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<li id="toc-1931–1933,_the_Reformist_Biennium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1931–1933,_the_Reformist_Biennium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1931–1933, the Reformist Biennium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1931–1933,_the_Reformist_Biennium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1931_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1931_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>1931 Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1931_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azaña_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azaña_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Azaña government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azaña_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1933–1935_period_and_miners'_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933–1935_period_and_miners'_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1933–1935 period and miners' uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933–1935_period_and_miners'_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1936_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1936 elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassinations_of_political_leaders_and_beginning_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassinations_of_political_leaders_and_beginning_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Assassinations of political leaders and beginning of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassinations_of_political_leaders_and_beginning_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجمهورية الإسبانية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمهورية الإسبانية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Republica_Espanyola" title="Segunda Republica Espanyola – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Segunda Republica Espanyola" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Segunda República Española – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda República Española" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی ایسپانیا جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی ایسپانیا جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="দ্বিতীয় স্পেনীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় স্পেনীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Втора испанска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора испанска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_%C5%A0panska_Republika" title="Druga Španska Republika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Druga Španska Republika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Republik_spagnol" title="Eil Republik spagnol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Republik spagnol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espanyola" title="Segona República Espanyola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona República Espanyola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Druhá Španělská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá Španělská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Segunda República Española – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Segunda República Española" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_spanske_republik" title="Anden spanske republik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden spanske republik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweite_Spanische_Republik" title="Zweite Spanische Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweite Spanische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_Teine_Vabariik" title="Hispaania Teine Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania Teine Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δεύτερη Ισπανική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερη Ισπανική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Segunda República española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda República española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Hispana_Respubliko" title="Dua Hispana Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Hispana Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Rep%C3%BAbrica_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="II Repúbrica Española – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="II Repúbrica Española" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_Bigarren_Errepublika" title="Espainiako Bigarren Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako Bigarren Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جمهوری دوم اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری دوم اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_R%C3%A9publique_(Espagne)" title="Seconde République (Espagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde République (Espagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Poblacht_na_Sp%C3%A1inne" title="Dara Poblacht na Spáinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dara Poblacht na Spáinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0rna_Poblachd_na_Sp%C3%A0inne" title="Dàrna Poblachd na Spàinne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dàrna Poblachd na Spàinne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Segunda República Española – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segunda República Española" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A0%9C2%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="스페인 제2공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 제2공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իսպանիայի երկրորդ հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանիայի երկրորդ հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_%C5%A1panjolska_republika" title="Druga španjolska republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druga španjolska republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesma_Hispana_republiko" title="Duesma Hispana republiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Duesma Hispana republiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Spanyol_Kedua" title="Republik Spanyol Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Spanyol Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesim_Republica_Hispan" title="Duesim Republica Hispan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Duesim Republica Hispan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Repubblica_(Spagna)" title="Seconda Repubblica (Spagna) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda Repubblica (Spagna)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="הרפובליקה הספרדית השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הספרדית השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ესპანეთის მეორე რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანეთის მეორე რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Испан Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Испан Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Publica_Hispanica_Secunda" title="Res Publica Hispanica Secunda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res Publica Hispanica Secunda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otr%C4%81_Sp%C4%81nijas_Republika" title="Otrā Spānijas Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otrā Spānijas Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_Spanyol_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Második Spanyol Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második Spanyol Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Втора Шпанска Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора Шпанска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الجمهوريه الاسبانيه التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجمهوريه الاسبانيه التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sepanyol_Kedua" title="Republik Sepanyol Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Sepanyol Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Spanhola" title="Segunda República Spanhola – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Segunda República Spanhola" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Spaanse_Republiek" title="Tweede Spaanse Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Spaanse Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF" title="スペイン第二共和政 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン第二共和政" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_spanske_republikken" title="Den andre spanske republikken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre spanske republikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_spanske_republikken" title="Den andre spanske republikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den andre spanske republikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Republica_Espanh%C3%B2la" title="Segonda Republica Espanhòla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Segonda Republica Espanhòla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ہسپانوی جمہوریہ دوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپانوی جمہوریہ دوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_Republika_Hiszpa%C5%84ska" title="Druga Republika Hiszpańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druga Republika Hiszpańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espanhola" title="Segunda República Espanhola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda República Espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doua_Republic%C4%83_Spaniol%C4%83" title="A Doua Republică Spaniolă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A Doua Republică Spaniolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вторая Испанская Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая Испанская Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Spanish Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_%C5%A1panielska_republika" title="Druhá španielska republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhá španielska republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_%C5%A1panska_republika" title="Druga španska republika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Druga španska republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Друга шпанска република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друга шпанска република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_%C5%A0panska_Republika" title="Druga Španska Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Druga Španska Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan_toinen_tasavalta" title="Espanjan toinen tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan toinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_spanska_republiken" title="Andra spanska republiken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra spanska republiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இரண்டாவது எசுப்பானியக் குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாவது எசுப்பானியக் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="สาธารณรัฐสเปนที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐสเปนที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_%C4%B0spanya_Cumhuriyeti" title="İkinci İspanya Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkinci İspanya Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Друга іспанська республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга іспанська республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ہسپانوی جمہوریہ دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانوی جمہوریہ دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%87_Nh%E1%BB%8B_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Đệ Nhị Cộng hòa Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đệ Nhị Cộng hòa Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="西班牙第二共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西班牙第二共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙第二共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西班牙第二共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="西班牙第二共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班牙第二共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178038#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Government of Spain, 1931–1939</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spanish Republic" redirects here. For Spain from 1873 to 1874, see <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spanish Republic (disambiguation)">Spanish Republic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic_at_War" title="Spanish Republic at War">Spanish Republic at War</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Spanish Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">República Española</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1931–1939</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1931%E2%80%931939).