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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html;CHARSET=utf-8"> <TITLE>Germany Forest Information and Data</TITLE> <META NAME="Description" CONTENT=" Germany Forest Information and Data"> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript">  </script> <STYLE> A:hover {background:#F0FCCA}  </STYLE> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://partner.googleadservices.com/gampad/google_service.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> GS_googleAddAdSenseService("ca-pub-7638076456673025"); GS_googleEnableAllServices(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> GA_googleAddSlot("ca-pub-7638076456673025", "rainforests_728x90_atf"); GA_googleAddSlot("ca-pub-7638076456673025", "rainforests_728x90_btf"); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> GA_googleFetchAds(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-12973256-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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FAO, <a name="00-intro">31.8% or about 11,076,000 ha of Germany is forested, according to FAO. Germany had 5,283,000 ha of planted forest. <br><br>Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Germany lost an average of 16,750 ha or 0.16% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Germany gained 3.1% of its forest cover, or around 335,000 ha.<br><br> Germany's forests contain 1,405 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass. Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Germany has some 648 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.9% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 3.5% are threatened. Germany is home to at least 2682 species of vascular plants, of which 0.2% are endemic. 29.3% of Germany is protected under IUCN categories I-V. <Br><Br> The following contains data relating to forest cover in Germany<Br><BR> <a name="1-cover"><a href="https://worldrainforests.com/deforestation/archive/Germany.htm" -->Previous version of this profile (2009)</a><BR><BR> <b>SECTIONS:</b> <table width=96%> <tr> <TD> <font size=2 face=sans-serif> <br> <a href="#01-cover">Forest Cover</a> | <a href="#02-types">Breakdown of forest types</a> | <a href="#03-forests">Change in Forest Cover</a> | <a href="#03-deforestation">Deforestation</a> | <a href="#03-primary">Primary forest</a> | <a href="#03-planted">Planted forest</a> | <a href="#04-designation">Forest designation</a> | <a href="#05-ownership">Forest ownership</a> | <a href="#07-growingstocks">Growing stock</a> | <a href="#08-carbonstock">Carbon stock</a> | <a href="#09-disturbance">Disturbances affecting forest land</a> | <a href="#10-removals">Removals</a> | <a href="#11-removalsvalue">Removals Value</a> | <a href="#12-employment">Employment</a> | <a href="#13-policy">Forest policy</a> | <a href="#14-hr">Human resources</a> | <a href="#15-revenue">Revenue</a> | <a href="#14-agreements">Agreements</a> | <a href="#8-protected">Protected areas</a> | <a href="#8-wildlife">Biodiversity - Wildlife</a> | <a href="#8-plants">Biodiversity - Plants</a> | <a href="#14">Environment</a> | <a href="#17">Land use / Resources</a> | <a href="#13">Economy</a> | <a href="#18">Population / Demographics</a> | <a href="#12">Infrastructure</a> | <a href="#16">Health</a> | <a href="#ref">References</a> | <a href="#books">Books</a> </tD> </tr> </table> <font size=2> <br><bR> <table width=100%> <tr> <td valign=top> <br><bR> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <br><br> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script 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bgcolor=000000><td></td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <br><br> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <br><br> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> <td width=30></td> <Td valign=top> <font size=2 face=sans-serif> <a name="2-types"><a name="01-cover"><b>Germany: Forest Cover, 2010</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Total Land Area (1000 ha)</td><td align=right>34877</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Total Forest Area (1000 ha)</td><td align=right>11076</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Percent Forest Cover</td><td align=right>32</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha)</td><td align=right>0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Primary Forest, % total forest</td><td align=right>0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Other wooded land (1000 ha)</td><td align=right>0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Percent other wooded land</td><td align=right>0</td></tr> </table> <br><bR> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="02-types"><b>Germany: Breakdown of forest types, 2010</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area)</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area)</td><td align=right>5793</td><td align=right>52</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area)</td><td align=right>5283</td><td align=right>48</td></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="03-forests"><b>Germany: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=4><b>TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right><b>1990</td><td