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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hippocratic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Professionalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_contributions_to_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_contributions_to_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Direct contributions to medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_contributions_to_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hippocratic_Corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippocratic_Corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hippocratic Corpus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hippocratic_Corpus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hippocratic Corpus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hippocratic_Corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hippocratic_Oath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippocratic_Oath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hippocratic Oath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippocratic_Oath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Namesakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genealogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hippocrates</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" > 120 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates_von_Kos" title="Hippokrates von Kos – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hippokrates von Kos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%8D%96%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B4%E1%88%B5" title="ሂፖክራቴስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂፖክራቴስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="हिप्पोक्रेटीस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिप्पोक्रेटीस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="أبقراط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبقراط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipocrates" title="Hipocrates – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hipocrates" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Հիպոկրատ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիպոկրատ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%27%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B" title="হিপ'ক্ৰেটিছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিপ'ক্ৰেটিছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3crates" title="Hipócrates – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipócrates" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="हिप्पोक्रेटीस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिप्पोक्रेटीस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrat" title="Hippokrat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hippokrat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="হিপোক্রেটিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিপোক্রেটিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гіпакрат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпакрат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гіпакрат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіпакрат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3crates" title="Hipócrates – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hipócrates" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хипократ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипократ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipokrat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B2crates" title="Hipòcrates – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipòcrates" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrat%C3%A9s" title="Hippokratés – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hippokratés" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates_von_Kos" title="Hippokrates von Kos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hippokrates von Kos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ιπποκράτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιπποκράτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3crates" title="Hipócrates – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipócrates" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrato" title="Hipokrato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipokrato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrates" title="Hipokrates – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipokrates" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="بقراط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بقراط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrate" title="Hippocrate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hippocrate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipeacrait%C3%A9as" title="Hipeacraitéas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hipeacraitéas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3crates" title="Hipócrates – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipócrates" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%8F%AC%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="히포크라테스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히포크라테스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Հիպոկրատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպոկրատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="हिपोक्रेटिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिपोक्रेटिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipokrat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrato" title="Hipokrato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hipokrato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="হিপোক্রেটিস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হিপোক্রেটিস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipp%C3%B3krates" title="Hippókrates – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hippókrates" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippocrate" title="Ippocrate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ippocrate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A1" title="היפוקרטס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפוקרטס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಿಪಾಕ್ರಟೀಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಪಾಕ್ರಟೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ჰიპოკრატე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპოკრატე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEpokrat" title="Hîpokrat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîpokrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrats" title="Hipokrats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hipokrats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokratas" title="Hipokratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipokratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippocrate_de_Coo" title="Ippocrate de Coo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ippocrate de Coo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipocrate" title="Hipocrate – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hipocrate" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrat%C3%A9sz" title="Hippokratész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hippokratész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="हिप्पोक्रेटीस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिप्पोक्रेटीस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хипократ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипократ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrate" title="Hippocrate – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hippocrate" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹിപ്പോക്രാറ്റസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിപ്പോക്രാറ്റസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हिपोक्रेटस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिपोक्रेटस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ჰიპოკრატე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიპოკრატე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="هيبوكراتيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيبوكراتيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Хиппократэс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиппократэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates_van_Kos" title="Hippocrates van Kos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hippocrates van Kos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D" title="हिपोक्रेतिज् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिपोक्रेतिज्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%9D%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9" title="ヒポクラテス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒポクラテス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipocrates" title="Ipocrates – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ipocrates" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B8" title="ହିପୋକ୍ରେଟସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିପୋକ୍ରେଟସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippokrat" title="Gippokrat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gippokrat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹਿਪੋਕਰਾਤਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਪੋਕਰਾਤਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="بقراط – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بقراط" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="بقراط – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بقراط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrates" title="Hipokrates – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipokrates" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3crates" title="Hipócrates – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipócrates" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrate" title="Hippocrate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hippocrate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipokratis" title="Ipokratis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ipokratis" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гіппократ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гіппократ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="हिप्पाक्रटीस् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिप्पाक्रटीस्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="بقراط – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بقراط" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrati" title="Hipokrati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipokrati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippocrati" title="Ippocrati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ippocrati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates_(lek%C3%A1r)" title="Hippokrates (lekár) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hippokrates (lekár)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hipokrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھیپۆکرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیپۆکرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Хипократ са Коса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хипократ са Коса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipokrat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இப்போக்கிரட்டீசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இப்போக்கிரட்டீசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гиппократ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гиппократ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="హిప్పోక్రేట్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిప్పోక్రేట్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA" title="ฮิปโปกราแตส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิปโปกราแตส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Буқрот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Буқрот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipokrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гіппократ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіппократ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="بقراط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بقراط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hippocrates" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hippokrates" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希波克拉底" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希波克拉底" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hipokrat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%97puokrats" title="Hėpuokrats – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hėpuokrats" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希波克拉底" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek physician (c. 460 – c. 370 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hippocrates (disambiguation)">Hippocrates (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hippocrates of Kos</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippocrates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/220px-Hippocrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/330px-Hippocrates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/440px-Hippocrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="710" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A conventionalized image in a Roman "portrait" bust (19th-century engraving)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460 BC <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 370 BC (aged approximately 90) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a>, ancient Greece</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hippocrates of Kos (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hɪˈpɒkrətiːz/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἱπποκράτης ὁ Κῷος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a> Hippokrátēs ho Kôios; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460 – c. 370 BC), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical period</a> who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">history of medicine</a>. He is traditionally referred to as the "Father of Medicine" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a> and clinical observation, the systematic categorization of diseases, and the (however misguided) formulation of <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humoral theory</a>. The Hippocratic school of medicine revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">ancient Greek medicine</a>, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (<a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>), thus establishing medicine as a profession.<a href="#cite_note-garrison9293-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuland5-2">[2]</a> However, the achievements of the writers of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a>, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often conflated; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paragon" class="extiw" title="wikt:paragon">paragon</a> of the ancient physician and credited with coining the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>, which is still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical medicine">clinical medicine</a>, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.<a href="#cite_note-garrison9293-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_(original).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_%28original%29.JPG/330px-Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_%28original%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_%28original%29.JPG/495px-Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_%28original%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_%28original%29.JPG/660px-Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_%28original%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the story of Hippocrates refusing the presents of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes</a>, who was asking for his services. Painted by <a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a>, 1792.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> Historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>; other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a>, a 2nd-century Greek <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BCE-6">[6]</a> was Hippocrates's first biographer and is the source of most personal information about him. Later biographies are in the <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> of the 10th century AD, and in the works of <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>, which date from the 12th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-garrison9293-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuland7-7">[7]</a> Hippocrates is mentioned in passing in the writings of two contemporaries: in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s dialogues <a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a>, all of which date from the 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Soranus wrote that Hippocrates's father was <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_(physician)" title="Heraclides (physician)">Heraclides</a>, a physician, and his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, <a href="/wiki/Thessalus_(physician)" title="Thessalus (physician)">Thessalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draco_(physician)" title="Draco (physician)">Draco</a>, and his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Polybus_(physician)" title="Polybus (physician)">Polybus</a>, were his students. According to <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates's true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocrates (physician)">Hippocrates</a> (Hippocrates III and IV).<a href="#cite_note-adams19-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-margotta66-11">[11]</a> Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather (<a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_(physicians)" title="Hippocrates (physicians)">Hippocrates I</a>), and studied other subjects with <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a>. Hippocrates was probably trained at the <a href="/wiki/Asclepieion" title="Asclepieion">asklepieion</a> of Kos, and took lessons from the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Herodicus" title="Herodicus">Herodicus of Selymbria</a>. Plato mentions Hippocrates in two of his dialogues: in <a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a>, Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the <a href="/wiki/Asclepiad_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepiad (Greek)">Asclepiad</a>";<a href="#cite_note-marti86-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> while in <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a>, Plato suggests that "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" thought that a complete knowledge of the nature of the body was necessary for medicine.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. Several different accounts of his death exist. He died, probably in <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a>, at the age of 83, 85 or 90, though some say he lived to be well over 100.<a href="#cite_note-margotta66-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hippocratic_theory">Hippocratic theory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hippocratic theory">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">It is thus with regard to <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">the disease called Sacred</a>: it appears to me to be nowise more divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause from the originates like other affections. Men regard its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hippocrates, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Sacred_Disease" title="On the Sacred Disease">On the Sacred Disease</a> (epilepsy)</cite></div></blockquote> Hippocrates is credited as the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of superstition and gods.