CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Adrenergic receptor - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ac01d596-fb08-4d14-8305-0b917f5fc680","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Adrenergic_receptor","wgTitle":"Adrenergic receptor","wgCurRevisionId":1239109254,"wgRevisionId":1239109254,"wgArticleId":241017,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Adrenergic receptors","G protein-coupled receptors"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Adrenergic_receptor","wgRelevantArticleId":241017,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q410568","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif/lossy-page1-1200px-100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1306"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif/lossy-page1-800px-100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="871"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif/lossy-page1-640px-100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="697"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Adrenergic receptor - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Adrenergic_receptor rootpage-Adrenergic_receptor skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adrenergic+receptor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adrenergic+receptor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adrenergic+receptor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adrenergic+receptor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roles_in_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_in_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Roles in circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_in_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-α_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#α_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>α receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-α_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-α1_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#α1_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>α<sub>1</sub> receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-α1_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-α2_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#α2_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>α<sub>2</sub> receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-α2_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>β receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-β1_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β1_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>β<sub>1</sub> receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β1_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β2_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β2_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>β<sub>2</sub> receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β2_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β3_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β3_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>β<sub>3</sub> receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β3_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adrenergic receptor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مستقبل أدريناليني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقبل أدريناليني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Адрэнарэцэптары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адрэнарэцэптары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergn%C3%AD_receptor" title="Adrenergní receptor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adrenergní receptor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenozeptoren" title="Adrenozeptoren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adrenozeptoren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergilised_retseptorid" title="Adrenergilised retseptorid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adrenergilised retseptorid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αδρενεργικός υποδοχέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδρενεργικός υποδοχέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_adren%C3%A9rgico" title="Receptor adrenérgico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor adrenérgico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergia_receptoro" title="Adrenergia receptoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adrenergia receptoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="گیرنده آدرنرژیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیرنده آدرنرژیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_adr%C3%A9nergique" title="Récepteur adrénergique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récepteur adrénergique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EB%82%A0%EB%A6%B0_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="아드레날린 수용체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아드레날린 수용체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettore_adrenergico" title="Recettore adrenergico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recettore adrenergico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קולטנים אדרנרגיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולטנים אדרנרגיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptorium_adrenergicum" title="Receptorium adrenergicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Receptorium adrenergicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Адренергичен рецептор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адренергичен рецептор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="アドレナリン受容体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドレナリン受容体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptory_adrenergiczne" title="Receptory adrenergiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Receptory adrenergiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptores_adren%C3%A9rgicos" title="Receptores adrenérgicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Receptores adrenérgicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Адренорецепторы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адренорецепторы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergi%C4%8Dki_receptor" title="Adrenergički receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Adrenergički receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergi%C4%8Dki_receptor" title="Adrenergički receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adrenergički receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergiset_reseptorit" title="Adrenergiset reseptorit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adrenergiset reseptorit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenerga_receptorer" title="Adrenerga receptorer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adrenerga receptorer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenerjik_resept%C3%B6r" title="Adrenerjik reseptör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adrenerjik reseptör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93" title="肾上腺素受体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肾上腺素受体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q410568#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Adrenergic_receptor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Adrenergic_receptor" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Adrenergic_receptor" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&oldid=1239109254" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Adrenergic_receptor&id=1239109254&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdrenergic_receptor"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdrenergic_receptor"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Adrenergic_receptor&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adrenergic_receptors" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q410568" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of G protein-coupled receptors</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif/lossy-page1-250px-100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif/lossy-page1-375px-100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif/lossy-page1-500px-100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>β<sub>2</sub> adrenoceptor (<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2rh1">2rh1</a></span>) shown binding <a href="/wiki/Carazolol" title="Carazolol">carazolol</a> (yellow) on its <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> site. β<sub>2</sub> stimulates cells to increase energy production and utilization. The membrane the receptor is bound to in cells is shown with a gray stripe.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>adrenergic receptors</b> or <b>adrenoceptors</b> are a class of <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a> that are targets of many <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a> like <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> (noradrenaline) and <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">beta-2 (β<sub>2</sub>) agonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">alpha-2 (α<sub>2</sub>) agonists</a>, which are used to treat <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, for example. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">cells</a> have these receptors, and the binding of a catecholamine to the receptor will generally stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> (SNS). The SNS is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight response</a>, which is triggered by experiences such as <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>-causing situations. This response <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">dilates pupils</a>, increases heart rate, mobilizes energy, and diverts blood flow from non-essential organs to <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>. These effects together tend to increase physical performance momentarily. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_catecholamine_research" title="History of catecholamine research">History of catecholamine research</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrenalin_-_Adrenaline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Adrenalin_-_Adrenaline.svg/150px-Adrenalin_-_Adrenaline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Adrenalin_-_Adrenaline.svg/225px-Adrenalin_-_Adrenaline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Adrenalin_-_Adrenaline.svg/300px-Adrenalin_-_Adrenaline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noradrenalin_-_Noradrenaline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noradrenalin_-_Noradrenaline.svg/130px-Noradrenalin_-_Noradrenaline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noradrenalin_-_Noradrenaline.svg/195px-Noradrenalin_-_Noradrenaline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noradrenalin_-_Noradrenaline.svg/260px-Noradrenalin_-_Noradrenaline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="137" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>By the turn of the 19th century, it was agreed that the stimulation of sympathetic nerves could cause different effects on body tissues, depending on the conditions of stimulation (such as the presence or absence of some toxin). Over the first half of the 20th century, two main proposals were made to explain this phenomenon: </p> <ol><li>There were (at least) two different types of neurotransmitters released from sympathetic nerve terminals, or</li> <li>There were (at least) two different types of detector mechanisms for a single neurotransmitter.