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Pronunciation in Modern Hebrew subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_in_Modern_Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counterexamples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterexamples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Counterexamples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterexamples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shva_Naʻ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shva_Naʻ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shva Naʻ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shva_Naʻ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shva_Naḥ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shva_Naḥ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shva Naḥ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shva_Naḥ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shva_Meraḥef" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shva_Meraḥef"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Shva Meraḥef</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shva_Meraḥef-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shva_Gaʻya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shva_Gaʻya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Shva Gaʻya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shva_Gaʻya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T'nua_hatufa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T'nua_hatufa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>T'nua hatufa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-T'nua_hatufa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle T'nua hatufa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-T'nua_hatufa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Comparison table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unicode encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shva</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0va_(hebrej%C5%A1tina)" title="Šva (hebrejština) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šva (hebrejština)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa_(Hebr%C3%A4isch)" title="Schwa (Hebräisch) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwa (Hebräisch)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheva" title="Sheva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sheva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa_(h%C3%A9breu)" title="Shewa (hébreu) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shewa (hébreu)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shva" title="Shva – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Shva" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scev%C3%A0_(ebraico)" title="Scevà (ebraico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scevà (ebraico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90" title="שווא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שווא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjev%C3%A1" title="Sjevá – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjevá" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwa_(alfabet_hebrajski)" title="Szwa (alfabet hebrajski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szwa (alfabet hebrajski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0va_(hebrej%C4%8Dina)" title="Šva (hebrejčina) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šva (hebrejčina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q122491#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shva" 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shva" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q122491" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hebrew niqqud vowel sign</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shva_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shva (disambiguation)">Shva (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schwa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Schwa (disambiguation)">Schwa (disambiguation)</a></div> <table align="right" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Shva</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:100px"><span style="font-size: 400%; line-height: normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ְ</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </td> <td style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>: /e/ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span>), <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">Ø</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#mobile_shwa" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration</a> </td> <td style="background:white">e, <big>'</big> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>)</i></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>nothing</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English example </td> <td style="background:white">m<b>e</b>n, m<b>e</b>norah </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Example</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheva.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sheva.png/60px-Sheva.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sheva.png/90px-Sheva.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sheva.png/120px-Sheva.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="518" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The word shva in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. The first vowel (under <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a>, marked with red) is itself a shva.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Other <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Shva <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Patach</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">Shuruk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubutz">Kubutz</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin dot">Sin/Shin Dot</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Shva</b> or, in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <b>shĕwa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><big>שְׁוָא</big></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sign written as two vertical dots (<span class="nowrap"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ְ</span>‎<span class="nowrap"> </span>) beneath a letter. It indicates either the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (<b>shva na'</b>, mobile shva) or the complete absence of a vowel (/<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">Ø</a>/) (<b>shva naḥ</b>, resting shva). </p><p>It is transliterated as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ĕ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ə⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<big>'</big>⟩</span> (<a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>), or nothing. Note that use of <span class="nowrap">⟨ə⟩</span> for shva is questionable: transliterating <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> shva naḥ with <span class="nowrap">⟨ə⟩</span> is misleading, since it is never actually pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> – a <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">mid central vowel</a> (IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>) does not exist in Modern Hebrew. The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> was pronounced as a full vowel in earlier Hebrew varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>, where it was phonetically usually identical to <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short</a> [a], in <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian vocalization</a> appears as short [e] or [i], and in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian vocalization</a> as [a]. In early Greek and Latin transliterations of Hebrew such as the <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a>, it appears as [ε] and [e], respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A shva sign in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">vowel diacritics</a> <a href="/wiki/Patah" class="mw-redirect" title="Patah">patáḥ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">segól</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamatz">qamatz</a> produces a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥatáf</i></span>: a diacritic for a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tnuʿá ḥatufá</i></span> (a 'reduced vowel' – lit. 