<a href="#cite_note-philosophy-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-jones11-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuland8-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-garrison9394-18">[18]</a> He was acknowledged by the disciples of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> for allying philosophy and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-philosophy-15">[15]</a> He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">gods</a> but rather the product of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental factors">environmental factors</a>, diet, and living habits. There is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did hold many convictions that were based on incorrect <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jones11-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuland8-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-garrison9394-18">[18]</a> Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split into the <a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Koan</a> on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis. Medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-adams15-19">[19]</a> The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnoses</a> and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a>, not diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice.<a href="#cite_note-margotta67-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from modern medicine, in which the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates's day has generated serious criticism of their denunciations; for example, the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death".<a href="#cite_note-jones1213-22">[22]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">If you want to learn about the health of a population, look at the air they breathe, the water they drink, and the places where they live.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hippocrates, 5th century BC</cite></div></blockquote> Analogies have been drawn between Thucydides' historical method and the Hippocratic method, in particular the notion of "human nature" as a way of explaining foreseeable repetitions for future usefulness, for other times or for other cases.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis">Crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kos_Asklepeion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kos_Asklepeion.jpg/220px-Kos_Asklepeion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kos_Asklepeion.jpg/330px-Kos_Asklepeion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kos_Asklepeion.jpg/440px-Kos_Asklepeion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asklepieion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asklepieion">Asklepieion</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a></figcaption></figure> An important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on critical days, which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. If a crisis occurred on a day far from a critical day, a relapse might be expected. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates, though it is possible that it predated him.<a href="#cite_note-jones464859-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HippocraticBench.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HippocraticBench.png/220px-HippocraticBench.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HippocraticBench.png/330px-HippocraticBench.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HippocraticBench.png/440px-HippocraticBench.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_bench" title="Hippocratic bench">Hippocratic bench</a>, date unknown</figcaption></figure> Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive. The therapeutic approach was based on "the healing power of nature" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vis_medicatrix_naturae" title="Vis medicatrix naturae">vis medicatrix naturae</a>). According to this doctrine, the body contains within itself the power to re-balance the <a href="/wiki/Four_humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Four humours">four humours</a> and heal itself (physis).<a href="#cite_note-garrison99-27">[27]</a> Hippocratic therapy focused on simply easing this natural process. To this end, Hippocrates believed "rest and immobilization [were] of capital importance".<a href="#cite_note-margotta73-28">[28]</a> In general, the Hippocratic medicine was very kind to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine were ever used on wounds, though "dry" treatment was preferable. Soothing <a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">balms</a> were sometimes employed.<a href="#cite_note-garrison98-29">[29]</a> Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment that might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-garrison98-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-sing35-30">[30]</a> Some of the generalized treatments he prescribed are fasting and the consumption of a mix of honey and vinegar. Hippocrates once said that "to eat when you are sick, is to feed your sickness". However, potent drugs were used on certain occasions.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-31">[31]</a> This passive approach was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken bones, which required <a href="/wiki/Traction_(orthopedics)" title="Traction (orthopedics)">traction</a> to stretch the skeletal system and relieve pressure on the injured area. The <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_bench" title="Hippocratic bench">Hippocratic bench</a> and other devices were used to this end.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In Hippocrates's time it was thought that <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> was a disease in and of itself.<a href="#cite_note-LaFrance-33">[33]</a> Hippocrates treated patients with fever by <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starving</a> them out,<a href="#cite_note-Currie-34">[34]</a> believing that 'starving' the fever was a way to neutralize the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Paulian-35">[35]</a> He may therefore have been the originator of the idea "<a href="/wiki/Feed_a_cold,_starve_a_fever" title="Feed a cold, starve a fever">Feed a cold, starve a fever</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Horne-36">[36]</a> One of the strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a>. At Hippocrates's time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often the best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and predict its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories.<a href="#cite_note-garrison9394-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-garrison97-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professionalism">Professionalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professionalism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancientgreek_surgical.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ancientgreek_surgical.jpg/220px-Ancientgreek_surgical.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ancientgreek_surgical.jpg/330px-Ancientgreek_surgical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ancientgreek_surgical.jpg/440px-Ancientgreek_surgical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>A number of ancient Greek surgical tools. On the left is a <a href="/wiki/Trephine" title="Trephine">trephine</a>; on the right, a set of <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpels</a>. Hippocratic medicine made good use of these tools.<a href="#cite_note-adams17-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline, and rigorous practice.<a href="#cite_note-garrison-39">[39]</a> The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Operating_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating room">operating room</a>.<a href="#cite_note-margotta64-40">[40]</a> He even kept his <a href="/wiki/Fingernail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingernail">fingernails</a> to a precise length.<a href="#cite_note-rutkow24-41">[41]</a> The Hippocratic school gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians.<a href="#cite_note-margotta66-11">[11]</a> Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions.<a href="#cite_note-garrison97-37">[37]</a> He is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to discover whether the patient was lying.<a href="#cite_note-marti88-42">[42]</a> Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment.<a href="#cite_note-margotta68-43">[43]</a> "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation."<a href="#cite_note-garrison9394-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Direct_contributions_to_medicine">Direct contributions to medicine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Direct contributions to medicine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClubbingFingers1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/ClubbingFingers1.jpg/220px-ClubbingFingers1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/ClubbingFingers1.jpg/330px-ClubbingFingers1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/ClubbingFingers1.jpg/440px-ClubbingFingers1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Clubbing of fingers in a patient with <a href="/wiki/Eisenmenger%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenmenger's syndrome">Eisenmenger's syndrome</a>; first described by Hippocrates, clubbing is also known as "Hippocratic fingers".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreekReduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreekReduction.jpg/180px-GreekReduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreekReduction.jpg/270px-GreekReduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreekReduction.jpg/360px-GreekReduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> of the reduction of a <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocated</a> shoulder with a Hippocratic device</figcaption></figure> Hippocrates and his followers were the first to describe many diseases and medical conditions.