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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ps" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ګراردوس مرکاټور - ويکيپېډيا</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 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call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1298\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1298\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"wikidata\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l198\"\u003EModule:Cite:198\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"GetItemValue\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l323\"\u003EModule:Cite:323\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"gettitle\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l483\"\u003EModule:Cite:483\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getreftable\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l645\"\u003EModule:Cite:645\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"citeitem2\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l590\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:590\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatReferences\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l426\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:426\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1271\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1271\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getAllExpandedArguments\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:196\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"pairs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l207\"\u003EModule:Arguments:207\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"mergeArgs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l320\"\u003EModule:Arguments:320\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"pairs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l92\"\u003EModule:TableTools:92\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"numKeys\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l187\"\u003EModule:TableTools:187\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"compressSparseArray\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Separated_entries\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l15\"\u003EModule:Separated_entries:15\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getExpandedArgument\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:177\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l26\"\u003EModule:Unsubst:26\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" ,"ScribuntoErrors-861e492a": "\u003Cp\u003ELua error in Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext at line 4: assign to undeclared variable 'fetchName'.\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBacktrace:\u003C/p\u003E\u003Col class=\"scribunto-trace\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"error\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Estrict.lua:21\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l4\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/monolingualtext:4\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"\u0026#95;main\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1047\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1047\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1298\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1298\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"wikidata\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l111\"\u003EModule:Cite:111\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"ValueFromItem\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l200\"\u003EModule:Cite:200\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"GetItemValue\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l324\"\u003EModule:Cite:324\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"gettitle\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l483\"\u003EModule:Cite:483\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getreftable\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l645\"\u003EModule:Cite:645\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"citeitem2\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l590\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:590\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatReferences\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l426\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:426\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1271\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1271\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getAllExpandedArguments\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:196\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"pairs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l207\"\u003EModule:Arguments:207\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"mergeArgs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l320\"\u003EModule:Arguments:320\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"pairs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l92\"\u003EModule:TableTools:92\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"numKeys\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l187\"\u003EModule:TableTools:187\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"compressSparseArray\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Separated_entries\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l15\"\u003EModule:Separated_entries:15\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getExpandedArgument\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:177\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l26\"\u003EModule:Unsubst:26\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" ,"ScribuntoErrors-bccc910b": "\u003Cp\u003ELua error in Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext at line 4: assign to undeclared variable 'fetchName'.