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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Location where the physical and spiritual worlds are close or merged</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <b>crossroads</b> may represent a location "between the worlds" and, as such, a site where <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> spirits can be contacted and <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> events can take place. Symbolically, it can mean a locality where two realms touch and therefore represents <a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">liminality</a>, a place literally "neither here nor there", "betwixt and between". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_religions">Ancient religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble,_Hadrian_clasicism,_Prague_Kinsky,_NM-H10_4742,_140997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble%2C_Hadrian_clasicism%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-H10_4742%2C_140997.jpg/220px-Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble%2C_Hadrian_clasicism%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-H10_4742%2C_140997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble%2C_Hadrian_clasicism%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-H10_4742%2C_140997.jpg/330px-Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble%2C_Hadrian_clasicism%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-H10_4742%2C_140997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble%2C_Hadrian_clasicism%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-H10_4742%2C_140997.jpg/440px-Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble%2C_Hadrian_clasicism%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-H10_4742%2C_140997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="4868" /></a><figcaption>Relief triplicate Hekate marble - The Goddess Hekate resides at crossroads.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HermHerakles_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A herma was a statue associated with Hermes. It was used to mark boundaries and crossroads in ancient Greece, and thought to ward off evil. Museum of Ancient Messene, Greece." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/HermHerakles_2.jpg/220px-HermHerakles_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/HermHerakles_2.jpg/330px-HermHerakles_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/HermHerakles_2.jpg/440px-HermHerakles_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="4465" /></a><figcaption>A herma was a statue associated with Hermes. It was used to mark boundaries and crossroads in ancient Greece, and thought to ward off evil. Museum of Ancient Messene, Greece.</figcaption></figure><p> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, crossroads were associated with both <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, with shrines and ceremonies for both taking place there. The <a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">herm</a> pillar associated with Hermes frequently marked these places due to the god's association with travelers and role as a guide. Though less central to Greek mythology than Hermes, Hecate's connection to crossroads was more cemented in ritual. 'Suppers of Hecate' were left for her at crossroads at each new moon, and one of her most common titles was 'goddess of the crossroads.' In her later three-fold depictions, each of the three heads or bodies is often associated with one of three crossing roads.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"According to the fourth-century historian <a href="/wiki/Philochorus" title="Philochorus">Philochorus</a>,... at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, offerings also were sent to the crossroads on the sixteenth of the month - i.e., half a month after the new-moon offering, at the time of the full moon." In <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Graeco-Roman</a> society, rituals of protection were done at crossroads and purification ritual remains were left at the crossroads. The Greeks and Romans believed doors, gates, rivers, frontiers and crossroads held spiritual meanings regarding transitioning, leaving one area and going somewhere else, a change in directions physically and spiritually; therefore rituals of protection and rituals regarding change (transition) were done at crossroads.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An 11th-century homily called <i><a href="/wiki/De_Falsis_Deis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Falsis Deis">De Falsis Deis</a></i> tells us that <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> were honored on crossroads. </p> <dl><dd>53. Sum man eac wæs gehaten Mercurius on life, se wæs swyðe facenfull</dd> <dd>54. And, ðeah full snotorwyrde, swicol on dædum and on leasbregdum. Ðone</dd> <dd>55. macedon þa hæðenan be heora getæle eac heom to mæran gode and æt wega</dd> <dd>56. gelætum him lac offrodon oft and gelome þurh deofles lare and to heagum</dd> <dd>57. beorgum him brohton oft mistlice loflac.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The modern English text gives: "There once lived a man named Mercury, who was very deceitful, and, though quite wise in speech, was treacherous in actions and lies. The pagans, in their account, also made him their great god and often and frequently offered him sacrifices at crossroads, through the teachings of the devil, and to high hills they often brought various offerings of praise." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_folklore">Medieval folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Felo_de_se" title="Felo de se">Felo de se</a></div> <p>In Great Britain, there existed a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burying</a> criminals and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicides</a> at the crossroads. This may have been due to the crossroads marking the boundaries of the settlement coupled with a desire to bury those outside of the law outside the settlement, or that the many roads would confuse the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossroads were also commonly used as a place of criminal punishment and execution (e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dule_tree" title="Dule tree">dule tree</a>), which may have also been a reason for it being a site of suicidal burial as suicide was considered a crime. This ritual of crossroads burial dates back to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> times and continued until being abolished in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While they became a place of burial for suicides and others unable to be given proper burial in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the crossroads were once a burial place second only to the consecrated church for Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western folk mythology, a crossroads can be used to summon a demon or devil in order to