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Flag of Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Flag of the Second Spanish Republic">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1931-1939).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Coat of arms of Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931-1939%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931-1939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931-1939%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931-1939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931-1939%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931-1939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Plus_Ultra_(motto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus Ultra (motto)">Plus Ultra</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)<br />Further Beyond</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/Himno_de_Riego" title="Himno de Riego">Himno de Riego</a><br /><i>Anthem of Riego</i><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="135" data-mwtitle="National-Anthem-of-Spain-_1931-1939_-Himno-de-Riego.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/National-Anthem-of-Spain-_1931-1939_-Himno-de-Riego.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/National-Anthem-of-Spain-_1931-1939_-Himno-de-Riego.ogg/National-Anthem-of-Spain-_1931-1939_-Himno-de-Riego.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-Spain-_1931-1939_-Himno-de-Riego.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-Spain-_1931-1939_-Himno-de-Riego.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-Spain-_1931-1939_-Himno-de-Riego.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Republic_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="European borders of the Second Spanish Republic in addition to its African colonies"><img alt="European borders of the Second Spanish Republic in addition to its African colonies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spanish_Republic_%281936%29.svg/250px-Spanish_Republic_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spanish_Republic_%281936%29.svg/375px-Spanish_Republic_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spanish_Republic_%281936%29.svg/500px-Spanish_Republic_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">European borders of the Second Spanish Republic in addition to its African colonies</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secular_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular State">Secular State</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (majority)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931–1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 <small>(interim)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Mart%C3%ADnez_Barrio" title="Diego Martínez Barrio">Diego Martínez Barrio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936–1939 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Spain">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1937–1939 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Republicanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortes Republicanas">Cortes Republicanas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 April 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Constitution adopted</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 December 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution of 1934</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5–19 October 1934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 July 1936</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Fall of the Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1939</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Kingdom of Spain</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish State</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile"><span class="nowrap">Spanish Republican</span><br /><span class="nowrap">Government-in-Exile</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In wartime, as Madrid was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">under siege</a>, the government moved its capital to <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> on 6 November 1936, and then to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> on 31 October 1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> was also official in Catalonia since 1932 as well as <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> in the Basque Country since 1936.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spanish Republic</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">República Española</i>), commonly known as the <b>Second Spanish Republic</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Segunda República Española</i>), was the form of democratic government in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">King Alfonso XIII</a>. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. </p><p>After the proclamation of the Republic, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">a provisional government</a> was established until December 1931, at which time the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">1931 Constitution</a> was approved. During this time and the subsequent two years of constitutional government, known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">Reformist Biennium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>'s executive initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would modernize the country. In 1932 <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">religious orders</a> were forbidden control of schools, while the government began a large-scale school-building project. A moderate agrarian reform was carried out. Home rule was granted to <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, with a local parliament and a president of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195191_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon, Azaña lost parliamentary support and President <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a> forced his resignation in September 1933. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/1933_Spanish_general_election" title="1933 Spanish general election">1933 election</a> was won by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_the_Autonomous_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right">Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right</a> (CEDA). However the President declined to invite its leader, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">Gil Robles</a>, to form a government, fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies. Instead, he invited the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> to do so. CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201884–85_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201884–85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1934, CEDA was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general strike was called by the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a> (UGT) and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE) in the name of the <i>Alianza Obrera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne,_Stanley_G_2008,_pp.84_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne,_Stanley_G_2008,_pp.84-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion developed into a bloody <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">revolutionary uprising</a>, aiming to overthrow the republican government. Armed revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, killing policemen, clerics, and businessmen and destroying religious buildings and part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oviedo" title="University of Oviedo">University of Oviedo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the occupied areas, the rebels officially declared a proletarian revolution and abolished regular money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1993219_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1993219-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was crushed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Spanish Republican Army</a>, the latter using mainly <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Moorish colonial troops</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, after a series of crises and corruption scandals, President <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a>, who had always been hostile to the government, called for new elections, instead of inviting CEDA, the party with most seats in the parliament, to form a new government. The <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1936">1936 general election</a> with a narrow victory. The Right accelerated its preparations for a coup, which had been months in the planning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPresto1983_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPresto1983-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beevor,_Antony_1939_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor,_Antony_1939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst the wave of political violence that broke out after the triumph of the Popular Front in the February 1936 elections, a group of <a href="/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia de Asalto">Guardia de Asalto</a> and other leftist militiamen <a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">mortally shot</a> the opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a> on 12 July 1936. This assassination convinced many military officers to back the planned coup. Three days later (17 July), the revolt began with an army uprising in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, followed by military takeovers in many cities in Spain. Military rebels intended to seize power immediately, but they were met with serious resistance as most of the main cities remained loyal to the Republic. An estimated total of half a million people would die in the war that followed. </p><p>During the Spanish Civil War, there were three Republican governments. The first was led by left-wing republican <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a> (from July to September 1936); a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">revolution</a> inspired mostly by <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> principles broke out in its territory. The second government was led by the PSOE's <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a>. The UGT, along with the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">National Confederation of Workers</a> (CNT), were the main forces behind the <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>. The third government was led by socialist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a>, who led the Republic until the military coup of <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a>, which ended republican resistance and ultimately led to the victory of the Nationalists. </p><p>The Republican government survived <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">in exile</a> and retained an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> until 1976. After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the government-in-exile formally dissolved the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1931–1933,_the_Reformist_Biennium"><span id="1931.E2.80.931933.2C_the_Reformist_Biennium"></span>1931–1933, the Reformist Biennium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1931–1933, the Reformist Biennium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">First Biennium</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#Second_Republic" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background of the Spanish Civil War § Second Republic</a></div> <p>On 28 January 1930, the military dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> (who had been in power <a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">since September 1923</a>) was overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led various republican factions from a wide variety of backgrounds (including conservatives, socialists and Catalan nationalists) to join forces.