title="Murad Khani">Murad Khani</a> to have under Afghan suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019118–119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019118–119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the majority of Durrani leaders were unable to read and write, the Qizilbash controlled the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> nearly entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019117_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019117-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Ahmad Shah's successor <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1772–1793</span>), more of the Qizilbash (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iranian Kurdish</a> Rikas) were settled in Kabul. According to Husaini, a historian of <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1793–1801</span>), the Qizilbash were imported from Iran by Ahmad Shah so that they could serve in his personal bodyguard regiment, known as the <i>ghulam khana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199725-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah did this to keep the power of the Durrani and <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilzai</a> confederacy leaders in check, as they primarily constituted the core of his strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle19971–2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle19971–2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>ghulam khana</i>, made up primarily of Qizilbash but also included <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, Hazaras, <a href="/wiki/Firozkohi" title="Firozkohi">Firozkohis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshidi_(Aimaq_tribe)" title="Jamshidi (Aimaq tribe)">Jamshidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taymani" title="Taymani">Taymanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, and Habashis, was composed of cavalry and artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725–26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199725–26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan-cropped-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan-cropped-3.jpg/220px-Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan-cropped-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan-cropped-3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a>, dated 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact proportion of Qizilbash in the <i>ghulam khana</i> is to some extend disputed. The Indian historian <a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_(historian)" title="Ganda Singh (historian)">Ganda Singh</a> claimed that during Ahmad Shah's reign, one-third of the regiment was composed of Qizilbash. The Qizilbash played a crucial role in Timur Shah's local expeditions as mercenaries and bureaucrats. To counterbalance the Durrani cavalry, the <i>ghulam khana</i> was increased to 12,000 troops under his reign. Husaini reported that out of Zaman Shah's cavalry of 100,000, 15,000 belonged to the <i>ghulam khana</i>. The Scottish explorer and military officer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Burnes" title="Alexander Burnes">Alexander Burnes</a> observed that the Qizilbash were largely autonomous, only swearing directly allegiance to their individual leaders, who was subject to the Durrani king. According to the <a href="/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a> Christine Noelle, "This statement is borne out by the fact that the command of the entire bodyguard rested with the Qizilbash leader Mahmud Khan Bayat during Timur Shah's time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199726-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khorasani contingents were organized by tribal allegiance prior to Zaman Shah's reign. The Qizilbash leaders Ja'far Khan Jawansher and Khan Shirin Khan were in charge of the elite royal guard of <i>kashikchis</i>. However, Zaman Shah also gave non-Qizilbash figures like his Pashtun father-in-law Nur Muhammad Babar Amin al-Mulk and the treasurer Iltifat Khan command of several <i>ghulam khana</i> contingents. Possibly in response to an attempt by the Durrani rulers to challenge the independent structure of the Qizilbash cavalry, Ja'far Khan sent a petition to Zaman Shah just before the latters coronation, insisting on the need to preserve tribal distinctions within the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199726-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar concerns about Zaman Shah's intended consolidation of government agencies may have led Ja'far Khan and Arsalan Khan to join Payinda Khan and Muhammad Azim Khan Alakozai's conspiracy to overthrow Zaman Shah in the winter of 1799/1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199726-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019161_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conspiracy was also supported by Nur Muhammad Khan Baburi and several Durrani and Ghilzai leaders. They planned to assassinate Zaman Shah and his <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> Wafadar Khan, and install Zaman Shah's younger full-brother <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shuja al-Mulk</a> on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019161–162_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019161–162-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wafadar Khan eventually discovered the plans of the conspirators, who were beheaded and publicly displayed in Kandahar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019162_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019162-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Payinda Khan's sons (including his eldest, <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Khan_Barakzai" title="Fateh Khan Barakzai">Fateh Khan Barakzai</a>) fled to Iran, where they swore allegiance to Zaman Shah's brother <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Mirza</a>. Due to the execution of Ja'far Khan and Arsalan Khan, the Qizilbash of Kabul and Kandahar also declared their allegiance to Mahmud Mirza.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199726-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud Mirza (now known as Shah Mahmud) eventually emerged victorious in 1801, becoming the new Durrani ruler largely due to support by the Qizilbash, who now viewed themselves as kingmakers. Marriage links with the descendants of Hajji Jamal Khan Barakzai also contributed to the Qizilbash's increased dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019163–164_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019163–164-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musa Khan Jawansher's daughter was also the wife of Payinda Khan, with whom she had <a href="/wiki/Dost_Muhammad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dost Muhammad Khan">Dost Muhammad Khan</a>, who would later become the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (1823–1926). Two of Payinda Khan's sons, as well as several of his grandsons, also had a Qizilbash wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019164_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1800s, the Qizilbash were almost fully independent, but their participation in the succession conflict intensified racial and religious xenophobia. They were never recognized as native to the nation by the Durrani council, who referred to them as "Persians". It was claimed by the enemies of Fateh Khan and the Qizilbash that, in the event of an attack by the shah of Iran on Herat and Kandahar, the Qizilbash would be support the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019164_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Emirate_of_Afghanistan">In the Emirate of Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Qizilbash&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the Emirate of Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discrimination against Shias intensified throughout the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1880–1901</span>) over Afghanistan. Because he thought the Twelvers were in league with Iran, Abdur Rahman Khan defended his actions against them. He used a variety of tactics to suppress the Twelvers. He first forced a large number of Twelvers to convert to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. If a person from the Qizilbash refused to convert, they had to pay a poll tax or wear a black turban with red marks on them. Later, Abdur Rahman Khan planned to deport the Qizilbash to Iran and India. This was never carried out, since Abdur Rahman Khan needed Qizilbash help to fight the Ghilzais, in 1886. Abdur Rahman Khan, however, dealt aggressively with the Hazaras and the Qizilbash after the Hazara rebelled. Blame for the start of the Hazara rebellion fell on the clerics in the Iranian city of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and Qizilbash, who where accused of telling Shia Muslims to disregard the authority of Sunni rulers. Abdur Rahman Khan used the Hazara rebellion as a justification to persecute the Hazaras and Shia Muslims. A number of Shia Muslims received sentences of stoning, with some even burned alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer2019269_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer2019269-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Qizilbash in the army and administration lost their jobs, and many, particularly those from western Afghanistan, departed for Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer2019270_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer2019270-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>, one of Amanullah's generals, 'Abd al-Quddus Khan, intended to advance into <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>. A religious revolt however, tied his forces down in Kandahar and after finally taming the revolt with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Khan" title="Ali Ahmad Khan">Ali Ahmad Khan</a>, the Qizilbash in the city were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019456_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019456-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_present-day_Afghanistan">In present-day Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Qizilbash&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In present-day Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other adherents of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia Islam</a>, the Qizilbash in private followed their Shia faith while in public they presented themselves as Sunnis or Pashtuns in order to participate in government and society. Reliable census data is problematic to obtain since the Qizilbash still engage in <i><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">taqiyya</a></i>, the