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He is given credit for the first description of <a href="/wiki/Nail_clubbing" title="Nail clubbing">clubbing</a> of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic lung disease, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanotic_heart_defect" title="Cyanotic heart defect">cyanotic heart disease</a>. For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers".<a href="#cite_note-schwartz-45">[45]</a> Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic face">Hippocratic face</a> in Prognosis. <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> famously alludes to this description when writing of <a href="/wiki/Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Falstaff">Falstaff</a>'s death in Act II, Scene iii. of <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sing40-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-margotta70-47">[47]</a> Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, <a href="/wiki/Relapse" title="Relapse">relapse</a>, resolution, crisis, <a href="/wiki/Paroxysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Paroxysm">paroxysm</a>, peak, and <a href="/wiki/Convalescence" title="Convalescence">convalescence</a>."<a href="#cite_note-garrison97-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-mart90-48">[48]</a> Another of Hippocrates's major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of <a href="/wiki/Empyema" title="Empyema">thoracic empyema</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Suppuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppuration">suppuration</a> of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">pulmonary medicine</a> and surgery.<a href="#cite_note-major-49">[49]</a> Hippocrates was the first documented <a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiothoracic Surgery">chest surgeon</a> and his findings and techniques, while crude, such as the use of lead pipes to drain chest wall abscess, are still valid.<a href="#cite_note-major-49">[49]</a> The Hippocratic school of medicine described well the ailments of the human <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> and the treatment thereof, despite the school's poor theory of medicine. <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhoids">Hemorrhoids</a>, for instance, though believed to be caused by an excess of bile and phlegm, were treated by Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways.<a href="#cite_note-johann11-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-jani-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cautery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cautery">Cautery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">excision</a> are described in the Hippocratic Corpus, in addition to the preferred methods: <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)" title="Ligature (medicine)">ligating</a> the hemorrhoids and drying them with a hot iron. Other treatments such as applying various salves are suggested as well.<a href="#cite_note-johann12-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-book-53">[53]</a> Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangling, and excising."<a href="#cite_note-johann11-50">[50]</a> Also, some of the fundamental concepts of <a href="/wiki/Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">proctoscopy</a> outlined in the Corpus are still in use.<a href="#cite_note-johann11-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-jani-51">[51]</a> For example, the uses of the rectal <a href="/wiki/Speculum_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculum (medical)">speculum</a>, a common medical device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus.<a href="#cite_note-jani-51">[51]</a> This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Hippocrates often used lifestyle modifications such as <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a> to treat diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, what is today called <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_medicine" title="Lifestyle medicine">lifestyle medicine</a>. Two popular but likely misquoted attributions to Hippocrates are "Let food be your medicine, and medicine be your food" and "Walking is man's best medicine".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Both appear to be misquotations, and their exact origins remain unknown.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 2017, researchers claimed that, while conducting restorations on the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sinai">South Sinai</a>, they found a manuscript which contains a medical recipe of Hippocrates. The manuscript also contains three recipes with pictures of herbs that were created by an anonymous scribe.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hippocratic_Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hippocratic Corpus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HippocraticOath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HippocraticOath.jpg/180px-HippocraticOath.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HippocraticOath.jpg/270px-HippocraticOath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HippocraticOath.jpg/360px-HippocraticOath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>A 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine</a> manuscript of the Oath in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a></figcaption></figure> The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) is a collection of around seventy early medical works collected in <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian period">Alexandrian Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iniesta2011-60">[60]</a> It is written in <a href="/wiki/Ionic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic dialect">Ionic Greek</a>. The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of any of the treatises in the corpus has not been conclusively answered,<a href="#cite_note-singer27-61">[61]</a> but modern debate revolves around only a few of the treatises seen as potentially authored by him. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, the Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen).<a href="#cite_note-britannica-31">[31]</a> The corpus came to be known by his name because of his fame; possibly all medical works were classified under 'Hippocrates' by a librarian in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marti86-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-margotta64-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The volumes were probably produced by his students and followers.<a href="#cite_note-hanson-63">[63]</a> The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order.<a href="#cite_note-singer27-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-rutkow23-64">[64]</a> These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing viewpoints; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus.<a href="#cite_note-sing28-65">[65]</a> Among the treatises of the Corpus are <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">The Hippocratic Oath</a>; The Book of Prognostics; On Regimen in Acute Diseases; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aphorisms" class="extiw" title="s:Aphorisms">Aphorisms</a>; On Airs, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On The Sacred Disease; etc.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippocratic_Oath">Hippocratic Oath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hippocratic Oath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a></div> The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently, the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oaths</a> and laws that define good medical practice and morals.<a href="#cite_note-wma.net-66">[66]</a> Such derivatives are regularly taken by modern medical graduates about to enter medical practice.<a href="#cite_note-marti86-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-jones217-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galenoghippokrates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Galenoghippokrates.jpg/220px-Galenoghippokrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Galenoghippokrates.jpg/330px-Galenoghippokrates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Galenoghippokrates.jpg/440px-Galenoghippokrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mural painting showing <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> and Hippocrates. 12th century; <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a>, Italy </figcaption></figure> Although Hippocrates neither founded the school of medicine named after him, nor wrote most of the treatises attributed to him, he is traditionally regarded as the "Father of Medicine".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled.<a href="#cite_note-garrison100-70">[70]</a> So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-marti86-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-margotta73-28">[28]</a> The centuries after Hippocrates's death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out," according to <a href="/wiki/Fielding_H._Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fielding H. Garrison">Fielding Garrison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-garrison95-71">[71]</a> After Hippocrates, another significant physician was <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> who lived from AD 129 to AD 200. Galen perpetuated the tradition of Hippocratic medicine, making some advancements, but also some regressions.<a href="#cite_note-jones35-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Islamic world adopted Hippocratic methods and developed new medical technologies.