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Pact of San Sebastián">Pact of San Sebastián</a> was the key to the transition from monarchy to republic. Republicans of all tendencies were committed to the Pact of San Sebastian in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republic. The restoration of the royal Bourbons was rejected by large sectors of the populace who vehemently opposed the King. The pact, signed by representatives of the main Republican forces, allowed a joint anti-monarchy political campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_local_elections,_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish local elections, 1931">12 April 1931 municipal elections</a> led to a landslide victory for republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, the Second Republic was proclaimed, and King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a> went into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king's departure led to a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">provisional government</a> of the young republic under <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a>. Catholic churches and establishments in cities like <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla">Sevilla</a> were <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)" title="Burning of convents in Spain (1931)">set ablaze</a> on 11 May.<sup id="cite_ref-queabc_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queabc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1931_Constitution">1931 Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1931 Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Spanish Constitution of 1931</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republique-allegorie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Republique-allegorie.jpg/250px-Republique-allegorie.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Republique-allegorie.jpg/375px-Republique-allegorie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Republique-allegorie.jpg/500px-Republique-allegorie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegory of Hispania">Allegory</a> of the Spanish Republic, displaying <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> symbolism such as the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a> and the motto <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Equality,_Fraternity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty, Equality, Fraternity">Libertad, Igualdad, Fraternidad</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1931 a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes" title="Constituent Cortes">Constituent Cortes</a> was elected to draft a new constitution, which came into force in December.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new constitution established <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, extended <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> to women in 1933, allowed divorce, and stripped the Spanish nobility of any special legal status. It also effectively disestablished<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, but the disestablishment was somewhat reversed by the Cortes that same year. Its controversial articles 26 and 27 imposed stringent controls on Church property and barred religious orders from the ranks of educators.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have described the constitution as hostile to religion, with one scholar characterising it as one of the most hostile of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Arguing_Comparative_Politics_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arguing_Comparative_Politics-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a> stated, "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> condemned the Spanish government's deprivation of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> of Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislative branch was changed to a single chamber called the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a>. The constitution established legal procedures for the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of public services and land, banks, and railways. The constitution provided generally accorded civil liberties and representation.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_632_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne_632-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican Constitution also changed the country's national symbols. The <i><a href="/wiki/Himno_de_Riego" title="Himno de Riego">Himno de Riego</a></i> was established as the national anthem, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Flag of the Second Spanish Republic">Tricolor</a>, with three horizontal red-yellow-purple fields, became the new flag of Spain. Under the new Constitution, all of Spain's regions had the right to <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> (1932), the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> (1936) and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> (although the Galician Statute of Autonomy could not come into effect due to the war) exercised this right, with <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, engaged in negotiations with the government before the outbreak of the Civil War. The Constitution guaranteed a wide range of civil liberties, but it opposed key beliefs of the right wing, which was very rooted in rural areas, and desires of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, which was stripped of schools and public subsidies. </p><p>The 1931 Constitution was formally effective from 1931 until 1939. In the summer of 1936, after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, it became largely irrelevant after the authority of the Republic was superseded in many places by revolutionary socialists and anarchists on one side, and Nationalists on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_646_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne_646-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azaña_government"><span id="Aza.C3.B1a_government"></span>Azaña government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Azaña government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Second_Spanish_Republic##" title="Talk:Second Spanish Republic">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a#In_the_government" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña § In the government</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_reform_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Military reform of Manuel Azaña">Military reform of Manuel Azaña</a></div> <p>With the new constitution approved in December 1931, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned. However, fearing the increasing popular opposition, the Radicals and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, therefore prolonging their way in power for two more years. This way the republican government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195191_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landowners were expropriated. Autonomy was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of said parliament. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195191_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic churches in major cities were again subject to arson in 1932, and a revolutionary strike action was seen in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-queabc_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queabc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Catholic church in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> was burnt down in 1933. </p><p>In November 1932, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, one of the most respected Spanish intellectuals, rector of the University of Salamanca, and himself a Republican, publicly raised his voice to protest. In a speech delivered on 27 November 1932, at the Madrid Ateneo, he protested: "Even the Inquisition was limited by certain legal guarantees. But now we have something worse: a police force which is grounded only on a general sense of panic and on the invention of non-existent dangers to cover up this over-stepping of the law."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195193_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195193-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, all remaining religious congregations were obliged to pay taxes and banned from industry, trade and educational activities. This ban was forced with strict police severity and widespread mob violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195192_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933–1935_period_and_miners'_uprising"><span id="1933.E2.80.931935_period_and_miners.27_uprising"></span>1933–1935 period and miners' uprising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1933–1935 period and miners' uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrested_workers_during_the_Asturian_Revolution,_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arrested_workers_during_the_Asturian_Revolution%2C_1934.jpg/220px-Arrested_workers_during_the_Asturian_Revolution%2C_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arrested_workers_during_the_Asturian_Revolution%2C_1934.jpg/330px-Arrested_workers_during_the_Asturian_Revolution%2C_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arrested_workers_during_the_Asturian_Revolution%2C_1934.jpg/440px-Arrested_workers_during_the_Asturian_Revolution%2C_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Workers arrested by the Guardia Civil and Guardia de Asalto during the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturian miners' strike of 1934</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background of the Spanish Civil War § The "black biennium"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturian miners' strike of 1934</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution of 1934</a></div> <p>The majority vote in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1933">1933 elections</a> was won by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_the_Autonomous_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right">Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right</a> (CEDA). In face of CEDA's electoral victory, president <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a> declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government. Instead he invited the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> to do so. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201884–85_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201884–85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, the largest party in the congress, was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. However the entrance of CEDA in the government, although being normal in a parliamentary democracy, was not well accepted by the left. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general strike was called by the UGT and the PSOE in the name of the <i>Alianza Obrera</i>. The issue was that the Left Republicans identified the Republic not with democracy or constitutional law but with a specific set of left-wing policies and politicians. Any deviation, even if democratic, was seen as treasonous.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne,_Stanley_G_2008,_pp.84_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne,_Stanley_G_2008,_pp.84-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Column_of_Guardias_Civiles_during_the_1934_Asturian_Revolution,_Bra%C3%B1osera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Column_of_Guardias_Civiles_during_the_1934_Asturian_Revolution%2C_Bra%C3%B1osera.jpg/220px-Column_of_Guardias_Civiles_during_the_1934_Asturian_Revolution%2C_Bra%C3%B1osera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Column_of_Guardias_Civiles_during_the_1934_Asturian_Revolution%2C_Bra%C3%B1osera.jpg/330px-Column_of_Guardias_Civiles_during_the_1934_Asturian_Revolution%2C_Bra%C3%B1osera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Column_of_Guardias_Civiles_during_the_1934_Asturian_Revolution%2C_Bra%C3%B1osera.jpg/440px-Column_of_Guardias_Civiles_during_the_1934_Asturian_Revolution%2C_Bra%C3%B1osera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>Column of Guardias Civiles during the 1934 Asturian Revolution, Brañosera</figcaption></figure> <p>The inclusion of three CEDA ministers in the government that took office on 1 October 1934 led to a country wide revolt. A "<a href="/wiki/Catalan_State_(1934)" title="Catalan State (1934)">Catalan State</a>" was proclaimed by Catalan nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluis Companys</a>, but it lasted just ten hours. Despite an attempt at a general stoppage in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, other strikes did not endure. This left <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturian</a> strikers to fight alone.