</li></ol> <p>The first hypothesis was championed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rosenblueth" title="Arturo Rosenblueth">Arturo Rosenblueth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who interpreted many experiments to then propose that there were two neurotransmitter substances, which they called sympathin E (for 'excitation') and sympathin I (for 'inhibition'). </p><p>The second hypothesis found support from 1906 to 1913, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> explored the effects of adrenaline (which he called adrenine at the time), injected into animals, on blood pressure. Usually, adrenaline would increase the blood pressure of these animals. Although, if the animal had been exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot">ergotoxine</a>, the blood pressure decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed that the ergotoxine caused "selective paralysis of motor myoneural junctions" (i.e. those tending to increase the blood pressure) hence revealing that under normal conditions that there was a "mixed response", including a mechanism that would relax smooth muscle and cause a fall in blood pressure. This "mixed response", with the same compound causing either contraction or relaxation, was conceived of as the response of different types of junctions to the same compound. </p><p>This line of experiments were developed by several groups, including DT Marsh and colleagues,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in February 1948 showed that a series of compounds structurally related to adrenaline could also show either contracting or relaxing effects, depending on whether or not other toxins were present. This again supported the argument that the muscles had two different mechanisms by which they could respond to the same compound. In June of that year, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ahlquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Ahlquist">Raymond Ahlquist</a>, Professor of Pharmacology at Medical College of Georgia, published a paper concerning adrenergic nervous transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, he explicitly named the different responses as due to what he called α receptors and β receptors, and that the only sympathetic transmitter was adrenaline. While the latter conclusion was subsequently shown to be incorrect (it is now known to be noradrenaline), his receptor nomenclature and concept of <i>two different types of detector mechanisms for a single neurotransmitter</i>, remains. In 1954, he was able to incorporate his findings in a textbook, <i>Drill's Pharmacology in Medicine</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thereby promulgate the role played by α and β receptor sites in the adrenaline/noradrenaline cellular mechanism. These concepts would revolutionise advances in pharmacotherapeutic research, allowing the selective design of specific molecules to target medical ailments rather than rely upon traditional research into the efficacy of pre-existing herbal medicines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrenoreceptor_Signal_Transduction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Adrenoreceptor_Signal_Transduction.png/400px-Adrenoreceptor_Signal_Transduction.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Adrenoreceptor_Signal_Transduction.png 1.5x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are <a href="/wiki/Receptor_ligands" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor ligands">receptor ligands</a> to either <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a> or β-adrenoreceptors. The <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a> couples to <a href="/wiki/Gq_alpha_subunit" title="Gq alpha subunit">G<sub>q</sub></a>, which results in increased intracellular <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> contraction. The <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a>, on the other hand, couples to <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub></a>, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well as a decrease of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic amp">cAMP</a> activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction. The β receptor couples to <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a> and increases intracellular <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic amp">cAMP</a> activity, resulting in e.g. <a href="/wiki/Heart_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart muscle">heart muscle</a> contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are <a href="/wiki/Receptor_ligands" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor ligands">receptor ligands</a> to either <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a> or β-adrenoreceptors. The <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a> couples to <a href="/wiki/Gq_alpha_subunit" title="Gq alpha subunit">G<sub>q</sub></a>, which results in increased intracellular <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> contraction. The <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a>, on the other hand, couples to <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub></a>, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well as a decrease of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic amp">cAMP</a> activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction. The β receptor couples to <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a> and increases intracellular <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic amp">cAMP</a> activity, resulting in e.g. <a href="/wiki/Heart_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart muscle">heart muscle</a> contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a>. There are two main groups of adrenoreceptors, α and β, with 9 subtypes in total: </p> <ul><li>α receptors are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a> (a <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G<sub>q</sub></a> coupled receptor) and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a> (a G<sub>i</sub> coupled receptor)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>α<sub>1</sub> has 3 subtypes: α<sub>1A</sub>, α<sub>1B</sub> and α<sub>1D</sub><sup id="cite_ref-d_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>α<sub>2</sub> has 3 subtypes: α<sub>2A</sub>, α<sub>2B</sub> and α<sub>2C</sub></li></ul></li> <li>β receptors are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>2</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>3</sub></a>. All 3 are coupled to <a href="/wiki/Gs_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Gs protein">G<sub>s</sub> proteins</a>, but β<sub>2</sub> and β<sub>3</sub> also couple to G<sub>i</sub><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>G<sub>i</sub> and G<sub>s</sub> are linked to <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a> binding thus causes a rise in the intracellular concentration of the second messenger (G<sub>i</sub> inhibits the production of cAMP) <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_AMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic AMP">cAMP</a>. Downstream effectors of cAMP include <a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_protein_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMP-dependent protein kinase">cAMP-dependent protein kinase</a> (PKA), which mediates some of the intracellular events following hormone binding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles_in_circulation">Roles in circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles in circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epinephrine (adrenaline) reacts with both α- and β-adrenoreceptors, causing vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively. Although α receptors are less sensitive to epinephrine, when activated at pharmacologic doses, they override the vasodilation mediated by β-adrenoreceptors because there are more peripheral α<sub>1</sub> receptors than β-adrenoreceptors. The result is that high levels of circulating epinephrine cause vasoconstriction. However, the opposite is true in the coronary arteries, where β<sub>2</sub> response is greater than that of α<sub>1</sub>, resulting in overall dilation with increased sympathetic stimulation. At lower levels of circulating epinephrine (physiologic epinephrine secretion), β-adrenoreceptor stimulation dominates since epinephrine has a higher affinity for the β<sub>2</sub> adrenoreceptor than the α<sub>1</sub> adrenoreceptor, producing vasodilation followed by decrease of peripheral vascular resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smooth muscle behavior is variable depending on anatomical location. Smooth muscle contraction/relaxation is generalized below. One important note is the differential effects of increased cAMP in smooth muscle compared to cardiac muscle. Increased cAMP will promote relaxation in smooth muscle, while promoting increased contractility and pulse rate in cardiac muscle. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 125px;">Receptor </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 125px;">Agonist potency order </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 125px;">Agonist action </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 125px;"><a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">Mechanism</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 125px;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Agonists</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 125px;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_antagonist" title="Adrenergic antagonist">Antagonists</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a><sup id="cite_ref-d_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a> > <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> >> <a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">isoprenaline</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">Smooth muscle</a> contraction, <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">mydriasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> in the skin, mucosa and abdominal <a href="/wiki/Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">viscera</a> & sphincter contraction of the <a href="/wiki/GI_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="GI tract">GI tract</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gq_alpha_subunit" title="Gq alpha subunit">G<sub>q</sub></a>: <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">phospholipase C</a> (PLC) activated, <a href="/wiki/Inositol_trisphosphate" title="Inositol trisphosphate">IP<sub>3</sub></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">DAG</a>, rise in <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <p><i>(<a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist#.CE.B11_agonists" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">Alpha-1 agonists</a>)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noradrenaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenaline">Noradrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midodrine" title="Midodrine">Midodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethylclonidine" title="Chloroethylclonidine">Chloroethylclonidine</a></li> <li>Adrenoswitches (<a href="/wiki/Photopharmacology" title="Photopharmacology">photoswitchable</a> agonists)<sup id="cite_ref-PrischichGomila2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrischichGomila2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">Alpha-1 blockers</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">Acepromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfuzosin" title="Alfuzosin">Alfuzosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">Tamsulosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li></ul> <p><i>(<a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">TCAs</a>)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li> <li>Typical and atypical antipsychotics</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine H1 antagonist">Antihistamines</a> (H1 antagonists)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a> = <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> >> <a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">isoprenaline</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">Smooth muscle</a> mixed effects, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) inhibition, <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> activation </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub></a>: <a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">adenylate cyclase</a> inactivated, <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> down<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <p><i>(<a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist#.CE.B12_agonists" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">Alpha-2 agonists</a>)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agmatine" title="Agmatine">Agmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethylclonidine" title="Chloroethylclonidine">Chloroethylclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li></ul> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_blocker" title="Alpha-2 blocker">Alpha-2 blockers</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li>Typical and atypical <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>1</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a> > <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> > <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Positive <a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">chronotropic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dromotropic" title="Dromotropic">dromotropic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inotropic">inotropic</a> effects, increased <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a> secretion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a>: <a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">adenylate cyclase</a> activated, <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> up<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Beta-1_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-1 agonist">β<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic agonist</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noradrenaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenaline">Noradrenaline</a></li></ul> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a> > <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> > <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">Smooth muscle</a> relaxation (<a href="/wiki/Bronchodilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchodilation">bronchodilation</a> for example) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a>: <a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">adenylate cyclase</a> activated, <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> up (also <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub></a>, see <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Beta2-adrenergic_receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist">β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a> (Albuterol in USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitolterol_mesylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitolterol mesylate">Bitolterol mesylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">Formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levalbuterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Levalbuterol">Levalbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaproterenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaproterenol">Metaproterenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritodrine" title="Ritodrine">Ritodrine</a></li></ul> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butoxamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Butoxamine">Butoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-118,551" title="ICI-118,551">ICI-118,551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a> > <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> = <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Enhance <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>, promotes relaxation of <a href="/wiki/Detrusor_muscle" title="Detrusor muscle">detrusor muscle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a>: <a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">adenylate cyclase</a> activated, <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> up (also <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub></a>, see <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-3_agonist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-3 agonist (page does not exist)">β<sub>3</sub>-adrenergic agonist</a>)</i> <ul><li>L-796568<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8569714_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8569714-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amibegron" title="Amibegron">Amibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solabegron" title="Solabegron">Solabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabegron" title="Mirabegron">Mirabegron</a></li></ul> </td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SR_59230A" title="SR 59230A">SR 59230A</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="α_receptors"><span id=".CE.B1_receptors"></span>α receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: α receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>α receptors have actions in common, but also individual effects. Common (or still receptor unspecified) actions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9280371_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9280371-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>decreased flow of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2889649_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2889649-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Subtype unspecific α agonists (see actions above) can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a> (they decrease <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> secretion). Subtype unspecific α antagonists can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">pheochromocytoma</a> (they decrease <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> caused by norepinephrine).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="α1_receptor"><span id=".CE.B11_receptor"></span>α<sub>1</sub> receptor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: α1 receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor</a></div> <p>α<sub>1</sub>-adrenoreceptors are members of the G<sub>q</sub> protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Upon activation, a <a href="/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein" title="Heterotrimeric G protein">heterotrimeric G protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gq_alpha_subunit" title="Gq alpha subunit">G<sub>q</sub></a>, activates <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">phospholipase C</a> (PLC). The PLC cleaves <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate</a> (PIP<sub>2</sub>), which in turn causes an increase in <a href="/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol triphosphate">inositol triphosphate</a> (IP<sub>3</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Diacylglycerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacylglycerol">diacylglycerol</a> (DAG). The former interacts with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium channels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">sarcoplasmic reticulum</a>, thus changing the calcium content in a cell. This triggers all other effects, including a prominent slow after depolarizing current (sADP) in neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actions of the α<sub>1</sub> receptor mainly involve <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> contraction. It causes <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vessels">blood vessels</a>, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">gastrointestinal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renal_artery" title="Renal artery">renal artery</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6270306_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6270306-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other areas of smooth muscle contraction are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">arrector pili muscles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> (when pregnant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Urethral sphincter">urethral sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urothelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelium">urothelium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moro_et_al._2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moro_et_al._2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchioles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchioles">bronchioles</a> (although minor relative to the relaxing effect of β<sub>2</sub> receptor on bronchioles)</li> <li>blood vessels of ciliary body and (stimulation of dilator pupillae muscles of iris causes <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">mydriasis</a>)</li></ul> <p>Actions also include <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>; secretion from <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na<sup>+</sup></a> reabsorption from <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-purves_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%CE%911_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Α1 antagonist">α<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a> can be used to treat:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> – decrease blood pressure by decreasing peripheral <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostate_hyperplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign prostate hyperplasia">benign prostate hyperplasia</a> – relax <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscles">smooth muscles</a> within the prostate thus easing urination</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="α2_receptor"><span id=".CE.B12_receptor"></span>α<sub>2</sub> receptor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: α2 receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor</a></div> <p>The α<sub>2</sub> receptor couples to the G<sub>i/o</sub> protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18434433_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18434433-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a presynaptic receptor, causing <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> on, for example, norepinephrine (NE). When NE is released into the synapse, it feeds back on the α<sub>2</sub> receptor, causing less NE release from the presynaptic neuron. This decreases the effect of NE. There are also α<sub>2</sub> receptors on the nerve terminal membrane of the post-synaptic adrenergic neuron. </p><p>Actions of the α<sub>2</sub> receptor include: </p> <ul><li>decreased <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> release from the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a><sup id="cite_ref-purves_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>increased <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> release from the pancreas</li> <li>contraction of <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">GI-tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> in the neuronal synapses - presynaptic inhibition of norepinephrine release in <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a></li> <li>increased <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> aggregation</li> <li>decreases peripheral vascular resistance</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%CE%912_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Α2 agonist">α<sub>2</sub> agonists</a> (see actions above) can be used to treat:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> – decrease blood pressure-raising actions of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">α<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a> can be used to treat:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a> – relax penile smooth muscles and ease blood flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> – enhance mood by increasing <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> secretion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β_receptors"><span