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orbits</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: nilpotent orbits"> <meta name="keywords" content="nilpotent orbits"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="nilpotent orbits"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 53</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: nilpotent orbits</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Performance Comparison of Space-Time Block and Trellis Codes under Rayleigh Channels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Qingfeng">Jing Qingfeng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wu%20Jiajia"> Wu Jiajia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the crowded orbits and shortage of frequency resources, utilizing of MIMO technology to improve spectrum efficiency and increase the capacity has become a necessary trend of broadband satellite communication. We analyze the main influenced factors and compare the BER performance of space-time block code (STBC) scheme and space-time trellis code (STTC) scheme. This paper emphatically studies the bit error rate (BER) performance of STTC and STBC under Rayleigh channel. The main emphasis is placed on the effects of the factors, such as terminal environment and elevation angles, on the BER performance of STBC and STTC schemes. Simulation results indicate that performance of STTC under Rayleigh channel is obviously improved with the increasing of transmitting and receiving antennas numbers, but the encoder state has little impact on the performance. Under Rayleigh channel, performance of Alamouti code is better than that of STTC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20time%20block%20code%20%28STBC%29" title=" space time block code (STBC)"> space time block code (STBC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20time%20trellis%20code%20%28STTC%29" title=" space time trellis code (STTC)"> space time trellis code (STTC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayleigh%20channel" title=" Rayleigh channel"> Rayleigh channel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45895/performance-comparison-of-space-time-block-and-trellis-codes-under-rayleigh-channels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Transport of Inertial Finite-Size Floating Plastic Pollution by Ocean Surface Waves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ross%20Calvert">Ross Calvert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colin%20Whittaker"> Colin Whittaker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alison%20Raby"> Alison Raby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alistair%20G.%20L.%20Borthwick"> Alistair G. L. Borthwick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ton%20S.%20van%20den%20Bremer"> Ton S. van den Bremer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Large concentrations of plastic have polluted the seas in the last half century, with harmful effects on marine wildlife and potentially to human health. Plastic pollution will have lasting effects because it is expected to take hundreds or thousands of years for plastic to decay in the ocean. The question arises how waves transport plastic in the ocean. The predominant motion induced by waves creates ellipsoid orbits. However, these orbits do not close, resulting in a drift. This is defined as Stokes drift. If a particle is infinitesimally small and the same density as water, it will behave exactly as the water does, i.e., as a purely Lagrangian tracer. However, as the particle grows in size or changes density, it will behave differently. The particle will then have its own inertia, the fluid will exert drag on the particle, because there is relative velocity, and it will rise or sink depending on the density and whether it is on the free surface. Previously, plastic pollution has all been considered to be purely Lagrangian. However, the steepness of waves in the ocean is small, normally about α = k₀a = 0.1 (where k₀ is the wavenumber and a is the wave amplitude), this means that the mean drift flows are of the order of ten times smaller than the oscillatory velocities (Stokes drift is proportional to steepness squared, whilst the oscillatory velocities are proportional to the steepness). Thus, the particle motion must have the forces of the full motion, oscillatory and mean flow, as well as a dynamic buoyancy term to account for the free surface, to determine whether inertia is important. To track the motion of a floating inertial particle under wave action requires the fluid velocities, which form the forcing, and the full equations of motion of a particle to be solved. Starting with the equation of motion of a sphere in unsteady flow with viscous drag. Terms can added then be added to the equation of motion to better model floating plastic: a dynamic buoyancy to model a particle floating on the free surface, quadratic drag for larger particles and a slope sliding term. Using perturbation methods to order the equation of motion into sequentially solvable parts allows a parametric equation for the transport of inertial finite-sized floating particles to be derived. This parametric equation can then be validated using numerical simulations of the equation of motion and flume experiments. This paper presents a parametric equation for the transport of inertial floating finite-size particles by ocean waves. The equation shows an increase in Stokes drift for larger, less dense particles. The equation has been validated using numerical solutions of the equation of motion and laboratory flume experiments. The difference in the particle transport equation and a purely Lagrangian tracer is illustrated using worlds maps of the induced transport. This parametric transport equation would allow ocean-scale numerical models to include inertial effects of floating plastic when predicting or tracing the transport of pollutants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perturbation%20methods" title="perturbation methods">perturbation methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20pollution%20transport" title=" plastic pollution transport"> plastic pollution transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stokes%20drift" title=" Stokes drift"> Stokes drift</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20flume%20experiments" title=" wave flume experiments"> wave flume experiments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave-induced%20mean%20flow" title=" wave-induced mean flow"> wave-induced mean flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111423/transport-of-inertial-finite-size-floating-plastic-pollution-by-ocean-surface-waves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Computation of ΔV Requirements for Space Debris Removal Using Orbital Transfer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadhvi%20Gupta">Sadhvi Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charulatha%20S."> Charulatha S.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the dawn of the early 1950s humans have launched numerous vehicles in space. Be it from rockets to rovers humans have done tremendous growth in the technology sector. While there is mostly upside for it for humans the only major downside which cannot be ignored now is the amount of junk produced in space due to it i.e. space debris. All this space junk amounts from objects we launch from earth which so remains in orbit until it re-enters the atmosphere. Space debris can be of various sizes mainly the big ones are of the dead satellites floating in space and small ones can consist of various things like paint flecks, screwdrivers, bolts etc. Tracking of small space debris whose size is less than 10 cm is impossible and can have vast implications. As the amount of space debris increases in space the chances of it hitting a functional satellite also increases. And it is extremely costly to repair or recover the satellite once hit by a revolving space debris. So the proposed solution is, Actively removing space debris while keeping space sustainability in mind. For this solution a total of 8 modules will be launched in LEO and in GEO and these models will be placed in their desired orbits through Hohmann transfer and for that calculating ΔV values is crucial. After which the modules will be placed in their designated positions in STK software and thorough analysis is conducted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20debris" title="space