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/European_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="European Renaissance">European Renaissance</a>, Hippocratic methods were revived in western Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century. Notable among those who employed Hippocrates's rigorous clinical techniques were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sydenham" title="Thomas Sydenham">Thomas Sydenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Heberden" title="William Heberden">William Heberden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Huchard" title="Henri Huchard">Henri Huchard</a>, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine."<a href="#cite_note-garrison934-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image">Image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engraving;_bust_of_Hippocrates;_by_Paul_Wellcome_L0019959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Engraving%3B_bust_of_Hippocrates%3B_by_Paul_Wellcome_L0019959.jpg/150px-Engraving%3B_bust_of_Hippocrates%3B_by_Paul_Wellcome_L0019959.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Engraving%3B_bust_of_Hippocrates%3B_by_Paul_Wellcome_L0019959.jpg/225px-Engraving%3B_bust_of_Hippocrates%3B_by_Paul_Wellcome_L0019959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Engraving%3B_bust_of_Hippocrates%3B_by_Paul_Wellcome_L0019959.jpg/300px-Engraving%3B_bust_of_Hippocrates%3B_by_Paul_Wellcome_L0019959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Engraving: bust of Hippocrates by <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Pontius" title="Paulus Pontius">Paulus Pontius</a> after <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, 1638</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s testimony, Hippocrates was known as "The Great Hippocrates".<a href="#cite_note-jones38-76">[76]</a> Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor" and later as "stern and forbidding".<a href="#cite_note-marti86-12">[12]</a> He is certainly considered wise, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Adams_(translator)" title="Francis Adams (translator)">Francis Adams</a> describes him as "strictly the physician of experience and common sense."<a href="#cite_note-adams15-19">[19]</a> His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asklepius" class="mw-redirect" title="Asklepius">Asklepius</a>. Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that have been found could be only altered versions of portraits of these deities.<a href="#cite_note-garrison100-70">[70]</a> Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. <a href="/wiki/Fielding_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fielding Garrison">Fielding Garrison</a>, an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all, the exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit."<a href="#cite_note-garrison934-75">[75]</a> "His figure... stands for all time as that of the ideal physician," according to A Short History of Medicine, inspiring the medical profession since his death.<a href="#cite_note-sing29-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legends">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Sir_John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="The Travels of Sir John Mandeville">The Travels of Sir John Mandeville</a> reports (incorrectly) that Hippocrates was the ruler of the islands of "Kos and Lango" [sic], and recounts a legend about Hippocrates's daughter. She was transformed into a hundred-foot long <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Diana</a>, and is the "lady of the manor" of an old castle. She emerges three times a year, and will be turned back into a woman if a knight kisses her, making the knight into her consort and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but flee when they see the hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter. This is a version of the legend of <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Namesakes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippocrates_sculpture_in_front_of_Mayne_Medical_School,_Brisbane,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hippocrates_sculpture_in_front_of_Mayne_Medical_School%2C_Brisbane%2C_2021.jpg/220px-Hippocrates_sculpture_in_front_of_Mayne_Medical_School%2C_Brisbane%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hippocrates_sculpture_in_front_of_Mayne_Medical_School%2C_Brisbane%2C_2021.jpg/330px-Hippocrates_sculpture_in_front_of_Mayne_Medical_School%2C_Brisbane%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hippocrates_sculpture_in_front_of_Mayne_Medical_School%2C_Brisbane%2C_2021.jpg/440px-Hippocrates_sculpture_in_front_of_Mayne_Medical_School%2C_Brisbane%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="3906" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Hippocrates in front of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Mayne_Medical_School" title="University of Queensland Mayne Medical School">Mayne Medical School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></figcaption></figure> Some clinical symptoms and signs have been named after Hippocrates as he is believed to be the first person to describe them. <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic face">Hippocratic face</a> is the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. <a href="/wiki/Nail_clubbing" title="Nail clubbing">Clubbing</a>, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also known as Hippocratic fingers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocratic_succussion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippocratic succussion (page does not exist)">Hippocratic succussion</a> is the internal splashing noise of <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumothorax" title="Hydropneumothorax">hydropneumothorax</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyopneumothorax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyopneumothorax (page does not exist)">pyopneumothorax</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_bench" title="Hippocratic bench">Hippocratic bench</a> (a device which uses tension to aid in setting bones) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocratic_cap-shaped_bandage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage (page does not exist)">Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage</a> are two devices named after Hippocrates.<a href="#cite_note-Fishchenko-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a> are also his namesakes. <a href="/wiki/Risus_sardonicus" title="Risus sardonicus">Risus sardonicus</a>, a sustained spasming of the face muscles may also be termed the Hippocratic Smile. The most severe form of hair loss and baldness is called the Hippocratic form.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In the modern age, a lunar crater has been named <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_(lunar_crater)" title="Hippocrates (lunar crater)">Hippocrates</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Museum" title="Hippocratic Museum">Hippocratic Museum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> on the Greek island of Kos is dedicated to him. <a href="/wiki/The_Hippocrates_Project" title="The Hippocrates Project">The Hippocrates Project</a> is a program of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> Medical Center to enhance education through use of technology. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Hippocrates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Hippocrates (page does not exist)">Project Hippocrates</a> (an acronym of "High Performance Computing for Robot-Assisted Surgery") is an effort of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Computer_Science" title="Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science">Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadyside_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadyside Medical Center (page does not exist)">Shadyside Medical Center</a>, "to develop advanced planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation of computer-assisted surgical robots."<a href="#cite_note-project-81">[81]</a> Both the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hippocraticregistry.com">Canadian Hippocratic Registry</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Hippocratic_Registry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Hippocratic Registry (page does not exist)">American Hippocratic Registry</a> are organizations of physicians who uphold the principles of the original Hippocratic Oath as inviolable through changing social times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genealogy">edit</a>]</div> Hippocrates's legendary genealogy traces his paternal heritage directly to Asklepius and his maternal ancestry to <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-31">[31]</a> According to Tzetzes's <a href="/wiki/Chiliades" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliades">Chiliades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">ahnentafel</a> of Hippocrates II is:<a href="#cite_note-adams-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kos_museum_mos01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kos_museum_mos01.JPG/220px-Kos_museum_mos01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kos_museum_mos01.JPG/330px-Kos_museum_mos01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kos_museum_mos01.JPG/440px-Kos_museum_mos01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of Hippocrates on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Asclepieion" title="Asclepieion">Asclepieion</a> of Kos, with <a href="/wiki/Asklepius" class="mw-redirect" title="Asklepius">Asklepius</a> in the middle, 2nd–3rd century</figcaption></figure> 1. Hippocrates II. 2. Heraclides 4. Hippocrates I. 8. Gnosidicus 16. Nebrus 32. Sostratus III. 64. Theodorus II. 128. Sostratus, II. 256. Thedorus 512. Cleomyttades 1024. Crisamis 2048. Dardanus 4096. Sostratus 8192. Hippolochus 16384. <a href="/wiki/Podalirius" title="Podalirius">Podalirius</a> 32768. <a href="/wiki/Asklepius" class="mw-redirect" title="Asklepius">Asklepius</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Medicine" title="Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine">Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-garrison9293-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garrison9293_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison9293_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison9293_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a>, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-nuland5-2"><a href="#cite_ref-nuland5_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuland1988">Nuland 1988</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinault1992">Pinault 1992</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuland1988">Nuland 1988</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-BCE-6"><a href="#cite_ref-BCE_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritannica_Concise_Encyclopedia2006">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nuland7-7"><a href="#cite_ref-nuland7_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuland1988">Nuland 1988</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1868">Jones 1868</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Aristotle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0058:book=7:section=1326a&highlight=hippocrates">Politics VII. 1326a.