id=".CE.B2_receptors"></span>β receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: β receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subtype unspecific β agonists can be used to treat:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> – increase cardiac output acutely in an emergency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory shock">circulatory shock</a> – increase cardiac output thus redistributing blood volume</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bronchodilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchodilation">bronchodilation</a></li></ul> <p>Subtype unspecific β antagonists (<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>) can be used to treat:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">heart arrhythmia</a> – decrease the output of <a href="/wiki/Sinus_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus node">sinus node</a> thus stabilizing heart function</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> – reduce heart rate and hence increasing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> – prevent sudden death related to this condition,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often caused by <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemias</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmias</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a> – reduce peripheral sympathetic hyper-responsiveness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> – reduce number of attacks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">stage fright</a> – reduce <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> – reduce <a href="/wiki/Intraocular_pressure" title="Intraocular pressure">intraocular pressure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="β1_receptor"><span id=".CE.B21_receptor"></span>β<sub>1</sub> receptor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: β1 receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">Beta-1 adrenergic receptor</a></div> <p>Actions of the β<sub>1</sub> receptor include: </p> <ul><li>increase <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> by increasing heart rate (positive <a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">chronotropic</a> effect), conduction velocity (positive <a href="/wiki/Dromotropic" title="Dromotropic">dromotropic</a> effect), stroke volume (by enhancing contractility – positive <a href="/wiki/Inotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inotropic">inotropic</a> effect), and rate of relaxation of the myocardium, by increasing calcium ion sequestration rate (positive <a href="/wiki/Lusitropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitropic">lusitropic</a> effect), which aids in increasing heart rate</li> <li>increase <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a> secretion from <a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Juxtaglomerular cells">juxtaglomerular cells</a> of the kidney<sup id="cite_ref-KimBriggs2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KimBriggs2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>increase <a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">ghrelin</a> secretion from the stomach<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="β2_receptor"><span id=".CE.B22_receptor"></span>β<sub>2</sub> receptor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: β2 receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">Beta-2 adrenergic receptor</a></div><p>Actions of the β<sub>2</sub> receptor include: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> relaxation throughout many areas of the body, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a> (bronchodilation, see <a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">salbutamol</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-purves_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GI_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="GI tract">GI tract</a> (decreased motility), veins (vasodilation of blood vessels), especially those to skeletal muscle (although this vasodilator effect of norepinephrine is relatively minor and overwhelmed by α adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9399946_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9399946-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17068216_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17068216-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18374884_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18374884-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>uptake of potassium into cells<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>relax non-pregnant <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a></li> <li>relax <a href="/wiki/Detrusor_urinae_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrusor urinae muscle">detrusor urinae muscle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a> wall</li> <li>dilate <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a></li> <li>stimulates <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> secretion<sup id="cite_ref-SantulliLombardi2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantulliLombardi2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>contract <a href="/wiki/Sphincters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphincters">sphincters</a> of <a href="/wiki/GI_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="GI tract">GI tract</a></li> <li>thickened secretions from <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a><sup id="cite_ref-purves_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>inhibit <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>-release from <a href="/wiki/Mast_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cells">mast cells</a></li> <li>involved in brain - immune communication<sup id="cite_ref-Elenkov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elenkov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%CE%922-agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Β2-agonist">β<sub>2</sub> agonists</a> (see actions above) can be used to treat:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a> – reduce bronchial smooth muscle contraction thus dilating the <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a> – increase cellular <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> intake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a> – reduce <a href="/wiki/Uterine" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine">uterine</a> smooth muscle contractions<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="β3_receptor"><span id=".CE.B23_receptor"></span>β<sub>3</sub> receptor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: β3 receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">Beta-3 adrenergic receptor</a></div> <p>Actions of the β<sub>3</sub> receptor include: </p> <ul><li>increase of <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a></li> <li>relax the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a></li></ul> <p>β<sub>3</sub> agonists could theoretically be used as <a href="/wiki/Weight-loss_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight-loss drug">weight-loss drugs</a>, but are limited by the side effect of <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_adrenergic_receptor_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta adrenergic receptor kinase">Beta adrenergic receptor kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_adrenergic_receptor_kinase-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2">Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine receptor</a> (Cholinergic receptor)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-d-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no α<sub>1C</sub> receptor. There was a subtype known as C, but it was found to be identical to one of the previously discovered subtypes. To avoid confusion, naming was continued with the letter D. Before June 1995 α<sub>1A</sub> was named α<sub>1C</sub>. α<sub>1D</sub> was named α<sub>1A</sub>, α<sub>1D</sub> or α<sub>1A/D</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCannonRosenbluth1933" class="citation journal cs1">Cannon WB, Rosenbluth A (31 May 1933). "Studies On Conditions Of Activity In Endocrine Organs XXVI: Sympathin E and Sympathin I". <i>American Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>104</b> (3): 557–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1933.104.3.557">10.1152/ajplegacy.1933.104.3.557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Studies+On+Conditions+Of+Activity+In+Endocrine+Organs+XXVI%3A+Sympathin+E+and+Sympathin+I&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=557-574&rft.date=1933-05-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1933.104.3.557&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=WB&rft.au=Rosenbluth%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1906" class="citation journal cs1">Dale HH (May 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1465771">"On some physiological actions of ergot"</a>. <i>The Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 163–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1906.sp001148">10.1113/jphysiol.1906.sp001148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1465771">1465771</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16992821">16992821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=On+some+physiological+actions+of+ergot&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=163-206&rft.date=1906-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1465771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16992821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1906.sp001148&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=HH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1465771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1913" class="citation journal cs1">Dale HH (Jun 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420444">"On the action of ergotoxine; with special reference to the existence of sympathetic vasodilators"</a>. <i>The Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 291–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1913.sp001592">10.1113/jphysiol.1913.sp001592</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420444">1420444</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16993202">16993202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=On+the+action+of+ergotoxine%3B+with+special+reference+to+the+existence+of+sympathetic+vasodilators&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-300&rft.date=1913-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1420444%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16993202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1913.sp001592&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=HH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1420444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshPelletierRose1948" class="citation journal cs1">Marsh DT, Pelletier MH, Rose CA (Feb 1948). "The comparative pharmacology of the N-alkyl-arterenols". <i>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i>. <b>92</b> (2): 108–20. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18903395">18903395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=The+comparative+pharmacology+of+the+N-alkyl-arterenols&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-20&rft.date=1948-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18903395&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=DT&rft.au=Pelletier%2C+MH&rft.au=Rose%2C+CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlquist1948" class="citation journal cs1">Ahlquist RP (Jun 1948). "A study of the adrenotropic receptors". <i>The American Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>153</b> (3): 586–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1948.153.3.586">10.1152/ajplegacy.1948.153.3.586</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18882199">18882199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1518772">1518772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=A+study+of+the+adrenotropic+receptors&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=586-600&rft.date=1948-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1518772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18882199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1948.153.3.586&rft.aulast=Ahlquist&rft.aufirst=RP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrill1954" class="citation book cs1">Drill VA (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pharmacologyinme00dril"><i>Pharmacology in medicine: a collaborative textbook</i></a></span>. New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+in+medicine%3A+a+collaborative+textbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Drill&rft.aufirst=Victor+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpharmacologyinme00dril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2006" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Dianne M. (2006). <i>The adrenergic receptors in the 21st century</i>. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press. pp. 54, 129–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588294234" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588294234"><bdi>978-1588294234</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005008529">2005008529</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58729119">58729119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+adrenergic+receptors+in+the+21st+century&rft.place=Totowa%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=54%2C+129-134&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58729119&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005008529&rft.isbn=978-1588294234&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Dianne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwietenA1986" class="citation journal cs1">Zwieten, Van; A, P. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005344-198608004-00004">"Interaction Between α and β-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Cardiovascular Effects"</a>. <i>Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology</i>. <b>8</b>: S21-8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005344-198608004-00004">10.1097/00005344-198608004-00004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-2446">0160-2446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2427848">2427848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cardiovascular+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Interaction+Between+%CE%B1+and+%CE%B2-Adrenoceptor-Mediated+Cardiovascular+Effects&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=S21-8&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0160-2446&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2427848&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005344-198608004-00004&rft.aulast=Zwieten&rft.aufirst=Van&rft.au=A%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00005344-198608004-00004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangRitterFlowerHenderson2016" class="citation book cs1">Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2016). <i>Rang and Dale's pharmacology</i> (8th ed.). United Kingdom: Elsevier. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702053627" title="Special:BookSources/9780702053627"><bdi>9780702053627</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903083639">903083639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rang+and+Dale%27s+pharmacology&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903083639&rft.isbn=9780702053627&rft.aulast=Rang&rft.aufirst=HP&rft.au=Ritter%2C+JM&rft.au=Flower%2C+RJ&rft.au=Henderson%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrischichGomila2020-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrischichGomila2020_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrischichGomilaMilla-NavarroSangüesa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Prischich, Davia; Gomila, Alexandre M. J.; Milla-Navarro, Santiago; Sangüesa, Gemma; Diez-Alarcia, Rebeca; Preda, Beatrice; Matera, Carlo; Batlle, Montserrat; Ramírez, Laura; Giralt, Ernest; Hernando, Jordi; Guasch, Eduard; Meana, J. Javier; de la Villa, Pedro; Gorostiza, Pau (2020). "Adrenergic modulation with photochromic ligands". <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>60</b> (7): 3625–3631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202010553">10.1002/anie.202010553</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F778579">2434/778579</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851">1433-7851</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33103317">33103317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Adrenergic+modulation+with+photochromic+ligands&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3625-3631&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F778579&rft.issn=1433-7851&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33103317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202010553&rft.aulast=Prischich&rft.aufirst=Davia&rft.au=Gomila%2C+Alexandre+M.+J.&rft.au=Milla-Navarro%2C+Santiago&rft.au=Sang%C3%BCesa%2C+Gemma&rft.au=Diez-Alarcia%2C+Rebeca&rft.au=Preda%2C+Beatrice&rft.au=Matera%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Batlle%2C+Montserrat&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+Laura&rft.au=Giralt%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Hernando%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Guasch%2C+Eduard&rft.au=Meana%2C+J.+Javier&rft.au=de+la+Villa%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Gorostiza%2C+Pau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesmer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tesmer JJ, et al. (2012-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500392">"Paroxetine is a direct inhibitor of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and increases myocardial contractility"</a>. <i>ACS Chemical Biology</i>. <b>7</b> (11): 1830–1839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcb3003013">10.1021/cb3003013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1554-8929">1554-8929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500392">3500392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22882301">22882301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=Paroxetine+is+a+direct+inhibitor+of+g+protein-coupled+receptor+kinase+2+and+increases+myocardial+contractility&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1830-1839&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3500392%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1554-8929&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22882301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcb3003013&rft.aulast=Tesmer&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3500392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8569714-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8569714_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisoliTonelloLandiCarruba1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nisoli E, Tonello C, Landi M, Carruba MO (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/1/7">"Functional studies of the first selective beta 3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes"</a>. <i>Molecular Pharmacology</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 7–14. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8569714">8569714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Functional+studies+of+the+first+selective+beta+3-adrenergic+receptor+antagonist+SR+59230A+in+rat+brown+adipocytes&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8569714&rft.aulast=Nisoli&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Tonello%2C+C&rft.au=Landi%2C+M&rft.au=Carruba%2C+MO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmolpharm.aspetjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F49%2F1%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9280371-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9280371_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1997" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott J (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction". <i>Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 308–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2885.1997.00078.x">10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9280371">9280371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Pharmacology+and+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Alpha-adrenoceptors+in+equine+digital+veins%3A+evidence+for+the+presence+of+both+alpha1+and+alpha2-receptors+mediating+vasoconstriction&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=308-17&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2885.1997.00078.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9280371&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2889649-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2889649_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagradaFargeasBueno1987" class="citation journal cs1">Sagrada A, Fargeas MJ, Bueno L (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1433140">"Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat"</a>. <i>Gut</i>. <b>28</b> (8): 955–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgut.28.8.955">10.1136/gut.28.8.955</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1433140">1433140</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2889649">2889649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gut&rft.atitle=Involvement+of+alpha-1+and+alpha-2+adrenoceptors+in+the+postlaparotomy+intestinal+motor+disturbances+in+the+rat&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=955-9&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1433140%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2889649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fgut.28.8.955&rft.aulast=Sagrada&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fargeas%2C+MJ&rft.au=Bueno%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1433140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWeitzAraneda2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith RS, Weitz CJ, Araneda RC (Aug 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724365">"Excitatory actions of noradrenaline and metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 1103–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.91093.2008">10.1152/jn.91093.2008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724365">2724365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19474170">19474170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Excitatory+actions+of+noradrenaline+and+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+activation+in+granule+cells+of+the+accessory+olfactory+bulb&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1103-14&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2724365%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19474170&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjn.91093.2008&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Weitz%2C+CJ&rft.au=Araneda%2C+RC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2724365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6270306-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6270306_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitzGrahamSagalowskyPettinger1981" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitz JM, Graham RM, Sagalowsky A, Pettinger WA (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/219/2/400">"Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: biochemical and pharmacological correlations"</a>. <i>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i>. <b>219</b> (2): 400–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6270306">6270306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Renal+alpha-1+and+alpha-2+adrenergic+receptors%3A+biochemical+and+pharmacological+correlations&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=400-6&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6270306&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Graham%2C+RM&rft.au=Sagalowsky%2C+A&rft.au=Pettinger%2C+WA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpet.aspetjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F219%2F2%2F400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cim.ucdavis.edu/masters/sessions2002/session4_ica.doc">Circulation & Lung Physiology I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726230145/http://cim.ucdavis.edu/masters/sessions2002/session4_ica.doc">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning Program, UC Davis School of Medicine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moro_et_al._2013-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moro_et_al._2013_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoroTajouriChess-Williams2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moro C, Tajouri L, Chess-Williams R (2013). "Adrenoceptor function and expression in bladder urothelium and lamina propria". <i>Urology</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 211.e1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.urology.2012.09.011">10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23200975">23200975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Adrenoceptor+function+and+expression+in+bladder+urothelium+and+lamina+propria&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=211.e1-7&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.urology.2012.09.