align=right><b>2000</td><td align=right><b>2005</td><td align=right><b>2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>10741</td><td align=right>11076</td><td align=right>11076</td><td align=right>11076</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>34</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>0.31</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="03-deforestation"><b>Germany: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=4><b>FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right><b>1990</td><td align=right><b>2000</td><td align=right><b>2005</td><td align=right><b>2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>5620.0</td><td align=right>5793.0</td><td align=right>5793.0</td><td align=right>5793.0</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>17</td><td align=right>17.0</td><td align=right>0.0</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>0.3</td><td align=right>0.3</td><td align=right>0.0 </td><td align=right></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="03-primary"><b>Germany: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=4><b>PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right><b>1990</td><td align=right><b>2000</td><td align=right><b>2005</td><td align=right><b>2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="03-planted"><b>Germany: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=4><b>PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right><b>1990</td><td align=right><b>2000</td><td align=right><b>2005</td><td align=right><b>2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>5121</td><td align=right>5283</td><td align=right>5283</td><td align=right>5283</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>16</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)</b><i><br>Negative number represents deforestation</i></td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right><b>1990-2000</td><td align=right><b>2000-2005</td><td align=right><b>2005-2010</td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>0.31</td><td align=right>0.0</td><td align=right>0.0</td><td align=right></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="04-designation"><b>Germany: Primary designated function (percent)</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td align=center>Production</td><td align=center>Protection of soil and water</td><td align=center>Conservation of biodiversity</td><td align=center>Social services</td><td align=center>Multiple use</td><td align=center>Other</td><td align=center>None or unknown</td></tr> <tr><td align=center>0</td><td align=center>0</td><td align=center>26</td><td align=center>0</td><td align=center>74</td><td align=center>0</td><td align=center>0</td></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="05-ownership"><b>Germany: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=3><b>OWNERSHIP PATTERN</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=center>Public ownership</td><td align=center>Private ownership</td><td align=center>Other</td></tr> <tr><td align=center>53</td><td align=center>44</td><td align=center>4</td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=3><b>PRIVATE OWNERSHIP</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=center>Individuals</td><td align=center>Business entities and institutions</td><td align=center>Local, indigenous and tribal communities</td></tr> <tr><td align=center>-</td><td align=center>-</td><td align=center>0</td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=5><b>HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=center>Public administration</td><td align=center>Individuals</td><td align=center>Business entities and Institutions</td><td align=center>Communities</td><td align=center>Other</td></tr> <tr><td align=center>100</td><td align=center>0</td><td align=center>0</td><td align=center>0</td><td align=center>0</td></tr> </table> <a name="3-types"><font size=2> <a name="7-growingstocks"><b>Germany: Growing stock in forest</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=5><b>GROWING STOCK IN FOREST</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>Total<BR>(million m3)</td><td align=right>Per hectare<BR>(m3)</td><td align=right>Coniferous<BR>(million m3)</td><td align=right>Broadleaved<BR>(million m3)</td><td align=right>% commercial species</tD></tr> <tr><td align=right>3492</td><td align=right>315</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</tD></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>GROWING STOCK IN FOREST</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>Total (million m3)</td><td align=right>Per hectare (m3)</td><td align=right>Coniferous (million m3)</td><td align=right>Broadleaved (million m3)</td><td align=right>% commercial species</tD></tr> <tr><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right></td><td align=right></td><td align=right></tD></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="08-carbonstock"><b>Germany: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=4><b>CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS<BR>(million metric tons)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td><td