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#aaa;padding-left:5px;border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .rd-ask-button{justify-content:start!important}}@media screen and (min-width:720px)and (max-width:1024px){.mw-parser-output .rd-box input{max-width:350px}}@supports not (display:grid){.mw-parser-output ul.rd-box.rd-box{flex-direction:row}}</style><div class="rd-grid"> <div class="rd-header">Welcome to the computing section<br/>of the Wikipedia reference desk.</div> <div class="rd-header"><a href="#footer">skip to bottom</a></div> <div class="rd-header">Select a section:</div> <ul class="rd-box"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Entertainment" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk/Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Humanities" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk/Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Language" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk/Language">Language</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RD/C&redirect=no">WP:RD/C</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <span style="font-size:120%"><b>Want a faster answer?</b></span> <p><i>Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Help searching Wikipedia</a></i> </p> <div style="display:inline-table"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" size="30" dir="ltr"/></div> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="🔍" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div> </div> <div style="display:inline-table"> <p> </p> </div> <div style="display:inline-table"> <div style="height:5px"></div> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="Search computing archives" size="30" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Computing" name="prefix"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="🔍" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>How can I get my question answered?</b></span> </p> <ul><li>Select the section of the desk that best fits the general topic of your question (see the navigation column to the right).</li> <li>Post your question to only one section, providing a short header that gives the topic of your question.</li> <li>Type '~~~~' (that is, four <i><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></i> characters) at the end – this signs and dates your contribution so we know who wrote what and when.</li> <li>Don't post personal contact information – it will be removed. Any answers will be provided here.</li> <li>Please be as specific as possible, and include all relevant context – the usefulness of answers may depend on the context.</li> <li>Note: <ul><li>We don't answer (and may remove) questions that require medical diagnosis or legal advice.</li> <li>We don't answer requests for opinions, predictions or debate.</li> <li>We don't do your homework for you, though we'll help you past the stuck point.</li> <li>We don't conduct original research or provide a free source of ideas, but we'll help you find information you need.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br/> </p> <div class="rd-ask-button" style="display: flex; justify-content: center;"> <div class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=&editintro=&preloadtitle=&section=new&title=Wikipedia%3AReference+desk%2FComputing&create=Ready%3F+Ask+a+new+question!"><span style="height:36px;color:#ffffff;">Ready? Ask a new question!</span></a></div></div> <p><br/> <span style="font-size:120%"><b>How do I answer a question?</b></span> </p><p><i>Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk/Guidelines">Wikipedia:Reference desk/Guidelines</a></i> </p> <ul><li>The best answers address the question directly, and back up facts with <a href="/wiki/Wikilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikilink">wikilinks</a> and links to sources. Do not edit others' comments and do not give any medical or legal advice.</li></ul> </div> <div class="rd-header">See also:</div> <ul class="rd-box"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help manual</a></li> </ul> </div> <p><br/> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_11" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_11-20241111073500"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_11-20241111073500"></span>November 11<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_11-20241111073500"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: November 11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Error_Clicking_Link" data-mw-thread-id="h-Error_Clicking_Link-November_11-20241111073500"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Error_Clicking_Link-November_11-20241111073500"></span>Error Clicking Link<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Error_Clicking_Link-November_11-20241111073500"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Error Clicking Link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500-Error_Clicking_Link"></span>I was sent an email containing a link providing a listing. When I clicked on the link on my laptop computer within Outlook, I get the error message: "Your organization's policies are preventing us from completing this action for you. For more info, please contact your help desk." I tried copying the link from an email document to a Word document and clicking on the link, and get the same message. If I copy the link into the URL bar, I can open it. I just can't open it on my desktop computer. I don't have a help desk that configures the laptop computer/ What rule or restriction is interfering with my ability to open the link on of two computers? <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500-Error_Clicking_Link" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">07:35, 11 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500-Error_Clicking_Link"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500-Error_Clicking_Link"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Lambiam-20241111122500-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500"></span>125 people found the reply by TedFritchlee given <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/outlook_com/forum/all/your-organizations-policies-are-preventing-us-from/ea921b89-3e34-4a17-9cbf-43d96b5e7f44"><u>here</u></a> helpful --<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam#top" title="User talk:Lambiam">Lambiam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Lambiam-20241111122500-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">12:25, 11 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Lambiam-20241111122500-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Lambiam-20241111122500-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900-Lambiam-20241111122500"></span>Thank you, <a href="/wiki/User:Lambiam" title="User:Lambiam">User:Lambiam</a>. I am not number 126. I understood the answer to mean to use the Registry Editor and to look for [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.html]. But the default is already set to htmlfile, and the content type and perceived type are as described. So I see nothing that I can fix with the Registry Editor.</dd> <dd>Is that a forum that I can use to ask for help? <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900-Lambiam-20241111122500" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:39, 11 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900-Lambiam-20241111122500"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900-Lambiam-20241111122500"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Lambiam-20241111190600-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900"></span>I have no personal experience with answers.microsoft.com. It does not look different from other community support forums where users offer other users advice on how to cope with less-than-perfect software. --<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam#top" title="User talk:Lambiam">Lambiam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Lambiam-20241111190600-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:06, 11 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Lambiam-20241111190600-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Lambiam-20241111190600-Robert_McClenon-20241111183900"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-12.116.29.106-20241112174100-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500"></span>Are you using Office 365? There are "sharing" options in Office 365 that can cause that issue. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106" title="Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106">12.116.29.106</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:12.116.29.106" title="User talk:12.116.29.106">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-12.116.29.106-20241112174100-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:41, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-12.116.29.106-20241112174100-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-12.116.29.106-20241112174100-Robert_McClenon-20241111073500"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharing_Options_in_Office_365" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365-Error_Clicking_Link-20241112181200"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365-Error_Clicking_Link-20241112181200"></span>Sharing Options in Office 365<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365-Error_Clicking_Link-20241112181200"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sharing Options in Office 365"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365"></span>Yes, I am using Office 365. The errors occur when clicking the link from within Outlook, or by copying the link to a Word document. The error can be worked around by doing a Copy Hyperlink and then clicking the hyperlink in a URL in Chrome. So I think that we agree that the problem is in Office 365. How do I work on the sharing options in Office 365? <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:12, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-12.116.29.106-20241112182500-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200"></span>There are two common issues that have nothing to do with one another. Both are in Office 365 settings, which is separate from your computer settings. The first one is file and document sharing. Hunt for that setting (the menus change all the time, so it is difficult say "click this, then this, then this..."). Try setting it to allow everyone. If that doesn't fix the problem, change it back. The second is under your default application handler settings. Your html handler should be your web browser. You are probably like most people and have at least 2 web browsers, Edge and Google or Edge and Firefox or Edge and Opera. Whatever is selected, select the other one. Try it. It should open links in that browser. Try to switch it back. If it won't work, the best path forward is usually to delete and reinstall the browser so you can select it. If neither of those works, it is still likely an Office 365 settings issue. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106" title="Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106">12.116.29.106</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:12.116.29.106" title="User talk:12.116.29.106">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-12.116.29.106-20241112182500-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:25, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-12.116.29.106-20241112182500-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-12.116.29.106-20241112182500-Robert_McClenon-20241112181200"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300-12.116.29.106-20241112182500"></span>Thank you, 12.*. But how do I get to the Office 365 settings? I have an Office 365 thing on the taskbar of my desktop computer, but I don't have one on the taskbar of my laptop computer, and it is my laptop that has the problem. How do I open the Office 365 settings? <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300-12.116.29.106-20241112182500" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:23, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300-12.116.29.106-20241112182500"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300-12.116.29.106-20241112182500"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-12.116.29.106-20241112192800-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300"></span>Office 365 is, essentially, web based. Go to microsoft365.com (I assumed it was office365.com, but when I tried that it redirected to microsoft365.com). Sign in with your Office 365 account. From there, you will see settings. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106" title="Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106">12.116.29.106</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:12.116.29.106" title="User talk:12.116.29.106">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-12.116.29.106-20241112192800-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:28, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-12.116.29.106-20241112192800-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-12.116.29.106-20241112192800-Robert_McClenon-20241112192300"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112194000-12.116.29.106-20241112192800"></span>Thank you, sort of, 12.116.*. I have signed into microsoft365.com, and there is a Settings gearwheel in the upper right corner. When I click it, it gives me the option to turn on Dark Mode and to display third-party notices. To the left, it displays a list of Office apps and allows me to create documents, but I create documents using the versions of the apps that are installed on my C: drive. What am I missing? <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241112194000-12.116.29.106-20241112192800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:40, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112194000-12.116.29.106-20241112192800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241112194000-12.116.29.106-20241112192800"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problem_Solved" data-mw-thread-id="h-Problem_Solved-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365-20241113195500"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Problem_Solved-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365-20241113195500"></span>Problem Solved<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Problem_Solved-Sharing_Options_in_Office_365-20241113195500"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Problem Solved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500-Problem_Solved"></span>This problem was solved, with help from a technical support person. The default browser was set to Microsoft Edge, but Microsoft Edge was broken. The problem was solved by reinstalling Microsoft Edge. It was possible to work around the problem by copying the hyperlink into a Chrome or Firefox URL window because Chrome and Firefox were not broken. A conclusion is that another cause of this problem may be that the default browser cannot be launched successfully. Maybe that is the whole meaning of the message, in which case it is another case of a message that doesn't say what is wrong because the software, being broken, is confused as to what is wrong. <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500-Problem_Solved" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:55, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500-Problem_Solved"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500-Problem_Solved"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-MinorProphet-20241113205300-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500"></span>Robert, I am glad you resolved this problem to your satisfaction. Possible over-arching solution: do not use M$ Edge as your default browser. In fact. have nothing to do with it, ever. A few years back Internet Explorer was frankly the pits (Mozilla totally broke FF <sob> as well when they destroyed extensions), and it's a moot point whether Edge is one level above IE in the generally-acknowledged pecking order, or in fact constitutes the very bottom of the barrel itself. Just my 2¢ worth. <a href="/wiki/User:MinorProphet" title="User:MinorProphet">MinorProphet</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:MinorProphet" title="User talk:MinorProphet">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-MinorProphet-20241113205300-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:53, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-MinorProphet-20241113205300-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-MinorProphet-20241113205300-Robert_McClenon-20241113195500"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Rmvandijk-20241121142500-MinorProphet-20241113205300"></span>Off-topic maybe, but Edge is now chromium based, sharing most of it's code base with Chrome, so this advice is more of an emotion than based on fact. <a href="/wiki/User:Rmvandijk" title="User:Rmvandijk">Rmvandijk</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Rmvandijk" title="User talk:Rmvandijk">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Rmvandijk-20241121142500-MinorProphet-20241113205300" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">14:25, 21 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Rmvandijk-20241121142500-MinorProphet-20241113205300"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Rmvandijk-20241121142500-MinorProphet-20241113205300"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Encyclopedia.com" data-mw-thread-id="h-Encyclopedia.com-November_11-20241111224000"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Encyclopedia.com-November_11-20241111224000"></span><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Encyclopedia.com-November_11-20241111224000"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Encyclopedia.com"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Knitsey-20241111224000-Encyclopedia.com"></span>Hi, I've no idea which section this goes in, or if this is even the correct noticeboard for my question. </p><p>A new user has posted an update about the website and change of owners, but for me, on my mobile, the website comes up with 'Bad gateway, error code 502, Visit cloudflare.com for more information. (It says it's a host error). I'm an old mare, t'internet wasn't even invented until I got to uni! <span class="template-ping">@<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Zubyp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Zubyp (page does not exist)">Zubyp</a>:</span> to see if I ca get an answer. I haven't posted the link just in case its harmful but the edit is here <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Zubyp&diff=prev&oldid=1256857124">[1]</a>) <a href="/wiki/User:Knitsey" title="User:Knitsey"><span