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23200975&rft.aulast=Moro&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Tajouri%2C+L&rft.au=Chess-Williams%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purves-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purves_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purves_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purves_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purves_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickPurvesAugustine2004" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick D, Purves D, Augustine G (2004). "Table 20:2". <i>Neuroscience</i> (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-725-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-725-7"><bdi>978-0-87893-725-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+20%3A2&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-725-7&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Purves%2C+Dale&rft.au=Augustine%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18434433-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18434433_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQinSethiLambert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Qin K, Sethi PR, Lambert NA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493464">"Abundance and stability of complexes containing inactive G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins"</a>. <i>FASEB Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (8): 2920–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.08-105775">10.1096/fj.08-105775</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493464">2493464</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18434433">18434433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Abundance+and+stability+of+complexes+containing+inactive+G+protein-coupled+receptors+and+G+proteins&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2920-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2493464%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18434433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.08-105775&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Sethi%2C+PR&rft.au=Lambert%2C+NA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2493464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØrnDickstein2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ørn S, Dickstein K (2002-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ehjsupp.a000770">"How do heart failure patients die?"</a>. <i>European Heart Journal Supplements</i>. <b>4</b> (Suppl D): D59–D65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ehjsupp.a000770">10.1093/oxfordjournals.ehjsupp.a000770</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Heart+Journal+Supplements&rft.atitle=How+do+heart+failure+patients+die%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=Suppl+D&rft.pages=D59-D65&rft.date=2002-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ehjsupp.a000770&rft.aulast=%C3%98rn&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Dickstein%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.ehjsupp.a000770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KimBriggs2011-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KimBriggs2011_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimBriggsSchnermann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kim SM, Briggs JP, Schnermann J (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482793">"Convergence of major physiological stimuli for renin release on the Gs-alpha/cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway"</a>. <i>Clinical and Experimental Nephrology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10157-011-0494-1">10.1007/s10157-011-0494-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482793">3482793</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22124804">22124804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Convergence+of+major+physiological+stimuli+for+renin+release+on+the+Gs-alpha%2Fcyclic+adenosine+monophosphate+signaling+pathway&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3482793%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22124804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10157-011-0494-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Briggs%2C+JP&rft.au=Schnermann%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3482793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoSakataLiLiang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao TJ, Sakata I, Li RL, Liang G, Richardson JA, Brown MS, et al. (Sep 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936616">"Ghrelin secretion stimulated by {beta}1-adrenergic receptors in cultured ghrelinoma cells and in fasted mice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>107</b> (36): 15868–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..10715868Z">2010PNAS..10715868Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1011116107">10.1073/pnas.1011116107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936616">2936616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20713709">20713709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Ghrelin+secretion+stimulated+by+%7Bbeta%7D1-adrenergic+receptors+in+cultured+ghrelinoma+cells+and+in+fasted+mice&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=15868-73&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936616%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20713709&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1011116107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..10715868Z&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Sakata%2C+I&rft.au=Li%2C+RL&rft.au=Liang%2C+G&rft.au=Richardson%2C+JA&rft.au=Brown%2C+MS&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+JL&rft.au=Zigman%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlabunde" class="citation web cs1">Klabunde R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP010b.htm">"Adrenergic and Cholinergic Receptors in Blood Vessels"</a>. <i>Cardiovascular Physiology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardiovascular+Physiology&rft.atitle=Adrenergic+and+Cholinergic+Receptors+in+Blood+Vessels&rft.aulast=Klabunde&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvphysiology.com%2FBlood%2520Pressure%2FBP010b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9399946-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9399946_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLargeHellströmReynisdottirLönnqvist1997" class="citation journal cs1">Large V, Hellström L, Reynisdottir S, et al. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC508512">"Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 adrenoceptor function"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>100</b> (12): 3005–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI119854">10.1172/JCI119854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC508512">508512</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9399946">9399946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Human+beta-2+adrenoceptor+gene+polymorphisms+are+highly+frequent+in+obesity+and+associate+with+altered+adipocyte+beta-2+adrenoceptor+function&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3005-13&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC508512%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9399946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI119854&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Hellstr%C3%B6m%2C+L&rft.au=Reynisdottir%2C+S&rft.au=L%C3%B6nnqvist%2C+F&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+P&rft.au=Lannfelt%2C+L&rft.au=Arner%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC508512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17068216-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17068216_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinePanaroYangBodine2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kline WO, Panaro FJ, Yang H, Bodine SC (2007). "Rapamycin inhibits the growth and muscle-sparing effects of clenbuterol". <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 740–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.00873.2006">10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17068216">17068216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14292004">14292004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Rapamycin+inhibits+the+growth+and+muscle-sparing+effects+of+clenbuterol&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=740-7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14292004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17068216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.00873.2006&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=WO&rft.au=Panaro%2C+FJ&rft.au=Yang%2C+H&rft.au=Bodine%2C+SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18374884-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18374884_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamalakkannanPetrilliGeorgeLaManca2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kamalakkannan G, Petrilli CM, George I, et al. (2008). "Clenbuterol increases lean muscle mass but not endurance in patients with chronic heart failure". <i>The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 457–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healun.2008.01.013">10.1016/j.healun.2008.01.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18374884">18374884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Heart+and+Lung+Transplantation&rft.atitle=Clenbuterol+increases+lean+muscle+mass+but+not+endurance+in+patients+with+chronic+heart+failure&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-61&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.healun.2008.01.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18374884&rft.aulast=Kamalakkannan&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Petrilli%2C+CM&rft.au=George%2C+I&rft.au=LaManca%2C+J&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+BT&rft.au=Shane%2C+E&rft.au=Mancini%2C+DM&rft.au=Maybaum%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Basic & Clinical Pharmacology</i>. United States of America: MCGraw-Hill Education. 2018. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-64115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-259-64115-2"><bdi>978-1-259-64115-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+%26+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=MCGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-259-64115-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SantulliLombardi2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SantulliLombardi2012_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantulliLombardiSorrientoAnastasio2012" class="citation journal cs1">Santulli G, Lombardi A, Sorriento D, Anastasio A, Del Giudice C, Formisano P, Béguinot F, Trimarco B, Miele C, Iaccarino G (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282797">"Age-related impairment in insulin release: the essential role of β(2)-adrenergic receptor"</a>. <i>Diabetes</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 692–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdb11-1027">10.2337/db11-1027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282797">3282797</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22315324">22315324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diabetes&rft.atitle=Age-related+impairment+in+insulin+release%3A+the+essential+role+of+%CE%B2%282%29-adrenergic+receptor&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=692-701&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3282797%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22315324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2337%2Fdb11-1027&rft.aulast=Santulli&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Lombardi%2C+A&rft.au=Sorriento%2C+D&rft.au=Anastasio%2C+A&rft.au=Del+Giudice%2C+C&rft.au=Formisano%2C+P&rft.au=B%C3%A9guinot%2C+F&rft.au=Trimarco%2C+B&rft.au=Miele%2C+C&rft.au=Iaccarino%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3282797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elenkov-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elenkov_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElenkovWilderChrousosVizi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES (December 2000). "The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system". <i>Pharmacological Reviews</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 595–638. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11121511">11121511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacological+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+sympathetic+nerve--an+integrative+interface+between+two+supersystems%3A+the+brain+and+the+immune+system&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595-638&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11121511&rft.aulast=Elenkov&rft.aufirst=IJ&rft.au=Wilder%2C+RL&rft.au=Chrousos%2C+GP&rft.au=Vizi%2C+ES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaasBenjaminSawyerQuinney2014" class="citation journal cs1">Haas DM, Benjamin T, Sawyer R, Quinney SK (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971910">"Short-term tocolytics for preterm delivery - current perspectives"</a>. <i>International Journal of Women's Health</i>. <b>6</b>: 343–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FIJWH.S44048">10.2147/IJWH.S44048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971910">3971910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24707187">24707187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Short-term+tocolytics+for+preterm+delivery+-+current+perspectives&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=343-9&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3971910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24707187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FIJWH.S44048&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+T&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+R&rft.au=Quinney%2C+SK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3971910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebleBylundClarkeEikenburg1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hieble JP, Bylund DB, Clarke DE, Eikenburg DC, Langer SZ, Lefkowitz RJ, Minneman KP, Ruffolo RR (June 1995). "International Union of Pharmacology. X. Recommendation for nomenclature of alpha 1-adrenoceptors: consensus update". <i>Pharmacological Reviews</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 267–70. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7568329">7568329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacological+Reviews&rft.atitle=International+Union+of+Pharmacology.+X.+Recommendation+for+nomenclature+of+alpha+1-adrenoceptors%3A+consensus+update&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-70&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7568329&rft.aulast=Hieble&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Bylund%2C+DB&rft.au=Clarke%2C+DE&rft.au=Eikenburg%2C+DC&rft.au=Langer%2C+SZ&rft.au=Lefkowitz%2C+RJ&rft.au=Minneman%2C+KP&rft.au=Ruffolo%2C+RR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangDaleRitterFlower2007" class="citation book cs1">Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ (2007). "Chapter 11: Noradrenergic transmission". <i>Rang and Dale's Pharmacology</i> (6th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06911-6"><bdi>978-0-443-06911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+Noradrenergic+transmission&rft.btitle=Rang+and+Dale%27s+Pharmacology&rft.pages=169-170&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06911-6&rft.aulast=Rang&rft.aufirst=HP&rft.au=Dale%2C+MM&rft.au=Ritter%2C+JM&rft.au=Flower%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrenergic+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pharmacologycorner.com/alpha-receptors-1-2/">Alpha receptors illustrated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macromoleculeinsights.com/adrenergic.php">The Adrenergic Receptors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=4">Adrenoceptors - IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28138/">Basic Neurochemistry: α- and β-Adrenergic Receptors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/4095/">Theory of receptor activation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/4093/">Desensitization of β<sub>1</sub> receptors</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adrenergic receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desglymidodrine" title="Desglymidodrine">Desglymidodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexisometheptene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexisometheptene (page does not exist)">Dexisometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanidine" title="Indanidine">Indanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midodrine" title="Midodrine">Midodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanoquil" title="Abanoquil">Abanoquil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmalicine" title="Ajmalicine">Ajmalicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfuzosin" title="Alfuzosin">Alfuzosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodamine" title="Anisodamine">Anisodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodine" title="Anisodine">Anisodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiprosin" title="Atiprosin">Atiprosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxathian" title="Benoxathian">Benoxathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">adimolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">amosulalol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">arotinolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">eugenodilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunazosin" title="Bunazosin">Bunazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynanthine" title="Corynanthine">Corynanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticine" title="Domesticine">Domesticine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acetergamine" title="Acetergamine">acetergamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">nicergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">terguride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenspiride" title="Fenspiride">Fenspiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-765,314" title="L-765,314">L-765,314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazosin" title="Metazosin">Metazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxisylyte" title="Moxisylyte">Moxisylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantenine" title="Nantenine">Nantenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neldazosin" title="Neldazosin">Neldazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaprazine" title="Niaprazine">Niaprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelanserin" title="Pelanserin">Pelanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendioxan" title="Phendioxan">Phendioxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperazine" title="Phenylpiperazine">Phenylpiperazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazosin" title="Quinazosin">Quinazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silodosin" title="Silodosin">Silodosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">Tamsulosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiodazosin" title="Tiodazosin">Tiodazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WB-4101" title="WB-4101">WB-4101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolertine" title="Zolertine">Zolertine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline" title="(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline">(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-NEMD" title="4-NEMD">4-NEMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">Dihydroergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mivazerol" title="Mivazerol">Mivazerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS75" title="PS75">PS75</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezatomidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezatomidine (page does not exist)">Rezatomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasipimidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasipimidine (page does not exist)">Tasipimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatinoxan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatinoxan">Vatinoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidinylpiperazine" title="Pyrimidinylpiperazine">1-PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">Amesergide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">Aptazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">Azapirones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">buspirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">gepirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipsapirone" title="Ipsapirone">ipsapirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">tandospirone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-44408" title="BRL-44408">BRL-44408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">Esmirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetozole" title="Fenmetozole">Fenmetozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluparoxan" title="Fluparoxan">Fluparoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAN-190" title="NAN-190">NAN-190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunepitron" title="Sunepitron">Sunepitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-adrenergic