\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBacktrace:\u003C/p\u003E\u003Col class=\"scribunto-trace\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"error\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Estrict.lua:21\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l4\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/monolingualtext:4\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"\u0026#95;main\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1047\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1047\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/P106\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l7\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/P106:7\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatGenderLabelForEntityId\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/P106\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l33\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/P106:33\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"fun\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1065\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1065\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatDatavalue\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1271\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1271\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getExpandedArgument\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:177\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l26\"\u003EModule:Unsubst:26\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" ,"ScribuntoErrors-9075ed69": "\u003Cp\u003ELua error in Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext at line 4: assign to undeclared variable 'fetchName'.\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBacktrace:\u003C/p\u003E\u003Col class=\"scribunto-trace\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"error\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Estrict.lua:21\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l4\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/monolingualtext:4\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"\u0026#95;main\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1047\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1047\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function 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href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l590\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:590\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatReferences\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l426\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:426\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1271\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1271\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function 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accesskey="z"><span>لومړی مخ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="د پروژې په اړه، تاسې څه شيان او چېرته کولای شی چې وې مومۍ"><span>جرګه</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%9A%DB%90" title="د اوسنيو پېښو اړونده د هغوی د شاليد مالومات موندل"><span>اوسنۍ پېښې</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په ويکي کې د وروستي بدلونو لړليک. 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height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%86%D9%87" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>پلټنه</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" aria-label="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ځانگړی:پلټنه"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">پلټل</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="شخصي اوزار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps" class=""><span>مرسته وکړئ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی" class=""><span>گڼون جوړول</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ننوتل</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شخصي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شخصي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps"><span>مرسته وکړئ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>گڼون جوړول</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eتړل\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ps\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #a40007; padding: 10px; width:100%; background-image: linear-gradient(#000000,#000000)\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:10%\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca 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ده.