practice of hiding their true beliefs or having a dual religious identity, to avoid religious and political persecution. They seem to live mostly in cities and are typically lawyers, doctors, engineers, and teachers. They are thought to number around 30,000 and are primarily found in Herat, Kabul, and Kandahar. They are Persian-speakers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no longer speak their native Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonAdamec2021411_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonAdamec2021411-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Qizilbash&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201727-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201727_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2017">Green 2017</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199725-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoelle1997">Noelle 1997</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006102–103-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006102–103_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2006">Tucker 2006</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006279–281-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006279–281_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 279–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017496-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017496_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017496_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019118-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019118_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019106–107-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019106–107_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019118–119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019118–119_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019117-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019117_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, pp. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle19971–2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle19971–2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoelle1997">Noelle 1997</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199725–26-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199725–26_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoelle1997">Noelle 1997</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle199726-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle199726_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoelle1997">Noelle 1997</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019161-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019161_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, pp. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019161–162-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019161–162_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019162-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019162_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, pp. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019163–164-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019163–164_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019164-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019164_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019164_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer2019269-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer2019269_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer2019">Kramer 2019</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer2019270-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer2019270_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer2019">Kramer 2019</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019456-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019456_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubin2002">Rubin 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonAdamec2021411-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonAdamec2021411_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonAdamec2021">Johnson & Adamec 2021</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Qizilbash&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Axworthy, Michael</a> (2006). <i>The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850437062" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850437062"><bdi>978-1850437062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+of+Persia%3A+Nader+Shah%2C+from+Tribal+Warrior+to+Conquering+Tyrant&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1850437062&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Dupree_(professor)" title="Louis Dupree (professor)">Dupree, Louis</a> (1979). "Further Notes on Taqiyya: Afghanistan". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>99</b> (4): 680–682. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601454">10.2307/601454</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601454">601454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Further+Notes+on+Taqiyya%3A+Afghanistan&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=680-682&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6swDwAAQBAJ"><i>Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban</i></a>. University Press of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520294134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520294134"><bdi>978-0520294134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Islam%3A+From+Conversion+to+the+Taliban&rft.pub=University+Press+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0520294134&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6swDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonAdamec2021" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Thomas H.; <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_W._Adamec" title="Ludwig W. Adamec">Adamec, Ludwig W.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdgnEAAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538149287" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538149287"><bdi>978-1538149287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1538149287&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Adamec%2C+Ludwig+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdgnEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan L. (2019-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWDDwAAQBAJ"><i>Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present</i></a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-010-1"><bdi>978-1-78914-010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+History+from+1260+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-010-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSWDDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2019" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Martin (2019) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yK2bDwAAQBAJ"><i>Shi'ism, Resistance, And Revolution</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367287245" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367287245"><bdi>978-0367287245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ism%2C+Resistance%2C+And+Revolution&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0367287245&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyK2bDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNejatie2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nejatie, Sajjad (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40467702">"Iranian Migrations in the Durrani Empire"</a></span>. <i>Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</i>. <b>37</b>. Project Muse: 494–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201x-4279212">10.1215/1089201x-4279212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148940975">148940975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Iranian+Migrations+in+the+Durrani+Empire&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=494-509&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201x-4279212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148940975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nejatie&rft.aufirst=Sajjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40467702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoelle1997" class="citation book cs1">Noelle, Christine (1997). <i>State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)</i> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0629-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0629-1"><bdi>0-7007-0629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Tribe+in+Nineteenth-century+Afghanistan%3A+The+Reign+of+Amir+Dost+Muhammad+Khan+%281826%E2%80%931863%29&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7007-0629-1&rft.aulast=Noelle&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnett_Rubin" title="Barnett Rubin">Rubin, Barnett R.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laG03iJF7t8C"><i>The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300095197" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300095197"><bdi>978-0300095197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragmentation+of+Afghanistan%3A+State+Formation+and+Collapse+in+the+International+System&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0300095197&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barnett+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaG03iJF7t8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2006" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Ernest S. (2006). <i>Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813029641" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813029641"><bdi>978-0813029641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nadir+Shah%27s+Quest+for+Legitimacy+in+Post-Safavid+Iran&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0813029641&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ernest+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan+Qizilbash" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalak_people" title="Dalak people">Dalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_groups_of_Afghanistan" title="Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_people" title="Pashayi people">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Afghanistan" title="Armenians in Afghanistan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Afghanistan" title="Indians in Afghanistan">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Afghanistan" title="Pakistanis in Afghanistan">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Afghanistan" title="Russians in Afghanistan">Russians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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