receptor">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifedrine" title="Alifedrine">Alifedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amibegron" title="Amibegron">Amibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arformoterol" title="Arformoterol">Arformoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane" title="Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane">BAAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuterol" title="Bambuterol">Bambuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitolterol" title="Bitolterol">Bitolterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxaterol" title="Broxaterol">Broxaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbuterol" title="Carbuterol">Carbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmoterol" title="Carmoterol">Carmoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaterol" title="Cimaterol">Cimaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colterol" title="Colterol">Colterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoterol" title="Fenoterol">Fenoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">Formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexoprenaline" title="Hexoprenaline">Hexoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higenamine" title="Higenamine">Higenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol" title="Indacaterol">Indacaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubabegron" title="Lubabegron">Lubabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuterol" title="Mabuterol">Mabuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabegron" title="Mirabegron">Mirabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyfedrine" title="Oxyfedrine">Oxyfedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-610355" title="PF-610355">PF-610355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirbuterol" title="Pirbuterol">Pirbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenalterol" title="Prenalterol">Prenalterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ractopamine" title="Ractopamine">Ractopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaterol" title="Procaterol">Procaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproterol" title="Reproterol">Reproterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimiterol" title="Rimiterol">Rimiterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritodrine" title="Ritodrine">Ritodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solabegron" title="Solabegron">Solabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretoquinol" title="Tretoquinol">Tretoquinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulobuterol" title="Tulobuterol">Tulobuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibegron" title="Vibegron">Vibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilanterol" title="Vilanterol">Vilanterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamoterol" title="Xamoterol">Xamoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilpaterol" title="Zilpaterol">Zilpaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinterol" title="Zinterol">Zinterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaprolol" title="Adaprolol">Adaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afurolol" title="Afurolol">Afurolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">Alprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenoxime" title="Alprenoxime">Alprenoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">Amosulalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancarolol" title="Ancarolol">Ancarolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolol" title="Arnolol">Arnolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopindolol" title="Bopindolol">Bopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornaprolol" title="Bornaprolol">Bornaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brefonalol" title="Brefonalol">Brefonalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucindolol" title="Bucindolol">Bucindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucumolol" title="Bucumolol">Bucumolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufetolol" title="Bufetolol">Bufetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufuralol" title="Bufuralol">Bufuralol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunitrolol" title="Bunitrolol">Bunitrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunolol">Bunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupranolol" title="Bupranolol">Bupranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaxamine" title="Butaxamine">Butaxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butidrine" title="Butidrine">Butidrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butofilolol" title="Butofilolol">Butofilolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsinolol" title="Capsinolol">Capsinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carazolol" title="Carazolol">Carazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpindolol" title="Carpindolol">Carpindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiprolol" title="Celiprolol">Celiprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetamolol" title="Cetamolol">Cetamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicloprolol" title="Cicloprolol">Cicloprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinamolol" title="Cinamolol">Cinamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloranolol" title="Cloranolol">Cloranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopindolol" title="Cyanopindolol">Cyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbraminol" title="Dalbraminol">Dalbraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexpropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexpropranolol">Dexpropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetolol" title="Diacetolol">Diacetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloroisoprenaline" title="Dichloroisoprenaline">Dichloroisoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroalprenolol" title="Dihydroalprenolol">Dihydroalprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilevalol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilevalol">Dilevalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprafenone" title="Diprafenone">Diprafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draquinolol" title="Draquinolol">Draquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecastolol" title="Ecastolol">Ecastolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanolol" title="Epanolol">Epanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericolol" title="Ericolol">Ericolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersentilide" title="Ersentilide">Ersentilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esatenolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esatenolol">Esatenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esprolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprolol">Esprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaprolol" title="Exaprolol">Exaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falintolol" title="Falintolol">Falintolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flestolol" title="Flestolol">Flestolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flusoxolol" title="Flusoxolol">Flusoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarteolol" title="Hydroxycarteolol">Hydroxycarteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytertatolol" title="Hydroxytertatolol">Hydroxytertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-118,551" title="ICI-118,551">ICI-118,551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Idropranolol">Idropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indenolol" title="Indenolol">Indenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indopanolol" title="Indopanolol">Indopanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol" title="Iodocyanopindolol">Iodocyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iprocrolol" title="Iprocrolol">Iprocrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxaprolol" title="Isoxaprolol">Isoxaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">Labetalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">Landiolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobetaxolol" title="Levobetaxolol">Levobetaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomoprolol" title="Levomoprolol">Levomoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxalol" title="Medroxalol">Medroxalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moprolol" title="Moprolol">Moprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadoxolol" title="Nadoxolol">Nadoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenalol" title="Nifenalol">Nifenalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipradilol" title="Nipradilol">Nipradilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">Oxprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacrinolol" title="Pacrinolol">Pacrinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pafenolol" title="Pafenolol">Pafenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamatolol" title="Pamatolol">Pamatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargolol" title="Pargolol">Pargolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">Penbutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practolol" title="Practolol">Practolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidolol" title="Primidolol">Primidolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procinolol" title="Procinolol">Procinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronethalol" title="Pronethalol">Pronethalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridazolol" title="Ridazolol">Ridazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronactolol" title="Ronactolol">Ronactolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soquinolol" title="Soquinolol">Soquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirendolol" title="Spirendolol">Spirendolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR_59230A" title="SR 59230A">SR 59230A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfinalol" title="Sulfinalol">Sulfinalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinolol" title="Talinolol">Talinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazolol" title="Tazolol">Tazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">Tertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tienoxolol" title="Tienoxolol">Tienoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilisolol" title="Tilisolol">Tilisolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiprenolol" title="Tiprenolol">Tiprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolamolol" title="Tolamolol">Tolamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toliprolol" title="Toliprolol">Toliprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibenolol" title="Xibenolol">Xibenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipranolol" title="Xipranolol">Xipranolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators">Dopaminergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators">Serotonergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&oldid=1239109254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&oldid=1239109254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adrenergic_receptors" title="Category:Adrenergic receptors">Adrenergic receptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Category:G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 August 2024, at 11:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenergic_receptor&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-26w6f","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.699","walltime":"0.879","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3106,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":263350,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1172,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":152603,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 623.178 1 -total"," 48.12% 299.895 2 Template:Reflist"," 33.36% 207.883 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 18.92% 117.878 12 Template:Navbox"," 15.10% 94.083 1 Template:Adrenergic_agonists"," 14.37% 89.533 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.00% 49.875 1 Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors"," 7.61% 47.438 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.58% 34.760 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 4.74% 29.549 6 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.370","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5725053,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6d7kv","timestamp":"20241122141004","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Adrenergic receptor","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrenergic_receptor","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q410568","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q410568","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-06T05:27:06Z","dateModified":"2024-08-07T11:42:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/100-AdrenergicReceptors-2rh1.tif","headline":"class of G protein-coupled receptors"}</script> </body> </html>