'abducted vowel'). In Tiberian Hebrew, these were pronounced identical to the short vowels [a], [ɛ], and [ɔ].<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation_in_Modern_Hebrew">Pronunciation in Modern Hebrew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation in Modern Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Modern Hebrew, shva is either pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> or is mute (<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">Ø</a>), regardless of its traditional classification as <i>shva nach</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁוָא נָח</span></span>) or <i>shva na</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁוָא נָע</span></span>), see following table for examples. The Israeli standard for its transliteration<sup id="cite_ref-academy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> only for a pronounced shva na (i.e., one which is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>), and no representation in transliteration if the shva is mute. </p><p>In Modern Hebrew, a shva is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> under the following conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap" border="1" cellpadding="4"> <tbody><tr style="white-space:normal"> <th rowspan="2">Condition for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> pronunciation of shva in Israeli Hebrew </th> <th colspan="3">Examples </th> <th colspan="3">Examples for silent shva (since condition does not apply) </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">In Hebrew</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a></span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">translation</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">In Hebrew</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a></span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">translation</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="height:2px;overflow:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="white-space:normal">1. When under the first of two letters, both representing the same <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> or consonants with identical <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>: </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁכְחוּ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃaχ<b>e</b>ˈχu/</span></td> <td>they forgot </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מָכְרוּ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/maχˈru/</span></td> <td>they sold </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁדַדְתְּ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃaˈdad<b>e</b>t/</span></td> <td style="white-space:normal">you (f.) robbed </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁלַלְתְּ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃaˈlalt/</span></td> <td style="white-space:normal">you (feminine) negated </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="height:2px;overflow:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="white-space:normal">2. When under the first letter of a word, if this letter is a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> in modern pronunciation, i.e. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%99" class="mw-redirect" title="י">י</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ל">ל</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="מ">מ</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="נ">נ</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ר">ר</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_exception01"><a href="#endnote_exception01">[*]</a></sup>: </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נְמָלִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n<b>e</b>maˈlim/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גְּמָלִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡmaˈlim/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְנִיָּה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m<b>e</b>niˈja/</span></td> <td>counting </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּנִיָּה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bniˈja/</span></td> <td>building </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="height:2px;overflow:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="white-space:normal">3. When under the first letter of a word, if the second letter is a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal consonant</a>, i.e. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%90" class="mw-redirect" title="א">א</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ה">ה</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ע">ע</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>): </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תְּאָרִים</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<b>e</b>aˈrim/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">titles </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִתְאָרִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mitʔaˈrim/</span></td> <td>outlines </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תְּמָרִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tmaˈrim/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera#Dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="height:2px;overflow:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="white-space:normal">4. When under the first letter of a word, if this letter represents one of the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>-<a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> <ol><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ב">ב</a></span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/be/</span>) = amongst others "in",</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ו">ו</a></span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ve/</span>) = "and",</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="כ">כ</a></span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ke/</span>) = amongst others "as" or "approximately",</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ל">ל</a></span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/le/</span>) = amongst others "to", <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> marker and verb prefix in <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>,</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ת">ת</a></span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/te/</span>) as <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a> verb prefix:</li></ol> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּרֵיחָהּ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b<b>e</b>rejˈχa/</span></td> <td>in her scent</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּרֵיכָה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/brejˈχa/</span></td> <td>pool </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּחִישָׁה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b<b>e</b>χiˈʃa/</span></td> <td>in sensing</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּחִישָׁה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bχiˈʃa/</span></td> <td>stirring </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְרוֹדִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v<b>e</b>roˈdim/</span></td> <td style="white-space:normal">and (they) tyrannize</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְרוּדִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vruˈdim/</span></td> <td>pink (m.p.