debris">space debris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hohmann%20transfer" title=" Hohmann transfer"> Hohmann transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STK" title=" STK"> STK</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delta-V" title=" delta-V"> delta-V</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166831/computation-of-dv-requirements-for-space-debris-removal-using-orbital-transfer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Step into the Escalator’s Fractal Behavior by Using the Poincare Map</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Albadri">Ali Albadri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Step band in an escalator moves in a cyclic periodic pattern. Similarly, most if not all of the components and sub-assemblies in the escalator operate in the same way. If you mark up one step in the step band of an escalator and stand next to the escalator, on the incline, to watch the marked-up step when it passes by, you ask yourself, does the marked up step behaves exactly the same way during each revolution when it passes you by again and again? We can say that; there is some similarity in this example and the example when an astronomer watches planets in the sky, and he or she asks himself or herself, does each planet intersects the plan of observation in the same position for every pantry rotation? For a fact, we know for the answer to the second example is no, because scientist, astronomers, and mathematicians have proven that planets deviate from their paths to take new paths during their planetary moves, albeit with minimal change. But what about the answer to the question in the first example? considering that there is increase in the wear and tear of components with time in the step, in the step band, in the tracks and in many other places in the escalator. There is also the accumulation of fatigue in the components and sub-assemblies. This research is part of many studies which we are conducting to address the answer for the question in the first example. We have been using the fractal dimension as a quantities tool and the Poincare map as a qualitative tool. This study has shown that the fractal dimension value and the shape and distribution of the orbits in the Poincare map has significant correlation with the quality of the mechanical components and sub-assemblies in the escalator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20dimension" title="fractal dimension">fractal dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poincare%20map" title=" Poincare map"> Poincare map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rugby%20ball%20orbit" title=" rugby ball orbit"> rugby ball orbit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=worm%20orbit" title=" worm orbit"> worm orbit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156296/step-into-the-escalators-fractal-behavior-by-using-the-poincare-map" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Complex Dynamics in a Model of Management of the Protected Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Russu">Paolo Russu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the economic and ecological dynamics that emerge in Protected Areas (PAs) due to interactions between visitors and the animals that live there. The PAs contain two species whose interactions are determined by the Lotka-Volterra equations system. Visitors' decisions to visit PAs are influenced by the entrance cost required to enter the park and the chance of witnessing the species living there. Visitors have contradictory effects on the species and thus on the sustainability of the protected areas: on the one hand, an increase in the number of tourists damages the natural habitat of the regions and thus the species living there; on the other hand, it increases the total amount of entrance fees that the managing body of the PAs can use to perform defensive expenditures that protect the species from extinction. For a given set of parameter values, saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, homoclinic orbits, and a Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of codimension two has been investigated. The system displays periodic doubling and chaotic solutions, as numerical examples demonstrate. Pontryagin's Maximum Principle was utilised to develop an optimal admission charge policy that maximised social gain and ecosystem conservation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title="chaos">chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bifurcation%20points" title=" bifurcation points"> bifurcation points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamical%20model" title=" dynamical model"> dynamical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title=" optimal control"> optimal control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164280/complex-dynamics-in-a-model-of-management-of-the-protected-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> A 3D Model of the Sustainable Management of the Natural Environment in National Parks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Russu">Paolo Russu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the economic and ecological dynamics that emerge in Protected Areas (PAs) as a result of interactions between visitors to the area and the animals that live there. We suppose that the PAs contain two species whose interactions are determined by the Lotka-Volterra equations system. Visitors' decisions to visit PAs are influenced by the entrance cost required to enter the park as well as the chance of witnessing the species that live there. Visitors have contradictory effects on the species and thus on the sustainability of the protected areas: on the one hand, an increase in the number of tourists damages the natural habitat of the areas and thus the species living there; on the other hand, it increases the total amount of entrance fees that the managing body of the PAs can use to perform defensive expenditures that protect the species from extinction. For a given set of parameter values, the existence of saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, homoclinic orbits, and a Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of codimension two has been investigated. The system displays periodic doubling and chaotic solutions, as demonstrated by numerical examples. Pontryagin's Maximum Principle was utilized to develop an optimal admission charge policy that maximized both social gain and ecosystem conservation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20preferences" title="environmental preferences">environmental preferences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singularities%20point" title=" singularities point"> singularities point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamical%20system" title=" dynamical system"> dynamical system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title=" chaos"> chaos</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150481/a-3d-model-of-the-sustainable-management-of-the-natural-environment-in-national-parks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Hohmann Transfer and Bi-Elliptic Hohmann Transfer in TRAPPIST-1 System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jorge%20L.%20Nisperuza">Jorge L. Nisperuza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilson%20Sandoval"> Wilson Sandoval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edward.%20A.%20Gil"> Edward. A. Gil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johan%20A.