align=right>2010</tD></tr> <tr><td align=right>981</td><td align=right>1193</td><td align=right>1283</td><td align=right>1405</tD></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS<BR>(per hectare in tons)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right></td><td align=right></td><td align=right>2000</tD></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right></td><td align=right></td><td align=right>127</tD></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE<BR>(1 000 t/yr)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td><td align=right>2010</tD></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>21</td><td align=right>18</td><td align=right>24</tD></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE<BR>(t/ha/yr)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td><td align=right>2010</tD></tr> <tr><td align=right></td><td align=right>1.6</td><td align=right>1.6</td><td align=right>2.2</tD></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="09-disturbance"><b>Germany: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=2><b>FOREST FIRE</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1000 ha</td><td align=right>% wild fire (not managed burn)</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1</td><td align=right>100</td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=6><b>EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>Insects</td><td align=right>Diseases</td><td align=right>Other biotic agents</td><td align=right>Abiotic factors</td><td align=right>Total (excluding fire)</td><td align=right>% of 2005 forest area</tD></tr> <tr><td align=right>269</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>26</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</tD></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="10-removals"><b>Germany: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=4><b>INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD<BR>Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td><td align=right>percent of which from forest 2005</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>37043</td><td align=right>47265</td><td align=right>58788</td><td align=right>100</td></tr> <tr><td colspan=4><b>WOODFUEL<BR>Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark)</td></tr></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td><td align=right>percent of which from forest 2005</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>7646</td><td align=right>12497</td><td align=right>16548</td><td align=right>100</td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <font size=2> <a name="11-removalsvalue"><b>Germany: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=4><b>Value of removals<BR>(million US$)</td><tD><b>Value per ha forest<BR>(US$)</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>Industrial roundwood</td><td align=right>Woodfuel</td><td align=right>NWFP</td><td align=right>Total</td><td align=right></td></tr> <tr><td align=right>2589</td><td align=right>238</td><td align=right>563</td><td align=right>3390</td><td align=right>n.s.</td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <font size=2> <a name="12-employment"><b>Germany: Employment in forestry 1990-2005</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=3><b>TOTAL<BR>(1000 full-time employees)</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3><b>IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY<BR>(1000 full-time employees)</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>49</td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3><b>IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION<BR>(1000 full-time employees)</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>1990</td><td align=right>2000</td><td align=right>2005</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <font size=2> <a name="13-policy"><b>Germany: Forest policy and legal framework 2008</b> <hr> National forest policy (year): Yes (2009)<br> Sub-national forest policy: Yes<br> National forest program (year) - status: Yes (1999) Under revision<br> National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1975) Sub-national forest law: Yes <BR><BR> <font size=2> <a name="14-hr"><b>Germany: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td colspan=2><b>2000</td><td colspan=2><b>2005</td><td colspan=2><b>2008</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>#</td><td align=right>% female</td><td align=right>#</td><td align=right>% female</td><td align=right>#</td><td align=right>% female</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <font size=2> <a name="15-revenue"><b>Germany: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Forest revenue</td><td colspan=6><b>Public expenditure (1000 US$)</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><b>Domestic funding</td><td colspan=2><b>External funding</td><td colspan=2><b>Total</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>(1000 US$)</td><td align=right>Operational expenditure</td><td align=right>Transfer payments</td><td align=right>Operational expenditure</td><td align=right>Transfer payments</td><td align=right>Operational expenditure</td><td align=right>Transfer