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miners in Asturias occupied the capital, <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, killing officials and clergymen. Fifty eight religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo were burned and destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1977-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECueva1998355–369_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva1998355–369-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miners proceeded to occupy several other towns, most notably the large industrial centre of <a href="/wiki/La_Felguera" title="La Felguera">La Felguera</a>, and set up town assemblies, or "revolutionary committees", to govern the towns that they controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1977-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty thousand workers were mobilized for battle within ten days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1977-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the occupied areas the rebels officially declared the proletarian revolution and abolished regular money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1993219_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1993219-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolutionary soviets set up by the miners attempted to impose order on the areas under their control, and the moderate socialist leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Ramón González Peña">Ramón González Peña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarmino_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Belarmino Tomás">Belarmino Tomás</a> took measures to restrain violence. However, a number of captured priests, businessmen and civil guards were summarily executed by the revolutionaries in <a href="/wiki/Mieres,_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieres, Asturias">Mieres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sama,_Asturias" title="Sama, Asturias">Sama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1977-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rebellion lasted for two weeks until it was crushed by the army, led by General <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_Ochoa" title="Eduardo López Ochoa">Eduardo López Ochoa</a>. This operation earned López Ochoa the nickname "Butcher of Asturias".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another rebellion by the autonomous government of Catalonia, led by its president <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a>, was also suppressed and was followed by mass arrests and trials. </p><p>With this rebellion against an established political legitimate authority, the Socialists showed identical repudiation of representative institutional system that anarchists had practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova2010138_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010138-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish historian <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a>, an Azaña supporter and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco, is the author of a sharp critical reflection against the participation of the left in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The argument that Mr Gil Robles tried to destroy the Constitution to establish fascism was, at once, hypocritical and false. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suspension of the land reforms that had been attempted by the previous government, and the failure of the Asturias miners' uprising, led to a more radical turn by the parties of the left, especially in the PSOE (Socialist Party), where the moderate <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a> lost ground to <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a>, who advocated a socialist revolution. At the same time, the involvement of the Centrist government party in the <a href="/wiki/Straperlo" title="Straperlo">Straperlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nombela_scandal" title="Nombela scandal">Nombela</a> scandals deeply weakened it, further polarising political differences between right and left. These differences became evident in the 1936 elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936_elections">1936 elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1936 elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 Spanish general election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frente-popular.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Frente-popular.png/220px-Frente-popular.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Frente-popular.png/330px-Frente-popular.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Frente-popular.png/440px-Frente-popular.png 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Image from the newspaper LA VOZ showing the leaders of the popular front elected in the Madrid constituency.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 January 1936, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1936">new elections</a> were called. Despite significant rivalries and disagreements, the socialists, Communists, and the Catalan-and-Madrid-based left-wing Republicans decided to work together under the name <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a>. The Popular Front won the election on 16 February with 263 MPs against 156 right-wing MPs, grouped within a coalition of the <i>National Front</i> with CEDA, <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a>, and Monarchists. The moderate centre parties virtually disappeared; between the elections, Lerroux's group fell from the 104 representatives it had in 1934 to just 9. </p><p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> thinks that there was major electoral fraud in the process, with widespread violation of the laws and the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with Payne's point of view, in 2017, two Spanish Scholars, Manuel Álvarez Tardío and Roberto Villa García, published the result of a research where they concluded that the 1936 elections were rigged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view has been criticised by Eduardo Calleja and Francisco Pérez, who question the charges of electoral irregularity and argue that the Popular Front would still have won a slight electoral majority even if all of the charges were true.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the thirty-six hours following the election, sixteen people were killed (mostly by police officers attempting to maintain order or intervene in violent clashes) and thirty-nine were seriously injured, while fifty churches and seventy right wing political centres were attacked or set ablaze.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_Tardio_1936_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_Tardio_1936-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right had firmly believed, at all levels, that they would win. Almost immediately after the results were known, a group of monarchists asked Robles to lead a coup, but he refused. He did, however, ask prime minister <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Portela_Valladares" title="Manuel Portela Valladares">Manuel Portela Valladares</a> to declare a state of war before the revolutionary masses rushed into the streets. Franco also approached Valladares to propose the declaration of martial law and calling out of the army. This was not a coup attempt, but more of a "police action" akin to <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturias</a>, as Franco believed the post-election environment could become violent and was trying to quell the perceived leftist threat.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beevor,_Antony_1939_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor,_Antony_1939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950300_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950300-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valladares resigned, even before a new government could be formed. However, the Popular Front, which had proved an effective election tool, did not translate into a Popular Front government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950301_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950301-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Largo_Caballero" class="mw-redirect" title="Largo Caballero">Largo Caballero</a> and other elements of the political left were not prepared to work with the republicans, although they did agree to support many of the proposed reforms. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> was called upon to form a government before the electoral process had come to an end, and he would shortly replace Zamora as president, taking advantage of a constitutional loophole: the Constitution allowed the Cortes to remove the President from office after two early dissolutions, and while the first (1933) dissolution had been partially justified because of the fulfillment of the Constitutional mission of the first legislature, the second one had been a simple bid to trigger early elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950301_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950301-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_general_elections_of_1931,_1933_and_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Spanish_general_elections_of_1931%2C_1933_and_1936.jpg/600px-Spanish_general_elections_of_1931%2C_1933_and_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Spanish_general_elections_of_1931%2C_1933_and_1936.jpg/900px-Spanish_general_elections_of_1931%2C_1933_and_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Spanish_general_elections_of_1931%2C_1933_and_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Cortes composition, 1931-1936; size of rectangles proportionate to number of seats; parliamentary groups below 10 seats are ignored. A: Partido Agrario; AR: Acción Republicana; ASR: Agrupación al Servicio de la República; CEDA: Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas; CT: Comunión Tradicionalista; DLR: Derecha Liberal Republicana; ERC: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya; FRG: Federación Republicana Gallega; IC: Izquierda Republicana; LC: Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya; PCD: Partido de Centro Democrático; PCE: Partido Comunista de España; PRC: Partido Republicano Conservador; PRR: Partido Republicano Radical; PRRS: Partido Republicano Radical Socialista; PSOE: Partido Socialista Obrero Español; RE: Renovación Española; UR: Unión Republicana</figcaption></figure> <p>The right reacted as if radical communists had taken control, despite the new cabinet's moderate composition; they were shocked by the revolutionary masses taking to the streets and the release of prisoners. Convinced that the left was no longer willing to follow the rule of law and that its vision of Spain was under threat, the right abandoned the parliamentary option and began to conspire as to how to best overthrow the republic, rather than taking control of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1983_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1983-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200619–39_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200619–39-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This helped the development of the fascist-inspired <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange</a> Española, a National party led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>, the son of the former dictator, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, although it only received 0.7 percent of the votes in the election. By July 1936, the Falange had a mere 40,000 members among millions of Spaniards. </p><p>The country quickly moved towards anarchy. Even the socialist <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a>, at a party rally in Cuenca in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. Abroad Spain is classified as insolvent. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1965100_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1965100-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1936, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, disenchanted with the unfolding of the events, told a reporter who published his statement in <i>El Adelanto</i> that President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> should commit suicide as a patriotic act.