%20Jimenez"> Johan A. Jimenez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In orbital mechanics, an active research topic is the calculation of interplanetary trajectories efficient in terms of energy and time. In this sense, this work concerns the calculation of the orbital elements for sending interplanetary probes in the extrasolar system TRAPPIST-1. Specifically, using the mathematical expressions of the circular and elliptical trajectory parameters, expressions for the flight time and the orbital transfer rate increase between orbits, the orbital parameters and the graphs of the trajectories of Hohmann and Hohmann bi-elliptic for sending a probe from the innermost planet to all the other planets of the studied system, are obtained. The relationship between the orbital transfer rate increments and the relationship between the flight times for the two transfer types is found. The results show that, for all cases under consideration, the Hohmann transfer results to be the least energy and temporary cost, a result according to the theory associated with Hohmann and Hohmann bi-elliptic transfers. Saving in the increase of the speed reaches up to 87% was found, and it happens for the transference between the two innermost planets, whereas the time of flight increases by a factor of up to 6.6 if one makes use of the bi-elliptic transfer, this for the case of sending a probe from the innermost planet to the outermost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bi-elliptic%20Hohmann%20transfer" title="bi-elliptic Hohmann transfer">bi-elliptic Hohmann transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exoplanet" title=" exoplanet"> exoplanet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrasolar%20system" title=" extrasolar system"> extrasolar system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hohmann%20transfer" title=" Hohmann transfer"> Hohmann transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRAPPIST-1" title=" TRAPPIST-1"> TRAPPIST-1</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98728/hohmann-transfer-and-bi-elliptic-hohmann-transfer-in-trappist-1-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98728.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Time Optimal Control Mode Switching between Detumbling and Pointing in the Early Orbit Phase</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20M.%20Ng">W. M. Ng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20B.%20Iskender"> O. B. Iskender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Simonini"> L. Simonini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Gonzalez"> J. M. Gonzalez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A multitude of factors, including mechanical imperfections of the deployment system and separation instance of satellites from launchers, oftentimes results in highly uncontrolled initial tumbling motion immediately after deployment. In particular, small satellites which are characteristically launched as a piggyback to a large rocket, are generally allocated a large time window to complete detumbling within the early orbit phase. Because of the saturation risk of the actuators, current algorithms are conservative to avoid draining excessive power in the detumbling phase. This work aims to enable time-optimal switching of control modes during the early phase, reducing the time required to transit from launch to sun-pointing mode for power budget conscious satellites. This assumes the usage of B-dot controller for detumbling and PD controller for pointing. Nonlinear Euler's rotation equations are used to represent the attitude dynamics of satellites and Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) reaction wheels and magnetorquers are used to perform the manoeuver. Simulation results will be based on a spacecraft attitude simulator and the use case will be for multiple orbits of launch deployment general to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitude%20control" title="attitude control">attitude control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detumbling" title=" detumbling"> detumbling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20satellites" title=" small satellites"> small satellites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft%20autonomy" title=" spacecraft autonomy"> spacecraft autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20optimal%20control" title=" time optimal control"> time optimal control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108761/time-optimal-control-mode-switching-between-detumbling-and-pointing-in-the-early-orbit-phase" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108761.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Study of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Acceleration by Cylindrical TE₀₁₁ Mode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oswaldo%20Otero">Oswaldo Otero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduardo%20A.%20Orozco"> Eduardo A. Orozco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20M.%20Herrera"> Ana M. Herrera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we present results from analytical and numerical studies of the electron acceleration by a TE₀₁₁ cylindrical microwave mode in a static homogeneous magnetic field under electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) condition. The stability of the orbits is analyzed using the particle orbit theory. In order to get a better understanding of the interaction wave-particle, we decompose the azimuthally electric field component as the superposition of right and left-hand circular polarization standing waves. The trajectory, energy and phase-shift of the electron are found through a numerical solution of the relativistic Newton-Lorentz equation in a finite difference method by the Boris method. It is shown that an electron longitudinally injected with an energy of 7 keV in a radial position r=Rc/2, being Rc the cavity radius, is accelerated up to energy of 90 keV by an electric field strength of 14 kV/cm and frequency of 2.45 GHz. This energy can be used to produce X-ray for medical imaging. These results can be used as a starting point for study the acceleration of electrons in a magnetic field changing slowly in time (GYRAC), which has some important applications as the electron cyclotron resonance ion proton accelerator (ECR-IPAC) for cancer therapy and to control plasma bunches with relativistic electrons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20method" title="Boris method">Boris method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron%20cyclotron%20resonance" title=" electron cyclotron resonance"> electron cyclotron resonance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20difference%20method" title=" finite difference method"> finite difference method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20orbit%20theory" title=" particle orbit theory"> particle orbit theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray" title=" X-ray"> X-ray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98818/study-of-electron-cyclotron-resonance-acceleration-by-cylindrical-te011-mode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Radiologic Assessment of Orbital Dimensions Among Omani Subjects: Computed Tomography Imaging-Based Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marwa%20Al-Subhi">Marwa Al-Subhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eiman%20Al-Ajmi"> Eiman Al-Ajmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mallak%20Al-Maamari"> Mallak Al-Maamari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Humood%20Al-Dhuhli"> Humood Al-Dhuhli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srinivasa%20Rao"> Srinivasa Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The orbit and its contents are affected by various pathologies and craniofacial anomalies. Sound knowledge of the normal orbital dimensions is clinically essential for successful surgical outcomes and also in the field of forensic anthropology. Racial, ethnic, and regional variations in the orbital dimensions have been reported. This study sought to determine the orbital dimensions of Omani subjects who had been referred for computed tomography (CT) images at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 273 patients’ CT images were evaluated retrospectively by using an electronic medical records database. The orbital dimensions were recorded using both axial and sagittal planes of CT images. The mean orbital index (OI) was found to be 83.25±4.83 and the prevalent orbital type was categorized as mesoseme. The mean orbital index was 83.34±5.05 and 83.16±4.57 in males and females, respectively, with their difference being statistically not significant (p=0.76). A statistically significant association was observed between the right and left orbits with regard to horizontal distance (p<0.05) and vertical distance (p<0.01) of orbit and OI (p<0.05). No significant difference between the OI and age groups was observed in both males and females. The mean interorbital distance and interzygomatic distance were found to be 19.45±1.52 mm and 95.59±4.08 mm, respectively. Both of these parameters were significantly higher in males (p<0.05). Results of the present study provide reference values of orbital dimensions in Omani subjects. The prevalent orbital type of Omani subjects is mesoseme, which is a hallmark of the white race. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orbit" title="orbit">orbit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orbital%20index" title=" orbital index"> orbital index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoseme" title=" mesoseme"> mesoseme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnicity" title=" ethnicity"> ethnicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation" title=" variation"> variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144525/radiologic-assessment-of-orbital-dimensions-among-omani-subjects-computed-tomography-imaging-based-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Development of Star Image Simulator for Star Tracker Algorithm Validation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoubida%20Mahi">Zoubida Mahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A successful satellite mission in space requires a reliable attitude and orbit control system to command, control and position the satellite in appropriate orbits. Several sensors are used for attitude control, such as magnetic sensors, earth sensors, horizon sensors, gyroscopes, and solar sensors. The star tracker is the most accurate sensor compared to other sensors, and it is able to offer high-accuracy attitude control without the need for prior attitude information. There are mainly three approaches in star sensor research: digital simulation, hardware in the loop simulation, and field test of star observation. In the digital simulation approach, all of the processes are done in software, including star image simulation. Hence, it is necessary to develop star image simulation software that could simulate real space environments and various star sensor configurations. In this paper, we present a new stellar image simulation tool that is used to test and validate the stellar sensor algorithms; the developed tool allows to simulate of stellar images with several types of noise, such as background noise, gaussian noise, Poisson noise, multiplicative noise, and several scenarios that exist in space such as the presence of the moon, the presence of optical system problem, illumination and false objects. On the other hand, we present in this paper a new star extraction algorithm based on a new centroid calculation method. We compared our algorithm with other star extraction algorithms from the literature, and the results obtained show the star extraction capability of the proposed algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=star%20tracker" title="star tracker">star tracker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=star%20simulation" title=" star simulation"> star simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=star%20detection" title=" star detection"> star detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=centroid" title=" centroid"> centroid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise" title=" noise"> noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scenario" title=" scenario"> scenario</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159131/development-of-star-image-simulator-for-star-tracker-algorithm-validation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159131.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> A Single Stage Rocket Using Solid Fuels in Conventional Propulsion Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20R%20Evans">John R Evans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sook-Ying%20%20Ho"> Sook-Ying Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rey%20Chin"> Rey Chin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes the research investigations orientated to the starting and propelling of a solid fuel rocket engine which operates as combined cycle propulsion system using three thrust pulses. The vehicle has been designed to minimise the cost of launching small number of Nano/Cube satellites into low earth orbits (LEO). A technology described in this paper is a ground-based launch propulsion system which starts the rocket vertical motion immediately causing air flow to enter the ramjet’s intake. Current technology has a ramjet operation predicted to be able to start high subsonic speed of 280 m/s using a liquid fuel ramjet (LFRJ). The combined cycle engine configuration is in many ways fundamentally different from the LFRJ. A much lower subsonic start speed is highly desirable since the use of a mortar to obtain the latter speed for rocket means a shorter launcher length can be utilized. This paper examines the means and has some performance calculations, including Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis of air-intake at suitable operational conditions, 3-DOF point mass trajectory analysis of multi-pulse propulsion system (where pulse ignition time and thrust magnitude can be controlled), etc. of getting a combined cycle rocket engine use in a single stage vehicle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combine%20cycle%20propulsion%20system" title="combine cycle propulsion system">combine cycle propulsion system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20earth%20orbit%20launch%20vehicle" title=" low earth orbit launch vehicle"> low earth orbit launch vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics%20analysis" title=" computational fluid dynamics analysis"> computational fluid dynamics analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3dof%20trajectory%20analysis" title=" 3dof trajectory analysis "> 3dof trajectory analysis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136487/a-single-stage-rocket-using-solid-fuels-in-conventional-propulsion-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136487.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> On Lie Groupoids, Bundles, and Their Categories</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20G.%20Romeo">P. G. Romeo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A Lie group is a highly sophisticated structure which is a smooth manifold whose underlying set of elements is equipped with the structure of a group such that the group multiplication and inverse-assigning functions are smooth. This structure was introduced by the Norwegian mathematician So- phus Lie who founded the theory of continuous groups. The Lie groups are well developed and have wide applications in areas including Mathematical Physics. There are several advances and generalizations for Lie groups and Lie groupoids is one such which is termed as a "many-object generalization" of Lie groups. A groupoid is a category whose morphisms are all invertible, obviously, every group is a groupoid but not conversely. Definition 1. A Lie groupoid G ⇒ M is a groupoid G on a base M together with smooth structures on G and M such that the maps α, β: G → M are surjective submertions, the object inclusion map x '→ 1x, M → G is smooth, and the partial multiplication G ∗ G → G is smooth. A bundle is a triple (E, p, B) where E, B are topological spaces p: E → B is a map. Space B is called the base space and space E is called total space and map p is the projection of the bundle. For each b ∈ B, the space p−1(b) is called the fibre of the bundle over b ∈ B. Intuitively a bundle is regarded as a union of fibres p−1(b) for b ∈ B parametrized by B and ’glued together’ by the topology of the space E. A cross-section of a bundle (E, p, B) is a map s: B → E such that ps = 1B. Example 1. Given any space B, a product bundle over B with fibre F is (B × F, p, B) where p is the projection on the first factor. Definition 2. A principal bundle P (M, G, π) consists of a manifold P, a Lie group G, and a free right action of G on P denoted (u, g) '→ ug, such that the orbits of the action coincide with the fibres of the surjective submersion π : P → M, and such that M is covered by the domains of local sections σ: U → P, U ⊆ M, of π. Definition 3. A Lie group bundle, or LGB, is a smooth fibre bundle (K, q, M ) in which each fibre (Km = q−1(m), and the fibre type G, has a Lie group structure, and for which there is an atlas {ψi: Ui × G → KUi } such that each {ψi,m : G → Km}, is an isomorphism of Lie groups. A morphism of LGB from (K, q, M ) to (K′, q′, M′) is a morphism (F, f ) of fibre bundles such that each Fm: Km → K′ is a morphism of Lie groups. In this paper, we will be discussing the Lie groupoid bundles. Here it is seen that to a Lie groupoid Ω on base B there is associated a collection of principal bundles Ωx(B, Ωx), all of which are mutually isomorphic and conversely, associated to any principal bundle P (B, G, p) there is a groupoid called the Ehresmann groupoid which is easily seen to be Lie. Further, some interesting properties of the category of Lie groupoids and bundles will be explored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groupoid" title="groupoid">groupoid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lie%20group" title=" lie group"> lie group</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lie%20groupoid" title=" lie groupoid"> lie groupoid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bundle" title=" bundle"> bundle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173005/on-lie-groupoids-bundles-and-their-categories" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173005.