payments</td></tr> <tr><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>157937</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>0</td><td align=right>-</td><td align=right>157937 </td></tr> </table> <BR><BR> <font size=2> <a name="14-agreements"><b>Germany: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010</b> <hr> <lI><a target=_blank href=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/>CbD</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/items/2352.php>UNFCCC</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php>Kyoto Protocol</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://www.unccd.int/convention/ratif/doeif.php>UNCCD</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/>ITTA</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/alphabet.shtml>CITeS</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-parties-contracting-parties-to-23808/main/ramsar/1-36-123%5e23808_4000_0__>Ramsar</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/>World Heritage Convention</a>: <lI><a target=_blank href=http://www.un.org/en/members/>NlbI</a>: <a name="4-change">[an error occurred while processing this directive] <a name="5-primary"> <a name="6-designation"> <a name="7-disturbance"> <a name="8-protected"> <a name="8-wildlife"> <a name="8-plants"> <a name="9-value"> <a name="10-production"> <a name="14"><b>Germany: Environment</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Environment - current issues</td><td align=right>emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive</td></tr><tr><td><b>Environment - international agreements</td><td align=right>party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling<br>signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements</td></tr><tr><td><b>Natural hazards</td><td align=right>flooding</td></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="17"><b>Germany: Land use / Resources</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Land use (%)</td><td>arable land: 33.85%<br>permanent crops: 0.59%<br>other: 65.56% (2001)</td></tr><tr><td><b>Natural resources</td><td>coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land</tD></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="13"><b>Germany: Economy</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Economy - overview:</td><td>Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest in the world - has become one of the slowest growing economies in the euro zone. A quick turnaround is not in the offing in the foreseeable future. Growth in 2001-03 fell short of 1%, rising to 1.7% in 2004 before falling back to 0.8% in 2005. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70 billion. Germany's aging population, combined with high unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Germany to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are further addressed. In the short run, however, the fall in government revenues and the rise in expenditures have raised the deficit above the EU's 3% debt limit.</td></tr><tr><td><b>GDP - per capita</td><td align=right>$29,700 (2005 est.)</td></tr><tr><td><b>GDP - real growth rate (%)</td><td align=right>0.8% (2005 est.)</td></tr><tr><td><b>Agriculture - products</td><td>potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry</td></tr><tr><td><b>GDP - composition by sector (%)</td><td>agriculture: 1.1%, industry: 28.6%, services: 70.3% (2005 est.)</td></tr><tr><td><b>Industries</td><td> among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; shipbuilding; textiles</td></tr><tr><td><b>Population below poverty line (%)</td><td align=right>NA</td></tr><tr><td><b>Debt - external</td><td align=right>$3.626 trillion (30 June 2005)</td></tr><tr><td><b>Labor force - by occupation (%)</td><td>agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8% (1999)</td></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="18"><b>Germany: Population / Demographics</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Population (July 2005)</td><td align=right>82,431,390</td></tr><tr><td><b>Population growth rate (%) (2005)</td><td align=right>0.00%</td></tr><tr><td><b>Population density (people/sq km) (2005)</td><td align=right>236.0</td></tr><tr><td><b>Percent rural (2003)</td><td align=right>11.9%</td></tr><tr><td><b>Median age (years)</td><td align=right>total: 42.16 years</td></tr><tr><td><b>Total fertility rate (children born/woman)</td><td align=right>1.39 (2005 est.)</td></tr><tr><td><b>Ethnic groups (%)</td><td>German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)</td></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="12"><b>Largest Cities in Germany</b> <hr> <br> Cities and urban areas in Germany with population over 100,000  All figures are estimates for 2002.