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-adams19-10"><a href="#cite_ref-adams19_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1891">Adams 1891</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-margotta66-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-margotta66_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-margotta66_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-margotta66_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargotta1968">Margotta 1968</a>, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-marti86-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marti86_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marti86_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marti86_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marti86_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marti86_12-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartí-Ibáñez1961">Martí-Ibáñez 1961</a>, pp. 86–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#Plato380">Plato 380 B.C.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#Plato360">Plato 360 B.C. 270c</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-philosophy-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philosophy_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-philosophy_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1891">Adams 1891</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-jones11-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones11_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones11_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1868">Jones 1868</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-nuland8-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuland8_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuland8_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuland1988">Nuland 1988</a>, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison9394-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garrison9394_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison9394_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison9394_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison9394_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a>, pp. 93–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-adams15-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adams15_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams15_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1891">Adams 1891</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-margotta67-20"><a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kids.niehs.nih.gov/topics/environment-health">"Environment & Health - Kids Environment Kids Health"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316514665" title="Special:BookSources/9781316514665"><bdi>9781316514665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+and+Machine+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781316514665&rft.aulast=Kazantzidis&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Gerolemou%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKvnAEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhippocratic%2Bbench%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaFrance-33"><a href="#cite_ref-LaFrance_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFrance2015" class="citation magazine cs1">LaFrance, Adrienne (16 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/09/running-hot-a-cultural-history-of-the-fever/405643/">"A Cultural History of the Fever"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Cultural+History+of+the+Fever&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft.aulast=LaFrance&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2015%2F09%2Frunning-hot-a-cultural-history-of-the-fever%2F405643%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Currie-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Currie_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrie2005" class="citation book cs1">Currie, Margaret (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkbgnoSEexsC&q=starve%20a%20fever">Fever hospitals and fever nurses: a British social history of fever nursing: a national service</a>. London: Routledge. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134265268" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134265268"><bdi>978-1134265268</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fever+hospitals+and+fever+nurses%3A+a+British+social+history+of+fever+nursing%3A+a+national+service&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1134265268&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkbgnoSEexsC%26q%3Dstarve%2520a%2520fever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulian-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Paulian_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulian2017" class="citation book cs1">Paulian, Gunther B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj0yDwAAQBAJ&dq=hippocrates+starve+a+disease&pg=PT166">Divine Prescription: and science of health and healing</a>. Teach Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479608294" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479608294"><bdi>978-1479608294</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Prescription%3A+and+science+of+health+and+healing&rft.pub=Teach+Services&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1479608294&rft.aulast=Paulian&rft.aufirst=Gunther+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj0yDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhippocrates%2Bstarve%2Ba%2Bdisease%26pg%3DPT166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horne-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Horne_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2022" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Steven (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xypaEAAAQBAJ&dq=hippocrates+starve+a+fever&pg=PT184">Strategies For Health A Comprehensive Guide to Healing Yourself Naturally</a>. La Vergne: Fulton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1637102541" title="Special:BookSources/978-1637102541"><bdi>978-1637102541</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategies+For+Health+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Healing+Yourself+Naturally&rft.place=La+Vergne&rft.pub=Fulton+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1637102541&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxypaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhippocrates%2Bstarve%2Ba%2Bfever%26pg%3DPT184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison97-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garrison97_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison97_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison97_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a>, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-adams17-38"><a href="#cite_ref-adams17_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1891">Adams 1891</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison-39"><a href="#cite_ref-garrison_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-margotta64-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-margotta64_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-margotta64_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargotta1968">Margotta 1968</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-rutkow24-41"><a href="#cite_ref-rutkow24_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutkow1993">Rutkow 1993</a>, pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-marti88-42"><a href="#cite_ref-marti88_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartí-Ibáñez1961">Martí-Ibáñez 1961</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-margotta68-43"><a href="#cite_ref-margotta68_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargotta1968">Margotta 1968</a>, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr2017">Starr 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwartz-45"><a href="#cite_ref-schwartz_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzRichardsGoyal2006">Schwartz, Richards & Goyal 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sing40-46"><a href="#cite_ref-sing40_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingerUnderwood1962">Singer & Underwood 1962</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-margotta70-47"><a href="#cite_ref-margotta70_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargotta1968">Margotta 1968</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-mart90-48"><a