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Kýklos Dimensional Geometry: Entity Specific Core Measurement System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steven%20D.%20P%20Moore">Steven D. P Moore</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A novel method referred to asKýklos(Ky) dimensional geometry is proposed as an entity specific core geometric dimensional measurement system. Ky geometric measures can constructscaled multi-dimensionalmodels using regular and irregular sets in IRn. This entity specific-derived geometric measurement system shares similar fractal methods in which a ‘fractal transformation operator’ is applied to a set S to produce a union of N copies. The Kýklos’ inputs use 1D geometry as a core measure. One-dimensional inputs include the radius interval of a circle/sphere or the semiminor/semimajor axes intervals of an ellipse or spheroid. These geometric inputs have finite values that can be measured by SI distance units. The outputs for each interval are divided and subdivided 1D subcomponents with a union equal to the interval geometry/length. Setting a limit of subdivision iterations creates a finite value for each 1Dsubcomponent. The uniqueness of this method is captured by allowing the simplest 1D inputs to define entity specific subclass geometric core measurements that can also be used to derive length measures. Current methodologies for celestial based measurement of time, as defined within SI units, fits within this methodology, thus combining spatial and temporal features into geometric core measures. The novel Ky method discussed here offers geometric measures to construct scaled multi-dimensional structures, even models. Ky classes proposed for consideration include celestial even subatomic. The application of this offers incredible possibilities, for example, geometric architecture that can represent scaled celestial models that incorporates planets (spheroids) and celestial motion (elliptical orbits). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyklos" title="Kyklos">Kyklos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometry" title=" geometry"> geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title=" measurement"> measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=celestial" title=" celestial"> celestial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimension" title=" dimension"> dimension</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141798/kyklos-dimensional-geometry-entity-specific-core-measurement-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Design and Simulation of an Inter-Satellite Optical Wireless Communication System Using Diversity Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sridhar%20Rapuru">Sridhar Rapuru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Mallikarjunreddy"> D. Mallikarjunreddy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajanarendra%20Sai"> Rajanarendra Sai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this reign of the internet, the access of any multimedia file to the users at any time with a superior quality is needed. To achieve this goal, it is very important to have a good network without any interruptions between the satellites along with various earth stations. For that purpose, a high speed inter-satellite optical wireless communication system (IsOWC) is designed with space and polarization diversity techniques. IsOWC offers a high bandwidth, small size, less power requirement and affordable when compared with the present microwave satellite systems. To improve the efficiency and to reduce the propagation delay, inter-satellite link is established between the satellites. High accurate tracking systems are required to establish the reliable connection between the satellites as they have their own orbits. The only disadvantage of this IsOWC system is laser beam width is narrower than the RF because of this highly accurate tracking system to meet this requirement. The satellite uses the 'ephemerides data' for rough pointing and tracking system for fine pointing to the other satellite. In this proposed IsOWC system, laser light is used as a wireless connectedness between the source and destination and free space acts as the channel to carry the message. The proposed system will be designed, simulated and analyzed for 6000km with an improvement of data rate over previously existing systems. The performance parameters of the system are Q-factor, eye opening, bit error rate, etc., The proposed system for Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication System Design Using Diversity Techniques finds huge scope of applications in future generation communication purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter-satellite%20optical%20wireless%20system" title="inter-satellite optical wireless system">inter-satellite optical wireless system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20and%20polarization%20diversity%20techniques" title=" space and polarization diversity techniques"> space and polarization diversity techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20of%20sight" title=" line of sight"> line of sight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bit%20error%20rate" title=" bit error rate"> bit error rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q-factor" title=" Q-factor"> Q-factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74440/design-and-simulation-of-an-inter-satellite-optical-wireless-communication-system-using-diversity-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Studies on Space-Based Laser Targeting System for the Removal of Orbital Space Debris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krima%20M.%20Rohela">Krima M. Rohela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raja%20Sabarinath%20Sundaralingam"> Raja Sabarinath Sundaralingam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Humans have been launching rockets since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950s. We have come a long way since then, and the success rate for the launch of rockets has increased considerably. With every successful launch, there is a large amount of junk or debris which is released into the upper layers of the atmosphere. Space debris has been a huge concern for a very long time now. This includes the rocket shells released from the launch and the parts of defunct satellites. Some of this junk will come to fall towards the Earth and burn in the atmosphere. But most of the junk goes into orbit around the Earth, and they remain in orbits for at least 100 years. This can cause a lot of problems to other functioning satellites and may affect the future manned missions to space. The main concern of the space-debris is the increase in space activities, which leads to risks of collisions if not taken care of soon. These collisions may result in what is known as Kessler Syndrome. This debris can be removed by a space-based laser targeting system. Hence, the matter is investigated and discussed. The first step in this involves launching a satellite with a high-power laser device into space, above the debris belt. Then the target material is ablated with a focussed laser beam. This step of the process is highly dependent on the attitude and orientation of the debris with respect to the Earth and the device. The laser beam will cause a jet of vapour and plasma to be expelled from the material. Hence, the force is applied in the opposite direction, and in accordance with Newton’s third law of motion, this will cause the material to move towards the Earth and get pulled down due to gravity, where it will get disintegrated in the upper layers of the atmosphere. The larger pieces