<br><br>  <table cellpadding=4 class=table1> <TR><td><b>City</td><TD align=right><b>Country</td><TD align=right><b>City Population</td><TD align=right><b>Urban Area Population</td></tr> <TR><td>Berlin</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>3289500</td><TD align=right>3942600</td></tr> <TR><td>Hamburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>1688300</td><TD align=right>3260700</td></tr> <TR><td>Munich</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>1161100</td><TD align=right>2341700</td></tr> <TR><td>Koln-Ruhr Area</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>966800</td><TD align=right>11297800</td></tr> <TR><td>Frankfurt</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>645500</td><TD align=right>2717800</td></tr> <TR><td>Essen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>589900</td><TD align=right>589900</td></tr> <TR><td>Dortmund</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>588300</td><TD align=right>588300</td></tr> <TR><td>Stuttgart</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>575400</td><TD align=right>2330300</td></tr> <TR><td>Dusseldorf</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>568300</td><TD align=right>568300</td></tr> <TR><td>Bremen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>528200</td><TD align=right>1008900</td></tr> <TR><td>Duisburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>517700</td><TD align=right>517700</td></tr> <TR><td>Hannover</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>516800</td><TD align=right>1106100</td></tr> <TR><td>Nurnberg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>486800</td><TD align=right>1008500</td></tr> <TR><td>Dresden</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>413600</td><TD align=right>1030800</td></tr> <TR><td>Leipzig</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>409800</td><TD align=right>1417600</td></tr> <TR><td>Bochum</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>387600</td><TD align=right>387600</td></tr> <TR><td>Wuppertal</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>368600</td><TD align=right>368600</td></tr> <TR><td>Bielefeld</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>322000</td><TD align=right>1419000</td></tr> <TR><td>Bonn</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>311800</td><TD align=right>311800</td></tr> <TR><td>Mannheim</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>305900</td><TD align=right>1456000</td></tr> <TR><td>Gelsenkirchen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>278100</td><TD align=right>278100</td></tr> <TR><td>Karlsruhe</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>277500</td><TD align=right>580500</td></tr> <TR><td>Monchengladbach</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>266400</td><TD align=right>266400</td></tr> <TR><td>Wiesbaden</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>266000</td><TD align=right>266000</td></tr> <TR><td>Muenster</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>265500</td><TD align=right>265500</td></tr> <TR><td>Chemnitz</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>256100</td><TD align=right>1081800</td></tr> <TR><td>Augsburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>252300</td><TD align=right>252300</td></tr> <TR><td>Halle</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>245300</td><TD align=right>245300</td></tr> <TR><td>Braunschweig</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>242400</td><TD align=right>242400</td></tr> <TR><td>Aachen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>240300</td><TD align=right>1238600</td></tr> <TR><td>Krefeld</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>238200</td><TD align=right>238200</td></tr> <TR><td>Kiel</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>231700</td><TD align=right>231700</td></tr> <TR><td>Magdeburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>230000</td><TD align=right>230000</td></tr> <TR><td>Oberhausen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>221900</td><TD align=right>221900</td></tr> <TR><td>Lubeck</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>213200</td><TD align=right>213200</td></tr> <TR><td>Hagen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>205500</td><TD align=right>205500</td></tr> <TR><td>Freiburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>203000</td><TD align=right>203000</td></tr> <TR><td>Erfurt</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>195100</td><TD align=right>195100</td></tr> <TR><td>Kassel</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>194600</td><TD align=right>194600</td></tr> <TR><td>Rostock</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>193300</td><TD align=right>193300</td></tr> <TR><td>Mainz</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>190600</td><TD align=right>190600</td></tr> <TR><td>Saarbrucken</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>179500</td><TD align=right>179500</td></tr> <TR><td>Hamm</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>178000</td><TD align=right>178000</td></tr> <TR><td>Herne</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>175200</td><TD align=right>175200</td></tr> <TR><td>Mulheim</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>174000</td><TD align=right>174000</td></tr> <TR><td>Osnabruck</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>164200</td><TD align=right>164200</td></tr> <TR><td>Solingen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>163900</td><TD align=right>163900</td></tr> <TR><td>Ludwigshafen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>163400</td><TD align=right>163400</td></tr> <TR><td>Leverkusen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>162500</td><TD