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassinations_of_political_leaders_and_beginning_of_the_war">Assassinations of political leaders and beginning of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assassinations of political leaders and beginning of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo.JPG/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Calvo Sotelo dressed in the uniform of the Cuerpo de Abogados del Estado.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 July 1936, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castillo_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Castillo (Spanish Civil War)">José Castillo</a>, an important member of the anti-fascist military organisation <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Militar_Republicana_Antifascista" class="mw-redirect" title="Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista">Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista</a> (UMRA), was shot by <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falangist</a> gunmen. </p><p>In response, a group of <a href="/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia de Asalto">Guardia de Asalto</a> and other leftist militiamen led by <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guard</a> Fernando Condés, after getting the approval of the minister of interior to illegally arrest a list of members of parliament, went to right-wing opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a>'s house in the early hours of 13 July on a revenge mission. Sotelo was arrested and later <a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">shot dead</a> in a police truck. His body was dropped at the entrance of one of the city's cemeteries. According to all later investigations, the perpetrator of the murder was a socialist gunman, Luis Cuenca, who was known as the bodyguard of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a>. Calvo Sotelo was one of the most prominent Spanish monarchists who, describing the government's actions as <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevist</a> and anarchist, had been exhorting the army to intervene, declaring that Spanish soldiers would save the country from communism if "there are no politicians capable of doing so".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent rightists blamed the government for <a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">Calvo Sotelo's assassination</a>. They claimed that the authorities did not properly investigate it and promoted those involved in the murder whilst censoring those who cried out about it and shutting down the headquarters of right-wing parties and arresting right-wing party members, often on "flimsy charges".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event is often considered the catalyst for the further political polarisation that ensued. The Falange and other right-wing individuals, including <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cierva" title="Juan de la Cierva">Juan de la Cierva</a>, had already been conspiring to launch a military coup d'état against the government, to be led by senior army officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200651_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200651-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the antifascist Castillo and the anti-socialist Calvo Sotelo were buried on the same day in the same Madrid cemetery, fighting between the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia de Asalto">Police Assault Guard</a> and fascist militias broke out in the surrounding streets, resulting in four more deaths. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo_Sacanell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo_Sacanell.jpg/215px-Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo_Sacanell.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo_Sacanell.jpg/322px-Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo_Sacanell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo_Sacanell.jpg/429px-Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo_Sacanell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>General José Sanjurjo Sacanell, Marquis of the Rif</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">killing of Calvo Sotelo</a> with police involvement aroused suspicions and strong reactions among the government's opponents on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the nationalist generals were already planning an uprising, the event was a catalyst and a public justification for a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley Payne</a> claims that before these events, the idea of rebellion by army officers against the government had weakened; Mola had estimated that only 12% of officers reliably supported the coup and at one point considered fleeing the country for fear he was already compromised, and had to be convinced to remain by his co-conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">kidnapping and murder of Sotelo</a> transformed the "limping conspiracy" into a revolt that could trigger a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The involvement of forces of public order and a lack of action against the attackers hurt public opinion of the government. No effective action was taken; Payne points to a possible veto by socialists within the government who shielded the killers who had been drawn from their ranks. The murder of a parliamentary leader by state police was unprecedented, and the belief that the state had ceased to be neutral and effective in its duties encouraged important sectors of the right to join the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within hours of learning of the murder and the reaction, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>, who until then had not been involved in the conspiracies, changed his mind on rebellion and dispatched a message to <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Mola</a> to display his firm commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three days later (17 July), the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> began more or less as it had been planned, with an army uprising in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, which then spread to several regions of the country. </p><p>The revolt was remarkably devoid of any particular ideology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (March 2021)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1965103_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1965103-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major goal was to put an end to anarchical disorder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Second_Spanish_Republic#Dubious" title="Talk:Second Spanish Republic">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1965103_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1965103-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mola's plan for the new regime was envisioned as a "republican dictatorship", modelled after <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar's</a> Portugal and as a semi-pluralist authoritarian regime rather than a totalitarian fascist dictatorship. The initial government would be an all-military "Directory", which would create a "strong and disciplined state." General Sanjurjo would be the head of this new regime, due to being widely liked and respected within the military, though his position would be a largely symbolic due to his lack of political talent. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. Certain liberal elements would remain, such as separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion. Agrarian issues would be solved by regional commissioners on the basis of smallholdings, but collective cultivation would be permitted in some circumstances. Legislation prior to February 1936 would be respected. Violence would be required to destroy opposition to the coup, though it seems Mola did not envision the mass atrocities and repression that would ultimately manifest during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201267–68_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201267–68-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018113_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018113-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of particular importance to Mola was ensuring the revolt was at its core an Army affair, one that would not be subject to special interests and that the coup would make the armed forces the basis for the new state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201189–90_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201189–90-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the separation of church and state was forgotten once the conflict assumed the dimension of a war of religion, and military authorities increasingly deferred to the Church and to the expression of Catholic sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012115–125_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012115–125-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mola's program was vague and only a rough sketch, and there were disagreements among coupists about their vision for Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201190_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201190-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco's move was intended to seize power immediately, but his army uprising met with serious resistance, and great swathes of Spain, including most of the main cities, remained loyal to the Republic of Spain. The leaders of the coup (Franco was not commander-in-chief yet) did not lose heart with the stalemate and apparent failure of the coup. Instead, they initiated a slow and determined war of attrition against the Republican government in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-iwm.org.uk_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwm.org.uk-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, an estimated total of half a million people would die in the war that followed; the number of casualties is actually disputed, as some have suggested that as many as a million people died. Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures, and modern research concluded that 500,000 deaths were the correct figure.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background of the Spanish Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic_at_War" title="Spanish Republic at War">Spanish Republic at War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricardo_Miralles,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ricardo_Miralles%2C_1938.jpg/100px-Ricardo_Miralles%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ricardo_Miralles%2C_1938.jpg/150px-Ricardo_Miralles%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ricardo_Miralles%2C_1938.jpg/200px-Ricardo_Miralles%2C_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2776" /></a><figcaption>Valencian Republican soldier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG/220px-Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG/330px-Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG/440px-Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> Victims of the <a href="/wiki/Paracuellos_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracuellos massacre">Paracuellos massacre</a> committed by the Republicans. The Republicans committed many acts of torture, murder, and war crimes throughout the war known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par,_Burgos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/300px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/450px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/600px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4852" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Twenty-six republicans executed by fascists who belonged to <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco's</a> Nationalists at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, between August and September 1936. This mass grave was placed at the small town named <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9par" title="Estépar">Estépar</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Burgos" title="Province of Burgos">Burgos</a>, northern Spain. The excavation occurred in July–August 2014.