style="color:DarkMagenta">Knitsey</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Knitsey" title="User talk:Knitsey"><span style="color: maroon">talk</span></a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Knitsey-20241111224000-Encyclopedia.com" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:40, 11 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Knitsey-20241111224000-Encyclopedia.com"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Knitsey-20241111224000-Encyclopedia.com"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Askedonty-20241112013500-Knitsey-20241111224000"></span>It looks like a call to false interpretations all across the board except for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esgnews.com/amp/sec-awards-approximately-18-million-to-three-whistleblowers/">the genuine distress perceptible in the author prose</a> ( <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Zubyp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Zubyp (page does not exist)">Zubyp</a>'s interpretation being at least half-erroneous as a result I think: "some of the information herein is fabricated ( .. ) for privacy purposes", not validable for any kind of primary source. ) -- <a href="/wiki/User:Askedonty" title="User:Askedonty">Askedonty</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Askedonty" title="User talk:Askedonty">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Askedonty-20241112013500-Knitsey-20241111224000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">01:35, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Askedonty-20241112013500-Knitsey-20241111224000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Askedonty-20241112013500-Knitsey-20241111224000"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Lambiam-20241112072600-Knitsey-20241111224000"></span>I don't get an error message. The page reads like a press release, but the text is bizarre, not something people maintaining an encyclopedia would write. It looks like someone hacked the website and then posted a link here on Wikipedia to draw attention to their prose. --<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam#top" title="User talk:Lambiam">Lambiam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Lambiam-20241112072600-Knitsey-20241111224000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">07:26, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Lambiam-20241112072600-Knitsey-20241111224000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Lambiam-20241112072600-Knitsey-20241111224000"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Knitsey-20241112140000-Lambiam-20241112072600"></span>Thank you both for checking. I really appreciate it. I will let the user know. <a href="/wiki/User:Knitsey" title="User:Knitsey"><span style="color:DarkMagenta">Knitsey</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Knitsey" title="User talk:Knitsey"><span style="color: maroon">talk</span></a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Knitsey-20241112140000-Lambiam-20241112072600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">14:00, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Knitsey-20241112140000-Lambiam-20241112072600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Knitsey-20241112140000-Lambiam-20241112072600"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_12" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_12-20241112045700"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_12-20241112045700"></span>November 12<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_12-20241112045700"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: November 12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="UserScript" data-mw-thread-id="h-UserScript-November_12-20241112045700"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-UserScript-November_12-20241112045700"></span>UserScript<span data-mw-comment-end="h-UserScript-November_12-20241112045700"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: UserScript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-223.24.184.76-20241112045700-UserScript"></span>Why does this script works only from console but not from a userscript on wikipedia websites? </p> <pre>// ==UserScript== // @name x // @match *://*/* // @run-at document-start // ==/UserScript== window.setTimeout ( ()=>{ if (window.location.href.includes('wikipedia.org')) { window.open("https://example.com/", "_self"); // window.location.replace("https://example.com"); // window.location.href("https://example.com"); } }, 100); </pre> <p>Thank you in advance. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/223.24.184.76" title="Special:Contributions/223.24.184.76">223.24.184.76</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:223.24.184.76&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:223.24.184.76 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-223.24.184.76-20241112045700-UserScript" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">04:57, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-223.24.184.76-20241112045700-UserScript"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-223.24.184.76-20241112045700-UserScript"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Komonzia-20241117203600-223.24.184.76-20241112045700"></span>More information needed for an answer: How do you run the UserScript? Are you using a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts" title="Wikipedia:User scripts">method that Wikipedia supports</a> or a browser addin? If you are using a browser addin, which addin?</dd> <dd>Do other scripts that use <code>setTimeout</code> or access <code>window</code> work fine?</dd> <dd>Also, if we run into issues reproducing the problem you have after you've answered the above, we would also need to know what browsers (and version) you have tried this in. You've also not given any information about error messages in the console, so I'm assuming there are no error messages when you check the browser console. <a href="/wiki/User:Komonzia" title="User:Komonzia">Komonzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Komonzia" title="User talk:Komonzia">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Komonzia-20241117203600-223.24.184.76-20241112045700" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:36, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Komonzia-20241117203600-223.24.184.76-20241112045700"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Komonzia-20241117203600-223.24.184.76-20241112045700"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="HTTP_451_and_GDPR" data-mw-thread-id="h-HTTP_451_and_GDPR-November_12-20241112220600"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-HTTP_451_and_GDPR-November_12-20241112220600"></span>HTTP 451 and GDPR<span data-mw-comment-end="h-HTTP_451_and_GDPR-November_12-20241112220600"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: HTTP 451 and GDPR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HTTP_451" title="HTTP 451"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Nyttend-20241112220600-HTTP_451_and_GDPR"></span>HTTP 451</a> mentions that many non-EU websites use this code when refusing traffic from EU countries, since they don't want to comply with the EU's <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a>. I'm confused: if you're not in an EU country, why do you have to comply with EU regulations of any sort? What can the EU do to you if you're not in the EU? <a href="/wiki/User:Nyttend" title="User:Nyttend">Nyttend</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Nyttend" title="User talk:Nyttend">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Nyttend-20241112220600-HTTP_451_and_GDPR" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:06, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Nyttend-20241112220600-HTTP_451_and_GDPR"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Nyttend-20241112220600-HTTP_451_and_GDPR"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Lambiam-20241112234800-Nyttend-20241112220600"></span>Impose fines and if they're not paid, impound property you happen to have in the EU. Or, if you're traveling via the EU, holding you hostage until you've paid the fines. --<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam#top" title="User talk:Lambiam">Lambiam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Lambiam-20241112234800-Nyttend-20241112220600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">23:48, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Lambiam-20241112234800-Nyttend-20241112220600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Lambiam-20241112234800-Nyttend-20241112220600"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-TheDJ-20241113123500-Lambiam-20241112234800"></span>Not that most of that is likely for 'legit' websites, but these organisations don't want the extra overhead of even having to think about any of that, so this is the cheap way out for them. —<a href="/wiki/User:TheDJ" title="User:TheDJ">Th<span style="color: green">e</span>DJ</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:TheDJ" title="User