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כְּרָזָה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<b>e</b>raˈza/</span></td> <td>as a thin person</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כְּרָזָה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kraˈza/</span></td> <td>poster </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְפָּרִיז</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l<b>e</b>paˈriz/</span></td> <td>to Paris </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תְּבַלּוּ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<b>e</b>vaˈlu/</span></td> <td style="white-space:normal">you (m. p.) will have a good time</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תְּבַלּוּל</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tvaˈlul/</span></td> <td>cataract </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="height:2px;overflow:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="white-space:normal">5. (In <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">non standard</a> language usage) if one of the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> mentioned above (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ב">ב</a></span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/be/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ו">ו</a></span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ve/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="כ">כ</a></span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ke/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ל">ל</a></span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/le/</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ת">ת</a></span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/te/</span>) or one of the morphemes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="מ">מ</a></span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi/</span> ("from") or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ש">ש</a></span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃe/</span> ("that") is added as a prefix to a word, which without this prefix begins with a letter marked with a shva pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> under the above conditions, this shva will retain its <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>-pronunciation also with the prefix: </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִצְּעָדִים</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mits<b>e</b>aˈdim/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">from steps</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִצְּמָדִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mitsmaˈdim/</span></td> <td>from pairs </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִצְעָדִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mitsʔaˈdim/</span></td> <td>parades </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִרְוָחִים</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mir<b>e</b>vaˈχim/</span></td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">blanks</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִרְוָחִים</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mirvaˈχim/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">intervals </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span style="font-size:85%;">standard:</span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מֵרְוָחִים</span></span> –<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mer<b>e</b>vaˈχim/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לַאֲרָיוֹת וְלְנְמֵרִים יֵשׁ פַּרְוָה</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/learaˈjot<span class="wrap"> </span>v<b>e</b>l<b>e</b>n<b>e</b>merim…/</span></td> <td style="white-space:normal">Lions and tigers have fur </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span style="font-size:85%;">standard:</span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְלִנְמֵרִים</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/…velinmeˈrim…/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְכְּיְלָדִים שִׂחַקְנוּ בַּחוּץ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v<b>e</b>k<b>e</b>j<b>e</b>laˈdim…/</span></td> <td style="white-space:normal">And as children we played outside </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span style="font-size:85%;">standard:</span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְכִילָדִים</span></span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/veχilaˈdim…/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="height:2px;overflow:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:normal">6. (Usually – see <a href="#Counterexamples">counterexamples</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_exception02"><a href="#endnote_exception02">[**]</a></sup>) when under a medial letter, before whose pronunciation a consonant was pronounced: </td> <td valign="top"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִשְׁפְּזוּ</span></span> </td> <td valign="top"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iʃp<b>e</b>ˈzu/</span> </td> <td valign="top">they hospitalized </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִישׁ פְּזוּר דַּעַת</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>pzur<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈda.at/</span></td> <td style="white-space:normal">an absentminded man </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterexamples">Counterexamples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Counterexamples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_exception01"><b><a href="#ref_exception01">^</a></b></span> One exception to rule 2 seems to be <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְלַאי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mlaj/</span> 'inventory' (although according to the <i>New User-Friendly Hebrew-English Dictionary</i> (Arie Comey, Naomi Tsur; Achiasaf, 2006), the word is instead pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/meˈlai/</span>); the absence of a vowel after the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מ</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>) might be attributable to the high <a href="/wiki/Sonority_hierarchy" title="Sonority hierarchy">sonority</a> of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>), compare with <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְלִית</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m<b>e</b>ˈlit/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/*mlit/</span>) 'filling' (in cuisine). </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_exception02"><b><a href="#ref_exception02">^</a></b></span> Exceptions to rule 6 include <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פְּסַנְתְּרָן</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/psantˈran/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/psant<b>e</b>ˈran/</span> – 'pianist'), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אַנְגְּלִית</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aŋˈɡlit/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/aŋɡ<b>e</b>ˈlit/</span> – 'English'), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נַשְׁפְּרִיץ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/naʃˈprit͡s/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/naʃp<b>e</b>ˈrit͡s/</span> – 'we will sprinkle'), several <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">quinqueliteral roots</a> – e.g.: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סִנְכְּרֵן</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sinˈkren/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/sink<b>e</b>ˈren/</span> – 'he synchronized'); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִנְטְרֵשׁ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χinˈtreʃ/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/χint<b>e</b>ˈreʃ/</span> – 'he did stupid things'); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הִתְפְלַרְטֵט</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hitflarˈtet/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/hitf<b>e</b>lartet/</span> – 'he had a flirt') – as well as other, more recent <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַנְטְרַה</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmantra/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/mant<b>e</b>ra/</span> – 'mantra'). </p><p>In earlier forms of Hebrew, shva na and nach were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable, but the two variants resulting from Modern Hebrew phonology no longer conform to the traditional classification, e.g. while the (first) <i>shva nach</i> in the phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סִפְרֵי תורה</span></span> ('books of the Law') is correctly pronounced in Modern Hebrew <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<i>sifrei<span class="wrap"> </span>torah</i>/</span> with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎ (or /f/ sound) being mute, the <i>shva na</i> in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">זְמַן</span></span> ('time') in Modern Hebrew is often pronounced as a mute <i>Shva</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zman/</span>). In religious contexts, however, scrupulous readers of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayers</a> and scriptures do still differentiate properly between <i>Shva Nach</i> and <i>Shva Na</i> (e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">zĕman</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_classification">Traditional classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditional Hebrew grammar, a shva is categorized according to several attributes of its grammatical context. The three categories of shva relevant to the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive grammar</a> of Modern Hebrew are <i>shva naʻ</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שווא נע</span></span>), <i>shva naḥ</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שווא נח</span></span>) and the less common <i>shva meraḥef</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שווא מרחף</span></span>). When discussing Tiberian pronunciation, some shvas are classified as <i>shva gaʻya</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שווא געיה</span></span>). The following table summarizes four distinguishing attributes which determine these categories: </p> <ul><li>Does the shva supersede a vowel or no vowel in the word's <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">non-inflected</a> form?</li> <li>Is the preceding letter <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">pointed</a> with a "short" or a "long" niqqud variant?</li> <li>Is the following letter, when <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">בג״ד כפ״ת</a></span></span>, pointed with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh#Dagesh_Kal" title="Dagesh">dagesh qal</a> or not?</li> <li>Is the letter pointed with shva <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">assigned to the preceding or following syllable</a>?</li></ul> <p>To help illustrate the first criterion (existence or non-existence of a vowel in the word's non <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> form), the location of the shva (i.e., the place within the word where the lack of vowel is indicated by it) is marked within the <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_transcription#Narrow_versus_broad_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic transcription">phonemic transcription</a> with an orange <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">linguistic zero</a>: <span style="color:orange; font-weight:bold;">Ø</span>; if existing, the corresponding vowel in the basic (non inflected) form of the example is also marked in orange. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:x-small"> <th rowspan="2">type of shva </th> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">example </th> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">non <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> form of example </th> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a> </th> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <th colspan="4">attributes: </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:x-small; background-color:#f0f0f0; line-height:1em"> <td>supersedes in <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">non inflected</a> form: </td> <td>preceding letter's <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>: </td> <td>following letter with / without <a href="/wiki/Dagesh#Dagesh_Kal" title="Dagesh">dagesh qal</a>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">assigned to syllable</a>: </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap"> <td>naʻ</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֵרְבוֹנוֹת</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/er</span><span style="color:orange; font-weight:bold;">Ø</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">voˈnot/</span></td> <td>(deposits)</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֵרָבוֹן</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/er</span><span style="color:orange; font-weight:bold;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈvon/</span></td> <td>(deposit)</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֵ—רְבוֹ—נוֹת</span></span> </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">vowel </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">long </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">without </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">following </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap"> <td>naḥ</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֶלְבּוֹנוֹת</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/el</span><span