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مالومات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ژوند" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ژوند"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>ژوند</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ژوند-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="#د_لووېن_پوهنتون_۱۵۳۰-_۱۵۳۲_زکال"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۳</span> <span>د لووېن پوهنتون ۱۵۳۰- ۱۵۳۲ زکال</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_لووېن_پوهنتون_۱۵۳۰-_۱۵۳۲_زکال-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ګراردوس مرکاټور</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۶۶ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۶۶ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جيراردوس مركاتور – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيراردوس مركاتور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Merkator" title="Gerard Merkator – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gerard Merkator" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Герард Меркатар – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герард Меркатар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Герард Мэркатар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Герард Мэркатар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Герардус Меркатор – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Герардус Меркатор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0" title="জেরারডাস মারকেটর – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেরারডাস মারকেটর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Mercator" title="Gerhard Mercator – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gerhard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Меркатор Герард – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Меркатор Герард" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Mercator" title="Gerhard Mercator – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerhard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Γεράρδος Μερκάτορ – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεράρδος Μερκάτορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="گراردوس مرکاتور – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گراردوس مرکاتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhardus_Mercator" title="Gerhardus Mercator – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gerhardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mercator" title="Gérard Mercator – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gérard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="גרארדוס מרקטור – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרארדוס מרקטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Գերհարդ Մերկատոր – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերհարդ Մերկատոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Mercator" title="Gerhard Mercator – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerhard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Mercatore" title="Gerardo Mercatore – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerardo Mercatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="ゲラルドゥス・メルカトル – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲラルドゥス・メルカトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გერჰარდ მერკატორი – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერჰარდ მერკატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Герард Меркатор – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герард Меркатор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%EB%91%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%B4%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="게라르두스 메르카토르 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게라르두스 메르카토르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Mercator" title="Gerhard Mercator – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gerhard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardas_Merkatorius" title="Gerardas Merkatorius – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gerardas Merkatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhards_Merkators" title="Gerhards Merkators – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gerhards Merkators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mercator" title="Gérard Mercator – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gérard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Герард Меркатор – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Герард Меркатор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="जेरार्डस मर्केटर – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेरार्डस मर्केटर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Mercator" title="Gerard Mercator – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gerard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Mercator" title="Gerhard Mercator – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gerhard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Merkator" title="Gerard Merkator – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gerard Merkator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Mercator" title="Gerardo Mercator – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerardo Mercator" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Меркатор, Герард – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меркатор, Герард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Mercator" title="Gerhard Mercator – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gerhard Mercator" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Герхард Меркатор – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Герхард Меркатор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரார்துசு மெர்காதோர் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரார்துசு மெர்காதோர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Герард Меркатор – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герард Меркатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gerardus Mercator" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98" title="杰拉杜斯·麦卡托 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="杰拉杜斯·麦卡托" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A2%A8%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98" title="格拉杜斯·墨卡托 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格拉杜斯·墨卡托" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6353#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%25AB%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%25BC%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6353" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><table class="infobox_v2 infobox plainlist" cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" class="entete humain" style="line-height:1.5em; background-color:#C0C0C0;color:#000000">ګراردوس مرکاټور </th></tr> <tr><th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> </th> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Mercator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ګراردوس مرکاټور"><img alt="ګراردوس مرکاټور" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mercator.jpg/239px-Mercator.