talk:TheDJ">talk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/TheDJ" title="Special:Contributions/TheDJ">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-TheDJ-20241113123500-Lambiam-20241112234800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">12:35, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-TheDJ-20241113123500-Lambiam-20241112234800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-TheDJ-20241113123500-Lambiam-20241112234800"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_13" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_13-20241113114200"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_13-20241113114200"></span>November 13<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_13-20241113114200"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: November 13"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="PNG_Transparent_Background" data-mw-thread-id="h-PNG_Transparent_Background-November_13-20241113114200"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-PNG_Transparent_Background-November_13-20241113114200"></span>PNG Transparent Background<span data-mw-comment-end="h-PNG_Transparent_Background-November_13-20241113114200"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: PNG Transparent Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Rojomoke-20241113114200-PNG_Transparent_Background"></span>I've got some images with off-white backgrounds that I'd like to set as transparent, and I'm following the instructions at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.photoroom.com/blog/transparent-background-in-ms-paint">https://www.photoroom.com/blog/transparent-background-in-ms-paint</a>. I'm left with two images. The first (after the instruction "Right-click on the protected object and select "Cut" to remove it from the image.") has the off-white background with a white hole the shape of the foreground object, the second has the foreground object with a white background. Neither shows any sign of transparency when I insert it into my target application! </p><p>Questions: </p> <ul><li>Do .png files support transparency? My research suggests they do.</li> <li>I'm using the Paint app that comes with Windows 10. Is that the same as the MS Paint referred to?</li> <li>What am I doing wrong???</li></ul> <p>Thanks. <a href="/wiki/User:Rojomoke" title="User:Rojomoke">Rojomoke</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Rojomoke" title="User talk:Rojomoke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Rojomoke-20241113114200-PNG_Transparent_Background" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">11:42, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Rojomoke-20241113114200-PNG_Transparent_Background"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Rojomoke-20241113114200-PNG_Transparent_Background"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-68.187.174.155-20241113115800-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span>PNG images DO support transparency. The application you are using must support saving a PNG image with transparency. Paint is MS Paint. The instructions provided appear correct compared to other guides. There is another question you didn't ask. Does the application you are using to display the images support transparent PNG images? If not, it will display the transparent area with the color indexed at 0 in the color pallete. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/68.187.174.155" title="Special:Contributions/68.187.174.155">68.187.174.155</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:68.187.174.155" title="User talk:68.187.174.155">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-68.187.174.155-20241113115800-Rojomoke-20241113114200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">11:58, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-68.187.174.155-20241113115800-Rojomoke-20241113114200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-68.187.174.155-20241113115800-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Rmvandijk-20241113132500-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span>I do not have recent experience with paint and transparent backgrounds, but it used to be horrible. paint.net is an open source alternative that does what you want. Added benefit is that it looks just like paint does/did, so for simple stuff it doesn't have much of a learning curve (it has much more options than paint does, but those might need some practice). Note that it's also available from the microsoft store, but then it isn't free<a href="/wiki/User:Rmvandijk" title="User:Rmvandijk">Rmvandijk</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Rmvandijk" title="User talk:Rmvandijk">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Rmvandijk-20241113132500-Rojomoke-20241113114200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">13:25, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Rmvandijk-20241113132500-Rojomoke-20241113114200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Rmvandijk-20241113132500-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Amstrad00-20241113164200-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span>I'm not familiar with using MS Paint to make transparent images, but it sounds to me like the instructions you're following are having you 'cut' the foreground object out, which likely copies it to the clipboard. You should be able to paste that copied image into a new file that already has a fully transparent background, or even just erase the background from the current image and then re-paste the cut image back in. <a href="/wiki/User:Amstrad00" title="User:Amstrad00">Amstrad00</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Amstrad00" title="User talk:Amstrad00">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Amstrad00-20241113164200-Rojomoke-20241113114200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">16:42, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Amstrad00-20241113164200-Rojomoke-20241113114200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Amstrad00-20241113164200-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Card_Zero-20241113192300-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span>This webpage is promoting an app. It's an advert dressed up as advice. Eventually the advice turns into "use an app such as ours".</dd> <dd>PNGs support transparency. They also support an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha channel">alpha channel</a> which allows degrees of transparency, to smooth jaggy edges. You may need to select the option to include an alpha channel when saving the PNG. We have a <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_raster_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of raster graphics editors">Comparison of raster graphics editors</a>, which includes a column for the ability to use the alpha channel. I hear <a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita">Krita</a> spoken of favorably lately, I haven't tried it. <a href="/wiki/User:Card_Zero" title="User:Card Zero"><span style="background-color:#fffff0; border:1px #995; border-style:dotted solid solid dotted;"> Card Zero </span></a> <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Card_Zero" title="User talk:Card Zero">(talk)</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Card_Zero-20241113192300-Rojomoke-20241113114200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:23, 13 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Card_Zero-20241113192300-Rojomoke-20241113114200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Card_Zero-20241113192300-Rojomoke-20241113114200"></span></dd></dl> <p><br/> </p><p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_17" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_17-20241117005800"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_17-20241117005800"></span>November 17<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_17-20241117005800"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: November 17"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Jiggly_computer_game_characters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Jiggly_computer_game_characters-November_17-20241117005800"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Jiggly_computer_game_characters-November_17-20241117005800"></span>Jiggly computer game characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Jiggly_computer_game_characters-November_17-20241117005800"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jiggly computer game characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Jpgordon-20241117005800-Jiggly_computer_game_characters"></span>For want of a better word, there's a trope used in the depiction of creatures (humanoid or other) depicted in video games where the characters are constantly jiggling about. I can guess several reasons why this might be the case. Is there a name for this sort of depiction? Does it have an interesting history perhaps? <a href="/wiki/User:Jpgordon" title="User:Jpgordon">--jpgordon</a><sup><small><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jpgordon" title="User talk:Jpgordon">𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇</a></small></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Jpgordon-20241117005800-Jiggly_computer_game_characters" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">00:58, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Jpgordon-20241117005800-Jiggly_computer_game_characters"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Jpgordon-20241117005800-Jiggly_computer_game_characters"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Card_Zero-20241117095200-Jpgordon-20241117005800"></span>That's rather vague, can