align=right>162500</td></tr> <TR><td>Oldenburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>156800</td><TD align=right>156800</td></tr> <TR><td>Neuss</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>150000</td><TD align=right>150000</td></tr> <TR><td>Heidelberg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>138100</td><TD align=right>138100</td></tr> <TR><td>Paderborn</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>137700</td><TD align=right>137700</td></tr> <TR><td>Darmstadt</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>136700</td><TD align=right>136700</td></tr> <TR><td>Gottingen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>129800</td><TD align=right>129800</td></tr> <TR><td>Potsdam</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>128000</td><TD align=right>128000</td></tr> <TR><td>Wurzburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>125300</td><TD align=right>125300</td></tr> <TR><td>Recklinghausen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>124800</td><TD align=right>124800</td></tr> <TR><td>Regensburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>124200</td><TD align=right>124200</td></tr> <TR><td>Bottrop</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>122000</td><TD align=right>122000</td></tr> <TR><td>Bremerhaven</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>117900</td><TD align=right>117900</td></tr> <TR><td>Heilbronn</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>117900</td><TD align=right>117900</td></tr> <TR><td>Ingolstadt</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>117900</td><TD align=right>117900</td></tr> <TR><td>Wolfsburg</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>117500</td><TD align=right>117500</td></tr> <TR><td>Remscheid</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>117100</td><TD align=right>117100</td></tr> <TR><td>Pforzheim</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>116800</td><TD align=right>116800</td></tr> <TR><td>Ulm</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>116300</td><TD align=right>116300</td></tr> <TR><td>Offenbach</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>115600</td><TD align=right>115600</td></tr> <TR><td>Furth</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>111700</td><TD align=right>111700</td></tr> <TR><td>Salzgitter</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>111500</td><TD align=right>111500</td></tr> <TR><td>Reutlingen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>110900</td><TD align=right>110900</td></tr> <TR><td>Siegen</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>110000</td><TD align=right>110000</td></tr> <TR><td>Gera</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>109800</td><TD align=right>109800</td></tr> <TR><td>Koblenz</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>108600</td><TD align=right>108600</td></tr> <TR><td>Cottbus</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>107300</td><TD align=right>107300</td></tr> <TR><td>Bergisch Gladbach</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>106300</td><TD align=right>106300</td></tr> <TR><td>Moers</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>106000</td><TD align=right>106000</td></tr> <TR><td>Witten</td><TD align=right>Germany</td><TD align=right>103800</td><TD align=right>103800</td></tr> </table> <br><br> <FONT SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <font size=2> <a name="12"><b>Germany: Infrastructure</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Telephones - main lines in use</td><td>54.35 million (2003)</td></tr><tr><td><b>Telephones - mobile cellular</td><td>64.8 million (2003)</td></tr><tr><td><b>Roadways (km)</td><td>total: 231,581 km<br>paved: 231,581 km (including 12,037 km of expressways) (2003)</td></tr> </table> <br><bR> <font size=2> <a name="16"><b>Germany: Health</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td><b>Life expectancy at birth (years)</td><td align=right>total population: 78.65 years<br>male: 75.66 years<br>female: 81.81 years (2005 est.)<tr><td><b>Infant mortality rate</td><td align=right>4.16 deaths/1,000 live births<tr><td><b>HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%)</td><td align=right>0.1% (2001 est.) </td></tr> </table> <BR><a name="ref"><b> Germany : References & Data Sources</b> <hr> <table cellspacing=4 cellpadding=4 class=table1> <tr><td> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005 <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001) <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas. <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory. <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund <br><img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com </td></tr> </table> <br><br><br> <table align=center> <tr> <td> <form name="jump"> <select name="menu" onChange="location=document.jump.menu.options[document.jump.menu.selectedIndex].value;" value="GO"> <option>Select a Country or Region</option> <option value=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/>INDEX</option> <option value=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Afghanistan.htm>Afghanistan</option> <option