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mercator.jpg/358px-Mercator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mercator.jpg/478px-Mercator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px;background-color: #E1E1E1;color:#E1E1E1;" /> </td></tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> د شخص مالومات </th></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">زېږون نوم </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">پيدايښت </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">مړینه </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">تابعیت </th><td style=""><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_(Nimbierter_Adler).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg/20px-Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg/30px-Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg/40px-Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="سپېڅلي روم سترواکي">سپېڅلې روم امپراتوري</a> <sup id="cite_ref-1275234f8fa288ef62036805603a3e3fa6271ffd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1275234f8fa288ef62036805603a3e3fa6271ffd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6353#P27" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P27) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P27) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> عملي ژوند </th> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">ڈاکٹری شاگرد </th><td style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%89%D9%8A" title="جان ډي">جان ډي</a>   <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6353#P185" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P185) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P185) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">نامتو زده کونکي </th><td style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%89%D9%8A" title="جان ډي">جان ډي</a>   <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6353#P802" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P802) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P802) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">کار/مسلک </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">کاروونکي ژبه </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">د کړنې څانګه </th><td style=""><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ځمکپوهنه">ځمکپوهنه</a> <sup id="cite_ref-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>،  <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="نقشه جوړونه">نقشه جوړونه</a> <sup id="cite_ref-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>،  <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="شمېرپوهنه">شمېرپوهنه</a> <sup id="cite_ref-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>،  <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="دينپوهنه">دينپوهنه</a> <sup id="cite_ref-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>،  <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه">فلسفه</a> <sup id="cite_ref-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6353#P101" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P101) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P101) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> لاسليک </th> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Signature_of_Gerardus_Mercator_(1512%E2%80%931594).png" class="mw-file-description" title="ګراردوس مرکاټور"><img alt="ګراردوس مرکاټور" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Signature_of_Gerardus_Mercator_%281512%E2%80%931594%29.png/120px-Signature_of_Gerardus_Mercator_%281512%E2%80%931594%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Signature_of_Gerardus_Mercator_%281512%E2%80%931594%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="23" /></a></span></div> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px;background-color: #E1E1E1;color:#E1E1E1;" /> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/16px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/24px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/32px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span>  <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6353#P935" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P935) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P935) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #E1E1E1 dotted; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: left;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:right;"><a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&section=0"><span style="color:#555;">سمول</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5" title="کينډۍ لاسوند وګورئ"><img alt="کينډۍ لاسوند وګورئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table><p>ګراردوس مرکاټور (زوکړه: د ۱۵۱۲ زکال د مارچ ۵ مه – مړینه: د ۱۵۹۴ زکال د ډسمبر ۲مه ) فلانډر کونټي ته اړوند د ۱۶مې پېړۍ جغرافیه