you give an example? Are you thinking of the spasms sometimes afflicting puppets due to <a href="/wiki/Ragdoll_physics" title="Ragdoll physics">ragdoll physics</a>? Or something simpler, like the jerkiness of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-frame_animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two-frame animation (page does not exist)">two-frame animation</a>? <a href="/wiki/User:Card_Zero" title="User:Card Zero"><span style="background-color:#fffff0; border:1px #995; border-style:dotted solid solid dotted;"> Card Zero </span></a> <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Card_Zero" title="User talk:Card Zero">(talk)</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Card_Zero-20241117095200-Jpgordon-20241117005800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">09:52, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Card_Zero-20241117095200-Jpgordon-20241117005800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Card_Zero-20241117095200-Jpgordon-20241117005800"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Jpgordon-20241117160500-Card_Zero-20241117095200"></span>If you've played any video games in last decade, you'll have seen it; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imgur.com/gallery/hammer-girl-NYU88Ie">here</a> is an example. Has nothing to do death throes (unless that's where the trope started.) It doesn't seem to have any purpose other than visual; it's not denoting actual motion or anything vaguely realistic. <a href="/wiki/User:Jpgordon" title="User:Jpgordon">--jpgordon</a><sup><small><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jpgordon" title="User talk:Jpgordon">𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇</a></small></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Jpgordon-20241117160500-Card_Zero-20241117095200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">16:05, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Jpgordon-20241117160500-Card_Zero-20241117095200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Jpgordon-20241117160500-Card_Zero-20241117095200"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Shantavira-20241117174800-Jpgordon-20241117160500"></span>The name of that type of depiction is idle or idling animation, as indicated on that page. <a href="/wiki/User:Shantavira" title="User:Shantavira">Shantavira</a>|<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Shantavira" title="User talk:Shantavira"><sup>feed me</sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Shantavira-20241117174800-Jpgordon-20241117160500" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:48, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Shantavira-20241117174800-Jpgordon-20241117160500"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Shantavira-20241117174800-Jpgordon-20241117160500"></span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Jpgordon-20241117183400-Shantavira-20241117174800"></span>Idle animation</a>. Thank you, that's what I was looking for. <a href="/wiki/User:Jpgordon" title="User:Jpgordon">--jpgordon</a><sup><small><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jpgordon" title="User talk:Jpgordon">𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇</a></small></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Jpgordon-20241117183400-Shantavira-20241117174800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:34, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Jpgordon-20241117183400-Shantavira-20241117174800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Jpgordon-20241117183400-Shantavira-20241117174800"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes-November_17-20241117153400"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes-November_17-20241117153400"></span>Two-factor authentication and repeated codes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes-November_17-20241117153400"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Two-factor authentication and repeated codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-GTrang-20241117153400-Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes"></span>One form of two-factor authentication (or 2FA for short) uses six-digit codes. So, how likely will one encounter a code that one has already seen before? If a six-digit code is generated 1,000,001 times, then the <a href="/wiki/Pigeonhole_principle" title="Pigeonhole principle">pigeonhole principle</a> guarantees that at least one of them must be repeated. So, if a six-digit code is generated every 30 seconds starting from the beginning of a year, then there must inevitably be a repeated code by the end of the year. <a href="/wiki/User:GTrang" title="User:GTrang">GTrang</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:GTrang" title="User talk:GTrang">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-GTrang-20241117153400-Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">15:34, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-GTrang-20241117153400-Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-GTrang-20241117153400-Two-factor_authentication_and_repeated_codes"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Jpgordon-20241117164000-GTrang-20241117153400"></span>Yes, and? The codes don't need to be unique. <a href="/wiki/User:Jpgordon" title="User:Jpgordon">--jpgordon</a><sup><small><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jpgordon" title="User talk:Jpgordon">𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇</a></small></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Jpgordon-20241117164000-GTrang-20241117153400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">16:40, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Jpgordon-20241117164000-GTrang-20241117153400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Jpgordon-20241117164000-GTrang-20241117153400"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Shantavira-20241117175200-GTrang-20241117153400"></span>The likelihood of encountering a code that one has already seen before (which appears to be your question) depends entirely on how many you have seen before. <a href="/wiki/User:Shantavira" title="User:Shantavira">Shantavira</a>|<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Shantavira" title="User talk:Shantavira"><sup>feed me</sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Shantavira-20241117175200-GTrang-20241117153400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:52, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Shantavira-20241117175200-GTrang-20241117153400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Shantavira-20241117175200-GTrang-20241117153400"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Lambiam-20241117191900-GTrang-20241117153400"></span>Let <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"/></span> stand for the number of possible outcomes of a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_random_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete random variable">discrete random variable</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_uniform_distribution" title="Discrete uniform distribution">uniform distribution</a>. For a fair standard die, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=6;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=6;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e4d26255b65b1c200eb9044a30ad132815f41e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=6;}"/></span> For the six-digit codes with range <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">000000</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">9999999</span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1,000,000.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>000</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>000.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1,000,000.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa05d6e23918a2f11419e37c90944395e3ad6c19" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.345ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1,000,000.}"/></span> Assume that each next turn is independent of the history. Let <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(t)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(t)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b1f8079f76d0e8a89cf19db8fc43f34ec569d25" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.718ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(t)}"/></span> denote the probability that the first <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"/></span> turns gave <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"/></span> different outcomes – no repeats (yet). Obviously, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(0)=1.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(0)=1.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/84ba00ddb899c975df1e47d52b3837cc43cf6dcd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(0)=1.