value=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Albania.htm>Albania</option> <option 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valign=top> <font size=2 face=arial,verdana,helvetica> <b>Tropical rainforest information</b> <br><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0101.htm" title="Forests Around the Globe">World Rainforests</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0201.htm" title="Structure & Character - What are Tropical Rainforests? ">Rainforest Structure</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0301.htm" title="Species Richness in Tropical Forests">Rainforest Biodiversity</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0401.htm" title="Life in the Trees ">Canopy</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0501.htm" title="The Understory - Life on the Forest Floor ">Forest Floor</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0601.htm" title="The Liquid Forest - Rainforest Waters ">Rainforest Waters</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0701.htm" title="Human Inhabitants - Indigenous Rainforest Residents ">Indigenous People</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0801.htm" title="Imperilled Riches - Why Are Raiforests being Destroyed? ">Deforestation</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0901.htm" title="Disappearing Opportunities - Why Are Rainforests Important?">Global Importance</A><br> </td> <td width=10></td> <td valign=top><br><br><font size=2 face=arial,verdana,helvetica> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/1001.htm" title="Saving What Remains - What Can Be Done to Save Rainforests?">Rainforest Conservation</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/countries.htm" title="Rainforest profiles for individual countries">Country Reports</A> <font size=1>update soon<font size=2><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://www.mongabay.com/ref01.htm">References</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0801.htm#tables">Deforestation Tables</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/">The Amazon Rainforest</A> <font size=1>update soon<font size=2><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/">The Congo Rainforest</A> <font size=1>update soon<font size=2><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://www.mongabay.com/brazil.html">Deforestation in Brazil</A><br> <img src=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/gr.jpg> <a href="http://travel.mongabay.com/">Rainforest Images</A><br> <bR><br><br> </td> <td width=10></td> <td valign=top><br>  <FORM method=GET action="https://www.google.com/custom"> <TABLE bgcolor='#FFFFFF'> <tr><td nowrap='nowrap' valign='top' align='center' height='32'> <A HREF="https://www.google.com/"> <IMG SRC="https://www.google.com/logos/Logo_25wht.gif" border='0' ALT='Google'></A> </td> <td> <input type=hidden name=domains value='mongabay.com'><INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=''> <INPUT type=submit name=sa VALUE='Search'> </td></tr> <tr><td> </td> <td> <font size=-1 face=arial,verdana> <input type=radio name=sitesearch value='' checked> Web<br> <input type=radio name=sitesearch value='mongabay.com'>mongabay.com<br> <input type=radio name=sitesearch value='rainforests.mongabay.com' >Mongabay Rainforests<br> <input type=radio name=sitesearch value='rainforests.mongabay.com' >Mongabay News<br> <input type=radio name=sitesearch value=travel.mongabay.com' >Mongabay Photos<br> <br/> </font> <input type=hidden name=client value='pub-5292544863418232'> <input type=hidden name=forid value='1'> <input type=hidden name=channel value='9821421841'> <input type=hidden name=ie value='ISO-8859-1'> <input type=hidden name=oe value='ISO-8859-1'> <input type=hidden name=cof value='GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:DFFF0C;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;LH:50;LW:200;L:http://www.mongabay.com/images/mongabay_search_logo.gif;S:http://www.mongabay.com;FORID:1;'> <input type=hidden name=hl value='en'> </td></tr></TABLE> </FORM>  </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width=10></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH=100% BGCOLOR="333333" HEIGHT=1> <TR> <TD> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="1028" bgcolog=#FFFFFF cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0> <TR> <TD WIDTH VALIGN="top" p align="center"><FONT SIZE="1" FACE="Verdana"><A HREF="http://www.mongabay.com/">what's new</A> | <A HREF="http://rainforests.mongabay.com">rainforests home</A> | <A HREF="http://www.mongabay.com/contribute.htm"><b>help support the site</b></A> | <A HREF="http://www.wildmadagascar.org">madagascar</A> | <A HREF="http://www.mongabay.com/search.htm">search</A> | <A HREF="http://www.mongabay.com/about.htm">about</A> | <A HREF="http://www.mongabay.com/contact_mongabay.htm">contact</A> </td> </tr> <tr> <TD WIDTH VALIGN="top" p align="center"><br><FONT SIZE="1" FACE="Verdana" COLOR="black"><A HREF="http://www.mongabay.com/copyright.htm">Copyright Rhett Butler 1994-2006</A><br><br> <font color=CCCCCC>"Rainforest" is used interchangeably with "rain forest" on this site.<br>Same for "rainforests" and "rain forests". 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