of the debris can be directed towards the oceans. This method of removal of the orbital debris will enable safer passage for future human-crewed missions into space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=altitude" title="altitude">altitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kessler%20syndrome" title=" Kessler syndrome"> Kessler syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20ablation" title=" laser ablation"> laser ablation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Newton%E2%80%99s%20third%20law%20of%20motion" title=" Newton’s third law of motion"> Newton’s third law of motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellites" title=" satellites"> satellites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Space%20debris" title=" Space debris"> Space debris</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125904/studies-on-space-based-laser-targeting-system-for-the-removal-of-orbital-space-debris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> A Qualitative Description of the Dynamics in the Interactions between Three Populations: Pollinators, Plants, and Herbivores</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miriam%20Sosa-D%C3%ADaz">Miriam Sosa-Díaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faustino%20S%C3%A1nchez-Gardu%C3%B1o"> Faustino Sánchez-Garduño</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In population dynamics the study of both, the abundance and the spatial distribution of the populations in a given habitat, is a fundamental issue a From ecological point of view, the determination of the factors influencing such changes involves important problems. In this paper a mathematical model to describe the temporal dynamic and the spatiotemporal dynamic of the interaction of three populations (pollinators, plants and herbivores) is presented. The study we present is carried out by stages: 1. The temporal dynamics and 2. The spatio-temporal dynamics. In turn, each of these stages is developed by considering three cases which correspond to the dynamics of each type of interaction. For instance, for stage 1, we consider three ODE nonlinear systems describing the pollinator-plant, plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator-herbivore, interactions, respectively. In each of these systems different types of dynamical behaviors are reported. Namely, transcritical and pitchfork bifurcations, existence of a limit cycle, existence of a heteroclinic orbit, etc. For the spatiotemporal dynamics of the two mathematical models a novel factor are introduced. This consists in considering that both, the pollinators and the herbivores, move towards those places of the habitat where the plant population density is high. In mathematical terms, this means that the diffusive part of the pollinators and herbivores equations depend on the plant population density. The analysis of this part is presented by considering pairs of populations, i. e., the pollinator-plant and plant-herbivore interactions and at the end the two mathematical model is presented, these models consist of two coupled nonlinear partial differential equations of reaction-diffusion type. These are defined on a rectangular domain with the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. We focused in the role played by the density dependent diffusion term into the coexistence of the populations. For both, the temporal and spatio-temporal dynamics, a several of numerical simulations are included. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bifurcation" title="bifurcation">bifurcation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heteroclinic%20orbits" title=" heteroclinic orbits"> heteroclinic orbits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steady%20state" title=" steady state"> steady state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traveling%20wave" title=" traveling wave"> traveling wave</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48776/a-qualitative-description-of-the-dynamics-in-the-interactions-between-three-populations-pollinators-plants-and-herbivores" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48776.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Leveraging Remote Sensing Information for Drought Disaster Risk Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Israel%20Ropo%20Orimoloye">Israel Ropo Orimoloye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johanes%20A.%20Belle"> Johanes A. Belle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olusola%20%20Adeyemi"> Olusola Adeyemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olusola%20O.%20Ololade"> Olusola O. Ololade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With more than 100,000 orbits during the past 20 years, Terra has significantly improved our knowledge of the Earth's climate and its implications on societies and ecosystems of human activity and natural disasters, including drought events. With Terra instrument's performance and the free distribution of its products, this study utilised Terra MOD13Q1 satellite data to assess drought disaster events and its spatiotemporal patterns over the Free State Province of South Africa between 2001 and 2019 for summer, autumn, winter, and spring seasons. The study also used high-resolution downscaled climate change projections under three representative concentration pathways (RCP). Three future periods comprising the short (the 2030s), medium (2040s), and long term (2050s) compared to the current period are analysed to understand the potential magnitude of projected climate change-related drought. The study revealed that the year 2001 and 2016 witnessed extreme drought conditions where the drought index is between 0 and 20% across the entire province during summer, while the year 2003, 2004, 2007, and 2015 observed severe drought conditions across the region with variation from one part to the another. The result shows that from -24.5 to -25.5 latitude, the area witnessed a decrease in precipitation (80 to 120mm) across the time slice and an increase in the latitude -26° to -28° S for summer seasons, which is more prominent in the year 2041 to 2050. This study emphasizes the strong spatio-environmental impacts within the province and highlights the associated factors that characterise high drought stress risk, especially on the environment and ecosystems. This study contributes to a disaster risk framework to identify areas for specific research and adaptation activities on drought disaster risk and for environmental planning in the study area, which is characterised by both rural and urban contexts, to address climate change-related drought impacts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title="remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought%20disaster" title=" drought disaster"> drought disaster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20scenario" title=" climate scenario"> climate scenario</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment" title=" assessment"> assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131504/leveraging-remote-sensing-information-for-drought-disaster-risk-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> The Scientific Phenomenon Revealed in the Holy Quran - an Update</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arjumand%20Warsy">Arjumand Warsy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Holy Quran was revealed to Prophet Mohammad (May Peace and Blessings of Allah be upon Him) over fourteen hundred years ago, at a time when majority of the people in Arabia were illiterate and very few could read or write. Any knowledge about medicine, anatomy, biology, astronomy, physics, geology, geophysics or other sciences were almost non-existent. Many superstitious and groundless believes were prevalent and these believes were passed down through past generations. At that time, the Holy Quran was revealed and it presented several phenomenon that have been only currently unveiled, as scientists have worked endlessly to provide explanation for these physical and biological phenomenon applying scientific technologies. Many important discoveries were made during the 20th century and it is interesting to note that many of these discoveries were already present in the Holy Quran fourteen hundred years ago. The Scientific phenomenon, mentioned in the Holy Quran, cover many different fields in biological and physical sciences and have been the source of guidance