href="#cite_ref-mart90_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartí-Ibáñez1961">Martí-Ibáñez 1961</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-major-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-major_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-major_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajor1965">Major 1965</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-johann11-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johann11_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johann11_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johann11_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJóhannsson2005">Jóhannsson 2005</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-jani-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jani_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jani_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jani_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJani2005">Jani 2005</a>, pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-johann12-52"><a href="#cite_ref-johann12_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJóhannsson2005">Jóhannsson 2005</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-book-53"><a href="#cite_ref-book_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMann2002">Mann 2002</a>, pp. 1, 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah2002">Shah 2002</a>, p. 645 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNCEPOD2004">NCEPOD 2004</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChishti1988">Chishti 1988</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardenas2013">Cardenas 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2020">King 2020</a>, pp. 105–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibbens2017">Gibbens 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iniesta2011-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Iniesta2011_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIniesta2011">Iniesta 2011</a>, p. d688 </li> <li id="cite_note-singer27-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singer27_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-singer27_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingerUnderwood1962">Singer & Underwood 1962</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanson-63"><a href="#cite_ref-hanson_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2006">Hanson 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rutkow23-64"><a href="#cite_ref-rutkow23_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutkow1993">Rutkow 1993</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-sing28-65"><a href="#cite_ref-sing28_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingerUnderwood1962">Singer & Underwood 1962</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-wma.net-66"><a href="#cite_ref-wma.net_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWMA">WMA</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones217-67"><a href="#cite_ref-jones217_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1868">Jones 1868</a>, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahman1966">Rahman 1966</a>, pp. 56–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJouanna1999">Jouanna 1999</a>, p. 42: "Hippocrates was neither the Father of Medicine nor the founder of the Coan school, but he did manage to confer an exceptionally lustrous reputation upon this school through his teaching". Though antiquated, the traditional title remains in wide use among scholars: see, e.g., <a href="#CITEREFJouanna1999">Jouanna 1999</a>, pp. xi, xii, 4, 229, 348; <a href="#CITEREFKing2008">King 2008</a>, p. 322; <a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison100-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garrison100_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison100_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a>, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison95-71"><a href="#cite_ref-garrison95_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-jones35-72"><a href="#cite_ref-jones35_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1868">Jones 1868</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2014">West 2014</a>, pp. L121–L128 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeffLeff1956">Leff & Leff 1956</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison934-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garrison934_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garrison934_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1966">Garrison 1966</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-jones38-76"><a href="#cite_ref-jones38_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1868">Jones 1868</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-sing29-77"><a href="#cite_ref-sing29_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingerUnderwood1962">Singer & Underwood 1962</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBale2012">Bale 2012</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishchenko-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishchenko_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFishchenkoKhimich1986">Fishchenko & Khimich 1986</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The dilemma of balding solve by father of medicine Hippocrates". Healthy Hair Highlights News. 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+dilemma+of+balding+solve+by+father+of+medicine+Hippocrates&rft.date=2011-08-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-project-81"><a href="#cite_ref-project_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProject_Hippocrates1995">Project Hippocrates 1995</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-adams-82"><a href="#cite_ref-adams_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1891">Adams 1891</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1891" class="citation cs2">Adams, Francis (1891), The Genuine Works of Hippocrates, New York: William Wood and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genuine+Works+of+Hippocrates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Wood+and+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Concise_Encyclopedia2006" class="citation cs2">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184531/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9379121/Soranus-of-Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9379121/Soranus-of-Ephesus">the original</a> on October 12, 2007, retrieved December 17, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soranus+of+Ephesus&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconcise.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9379121%2FSoranus-of-Ephesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardenas2013" class="citation cs2">Cardenas, Diana (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258099432">Let not thy food be confused with thy medicine: The Hippocratic misquotation</a>, e-SPEN Journal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+not+thy+food+be+confused+with+thy+medicine%3A+The+Hippocratic+misquotation&rft.pub=e-SPEN+Journal&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cardenas&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258099432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChishti1988" class="citation cs2">Chishti, Hakim (1988), The Traditional Healer's Handbook, Vermont: Healing Arts Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-438-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-438-1"><bdi>978-0-89281-438-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Healer%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Vermont&rft.pub=Healing+Arts+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-438-1&rft.aulast=Chishti&rft.aufirst=Hakim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishchenkoKhimich1986" class="citation cs2">Fishchenko, AIa; 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Stevenson, Web Atomics © 1994–2000, 1994 [1891]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works+by+Hippocrates&rft.place=The+Internet+Classics+Archive&rft.pub=Daniel+C.+Stevenson%2C+Web+Atomics+%C2%A9+1994%E2%80%932000&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FBrowse%2Fbrowse-Hippocrates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulter1975" class="citation cs2">Coulter, Harris L (1975), Divided Legacy: A History of the Schism in Medical Thought: The Patterns Emerge: Hippocrates to Paracelsus, vol. 1, Washington, DC: Weehawken Book</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Legacy%3A+A+History+of+the+Schism+in+Medical+Thought%3A+The+Patterns+Emerge%3A+Hippocrates+to+Paracelsus&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Weehawken+Book&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Harris+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Craik, Elizabeth M. (ed., trans., comm.), The Hippocratic Treatise On glands (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009) (Studies in ancient medicine, 36).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Benedetto1986" class="citation cs2">Di Benedetto, Vincenzo (1986), Il medico e la malattia. La scienza di Ippocrate, Turin: Einaudi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+medico+e+la+malattia.