}"/></span> For turn <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t+1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t+1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab2785d8415d6902b0c93efe1419c4bc3ce4643d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:4.842ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t+1}"/></span> to be different from the earlier <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"/></span> turns, the outcome has to be one of the still remaining <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2152162427cff2504b930cedca35909428135f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.075ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-t}"/></span> outcomes that have not yet occurred. The probability, independent of the past, is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {n-t}{n}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {n-t}{n}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc39624d0e5822af75cea1aca059011aa0c552bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.558ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {n-t}{n}},}"/></span> so <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(t+1)=q(t){\frac {n-t}{n}}={\frac {n}{n}}{\frac {n-1}{n}}{\frac {n-2}{n}}\cdots {\frac {n-t}{n}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>n</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋯</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(t+1)=q(t){\frac {n-t}{n}}={\frac {n}{n}}{\frac {n-1}{n}}{\frac {n-2}{n}}\cdots {\frac {n-t}{n}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/979588173225900abb10ca0c040199822c7fbdee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:48.301ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(t+1)=q(t){\frac {n-t}{n}}={\frac {n}{n}}{\frac {n-1}{n}}{\frac {n-2}{n}}\cdots {\frac {n-t}{n}}.}"/></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd>For <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t>n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>></mo> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t>n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4a4367bea3157adedf23d9d6c04c25cec9ec821" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.333ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t>n}"/></span> this has a factor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {n-n}{n}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {n-n}{n}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72f136b3cc339f862bacbd752c952b7ef802c8e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.113ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {n-n}{n}},}"/></span> so then <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(t)=0.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(t)=0.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7492ad7468549833fa685c5c736de310ca91b94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.626ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(t)=0.}"/></span> Otherwise, <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(t)={\frac {n!}{(n-t)!\,n^{t}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(t)={\frac {n!}{(n-t)!\,n^{t}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73719305bf848f829a01cc0d4aeb24714b58ba6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:18.439ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(t)={\frac {n!}{(n-t)!\,n^{t}}}.}"/></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd>When <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1,000,000,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>000</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>000</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1,000,000,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/422518be7721ef4b55b0c89db2abc0c917cc0336" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.345ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1,000,000,}"/></span> you already have <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(1178)\approx 0.49981\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1178</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.49981</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(1178)\approx 0.49981\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e4dd05c74e02c505adccb7a43944c50713dd266" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.283ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(1178)\approx 0.49981\,,}"/></span> less than 50% chance of repeat-free survival. See also <a href="/wiki/Birthday_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthday paradox">Birthday paradox</a>. --<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam#top" title="User talk:Lambiam">Lambiam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Lambiam-20241117191900-GTrang-20241117153400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:19, 17 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Lambiam-20241117191900-GTrang-20241117153400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Lambiam-20241117191900-GTrang-20241117153400"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Scs-20241118012000-GTrang-20241117153400"></span>Everyone is told not to re-use passwords, but that doesn't apply to one-time singleton keys such as are typically used in 2FA. <ul><li>If I somehow know that last year your regular password was "gzornnplatz", and I'm trying to hack into your account, "gzornnplatz" is a reasonable thing to try; it's considerably more likely to still or again be your password today than some other 11-character string.</li> <li>But if I'm trying to guess a 2FA code, and I know that some time ago the generator randomly generated 123456, that tells me <i>nothing</i> about what code it's likely to use today. During any given authentication session, every one of those 1,000,000 codes is equally likely. The security rests on the assumption that there's no way you can possibly try more than a tiny fraction of the codes in that space before the authentication session times out and starts over with a new code (or locks you out for a while).</li></ul></dd> <dd>—<a href="/wiki/User:Scs" title="User:Scs">scs</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Scs" title="User talk:Scs">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Scs-20241118012000-GTrang-20241117153400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">01:20, 18 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Scs-20241118012000-GTrang-20241117153400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Scs-20241118012000-GTrang-20241117153400"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_18" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_18-20241118185100"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_18-20241118185100"></span>November 18<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_18-20241118185100"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: November 18"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?" data-mw-thread-id="h-Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?-November_18-20241118185100"><span id="Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?-November_18-20241118185100"></span>Follow up to Can high memory usage make the Internet not work?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?-November_18-20241118185100"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Follow up to Can high memory usage make the Internet not work?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Vchimpanzee-20241118185100-Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?"></span>Referring to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Computing/2024_October_12#Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work%3F">this question</a>, a man came to my house this morning and replaced the phone line. He said it was old and just barely working. They've been talking about that for quite some time. When I was told I could get a faster speed at no charge, the men who came didn't do anything because there was no way to do it without drilling a hole in the wall. I said it was fine if they didn't. I thought they were going to do it behind some heavy furniture where the outside equipment was. The last time anyone came to my house nothing was done inside and there was no talk about replacing the phone line. But the man this morning wanted the line to go in the house near my computer, and there was nothing heavy to move.— <a href="/wiki/User:Vchimpanzee" title="User:Vchimpanzee"><span style="color:#070">Vchimpanzee</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Vchimpanzee" title="User talk:Vchimpanzee"><span style="color:#aa4400"> talk</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Vchimpanzee" title="Special:Contributions/Vchimpanzee"><span style="color:#700">contributions</span></a> • <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Vchimpanzee-20241118185100-Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:51, 18 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Vchimpanzee-20241118185100-Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Vchimpanzee-20241118185100-Follow_up_to_Can_high_memory_usage_make_the_Internet_not_work?"