style="color:orange; font-weight:bold;">Ø</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">boˈnot/</span></td> <td>(insults)</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֶלְבּוֹן</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/el</span><span style="color:orange; font-weight:bold;">Ø</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈbon/</span></td> <td>(insult)</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֶלְ—בּוֹ—נוֹת</span></span> </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">no vowel </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">short </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">with </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">preceding </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap"> <td>meraḥef</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יֶאֶרְכוּ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je.er</span><span style="color:orange; font-weight:bold;">Ø</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈχu/</span></td> <td>(they will last)</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יֶאֱרַךְ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je.eˈr</span><span style="color:orange; font-weight:bold;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χ/</span></td> <td>(it will last)</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יֶ—אֶרְ—כוּ</span></span> </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">vowel </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">short </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">without </td> <td style="font-size:x-small">preceding </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shva_Naʻ"><span id="Shva_Na.CA.BB"></span>Shva Naʻ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shva Naʻ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most cases, traditional Hebrew grammar considers <i>shva naʻ</i> "mobile shva" to supersede a vowel that exists in the basic form of a word but was reduced due to <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>. Additionally, any shva marked under an initial letter is classified shva naʻ. </p><p>Identifying a shva as shva naʻ is relevant to the application of <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a> in Tiberian Hebrew, e.g., a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בג״ד כפ״ת</span></span> letter following a letter marked with a shva naʻ may not be marked with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh#Dagesh_Kal" title="Dagesh">dagesh qal</a>; the vowel preceding a letter marked with a shva naʻ must be represented by the "long" niqqud variant for that vowel: qamats and not pataḥ, <a href="/wiki/Tsere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsere">tsere</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">segol</a>, etc.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_long-short-variants"><a href="#endnote_long-short-variants">[↑]</a></sup>. Furthermore, in the standard <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a>, the letter under which a shva naʻ is marked is grouped with the following syllable. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>'s transliteration guidelines<sup id="cite_ref-academy_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specify that shva naʻ should be transliterated only if pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, in which case <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> be used for general purposes and <span class="nowrap">⟨ĕ⟩</span> for precise transliteration. Shva naʻ is sometimes transliterated <span class="nowrap">⟨ə⟩</span>. However, this symbol is misleading since it is commonly used in linguistics to denote the vowel <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>, which does not exist in Modern Hebrew. </p><p>A shva naʻ can be identified with the following criteria: </p> <ol><li>When marked under the first letter of a word, as in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְרַחֵף</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְפָנָי</span></span>, and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁמַע</span></span>,</li> <li>When marked under the first of two identical letters,</li> <li>When it's the second of two shvas marked under two consecutive letters (except when marked under the last letter of a word), as in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רַעְמְסֵס</span></span> <i>ramʻ<b>a</b>sēs</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Exo. 12:37)</span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וישְׁמְעו</span></span> <i>wišm<b>a</b>ʻu</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gen. 3:8)</span>,</li> <li>When the letter before the one under which it is marked is marked with a "long" niqqud variant,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_long-short-variants"><a href="#endnote_long-short-variants">[↑]</a></sup>, such as the long vowel of either <i>yod</i> or <i>ḥiriq</i>, as in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְחִֽידְֿךָ</span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gen. 22:2)</span> (<i>y<b>i</b>ḥiḏ<b>a</b>ḵā</i>), or the long vowel of <i>wāw</i> or <i>ḥolam</i>, as in the words <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הוֹלְכִֿים</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יוֹדְֿעִים</span></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מוֹכְֿרִים</span></span> (<i>hol<b>a</b>ḵim</i>, <i>yod<b>a</b>ʻim</i> and <i>moḵ<b>a</b>rim</i>) and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים</span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Deut. 16:18)</span>, <i>"šof<b>a</b>ṭim wašoṭ<b>a</b>rim."</i></li> <li>When marked under a letter with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh#Dagesh_hazak" title="Dagesh">dagesh ḥazaq</a> (historically an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>), as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִפְּנֵיכֶם</span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Lev. 18:24)</span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִקְּדָֿשׁ</span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Exo. 15:17)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maḥberet_Kitrei_Ha-Torah_1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maḥberet_Kitrei_Ha-Torah_1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup></li></ol> <p>For a more detailed account, see <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization#Vowel_diacritics" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization § Vowel diacritics</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shva_Naḥ"><span id="Shva_Na.E1.B8.A5"></span>Shva Naḥ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shva Naḥ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Shva_Nacḥ"></span> Traditional Hebrew grammar defines shva naḥ, or shva quiescens, as indicating the absence of a vowel. In Modern Hebrew, some shvas classified as shva naḥ are nonetheless pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> (e.g. the shva under the second <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a> in the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁדַדְתְּ</span></span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃaˈdadet/</span> – "you (f.) robbed"; see <a href="#Pronunciation_in_modern_Hebrew">table above</a>). </p><p>In a few cases, a shva not conforming to the criteria listed <a href="#Shva_Na">above</a> is classified as shva naḥ. This offers no conclusive indication as to its