for a number of scientists. A perfect description of the creation of the universe, the orbits in space, the development process, development of hearing process prior to sight, importance of the skin in sensing pain, uniqueness of fingerprints, role of males in selection of the sex of the baby, are just a few of the many facts present in the Quran that have astonished many scientists. The Quran in Chapter 20, verse 50 states: قَالَ رَبُّنَا الَّذِيۤ اَعْطٰى كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَهٗ ثُمَّ هَدٰى ۰۰ (He said "Our Lord is He, Who has given a distinctive form to everything and then guided it aright”). Explaining this brief statement in the light of the modern day Molecular Genetics unveils the entire genetic basis of life and how guidance is stored in the genetic material (DNA) present in the nucleus. This thread like structure, made of only six molecules (sugar, phosphate, adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine), is so brilliantly structured by the Creator that it holds all the information about each and every living thing, whether it is viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals or humans or any other living being. This paper will present an update on some of the physical and biological phenomena’ presented in the Holy Quran, unveiled using advanced technologies during the last century and will discuss how the need to incorporate this information in the curricula. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=The%20Holy%20Quran" title="The Holy Quran">The Holy Quran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scientific%20facts" title=" scientific facts"> scientific facts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curriculum" title=" curriculum"> curriculum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muslims" title=" Muslims"> Muslims</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21440/the-scientific-phenomenon-revealed-in-the-holy-quran-an-update" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Using The Flight Heritage From >150 Electric Propulsion Systems To Design The Next Generation Field Emission Electric Propulsion Thrusters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Krejci">David Krejci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tony%20Sch%C3%B6nherr"> Tony Schönherr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quirin%20Koch"> Quirin Koch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentin%20Hugonnaud"> Valentin Hugonnaud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lou%20Grimaud"> Lou Grimaud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Reissner"> Alexander Reissner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernhard%20Seifert"> Bernhard Seifert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 2018 the NANO thruster became the first Field Emission Electric Propulsion (FEEP) system ever to be verified in space in an In-Orbit Demonstration mission conducted together with Fotec. Since then, 160 additional ENPULSION NANO propulsion systems have been deployed in orbit on 73 different spacecraft across multiple customers and missions. These missions included a variety of different satellite bus sizes ranging from 3U Cubesats to >100kg buses, and different orbits in Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary Earth orbit, providing an abundance of on orbit data for statistical analysis. This large-scale industrialization and flight heritage allows for a holistic way of gathering data from testing, integration and operational phases, deriving lessons learnt over a variety of different mission types, operator approaches, use cases and environments. Based on these lessons learnt a new generation of propulsion systems is developed, addressing key findings from the large NANO heritage and adding new capabilities, including increased resilience, thrust vector steering and increased power and thrust level. Some of these successor products have already been validated in orbit, including the MICRO R3 and the NANO AR3. While the MICRO R3 features increased power and thrust level, the NANO AR3 is a successor of the heritage NANO thruster with added thrust vectoring capability. 5 NANO AR3 have been launched to date on two different spacecraft. This work presents flight telemetry data of ENPULSION NANO systems and onorbit statistical data of the ENPULSION NANO as well as lessons learnt during onorbit operations, customer assembly, integration and testing support and ground test campaigns conducted at different facilities. We discuss how transfer of lessons learnt and operational improvement across independent missions across customers has been accomplished. Building on these learnings and exhaustive heritage, we present the design of the new generation of propulsion systems that increase the power and thrust level of FEEP systems to address larger spacecraft buses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEEP" title="FEEP">FEEP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20emission%20electric%20propulsion" title=" field emission electric propulsion"> field emission electric propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20propulsion" title=" electric propulsion"> electric propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flight%20heritage" title=" flight heritage"> flight heritage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167767/using-the-flight-heritage-from-150-electric-propulsion-systems-to-design-the-next-generation-field-emission-electric-propulsion-thrusters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167767.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Advanced Deployable/Retractable Solar Panel System for Satellite Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zane%20Brough">Zane Brough</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudio%20Paoloni"> Claudio Paoloni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modern low earth orbit (LEO) satellites that require multi-mission flexibility are highly likely to be repositioned between different operational orbits. While executing this process the satellite may experience high levels of vibration and environmental hazards, exposing the deployed solar panel to dangerous stress levels, fatigue and space debris, hence it is desirable to retract the solar array before satellite repositioning to avoid damage or failure. Furthermore, to accommodate for today's technological world, the power demand of a modern LEO satellite is rapidly increasing, which consequently provides pressure upon the design of the satellites solar array system to conform to the strict volume and mass limitations. A novel concept of deployable/retractable hybrid solar array system, aimed to provide a greater power to volume ratio while dramatically reducing the disadvantages of system mass and cost is proposed. Taking advantage of the new lightweight technology in solar panels, a mechanical system composed of both rigid and flexible solar panels arranged within a petal formation is proposed to yield a stowed to deployment area ratio up to at least 1:7, which improves the power density dramatically. The system consists of five subsystems, the outer ones based on a novel eight-petal configuration that provides a large surface and supports the flexible solar panels. A single cable and spool based hinge mechanism were designed to synchronously deploy/retract the panels in a safe, simple and efficient manner while the mass compared to the previous systems is considerably reduced. The relevant challenge to assure a smooth movement is resolved by a proper minimization of the gearing system and the use of a micro-controller system. A prototype was designed by 3D simulators and successfully constructed and tested. Further design works are in progress to implement an epicyclical gear hinge mechanism, which will further reduce the volume, mass and complexity of the system significantly. The proposed system due to an effective and reliable mechanism provides a large active surface, whilst being very compact. It could be extremely advantageous for use as ground portable solar panel system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechatronic%20engineering" title="mechatronic engineering">mechatronic engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite" title=" satellite"> satellite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20panel" title=" solar panel"> solar panel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deployable%2Fretractable%20mechanism" title=" deployable/retractable mechanism"> deployable/retractable mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20879/advanced-deployableretractable-solar-panel-system-for-satellite-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20879.