make a deal. This legend can be seen in many stories. For example, the 1587 <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_von_D._Johann_Fausten_(chapbook)" title="Historia von D. Johann Fausten (chapbook)">Historia von D. Johann Fausten</a></i>, describes the character <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a> inscribing <a href="/wiki/Magic_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic circles">magic circles</a> at a crossroads in order to summon the devil. The <a href="/wiki/Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Freischütz">Freischütz</a> folktales often similarly involve summoning the devil at a crossroads in order to cast magic bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-Warrack_1976_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warrack_1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1885 historical essay <i>Transylvanian Superstitions</i>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Gerard" title="Emily Gerard">Emily Gerard</a> describes how crossroads were often avoided as a matter of course, and describes a Romanian belief that a demon could be summoned at a crossroad by drawing a magic circle, offering copper coin as payment, and reciting an <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hoodoo">Hoodoo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hoodoo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Yowa, or Dikenga Cross, is a symbol in Bakongo spirituality that depicts the physical world, the spiritual (ancestral) world, the Kalûnga river (line) that runs between the two worlds, and the four moments of the sun. The Yowa cross is the origin of the crossroads in Hoodoo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png/328px-Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png" decoding="async" width="328" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png/492px-Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png/656px-Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><b><a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">The Kongo cosmogram</a></b></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">conjure, rootwork, and hoodoo</a>, a form of African magical spirituality practiced by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> in the United States, the crossroads in Hoodoo originates from the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">Kongo cosmogram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. It represents the rising and setting of the sun, and the human life cycle of death and rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center of the crossroads is where the communication with spirits take place. During the transatlantic slave trade, the Kongo cosmogram was brought to the United States by African slaves. Archeologists unearthed representations of the Kongo cosmogram on slave plantations in South Carolina on clay pots made by enslaved Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kongo cosmogram is also called the Bakongo cosmogram and the "Yowa" cross. The Yowa cross (Kongo cosmogram) "Is a fork in the road (or even a forked branch) can allude to this crucially important symbol of passage and communication between worlds. The 'turn' in the path,' i.e., the crossroads, remains an indelible concept in the Kongo-Atlantic world, as the point of intersection between the ancestors and the living."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It is at the crossroads where many Africans believe one will witness the powers of God and emerge from the waters spiritually renewed."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other African origins of the crossroads in Hoodoo are found in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> people. For example, the Yoruba trickster deity called <a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Eshu-Elegba</a> resides at the crossroads, and the Yoruba people leave offerings for Eshu-Elegba at the crossroads.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hoodoo, there is a spirit that resides at the crossroads to give offering for; however, the word Eshu-Elegba does not exist in Hoodoo because the names of African deities were lost during slavery. Folklorist Newbell Niles Puckett, recorded a number of crossroads rituals in Hoodoo practiced among African-Americans in the South and explained its meaning. Puckett wrote..."Possibly this custom of sacrificing at the crossroads is due to the idea that spirits, like men, travel the highways and would be more likely to hit upon the offering at the crossroads than elsewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African crossroads spirits were brought to the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Papa_Legba" title="Papa Legba">Papa Legba</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">lwa</a> of crossroads and a messenger to the spirit world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossroads_at_Penlan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Crossroads_at_Penlan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241828.jpg/220px-Crossroads_at_Penlan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241828.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Crossroads_at_Penlan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241828.jpg/330px-Crossroads_at_Penlan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Crossroads_at_Penlan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241828.jpg/440px-Crossroads_at_Penlan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>In Hoodoo crossroads are where two roads meet to form an X. The crossroads in Hoodoo originates from the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">Kongo cosmogram</a> in Central Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Hoodoo, there has been a practice that is believed to be hoodoo in origin such as selling your soul to the devil at the crossroads in order to acquire facility at various manual and body skills, such as playing a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a>, throwing <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing">dancing</a>. It is believed that one may attend upon a crossroads a certain number of times, either at <a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">midnight</a> or just before <a href="/wiki/Dawn" title="Dawn">dawn</a>, and one will meet a "black man," whom some call the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>, who will bestow upon one the desired skills. This practice is believed to have originated from an African American Blues musician by the name of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>. In the oral history of hoodoo it is said that Robert Johnson became a skilled Blues musician after he sold his soul to the devil at the crossroads, and because of this, people began going to a crossroads at midnight to sell their soul to a devil to acquire a skill or to become better at a skill. The family of Robert Johnson have come forward and said this is not true. How