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_11_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5._1937-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_11_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5._1937-edit.jpg/300px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_11_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5._1937-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_11_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5._1937-edit.jpg/450px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_11_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5._1937-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_11_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5._1937-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigadiers</a> volunteered on the side of the Republic. The photo shows members of the <a href="/wiki/XI_International_Brigade" title="XI International Brigade">XI International Brigade</a> on a <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26 tank</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">Battle of Belchite</a> (August–September 1937).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_expo_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/300px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/450px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/600px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>Spanish flag marking the place of exhibition of Picasso's painting <i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso)">Guernica</a></i> in Paris during the World Expo in 1937 (<a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 July 1936, General Franco led the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Army of Africa">Spanish Army of Africa</a> from Morocco to attack the mainland, while another force from the north under General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> moved south from Navarre. Military units were also mobilised elsewhere to take over government institutions. Before long the professional Army of Africa had much of the south and west under the control of the rebels and by October 1936, Time Magazine declared that "façade of the Spanish Republic was crumbling".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloody purges followed in each piece of captured "Nationalist" territory in order to consolidate Franco's future regime.<sup id="cite_ref-iwm.org.uk_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwm.org.uk-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both sides received foreign military aid, the help that <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Fascist Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain" title="Italian military intervention in Spain">Italian military intervention in Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">German involvement in the Spanish Civil War</a>), and neighbouring Portugal gave the rebels was much greater and more effective than the assistance that the Republicans received from the USSR, Mexico, and volunteers of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> wholeheartedly assisted General Franco's military campaign, the governments of France, Britain, and other European powers pursued a policy of non-interventionism, as exemplified by the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intervention_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intervention Committee">Non-Intervention Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imposed in the name of <a href="/wiki/Country_neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Country neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_isolation" title="International isolation">international isolation</a> of the Spanish Republic ended up favouring the interests of the future <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">Siege of the Alcázar</a> at Toledo early in the war resulted in the rebels winning after a long siege. The Republicans managed to hold out in Madrid, despite a Nationalist assault in November 1936, and frustrated subsequent offensives against the capital at <a href="/wiki/Jarama" title="Jarama">Jarama</a> and Guadalajara in 1937. Soon, though, the rebels began to erode their territory, starving Madrid and making inroads into the east. The north, including the Basque country, fell in late 1937, and the Aragon front collapsed shortly afterward. The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> was probably the most infamous event of the war and inspired <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (painting)">Picasso's painting</a>. It was used as a testing ground for the German Luftwaffe's <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Battle of the Ebro</a> in July–November 1938 was the final desperate attempt by the Republicans to turn the tide. When this failed and Barcelona fell to the rebels in early 1939, it was clear the war was over. The remaining Republican fronts collapsed, and Madrid fell in March 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Spanish Republic's economy was mostly agrarian, and many historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (March 2021)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> call Spain during this time a "backward nation". Major industries of the Second Spanish Republic were located in the Basque region (due to it having Europe's best high-grade non-phosphoric ore) and Catalonia. This greatly contributed to Spain's economic hardships, as their center of industry was located on the opposite side of the country from their resource reserves, resulting in immense transportation costs due to the mountainous Spanish terrain. Compounding economic woes was Spain's low export rate and heavily domestic manufacturing industry. High levels of poverty left many Spaniards open to extremist political parties in search of a solution.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPayne1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46N-pNbNG2kC&q=president"><i>Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299136741" title="Special:BookSources/9780299136741"><bdi>9780299136741</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+First+Democracy%3A+The+Second+Republic%2C+1931%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780299136741&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46N-pNbNG2kC%26q%3Dpresident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195191-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195191_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195191_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195191_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201884–85-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201884–85_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201884–85_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2018">Payne & Palacios 2018</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2018">Payne & Palacios 2018</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne,_Stanley_G_2008,_pp.84-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne,_Stanley_G_2008,_pp.84_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne,_Stanley_G_2008,_pp.84_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2008). <i>The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 84–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collapse+of+the+Spanish+republic%2C+1933%E2%80%931936%3A+Origins+of+the+civil+war&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrella_MartínezMizerska-Wrotkowska2015" class="citation book cs1">Orella Martínez, José Luis; Mizerska-Wrotkowska, Malgorzata (2015). <i>Poland and Spain in the interwar and postwar period</i>. Madrid: Schedas, S.l. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8494418068" title="Special:BookSources/978-8494418068"><bdi>978-8494418068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+and+Spain+in+the+interwar+and+postwar+period&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Schedas%2C+S.l&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8494418068&rft.aulast=Orella+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft.au=Mizerska-Wrotkowska%2C+Malgorzata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1993219-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1993219_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1993219_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1993">Payne 1993</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Splintering of Spain, p. 54 CUP, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPresto1983-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPresto1983_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPresto1983">Presto 1983</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPresto1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor,_Antony_1939-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor,_Antony_1939_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor,_Antony_1939_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor, Antony. <i>The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939</i>. Hachette UK, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubio1977" class="citation journal cs1">Rubio, Javier (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepc.gob.es/en/publications/journals/accesstohistoriccollectionofjournals?IDR=13&IDN=1180&IDA=34632">"Javier Rubio, <i>Los reconocimientos diplomáticos del Gobierno de la República española en el exilio</i>"</a>. <i>Revista de Política Internacional</i> (149). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013822/http://www.cepc.gob.es/en/publications/journals/accesstohistoriccollectionofjournals?IDR=13&IDN=1180&IDA=34632">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Pol%C3%ADtica+Internacional&rft.atitle=Javier+Rubio%2C+Los+reconocimientos+diplom%C3%A1ticos+del+Gobierno+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+espa%C3%B1ola+en+el+exilio&rft.issue=149&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Rubio&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepc.gob.es%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fjournals%2Faccesstohistoriccollectionofjournals%3FIDR%3D13%26IDN%3D1180%26IDA%3D34632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariano Ospina Peña, La II República Española, caballerosandantes.net/videoteca.php?action=verdet&vid=89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-queabc-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-queabc_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-queabc_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/fotos-abc/20120510/quema-iglesias-durante-segunda-98412.html">"abc.es: "La quema de iglesias durante la Segunda República" 10 May 2012"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026005344/https://www.abc.es/fotos-abc/20120510/quema-iglesias-durante-segunda-98412.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=abc.es%3A+%22La+quema+de+iglesias+durante+la+Segunda+Rep%C3%BAblica%22+10+May+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Ffotos-abc%2F20120510%2Fquema-iglesias-durante-segunda-98412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Angel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFuxO9NO-voC">Historical Dictionary of Spain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052558/https://books.google.com/books?id=IFuxO9NO-voC&dq">Archived</a> 24 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 195, Rowman & Littlefield 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arguing_Comparative_Politics-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arguing_Comparative_Politics_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stepan, Alfred, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2tF4k1PXUC">Arguing Comparative Politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915012917/https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2tF4k1PXUC&dq">Archived</a> 15 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 221, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paz, Jose Antonio Souto <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3736/is_200101/ai_n8951721/pg_4">Perspectives on religious freedom in Spain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116103213/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3736/is_200101/ai_n8951721/pg_4/">Archived</a> 16 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Brigham Young University Law Review 1 January 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dilectissima Nobis, 2 (On Oppression Of The Church Of Spain)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-payne_632-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-payne_632_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Payne, Stanley G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne25.htm">"A History of Spain and Portugal (Print Edition)"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin Press</i>. 2, Ch. 25. Library of Iberian resources online: 632. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218010637/https://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal+%28Print+Edition%29&rft.volume=2%2C+Ch.