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Astronomy in the Education Area: A Narrative Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabella%20Lima%20Leite%20de%20Freitas">Isabella Lima Leite de Freitas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The importance of astronomy for humanity is unquestionable. Despite being a robust science, capable of bringing new discoveries every day and quickly increasing the ability of researchers to understand the universe more deeply, scientific research in this area can also help in various applications outside the domain of astronomy. The objective of this study was to review and conduct a descriptive analysis of published studies that presented the importance of astronomy in the area of education. A narrative review of the literature has been performed, considering the articles published in the last five years. As astronomy involves the study of physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and technology, one of the studies evaluated presented astronomy as the gateway to science, demonstrating the presence of astronomy in 52 school curricula in 37 countries, with celestial movement the dominant content area. Another intervention study, evaluating individuals aged 4-5 years, demonstrated that the attribution of personal characteristics to cosmic bodies, in addition to the use of comprehensive astronomy concepts, favored the learning of science in preschool-age children, considering the use of practical activities of accompaniment and free drawing. Aiming to measure scientific literacy, another study developed in Turkey, motivated the authorities of this country to change the teaching materials and curriculum of secondary schools after the term “astronomy” appeared as one of the most attractive subjects for young people aged 15 to 24. There are also reports in the literature of the use of pedagogical tools, such as the representation of the Solar System on a human scale, where students can walk along the orbits of the planets while studying the laws of dynamics. The use of this tool favored the teaching of the relationship between distance, duration and speed over the period of the planets, in addition to improving the motivation and well-being of students aged 14-16. An important impact of astronomy on education was demonstrated in the study that evaluated the participation of high school students in the Astronomical Olympiads and the International Astronomy Olympiad. The study concluded that these Olympics have considerable influence on students who pursue a career in teaching or research later on, many of whom are in the area of astronomy itself. In addition, the literature indicates that the teaching of astronomy in the digital age has facilitated the availability of data for researchers, but also for the general population. This fact can increase even more the curiosity that the astronomy area has always instilled in people and promote the dissemination of knowledge on an expanded scale. Currently, astronomy has been considered an important ally in strengthening the school curricula of children, adolescents and young adults. This has been used as teaching tools, in addition to being extremely useful for scientific literacy, being increasingly used in the area of education. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=astronomy" title="astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education%20area" title=" education area"> education area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching" title=" teaching"> teaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=review" title=" review"> review</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146195/astronomy-in-the-education-area-a-narrative-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> A Multipurpose Inertial Electrostatic Magnetic Confinement Fusion for Medical Isotopes Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasser%20R.%20Shaban">Yasser R. Shaban</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A practical multipurpose device for medical isotopes production is most wanted for clinical centers and researches. Unfortunately, the major supply of these radioisotopes currently comes from aging sources, and there is a great deal of uneasiness in the domestic market. There are also many cases where the cost of certain radioisotopes is too high for their introduction on a commercial scale even though the isotopes might have great benefits for society. The medical isotopes such as radiotracers PET (Positron Emission Tomography), Technetium-99 m, and Iodine-131, Lutetium-177 by is feasible to be generated by a single unit named IEMC (Inertial Electrostatic Magnetic Confinement). The IEMC fusion vessel is the upgrading unit of the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement IEC fusion vessel. Comprehensive experimental works on IEC were carried earlier with promising results. The principle of inertial electrostatic magnetic confinement IEMC fusion is based on forcing the binary fuel ions to interact in the opposite directions in ions cyclotrons orbits with different kinetic energies in order to have equal compression (forces) and with different ion cyclotron frequency ω in order to increase the rate of intersection. The IEMC features greater fusion volume than IEC by several orders of magnitude. The particles rate from the IEMC approach are projected to be 8.5 x 10¹¹ (p/s), ~ 0.2 microampere proton, for D/He-3 fusion reaction and 4.2 x 10¹² (n/s) for D/T fusion reaction. The projected values of particles yield (neutrons and protons) are suitable for medical isotope productions on-site by a single unit without any change in the fusion vessel but only the fuel gas. The PET radiotracers are usually produced on-site by medical ion accelerator whereas Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is usually produced off-site from the irradiation facilities of nuclear power plants. Typically, hospitals receive molybdenum-99 isotope container; the isotope decays to Tc-99mwith half-life time 2.75 days. Even though the projected current from IEMC is lesser than the proton current from the medical ion accelerator but still the IEMC vessel is simpler, and reduced in components and power consumption which add a new value of populating the PET radiotracers in most clinical centers. On the other hand, the projected neutrons flux from the IEMC is lesser than the thermal neutron flux at the irradiation facilities of nuclear power plants, but in the IEMC case the productions of Technetium-99m is suggested to be at the resonance region of which the resonance integral cross section is two orders of magnitude higher than the thermal flux. Thus it can be said the net activity from both is evened. Besides, the particle accelerator cannot be considered a multipurpose particles production unless a significant change is made to the accelerator to change from neutrons mode to protons mode or vice versa. In conclusion, the projected fusion yield from IEMC is a straightforward since slightly change in the primer IEC and ion source is required. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20versus%20magnetic%20confinement%20fusion%20vessel" title="electrostatic versus magnetic confinement fusion vessel">electrostatic versus magnetic confinement fusion vessel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ion%20source" title=" ion source"> ion source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20isotopes%20productions" title=" medical isotopes productions"> medical isotopes productions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20activation" title=" neutron activation"> neutron activation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77965/a-multipurpose-inertial-electrostatic-magnetic-confinement-fusion-for-medical-isotopes-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nilpotent%20orbits&page=1" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nilpotent%20orbits&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">2</span></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&rsaquo;</span></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div 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