pronunciation in Modern Hebrew; it is, however, relevant to the application of standard <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>, e.g.: a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בג״ד כפ״ת</span></span> letter following a letter marked with a shva nacḥ must be marked with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh#Dagesh_Kal" title="Dagesh">dagesh qal</a> (Modern Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> sometimes disagrees with this <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">linguistic prescription</a>, as in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְפַסְפֵס</span></span> – "to miss" – in which the second <a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a> lacks a dagesh qal although preceded by a shva naḥ), or: the vowel prior to a letter marked with a shva naḥ must be represented by the "short" niqqud-variant for that vowel: <a href="/wiki/Patah" class="mw-redirect" title="Patah">pataḥ and not</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">qamats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">segol</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Tsere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsere">tsere</a> etc.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_long-short-variants"><a href="#endnote_long-short-variants">[↑]</a></sup>. Furthermore, in standard <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a>, the letter under which a shva naḥ is marked is grouped with the preceding syllable. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>'s transliteration guidelines<sup id="cite_ref-academy_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specify that shva naḥ should not be represented in transliteration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shva_Meraḥef"><span id="Shva_Mera.E1.B8.A5ef"></span>Shva Meraḥef</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shva Meraḥef"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Shva meraḥef" is the grammatical designation of a shva which does not comply with all criteria characterizing a shva naʻ (specifically, one marked under a letter following a letter marked with a "short", not a "long", niqqud-variant<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_long-short-variants"><a href="#endnote_long-short-variants">[↑]</a></sup>), but which does, like a shva na’, supersede a vowel (or a shva na’) that exists in the primary form of a word but not after this word underwent <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>. </p><p>The classification of a shva as <i>shva meraḥef</i> is relevant to the application of standard <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>, e.g.: a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בג״ד כפ״ת</span></span> letter following a letter marked with a shva meraḥef should not be marked with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh#Dagesh_Kal" title="Dagesh">dagesh qal</a>. The vowel preceding this letter could be represented by the <i>short</i> niqqud-variant for that vowel.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_long-short-variants"><a href="#endnote_long-short-variants">[↑]</a></sup> This sometimes, but not always, reflects pronunciation in Modern Hebrew; e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְכֵי</span></span> ('kings of') is commonly pronounced in accordance with the standard form, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/malˈχej/</span> (with no dagesh qal in the letter <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaf</a>), whereas <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כַּלְבֵי</span></span> ('dogs of'), whose standard pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kalˈvej/</span>, is commonly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kalˈbej/</span> (as if there were a dagesh qal in the letter <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a>). In standard <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a>, the letter under which a shva meraḥef is marked is grouped with the preceding syllable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shva_Gaʻya"><span id="Shva_Ga.CA.BBya"></span>Shva Gaʻya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shva Gaʻya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ga%E2%80%98y%C3%A1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ga%E2%80%98y%C3%A1.png/220px-Ga%E2%80%98y%C3%A1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ga%E2%80%98y%C3%A1.png/330px-Ga%E2%80%98y%C3%A1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ga%E2%80%98y%C3%A1.png/440px-Ga%E2%80%98y%C3%A1.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>The word /wanā'šuḇā/ in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a></i> (Lamentations) 5:21. According to some traditions, the gaʻya in the word (marked in red) renders the shva stressed. In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Sephardic tradition</a>, the pronunciation is ['vana'šuva].</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Shva gaʻya</i> designates a shva marked under a letter that is also marked with the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> mark <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">gaʻya</a></i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גַּעְיָה</span></span> lit. 'bleating' or 'bellowing'),<sup id="cite_ref-Maḥberet_Kitrei_Ha-Torah_1990_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maḥberet_Kitrei_Ha-Torah_1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">meteg</i></span>, e.g. the shva under the letter <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a> in the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּהוֹנוֹת</span></span> "toes" would normally be classified a shva naʻ and be transliterated <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>: <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">behonót</i></span> (or according to the precise standard,<sup id="cite_ref-academy_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨ĕ⟩</span>: <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bĕhonót</i></span>). However, if marked with the gaʻya cantillation mark, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shwa-gaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shwa-gaja.jpg/50px-Shwa-gaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shwa-gaja.jpg/75px-Shwa-gaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shwa-gaja.jpg/100px-Shwa-gaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="301" /></a></span>, this shva is classified as shva gaʻya, and the transliteration believed to reflect its historical pronunciation would be <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bohonót</i></span>. This <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew#Strict_application_of_Mobile_Shewā" title="Yemenite Hebrew">"strict application" </a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T'nua_hatufa"><span id="T.27nua_hatufa"></span>T'nua hatufa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: T'nua hatufa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>, vowel <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">diacritics</a> are sorted into three groups: <i>big</i>, <i>small</i> and <i>fleeting</i> or <i>furtive</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">t'nuot g'dolot</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תנועות גדולות</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">t'nuot k'tanot</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תנועות