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file" data-mw-thread-id="h-Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file-November_18-20241118195800"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file-November_18-20241118195800"></span>Electronically notarize a plain text file<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file-November_18-20241118195800"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electronically notarize a plain text file"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Jc3s5h-20241118195800-Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file"></span>Does anyone know of a use case for electronically <a href="/wiki/Notary_public" title="Notary public">notarizing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> file in the United States or country with similar laws? The reason is that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.vermont.gov/notaries-public/statutes-rules-resources/">rules for notaries public</a> are being developed in my state that, depending on how they are written, might make notarizing such files more difficult because they might require the notary's signature to be present as a graphic image (JPEG or the like) which is not supported in somes kind of computer files. <a href="/wiki/User:Jc3s5h" title="User:Jc3s5h">Jc3s5h</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jc3s5h" title="User talk:Jc3s5h">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Jc3s5h-20241118195800-Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:58, 18 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Jc3s5h-20241118195800-Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Jc3s5h-20241118195800-Electronically_notarize_a_plain_text_file"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-12.116.29.106-20241119133100-Jc3s5h-20241118195800"></span>Because laws don't keep up with technology, a company I used to work for used a workaround. They printed out a large hash of the text files (mainly computer code) and notarized the hash. So, the file itself was not notarized, but the hash of it was. So, in court, if the file has the same hash you can state that the hash the file has is the hash that was notarized. There is a minor limitation. It is possible to alter a file while not altering the hash. It isn't common, but with hashes, there is always an issue of collision. That wasn't a big enough issue for the needs of the company. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106" title="Special:Contributions/12.116.29.106">12.116.29.106</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:12.116.29.106" title="User talk:12.116.29.106">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-12.116.29.106-20241119133100-Jc3s5h-20241118195800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">13:31, 19 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-12.116.29.106-20241119133100-Jc3s5h-20241118195800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-12.116.29.106-20241119133100-Jc3s5h-20241118195800"></span> <dl><dd><span class="template-ping"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Jc3s5h-20241119225000-12.116.29.106-20241119133100"></span>@<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:12.116.29.106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:12.116.29.106 (page does not exist)">12.116.29.106</a>:</span> I was aware of that approach, which is why I said that not supporting graphic images in a file merely made it more difficult to notarize. While respecting everyone's privacy, can you describe why it was necessary to indirectly notarize computer code and the other files? <a href="/wiki/User:Jc3s5h" title="User:Jc3s5h">Jc3s5h</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jc3s5h" title="User talk:Jc3s5h">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Jc3s5h-20241119225000-12.116.29.106-20241119133100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:50, 19 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Jc3s5h-20241119225000-12.116.29.106-20241119133100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Jc3s5h-20241119225000-12.116.29.106-20241119133100"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Lambiam-20241120134100-12.116.29.106-20241119133100"></span>It is one thing to create a sequence of bytes matching a given hash. It is another thing to do this such that the sequence of bytes is not gibberish, and not even just something meaningful, but something meaningful that conveys an intended message. --<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam#top" title="User talk:Lambiam">Lambiam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Lambiam-20241120134100-12.116.29.106-20241119133100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">13:41, 20 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Lambiam-20241120134100-12.116.29.106-20241119133100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Lambiam-20241120134100-12.116.29.106-20241119133100"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_19" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_19-20241119063400"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_19-20241119063400"></span>November 19<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_19-20241119063400"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: November 19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Windows.old" data-mw-thread-id="h-Windows.old-November_19-20241119063400"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Windows.old-November_19-20241119063400"></span>Windows.old<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Windows.old-November_19-20241119063400"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Windows.old"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400-Windows.old"></span>My desktop computer is a Dell Inspiron 3910 running Windows 11, and has 12 GB of RAM and 216 GB of solid-state storage as the C: drive. I recently moved some folders that I don't need to a removable disk. I also have a great monster external drive with 4 TB that I use for backup. As of 9 November 2024, a folder called Windows.old has appeared on my C: drive. It occupies about 27 GB on my C: drive, and now I am getting red warnings in the This PC screen for low remaining disk storage, but not actually running out of disk storage. It appears to contain copies of some of the contents of the Windows, Program Files, and Program Files (x86) folders. My first question is why it has appeared on my computer. I didn't do anything intentionally that I thought would create it. It is possible that the cat did something random. She's a cat, and sometimes walks on the keyboard. My second question is whether I need it, or whether I can safely move it to the monster. Is anyone familiar with the creation of this backup folder? Can I move it to a different device? <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400-Windows.old" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">06:34, 19 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400-Windows.old"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400-Windows.old"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-TrogWoolley-20241119073400-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400"></span>This file appears when a Windows upgrade is performed. I've an idea it is used in a system restore. If everything is running fine, you can delete it by running a disk cleanup and ticking clean up system files. It is probably worth having a look through the folder before you delete it. <a href="/wiki/User:TrogWoolley" title="User:TrogWoolley">TrogWoolley</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:TrogWoolley" title="User talk:TrogWoolley">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-TrogWoolley-20241119073400-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">07:34, 19 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-TrogWoolley-20241119073400-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-TrogWoolley-20241119073400-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400"></span>Your computer likely got the <a href="/wiki/Windows_11,_version_24H2" title="Windows 11, version 24H2">Windows 11, version 24H2</a> update. The system files from the old update were moved in Windows.old to allow you to temporarily roll back if there's any problem. You can try running a disk cleanup (I remember Windows once asking me to delete this folder because of free space shortage), or it will be eventually removed on its own. You definitely don't have to back it up in an external storage medium. <a href="/wiki/User:Ian_P._Tetriss" title="User:Ian P. Tetriss">Ian P. Tetriss</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Ian_P._Tetriss" title="User talk:Ian P. Tetriss">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">00:57, 20 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700-Robert_McClenon-20241119063400"></span> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/User:Ian_P._Tetriss" title="User:Ian P. Tetriss"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241120042400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700"></span>User:Ian P. Tetriss</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:TrogWoolley" title="User:TrogWoolley">User:TrogWoolley</a> - Thank you for the explanation. I had already backed up the Windows.old folder to an external device and then had disk cleanup delete it before I read your advice that it is not necessary to back it up. So I will move it from the disk drive to the 4 TB drive. I will also check to see if my laptop computer has a Windows.old file, and do disk cleanup on it. <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241120042400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">04:24, 20 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241120042400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241120042400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241120043400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700"></span>My laptop computer does not have a Windows.old file. It is old, older than my desktop computer, and so may not be one of the