پوه، ستور پېژندونکی او نقشه اخیستونکی و. نوموړی په ۱۵۶۹ زکال کې د نوې طرحې له مخې د نړۍ د نقشې جوړولو له امله شهرت لري چې په هغو کې یې د سمندري تګ راتګ مسیرونه د ثابتو کرښو (rhumb lines، یا هغو کرښو پر مټ چې ټول نصف النهارونه د مساوي مورب زاویې له مخې قطع کوي) پر بنسټ رامنځته کړل – هغه نوښت چې اوس هم په سمندري نقشو کې ترې کار اخیستل کېږي. </p><p>مرکاټور د کارتوګرافي یا نقشې جوړونې په تاریخ کې له پام وړ اغېزمنو مخکښانو څخه و. نوموړی د جیما فریسیوس او ابراهام اورتلیوس په خوا کې د نقشې جوړونې او جغرافیا د هالنډي مکتب د بنسټ اېښودونکو څخه ګڼل کېږي. نوموړی همدارنګه د دغه مکتب تر ټولو مخکښ بنسټګر ګڼل کېږي. هغه په خپل وخت کې د ځمکې د کرې او نورو علمي وسایلو پام وړ جوړونکی و. له دې سربېره نوموړي له الهیاتو، فلسفې، تاریخ، ریاضي او د ځمکې د مقناطیسي میدان له بحث سره لیوالتیا لرله. همدارنګه نوموړی یو تکړه خطاط او حکاک و. نوموړي د خپلې دورې د نورو پوهانو پر خلاف ډېر لږ سفر کاوه او جغرافیايي پوهه یې له خپل کتابتون څخه چې زرګونه کتابونه او نقشې یې لرلې، ورته د راتلونکو میلمنو او له نورو پوهانو، چارواکو، مسافرینو، سوداګرو او سمندر مزلو سره په پراخه کچه (په شپږو ژبو) د لیکونو له تبادلې ترلاسه کړې وه. د مرکاټور لومړنۍ نقشې په لویو چوکاټونو کې په دیوالونو باندې د نصب کولو لپاره مناسبې وې، خو د خپل ژوند په دویمه نیمايي کې یې له ۱۰۰ څخه زیاتې نوې منطقوي نقشې په کوچنیو قالبونو کې تولید کړې چې د هغه په اطلس کې د صحافۍ لپاره مناسبې وې؛ هغه چې ۱۵۹۵ زکال کې یې جوړ کړ. دا لومړی ځل و چې د نړیوال اطلس کلمې د نقشو یوه کتاب ته نغوته کوله. له دې سره مرکاټور د نړۍ د خلقت، تاریخ او توصیف اړوند د کاسمولوژي په نامه رسالې لپاره خپل اطلس د نیولوژېسم په نامه یاد کړ نه دا چې هغه دې د نقشو یوه ساده ټولګه وبولي. نوموړي دغه کلمه د تیتان (د مورتانیا د پاچا) د اطلس د یادونې په موخه وکاروله چې ده هغه د جغرافیې لومړنی لوی عالم باله. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krogt2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>مرکاټور خپل ډېری عواید د ځمکې او کایناتو څخه د جوړو کړو کرو څخه ترلاسه کړل. د شپېتو کلونو لپاره د هغه له خوا جوړې شوې کرې د نړۍ تر ټولو غوره نمونې ګڼل کېدې او تر دې کچې په پلور ورسېدې چې لا یې هم ګڼ شمېر نمونې پاتې دي. نوموړي همدارنګه د خپلو نور علمي وسیلو په ځانګړې توګه د اسطرلابونو او نجومي کړیو د جوړولو له امله شهرت درلود چې د ستور پوهنې د هندسې او فال لیدنې په برخه کې ترې ګټنه کېدله. </p><p>مرکاټور د جغرافیې، فلسفې، وقایع لیکنې او الهیاتو په برخو کې لیکنې وکړې. د هغه ټولې دیوالي نقشې د پریمانه متن په لرلو سره په ځانګړو ځایونو کې نصب شوې وې. د بېلګې په توګه هغه ته اړوند د ۱۵۶۹ زکال د نړۍ نقشه د ۵ زرو څخه زیاتو کلمو په لرلو سره په ۱۵ افسانو (fifteen legends) کې حک شوې ده. د ۱۵۹۵ زکال اطلس یې په شاوخوا ۱۲۰ پاڼو کې نقشې لرلې او همدارنګه یې د نقاشي شوو عناوینو پاڼې هم لرلې، خو ګڼ شمېر نورو پاڼو یې بیا د نړۍ خلقت او د ټولو هېوادونو توصیف انځور کړی و. د نوموړي د کرونولوژۍ نوملړ شاوخوا ۴۰۰ پاڼې لرلې او د (خلقت له مهاله یې) ځمکنۍ لړۍ، پام وړ سیاسي او پوځي پېښې، اتشفشانونه، زلزلې او کسوفونه په کې په تاریخي بڼه مشخص کړي و. نوموړي همدارنګه د انجیلونو او د زاړه تړون اړوند هم لیکنې کړې دي. </p><p>مرکاټور یو کلک عیسوي و او هغه مهال چې د مارتین لوتر پروتستانېزم مخ پر ودې و په یوه کاتولیک کورنۍ کې وزېږېد. هغه هېڅکله ځان لوتري وه نه ګڼه خو په ښکاره ډول یې د هغو ملاتړ کاوه او کاتولیک چارواکي یې په بدعت تورن کول؛ له شپږ میاشتني بند وروسته هغه جوړ خوشی شو. د ځورونې دغه دوره تر ټولو مهم عامل وګرځېد څو له کاتولیک لوون (لووین) څخه د روم په سپېڅلې سترواکۍ کې د دویسبورګ ارامه ښار ته کډه وکړي چېرې چې نوموړي د خپل ژوند وروستي ۳۰ کلونه تېر کړل. والټر ګیم چې د مرکاټور ملګری او د هغه لومړنی ژوند لیک لیکونکی دی هغه یې په چلن کې ځیرک او د وګړو ترمنځ یې شوخ او خوشاله طبیعت لرونکی کس توصیف کړی چې له نورو پوهانو سره به په مناظره کې تر هر وخت ډېر خوشاله و. نوموړی تر خپلې مړینې پورې د خپلې دورې د نورو ټولو پوهانو په پرتله پرهېزګاره او د ډېرې مطالعې ترسره کوونکی و. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ژوند"><span id=".DA.98.D9.88.D9.86.D8.AF"></span>ژوند</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: ژوند"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="لومړني_کلونه"><span id=".D9.84.D9.88.D9.85.DA.93.D9.86.D9.8A_.DA.A9.D9.84.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>لومړني کلونه</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: لومړني کلونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ګراردوس مرکاټور د ګېرت یا ګرارد (ډي) کرمر (یا کرېمر) په نامه وزېږېد؛ نومړی د هوبرت ډي کرمر او د هغه د مېرمنې ایمرانس اووم ماشوم و چې د روپلمونډ په نامه د فلانډر په کوچني کلي وزېږېد؛ دغه کلې د آنتورپ ښار سویل لویدیځ ته موقعیت لري چې ټول د هالنډ په هابسبورګ قلمرو کې شامل کېدل. د هغه مور او پلار د روم د سپېڅلې سترواکۍ له دوک نشینه سیمې یولیخ (اوسني جرمني) څخه دلته راغلي و. د نوموړي د زیږون پر مهال دوی د هوبرت د ورور (یا د مرکاټور د تره) ګیزبرت ډي کرمر لیدنې ته تللي و. هوبرت بې وزله صنعتګر او بوټ ګنډونکی و، خو ګیزبرت بیا کشیش و او په ټولنه کې یې ځانګړی ځای درلود. په روپلمونډ کې د هغوی استوګنه لنډ مهاله وه او د شپږو میاشتو په ترڅ کې بېرته ګنګلت ته راوګرځېدل چې مرکاټور د خپل ماشومتوب لومړي شپږ کلونه همدلته تېر کړل. په ۱۵۱۸ زکال کې د کرمر کورنۍ په ډېر احتمال سره د شرایطو د خرابوالي – قحطۍ، طاعون او بې قانونۍ له امله له ګنګلت څخه روپلمونډ ته راوګرځېدل. مرکاټور د اووه کلنۍ په عمر د روپلمونډ په سیمه ئیز ښوونځي کې شامل شو او هلته یې لیکنه او لوستنه، حساب او لاتین زده کړل. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane200314Chapter_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane200314Chapter_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane200310–13Chapter_1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane200310–13Chapter_1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="په_سرتوخن_بوخس_کې_ښوونځی(۱۵۲۶-_۱۵۳۰_زکال)"><span id=".D9.BE.D9.87_.D8.B3.D8.B1.D8.AA.D9.88.D8.AE.D9.86_.D8.A8.D9.88.D8.AE.D8.B3_.DA.A9.DB.90_.DA.9A.D9.88.D9.88.D9.86.DA.81.DB.8C.28.DB.B1.DB.B5.DB.B2.DB.B6-_.DB.B1.DB.B5.DB.B3.DB.B0_.D8.B2.