קטנות</span></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">t'nuot chatufot</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תנועות חטופות</span></span>), sometimes also referred to as <i>long</i>, <i>short</i> and <i>very short</i> or <i>ultrashort</i>. This grouping might have correlated to different <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel lengths</a> in earlier forms of Hebrew (see <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization#Vowels" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization → Vowels</a>; spoken Israeli Hebrew however does not distinguish between different vowel lengths, thus this orthographic differentiation is not manifest in speech). </p><p>The vowel diacritics classified as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chatufot</i></span> ('fleeting') all share the common feature of being a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> of a <i>small vowel</i> diacritic (<a href="/wiki/Patah" class="mw-redirect" title="Patah">Patach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kamatz_Katan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamatz Katan">Kamatz Katan</a>) plus a shva sign. Similarly, their names are derived from the respective <i>small vowel</i> diacritic's name plus the <a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">adjunct</a> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chataf</i></span>: <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chataf patach</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chataf segol</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chataf kamatz</i></span>. </p><p>As with a shva na, standard (<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescribed</a>) <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a> determines that letters <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">pointed</a> with a <i>fleeting vowel</i> diacritic be considered part of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>, even if in modern Hebrew pronunciation this diacritic represents a full-fledged syllable, thus e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonologically</a> trisyllabic word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הֶעֱמִיד</span></span> ('he placed upright'), pronounced <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hebrew pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[/he.eˈmid/]</a></span>, should <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardly</a> be syllabified into only two syllables, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הֶ—עֱמִיד</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">he'emid</i></span>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th colspan="1">English<br />approximate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Segol" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Segol">Reduced Segol</a><br />(<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ẖatáf segól</i></span>) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Segol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/35px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/53px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/70px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">m<b>e</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Patach" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Patach">Reduced Patach</a><br />("ẖatáf patáẖ") </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Patah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/35px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/53px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/70px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">sp<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Kamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Kamatz">Reduced Kamatz</a><br />("ẖatáf kamáts") </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Hataf_Qamaz.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/3_Hataf_Qamaz.PNG/35px-3_Hataf_Qamaz.PNG" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/3_Hataf_Qamaz.PNG/53px-3_Hataf_Qamaz.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/3_Hataf_Qamaz.PNG 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center">c<b>o</b>ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reduced Hiriq<br />("ẖatáf ẖiríq") – not in current use, appears rarely<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_hiriq.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hataf_hiriq.png/35px-Hataf_hiriq.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hataf_hiriq.png/53px-Hataf_hiriq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hataf_hiriq.png/70px-Hataf_hiriq.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="247" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center"><b>i</b>t </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table">Comparison table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Vowel comparison table </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_Length" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel Length">Vowel Length</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew)</span> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">English<br />approximate </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Long </th> <th>Short </th> <th>Very Short </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">phonemic</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">phonetic</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סָ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סַ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סֲ</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span></td> <td>a</td> <td>sp<b>a</b></td> <td>see <a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">open central unrounded vowel</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סֵ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סֶ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סֱ</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span></td> <td>e</td> <td>t<b>e</b>mp</td> <td>see <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">mid front unrounded vowel</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px; padding-top:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סוֹ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סׇ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סֳ</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span></td> <td>o</td> <td>c<b>o</b>ne</td> <td>see <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">mid back rounded vowel</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:26px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סוּ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סֻ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><i>n/a</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span></td> <td>u</td> <td>d<b>oo</b>m</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סִי</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סִ</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span></td> <td>i</td> <td>sk<b>i</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><b>Note I:</b> </th> <td colspan="7">By adding two vertical dots (<i>shva</i>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size: 24pt;">ְ</span></span>‎ the vowel is made very short. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b>Note II:</b> </th> <td colspan="7" align="center">The short <i>o</i> is usually promoted to a long <i>o</i> in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b>Note III:</b> </th> <td colspan="7" align="center">The short <i>u</i> is usually promoted to a long <i>u</i> in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_encoding">Unicode encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unicode encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align: center;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ְ</span>‎</div> </td> <td>U+05B0 </td> <td>HEBREW POINT SHEVA </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align: center;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ֱ</span>‎</div> </td> <td>U+05B1 </td> <td>HEBREW POINT HATAF SEGOL </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align: center;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ֲ</span>‎</div> </td> <td>U+05B2 </td> <td>HEBREW POINT HATAF PATAH </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align: center;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ֳ</span>‎</div> </td> <td>U+05B3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HATEF_QAMATS" class="mw-redirect" title="HATEF QAMATS">HEBREW POINT HATAF QAMATS</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As of 2016, a separate Unicode symbol for the sheva na has been proposed but not implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqudot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">Mid central vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Sukūn" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics#Sukūn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_long-short-variants"><sup>↑</sup></span> Long and short niqqud-variants represent identical spoken vowels in Modern Hebrew; the orthographic distinction is, however, still observed in standard spelling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Geoffrey (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0163"><i>The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Open Book Publishers. pp. 305–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-677-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-677-4"><bdi>978-1-78374-677-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiberian+Pronunciation+Tradition+of+Biblical+Hebrew%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=305-7&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-677-4&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fbooks%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Geoffrey (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0163"><i>The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Open Book Publishers. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-677-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-677-4"><bdi>978-1-78374-677-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiberian+Pronunciation+Tradition+of+Biblical+Hebrew%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-677-4&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fbooks%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academy_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academy_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academy_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academy_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703210016/http://"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">he</span>-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/taatiq2007.pdf Transliteration guidelines from 2006 (p. 4)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Characterization and Evaluation of Speech-Reading Support Systems for Hard-of-Hearing Students in the Class" by Becky Schocken; Faculty of Management, Tel-Aviv University, Department of Management and Economics, The Open University of Israel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721140932/http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D4%u05E9%u05E4%u05E8%u05D9%u05E5">"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - השפריץ"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1+%E2%80%93+Morfix+Dictionary+-+%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmorfix.mako.co.il%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fq%3D%25u05E1%25u05E0%25u05DB%25u05E8%25u05DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141024/http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D7%u05E0%u05D8%u05E8%u05E9">"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - חנטרש"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1+%E2%80%93+Morfix+Dictionary+-+%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmorfix.mako.co.il%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fq%3D%25u05D7%25u05E0%25u05D8%25u05E8%25u05E9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141034/http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05E4%u05B0%u05DC%u05B4%u05E8%u05B0%u05D8%u05B5%u05D8">"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - פלרטט"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1+%E2%80%93+Morfix+Dictionary+-+%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmorfix.mako.co.il%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fq%3D%25u05E4%25u05B0%25u05DC%25u05B4%25u05E8%25u05B0%25u05D8%25u05B5%25u05D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maḥberet_Kitrei_Ha-Torah_1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maḥberet_Kitrei_Ha-Torah_1990_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maḥberet_Kitrei_Ha-Torah_1990_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Maḥberet Kitrei Ha-Torah</i> (ed. Yoav Pinhas Halevi), chapter 5, Benei Barak 1990 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/I_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="I Kings">I Kings</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90_%D7%99%D7%96_%D7%99%D7%90" class="extiw" title="s:he:מלכים א יז יא">17:11</a></span></span> "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לקחי־נא</span></span>"; <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90" class="extiw" title="s:he:תהלים יד א">14:1</a></span></span> "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">השחיתו</span></span>", "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">התעיבו</span></span>"; Psalms <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%91" class="extiw" title="s:he:תהלים נג ב">53:2</a></span></span> "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">השחיתו</span></span>", "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">והתעיבו</span></span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagigim.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=printview&t=14292&start=0">hagigim.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=entry_detail&uid=qek84cbq5u">"ScriptSource - Entry - Unicode Status (Hebrew)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ScriptSource+-+Entry+-+Unicode+Status+%28Hebrew%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dentry_detail%26uid%3Dqek84cbq5u&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shva&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/10" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/10"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>§10</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shva&oldid=1253270274">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shva&oldid=1253270274</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niqqud" title="Category:Niqqud">Niqqud</a></li></ul></div><div 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