+25&rft.pages=632&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne2%2Fpayne25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-payne_646-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-payne_646_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Payne, Stanley G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne26.htm">"A History of Spain and Portugal (Print Edition)"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin Press</i>. 2, Ch. 26. Library of Iberian resources online: 646–647. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108082455/http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne26.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal+%28Print+Edition%29&rft.volume=2%2C+Ch.+26&rft.pages=646-647&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne2%2Fpayne26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195193-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195193_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195192-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195192_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spain 1833–2002</i>, p. 133, Mary Vincent, Oxford, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1977-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1977_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1977">Thomas 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva1998355–369-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECueva1998355–369_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCueva1998">Cueva 1998</a>, pp. 355–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston, Paul. <i>The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain</i>. Norton, 2012. p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010138-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova2010138_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madariaga – Spain (1964) p. 416 as cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrella_MartínezMizerska-Wrotkowska2015" class="citation book cs1">Orella Martínez, José Luis; Mizerska-Wrotkowska, Malgorzata (2015). <i>Poland and Spain in the interwar and postwar period</i>. Madrid: Schedas, S.l. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8494418068" title="Special:BookSources/978-8494418068"><bdi>978-8494418068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+and+Spain+in+the+interwar+and+postwar+period&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Schedas%2C+S.l&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8494418068&rft.aulast=Orella+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft.au=Mizerska-Wrotkowska%2C+Malgorzata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2016" class="citation news cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (8 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/audios/24-horas/24-horas-stanley-payne-elecciones-del-36-durante-republica-fueron-fraude-08-04-16/3561183/">"24 horas – Stanley G. Payne: "Las elecciones del 36, durante la Republica, fueron un fraude"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. rtve<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=24+horas+%E2%80%93+Stanley+G.+Payne%3A+%22Las+elecciones+del+36%2C+durante+la+Republica%2C+fueron+un+fraude%22&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtve.es%2Falacarta%2Faudios%2F24-horas%2F24-horas-stanley-payne-elecciones-del-36-durante-republica-fueron-fraude-08-04-16%2F3561183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017">Villa García & Álvarez Tardío 2017</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedondo2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Redondo, Javier (12 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2017/03/12/58c3b8bb46163f9f338b457d.html">"El 'pucherazo' del 36"</a> (in Spanish). El Mundo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+%27pucherazo%27+del+36&rft.pub=El+Mundo&rft.date=2017-03-12&rft.aulast=Redondo&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcronica%2F2017%2F03%2F12%2F58c3b8bb46163f9f338b457d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calleja, Eduardo González, and Francisco Sánchez Pérez. "Revisando el revisionismo. A propósito del libro 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular." <i>Historia Contemporánea</i> 3, no. 58 (2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez_Tardio_1936-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_Tardio_1936_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez Tardio, Manuel. "Mobilization and political violence following the Spanish general elections of 1936". <i>Revista de Estudios Politicos</i> 177 (2017): 147–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen, Geoffrey. Franco. Potomac Books, Inc., 2005, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950300-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950300_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenan1950">Brenan 1950</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950301-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950301_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenan1950301_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenan1950">Brenan 1950</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1983-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1983_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1983">Preston 1983</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPreston1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200619–39-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200619–39_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 19–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1965100-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1965100_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1965">Hayes 1965</a>, p. 100.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHayes1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabatéRabaté2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabaté, Jean-Claude; Rabaté, Colette (2009). <i>Miguel de Unamuno: Biografía</i> (in Spanish). Taurus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miguel+de+Unamuno%3A+Biograf%C3%ADa&rft.pub=Taurus&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rabat%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.au=Rabat%C3%A9%2C+Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19360409.2.84&srpos=93729&e=-------10--93721-byDA---0spain--">"Uneasy path". <i>Evening Post</i>, Volume CXXI, Issue 85, 9 April 1936.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102185644/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19360409.2.84&srpos=93729&e=-------10--93721-byDA---0spain--">Archived</a> 2 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_New_Zealand" title="National Library of New Zealand">National Library of New Zealand</a>. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.2012" class="citation book cs1">G., Payne, Stanley (2012). <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107002265" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107002265"><bdi>978-1107002265</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/782994187">782994187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F782994187&rft.isbn=978-1107002265&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=Payne%2C+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200651-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200651_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, pp. 196–198.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomas2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2018">Payne & Palacios 2018</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esdaile, Charles J. The Spanish Civil War: A Military History. Routledge, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seidman, Michael. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1965103-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1965103_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1965103_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1965">Hayes 1965</a>, p. 103.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHayes1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201267–68-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201267–68_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018113-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018113_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2018">Payne & Palacios 2018</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201189–90-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201189–90_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2011">Payne 2011</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012115–125-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012115–125_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>, pp. 115–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201190-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201190_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2011">Payne 2011</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2005" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Geoffrey (2005). <i>Franco : soldier, commander, dictator</i> (1st ed.). Potomac Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574886443" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574886443"><bdi>978-1574886443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+%3A+soldier%2C+commander%2C+dictator&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1574886443&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwm.org.uk-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwm.org.uk_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwm.org.uk_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_War_Museum2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211140120/http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/5/spanish/MainText.pdf">"The Spanish Civil War exhibition: Mainline text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/5/spanish/MainText.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War+exhibition%3A+Mainline+text&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Imperial+War+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.iwm.org.uk%2Fupload%2Fpackage%2F5%2Fspanish%2FMainText.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Barria-Norton, <i>The Spanish Civil War</i> (2001), pp. xviii & 899–901, inclusive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time magazine: October 5th, 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eroj.org/biblio/ibarruri/adios.htm#mensaje">"La Pasionaria's Farewell Message to the International Brigade fighters"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726033933/http://www.eroj.org/biblio/ibarruri/adios.htm#mensaje">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Pasionaria%27s+Farewell+Message+to+the+International+Brigade+fighters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eroj.org%2Fbiblio%2Fibarruri%2Fadios.htm%23mensaje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630104607/http://es.slideshare.net/WALTERWILLIAMMONTALV/la-soledad-de-la-republica-angel-vinas">"Ángel Viñas, 'La Soledad de la República'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.slideshare.net/WALTERWILLIAMMONTALV/la-soledad-de-la-republica-angel-vinas">the original</a> on 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%81ngel+Vi%C3%B1as%2C+%27La+Soledad+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.slideshare.net%2FWALTERWILLIAMMONTALV%2Fla-soledad-de-la-republica-angel-vinas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/29428326.pdf">"Simpson, James"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simpson%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F29428326.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto"><i>The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143037651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143037651"><bdi>978-0143037651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0143037651&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleforspainsp00anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenan1950" class="citation book cs1">Brenan, Gerald (1950). <i>The Spanish Labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Spanish Civil War</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-04314-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-04314-X"><bdi>0-521-04314-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Labyrinth%3A+an+account+of+the+social+and+political+background+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=0-521-04314-X&rft.aulast=Brenan&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanova2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova_Ruiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Julián Casanova Ruiz">Casanova, Julián</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsRNmT9GzY0C"><i>The Spanish Republic and Civil War</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511763137">10.1017/CBO9780511763137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49388-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49388-8"><bdi>978-0-521-49388-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+and+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511763137&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49388-8&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsRNmT9GzY0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCueva1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cueva, Julio de la Cueva (1998). "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>33</b> (3). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 355–369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Religious+Persecution%2C+Anticlerical+Tradition+and+Revolution%3A+On+Atrocities+against+the+Clergy+during+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-369&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Cueva&rft.aufirst=Julio+de+la+Cueva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes, Carlton J.H.</a> (1951). <i>The United States and Spain. An Interpretation</i>. Sheed & Ward. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0014JCVS0">B0014JCVS0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Spain.+An+Interpretation&rft.pub=Sheed+%26+Ward&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0014JCVS0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2011) [first published 1987]. <i>The Franco regime, 1936–1975</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299110741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299110741"><bdi>978-0299110741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0299110741&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/spanish-civil-war"><i>The Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17470-1"><bdi>978-0-521-17470-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17470-1&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Ftwentieth-century-european-history%2Fspanish-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaynePalacios2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Palacios_Tapias" title="Jesús Palacios Tapias">Palacios, Jesús</a> (2018) [2014]. <i>Franco: A Personal and Political Biography</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299302146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299302146"><bdi>978-0299302146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+A+Personal+and+Political+Biography&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0299302146&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft.au=Palacios%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2006). <i>The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge</i> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723207-9"><bdi>978-0-00-723207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Reaction%2C+Revolution+and+Revenge&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-723207-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas, Hugh</a> (1977). <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060142780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060142780"><bdi>978-0060142780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0060142780&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez2011" class="citation journal cs1">Álvarez, José E. (2011). "The Spanish Foreign Legion during the Asturian Uprising of October 1934". <i>War in History</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 200–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344510393599">10.1177/0968344510393599</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-3445">0968-3445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26098598">26098598</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159593285">159593285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Foreign+Legion+during+the+Asturian+Uprising+of+October+1934&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-224&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0968-3445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159593285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26098598%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344510393599&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006) [1982]. <i>The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84832-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84832-1"><bdi>0-297-84832-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-297-84832-1&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1940" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Henry (1940). <i>The Life and Death of the Spanish Republic: a Witness to the Spanish Civil War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Spanish+Republic%3A+a+Witness+to+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Casanova, Julián (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsRNmT9GzY0C"><i>The Spanish Republic and Civil War</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139490573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139490573"><bdi>978-1139490573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+and+Civil+War&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1139490573&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsRNmT9GzY0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Graham_(historian)" title="Helen Graham (historian)">Graham, Helen</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Republic_at_War,_1936%E2%80%931939" title="The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939">The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521459327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521459327"><bdi>978-0521459327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+at+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521459327&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2002" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Gabrielle Ashfod (2002). <i>Franco : a concise biography</i> (1st US ed.). St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312282851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312282851"><bdi>978-0312282851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+%3A+a+concise+biography&rft.edition=1st+US&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0312282851&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle+Ashfod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jackson_(Hispanist)" title="Gabriel Jackson (Hispanist)">Jackson, Gabriel</a> (1987). <i>The Spanish Republic and the Civil War,1931–1939</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691007571" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691007571"><bdi>978-0691007571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+and+the+Civil+War%2C1931%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0691007571&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1987). <i>The Franco Regime</i>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299110703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299110703"><bdi>978-0299110703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+Regime&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0299110703&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2006). <i>The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300110654" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300110654"><bdi>978-0300110654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collapse+of+the+Spanish+republic%2C+1933%E2%80%931936%3A+Origins+of+the+civil+war&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0300110654&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fascisminspain1900payn"><i>Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299165642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299165642"><bdi>978-0299165642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Spain%2C+1923%E2%80%931977&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0299165642&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffascisminspain1900payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1999). <i>Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299136741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299136741"><bdi>978-0299136741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+First+Democracy%3A+The+Second+Republic%2C+1931%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0299136741&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2004). <i>The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism</i>. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10068-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10068-X"><bdi>0-300-10068-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186010979">186010979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+the+Soviet+Union%2C+and+Communism&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186010979&rft.isbn=0-300-10068-X&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPgPFqXub14C"><i>Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, CT</a>: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4"><bdi>978-0-300-12282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+Hitler%3A+Spain%2C+Germany%2C+and+World+War+II&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12282-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPgPFqXub14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/26103/1/__Libfile_repository_Content_Preston%2C%20P_General%20Franco%20as%20a%20military%20leader_General%20Franco%20as%20a%20military%20leader%28lsero%29.pdf">"General Franco as Military Leader"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>4</b>. Cambridge University Press: 21–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679213">10.2307/3679213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0648">1474-0648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679213">3679213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153836234">153836234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=General+Franco+as+Military+Leader&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=21-41&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=1474-0648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153836234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679213&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F26103%2F1%2F__Libfile_repository_Content_Preston%252C%2520P_General%2520Franco%2520as%2520a%2520military%2520leader_General%2520Franco%2520as%2520a%2520military%2520leader%2528lsero%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Preston" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (1995). <i>Franco</i>. Fontana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686210-9"><bdi>978-0-00-686210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686210-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2006). <i>The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge</i> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723207-9"><bdi>978-0-00-723207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Reaction%2C+Revolution+and+Revenge&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-723207-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2012). <i>The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain</i> (1st ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393345919" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393345919"><bdi>978-0393345919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Holocaust%3A+Inquisition+and+Extermination+in+Twentieth-Century+Spain&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0393345919&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2015" class="citation book cs1">Ruiz, Julius (2015). <i>The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence in Madrid</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107682931" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107682931"><bdi>978-1107682931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Red+Terror%27+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Revolutionary+Violence+in+Madrid&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107682931&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Spanish+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Raymond Carr, ed. <i>The Republic and the Civil War in Spain</i> (1971) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Raymond Carr, <i>Spain 1808–1975</i> (2nd ed. 1982) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178038#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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