computers that Microsoft has updated to 24H2. <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241120043400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">04:34, 20 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241120043400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241120043400-Ian_P._Tetriss-20241120005700"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_21" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_21-20241121092100"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_21-20241121092100"></span>November 21<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_21-20241121092100"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: November 21"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="AI_and_the_2024_US_election" data-mw-thread-id="h-AI_and_the_2024_US_election-November_21-20241121092100"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-AI_and_the_2024_US_election-November_21-20241121092100"></span>AI and the 2024 US election<span data-mw-comment-end="h-AI_and_the_2024_US_election-November_21-20241121092100"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: AI and the 2024 US election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Viriditas-20241121092100-AI_and_the_2024_US_election"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235781174">.mw-parser-output .hmbox-outer{margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .hmbox-inner{display:inline-block;color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin-right:0.5em;padding:0.3em 0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hmbox-outer resolved"><div class="hmbox-inner"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span> Resolved</div></div> <p>My question is, how much did rudimentary "AI" (or what we like to refer to as AI) contribute to the outcome of the 2024 US election? I haven't seen much written about this, but if there are articles on this subject, please point me to them. <a href="/wiki/User:Viriditas" title="User:Viriditas">Viriditas</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Viriditas" title="User talk:Viriditas">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Viriditas-20241121092100-AI_and_the_2024_US_election" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">09:21, 21 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Viriditas-20241121092100-AI_and_the_2024_US_election"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Viriditas-20241121092100-AI_and_the_2024_US_election"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Card_Zero-20241121094400-Viriditas-20241121092100"></span>There's an amusing ref desk phenomenon where a questioner accidentally formulates a good search query to use for the question's title. Here's my first two results: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/policy/24098798/2024-election-ai-generated-disinformation">The AI-generated hell of the 2024 election </a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/7131271/ai-2024-elections/">AI's Underwhelming Impact on the 2024 Elections</a>. Opinions differ, evidently. <a href="/wiki/User:Card_Zero" title="User:Card Zero"><span style="background-color:#fffff0; border:1px #995; border-style:dotted solid solid dotted;"> Card Zero </span></a> <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Card_Zero" title="User talk:Card Zero">(talk)</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Card_Zero-20241121094400-Viriditas-20241121092100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">09:44, 21 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Card_Zero-20241121094400-Viriditas-20241121092100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Card_Zero-20241121094400-Viriditas-20241121092100"></span> <dl><dd><i><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Viriditas-20241121100500-Card_Zero-20241121094400"></span>Ackshually</i>, that's exactly what I was looking for. Are you a mind reader? <a href="/wiki/User:Viriditas" title="User:Viriditas">Viriditas</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Viriditas" title="User talk:Viriditas">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Viriditas-20241121100500-Card_Zero-20241121094400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">10:05, 21 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Viriditas-20241121100500-Card_Zero-20241121094400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Viriditas-20241121100500-Card_Zero-20241121094400"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="November_23" data-mw-thread-id="h-November_23-20241123040000"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-November_23-20241123040000"></span>November 23<span data-mw-comment-end="h-November_23-20241123040000"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: November 23"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup" data-mw-thread-id="h-ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup-November_23-20241123040000"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup-November_23-20241123040000"></span>ClipChamp.exe and Disk Backup<span data-mw-comment-end="h-ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup-November_23-20241123040000"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: ClipChamp.exe and Disk Backup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000-ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup"></span>If I am backing up my C: drive (which I still think of as a hard disk, although it is a solid-state device) to an external medium (a 4TB removable device), I get various error messages that I have to Skip. One of them says that it is unable to copy Clipchamp.exe, which has size 0 bytes. I can Try Again or Skip or Cancel. Only Skip makes any sense. I have looked up what Clipchamp is, and I see that it is a Microsoft video editor tool, but that it has a web-based architecture, so that the code resides on a web site and is loaded temporarily into my computer to run the application. My first question is: If I am doing the backup in the usual fashion, by dragging a folder from C: to a folder window on F: (the removable storage device), is there any way that I can tell Windows 11 in advance to Skip errors rather than prompting me for action? Second, is there any alternate easy-to-do way to copy folders from C: to a folder on F: other than dragging and dropping that allows me to specify action on errors? Third, I see that Clipchamp, and some of the other stuff that gives me errors on backup up, are in the Users folder. Do the error messages that I am getting mean that copying the Users folder is problematic, and that I should be backing up some of its subfolders instead? <a href="/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon" title="User:Robert McClenon">Robert McClenon</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon" title="User talk:Robert McClenon">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000-ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">04:00, 23 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000-ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000-ClipChamp.exe_and_Disk_Backup"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Card_Zero-20241123045400-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000"></span>I found <a href="/wiki/Robocopy" title="Robocopy">Robocopy</a>, if you want a copy utility with sophisticated options. (Does figuring out a new tool save effort? Debatable.) This is built-in to Windows 11, I tried it out myself just now. <a href="/wiki/User:Card_Zero" title="User:Card Zero"><span style="background-color:#fffff0; border:1px #995; border-style:dotted solid solid dotted;"> Card Zero </span></a> <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Card_Zero" title="User talk:Card Zero">(talk)</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing#c-Card_Zero-20241123045400-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">04:54, 23 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Card_Zero-20241123045400-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Card_Zero-20241123045400-Robert_McClenon-20241123040000"></span></dd></dl>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&oldid=1259067331">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Computing&oldid=1259067331</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_help_forums" title="Category:Wikipedia help forums">Wikipedia help forums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_reference_desk" title="Category:Wikipedia reference desk">Wikipedia reference desk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_resources_for_researchers" title="Category:Wikipedia resources for researchers">Wikipedia resources for researchers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-talk_pages_that_are_automatically_signed" title="Category:Non-talk pages that are automatically signed">Non-talk pages that are automatically signed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_automatically_checked_for_incorrect_links" title="Category:Pages automatically checked for incorrect links">Pages automatically checked for incorrect links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_help_pages_with_dated_sections" title="Category:Wikipedia help pages with dated sections">Wikipedia help pages with dated sections</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 04:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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