Johnson became a skilled Blues musician was through training under <a href="/wiki/Ike_Zimmerman" title="Ike Zimmerman">Ike Zimmerman</a> who was a blues guitarist. In an article from the <a href="/wiki/National_Blues_Museum" title="National Blues Museum">National Blues Museum</a> it reads... "In the case of Robert Johnson, many family members have come forward to dispel these rumors and have advocated that the truth be told about Robert Johnson. During the time that he was missing, Johnson returned home, where he ran into Ike Zimmerman. Zimmerman took Johnson under his wing, and from years of practicing, Johnson became the legendary Blues musician that we know today." Therefore, the idea one can sell their soul to the devil at the crossroads and acquire a skill may not be traditional in Hoodoo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazilian_mythology">Brazilian mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brazilian mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crossroads are very important both in <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Brazilian mythology</a> (related to the <a href="/wiki/Headless_Mule" title="Headless Mule">headless mule</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bestial_beast" title="Bestial beast">Besta Fera</a> and the Brazilian version of the <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian religions">religions</a> (as the favourite place for the manifestation of "left-hand" entities such as <a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Exus</a> and where to place offerings to the <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orishas</a>). Eshu and Legba derive from the same African deity, although they are viewed in markedly different manners among traditions. For example, Papa Legba is considered by Haitian Vodou practitioners to be closest to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, although in Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a> it is not uncommon to see Exu closely associated with demonic entities such as <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>, clad in Mephistophelean attire and bearing a trident.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_fiction">In modern fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In modern fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blues_songs">Blues songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Blues songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> songs may be about making a deal with the devil at the crossroads. Many modern listeners believe that the premier song about soul-selling at a crossroads is "<a href="/wiki/Cross_Road_Blues" title="Cross Road Blues">Cross Road Blues</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson#Devil_legend" title="Robert Johnson">a legend</a>, Johnson himself sold his soul at a crossroads in order to learn to play the guitar. This is chronicled in the Netflix documentary <i><a href="/wiki/ReMastered:_Devil_at_the_Crossroads" title="ReMastered: Devil at the Crossroads">ReMastered: Devil at the Crossroads</a></i>. However, the song's lyrics merely describe a man trying to <a href="/wiki/Hitchhiking" title="Hitchhiking">hitchhike</a>; the sense of foreboding has been interpreted as the singer's apprehension of finding himself, a young black man in the 1920s deep south, alone after dark and at the mercy of passing motorists.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_village" title="Crossroads village">Crossroads village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminal_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Liminal deities">Liminal deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker#Greece" title="Boundary marker">Boundary marker § Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">Herma</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornblower, Spawforth, Eidinow. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary.html?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ">The Oxford Classical Dictionary fourth edition</a>. Oxford University Press. p.688, 649-651]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1991" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, S. I. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187554">"Crossroads"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>. <b>88</b>: 217–224, 220. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187554">20187554</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Crossroads&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=217-224%2C+220&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20187554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=S.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20187554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossroads+%28folklore%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Old English text is reproduced here from The Cambridge Old English Reader by Richard Marsden, pp. 205–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Halliday2008" class="citation web cs1">Robert Halliday (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba25/BA25FEAT.HTML">"British Archaeology, no 25, June 1997: Features"</a>. <i>britarch.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1961) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gcLAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_book_similarbooks"><i>Dictionary of Mythology Folklore and Symbols</i> <i>Part 1</i></a>. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p.388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warrack_1976-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warrack_1976_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrack1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack, John</a> (1976) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carlmariavonwebe0000warr/page/210">"Der Freischütz"</a>. <i>Carl Maria von Weber</i>. 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New York: Vintage Books. pp. 410–411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trouble+in+Mind%3A+Black+Southerners+in+the+Age+of+Jim+Crow&rft.pages=410-411&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Vintage+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Litwack&rft.aufirst=Leon+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossroads+%28folklore%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&oldid=1243226291">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_(folklore)&oldid=1243226291</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crossroads_mythology" title="Category:Crossroads mythology">Crossroads mythology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_plain_text_file_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with plain text file bare URLs for citations">Articles with plain text file bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 August 2024, at 07:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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