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.84.29"></span>په سرتوخن بوخس کې ښوونځی(۱۵۲۶- ۱۵۳۰ زکال)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: په سرتوخن بوخس کې ښوونځی(۱۵۲۶- ۱۵۳۰ زکال)"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په ۱۵۲۶ زکال کې د هوبرت له مړینې وروسته، ګیزبرت د مرکاټور پالونکی شو. هغه په دې تمه چې مرکاټور به وکولای شي د هغه پر قدم قدم کېږدي او کشیش شي؛ همدا و چې ۱۵ کلن مرکاټور یې د باربانټ دوک نشینه سیمې په سرتوخن بوخس کې د مشترک ژوند د وررولۍ ټولنې ته اړوند مشهور ښوونځي ته ولېږه. دغه ټولنه او اړوند ښوونځی یې د کاریزماتیک مخکښ ګېرت ګروټ له خوا تاسیس شوی و چې ډېر ټینګار یې هم د مقدس کتاب پر مطالعه درلود او ورته مهال یې له هغو کلیسايي عقایدو سره مخالفت ښود چې د مارتین لوتر د نوو «بدعتونو» دواړه اړخونه یې مطرح کول؛ هغه چې یوازې څو کلونه وړاندې په ۱۵۱۷ زکال کې رامنځته شوي و. مرکاټور د خپل ژوند په وروستیو کې له مشابه قوانینو ملاتړ وکړ چې هغه ته یې جنجال پارونکې پایلې له ځانه سره لرلې. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_لووېن_پوهنتون_۱۵۳۰-_۱۵۳۲_زکال"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.84.D9.88.D9.88.DB.90.D9.86_.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.86_.DB.B1.DB.B5.DB.B3.DB.B0-_.DB.B1.DB.B5.DB.B3.DB.B2_.D8.B2.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.84"></span>د لووېن پوهنتون ۱۵۳۰- ۱۵۳۲ زکال</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: د لووېن پوهنتون ۱۵۳۰- ۱۵۳۲ زکال"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>له هغه مشهور ښوونځي څخه مرکاټور د لووېن مشهور په پوهنتون ته ولاړ چېرې چې د نوموړي بشپړ لاتین نوم د ۱۵۳۰ زکال په تحصیلي سوابقو کې راغلی دی. نوموړي د کسل کالج په نامه روزنیز کالج کې ژوند کاوه او له دې سره چې بې وزلې طبقې ته اړوند ګڼل کېده له بډایه زده کوونکو سره چې په کې اناتومېست اندریاس وسالیوس، سیاستوال انتوان پرنوت او الهیات پوه جورج کاسندر شامل و، ملګری شو چې هغوی د مرکاټور په شهرت کې ونډه لرله او د هغه دایمي ملګري وګرځېدل. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane2003Chapter_4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane2003Chapter_4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په دغه پوهنتون کې تر ټولو لوړه علمي درجه (دوکتورا/مجسټر/لارښود) د فلسفې، الهیاتو او یونان په برخو کې ښوونیزې محافظه کارې فلسفې ته اړوند وه چې ارسطو له نورو ټولو په کې اصلي ځایګی درلود. له دې سره چې دغه لږ اهمیت لرونکی درسي نصاب دغه مهال د څلورګونو علومو (حساب، هندسې، ستور پوهنې او موسیقي) پر مټ پیاوړی شوی و خو بیا هم د الهیاتو او فلسفې سره په مقایسې هغې ته لږ پام کېده او په دې سره مرکاټور مجبور و چې په راتلونکو کلونو کې لومړیو دریو موضوعاتو ته زیات پام وکړي. مرکاټور په ۱۵۳۲ زکال کې د مجسټر یا دوکتورا سند ترلاسه کړ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0a9401c0a0f1897277953e6220e287a0d20c3445-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-0a9401c0a0f1897277953e6220e287a0d20c3445_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">subject named as: marinero — د نشر نېټه: ۲۲ اگسټ ۲۰۱۷ — پیدا کوونکی: John O'Connor او Edmund Robertson </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">پیوستون : 118580973  — د نشر نېټه: ۹ اپرېل ۲۰۱۴ — منښتلیک: Creative Commons CC0 License </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c2244df47f13f8e12ecab52a5dca809ece94a859-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-c2244df47f13f8e12ecab52a5dca809ece94a859_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Gerardus_Mercator.aspx">http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Gerardus_Mercator.aspx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1275234f8fa288ef62036805603a3e3fa6271ffd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1275234f8fa288ef62036805603a3e3fa6271ffd_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/belgium/befamous2.htm">http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/belgium/befamous2.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-c28d17508a73fc52c49fdddcce3e54ab28d9b945_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NL CR AUT ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20000073682">https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20000073682</a> — د نشر نېټه: ۷ نومبر ۲۰۲۲</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Monmonier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Monmonier (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Monmonier, Mark</a>: <i>Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercator_Projection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercator Projection (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Mercator Projection</a></i>. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krogt2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Krogt2015_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Krogt, Peter (2015), 'Chapter 6: Gerhard Mercator and his Cosmography: How the 'Atlas' became an Atlas,'; in: Gerhard Holzer, et al. (eds.), <i>A World of Innovation: Cartography in the Time of Gerhard Mercator</i>. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015), pp. 112–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane200314Chapter_2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane200314Chapter_2_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrane2003">Crane 2003</a>، مم. 14، Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane200310–13Chapter_1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane200310–13Chapter_1_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrane2003">Crane 2003</a>، مم. 10–13، Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane2003Chapter_4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane2003Chapter_4_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrane2003">Crane 2003</a>، Chapter 4.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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