+La+scienza+di+Ippocrate&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Di+Benedetto&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein1943" class="citation cs2">Edelstein, Ludwig (1943), The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation, and Interpretation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hippocratic+Oath%3A+Text%2C+Translation%2C+and+Interpretation&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Edelstein&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Enache, Cătălin (2019), Ontology and Meteorology in Hippocrates' On Regimen, Mnemosyne 72 (2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/abstract/journals/mnem/72/2/article-p173_1.xml#affiliation0">173–196</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1963" class="citation cs2">Goldberg, Herbert S. (1963), Hippocrates, Father of Medicine, New York: Franklin Watts</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hippocrates%2C+Father+of+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidel1941" class="citation cs2">Heidel, William Arthur (1941), "Hippocratic Medicine: Its Spirit and Method", Nature, 149 (3781): 422–423, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942Natur.149..422J">1942Natur.149..422J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F149422a0">10.1038/149422a0</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4136630">4136630</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hippocratic+Medicine%3A+Its+Spirit+and+Method&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3781&rft.pages=422-423&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4136630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F149422a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942Natur.149..422J&rft.aulast=Heidel&rft.aufirst=William+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippocrates1990" class="citation cs2">Hippocrates (1990), Smith, Wesley D (ed.), Pseudepigraphic writings: letters, embassy, speech from the altar, decree, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09290-7"><bdi>978-90-04-09290-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudepigraphic+writings%3A+letters%2C+embassy%2C+speech+from+the+altar%2C+decree&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09290-7&rft.au=Hippocrates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJori,_Alberto1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Jori" title="Alberto Jori">Jori, Alberto</a> (1996), Medicina e medici nell'antica Grecia. Saggio sul 'Perì téchnes' ippocratico, Bologna (Italy): il Mulino</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicina+e+medici+nell%27antica+Grecia.+Saggio+sul+%27Per%C3%AC+t%C3%A9chnes%27+ippocratico&rft.place=Bologna+%28Italy%29&rft.pub=il+Mulino&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Jori%2C+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalopothakes1857" class="citation cs2">Kalopothakes, M.D. (1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&idno=akk6471.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=3">An essay on Hippocrates</a>, Philadelphia: King and Baird Printers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+essay+on+Hippocrates&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=King+and+Baird+Printers&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Kalopothakes&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hti.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dmoa%26cc%3Dmoa%26idno%3Dakk6471.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangholf1990" class="citation cs2">Langholf, Volker (1990), Medical theories in Hippocrates: early texts and the "Epidemics", Berlin: de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011956-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011956-5"><bdi>978-3-11-011956-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+theories+in+Hippocrates%3A+early+texts+and+the+%22Epidemics%22&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011956-5&rft.aulast=Langholf&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1971" class="citation cs2">Levine, Edwin Burton (1971), Hippocrates, New York: Twayne</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hippocrates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2004" class="citation cs2">Lopez, Francesco (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4fGB7Fzj_UC">Il pensiero olistico di Ippocrate. Percorsi di ragionamento e testimonianze. Vol. I</a>, Cosenza (Italy): Edizioni Pubblisfera, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-88358-35-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-88358-35-2"><bdi>978-88-88358-35-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+pensiero+olistico+di+Ippocrate.+Percorsi+di+ragionamento+e+testimonianze.+Vol.+I&rft.place=Cosenza+%28Italy%29&rft.pub=Edizioni+Pubblisfera&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-88358-35-2&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4fGB7Fzj_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon1923" class="citation cs2">Moon, Robert Oswald (1923), Hippocrates and His Successors in Relation to the Philosophy of Their Time, New York: Longmans, Green and Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hippocrates+and+His+Successors+in+Relation+to+the+Philosophy+of+Their+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Robert+Oswald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1946" class="citation cs2">Petersen, William F. (1946), Hippocratic Wisdom for Him Who Wishes to Pursue Properly the Science of Medicine: A Modern Appreciation of Ancient Scientific Achievement, Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hippocratic+Wisdom+for+Him+Who+Wishes+to+Pursue+Properly+the+Science+of+Medicine%3A+A+Modern+Appreciation+of+Ancient+Scientific+Achievement&rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&rft.pub=Charles+C+Thomas&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1973" class="citation cs2">Phillips, E.D. (1973), Aspects of Greek Medicine, New York: St. Martin's Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Greek+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=E.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>: Book XXIX., translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">John Bostock</a>. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+29.2">Perseus program</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent1982" class="citation cs2">Sargent, Frederick II (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hippocraticherit0000sarg">Hippocratic heritage: a history of ideas about weather and human health</a>, New York: Pergamon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-028790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-028790-4"><bdi>978-0-08-028790-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hippocratic+heritage%3A+a+history+of+ideas+about+weather+and+human+health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-08-028790-4&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Frederick+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhippocraticherit0000sarg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation cs2">Smith, Wesley D. (1979), Hippocratic Tradition, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1209-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-1209-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hippocratic+Tradition&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1209-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wesley+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin1991" class="citation cs2">Temkin, Owsei (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hippocratesinwor00owse">Hippocrates in a world of pagans and Christians</a>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4090-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-4090-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hippocrates+in+a+world+of+pagans+and+Christians&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4090-6&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Owsei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhippocratesinwor00owse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocrates" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hippocratesinwor00owse">online free to borrow</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hippocrates" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hippocrates">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hippocrates" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hippocrates">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/author:Hippocrates" class="extiw" title="s:author:Hippocrates">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hippocrates" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hippocrates">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hippocrates" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hippocrates">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="s:el:Ιπποκράτης">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galen.bbaw.de/epubl/online/editionencmg_01.html">Works by Hippocrates</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmg.bbaw.de/">Corpus Medicorum Graecorum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5694">The Harvard Classics Volume 38 with "The Oath of Hippocrates", project gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en/languages/english/hippocrates-collection-315">Hippocrates collection</a>, full works in English, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en/">One More Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8284">Works by Hippocrates</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/hippocra/">Hippocrates</a> entry in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523211351/http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/hipp_va.htm">First printed editions of the Hippocratic Collection</a> at the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Médecine of Paris (BIUM) studies and digitized texts by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bium.parisdescartes.fr">BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris)</a> see its digital library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007025741/http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica.htm">Medic@</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/hipges.html">List of works by Hippocrates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029163405/http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/hipges.html">Archived</a> 2021-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, with digitized editions, manuscripts and translations.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Rhazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuoglu_Sherefeddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabuncuoglu Sherefeddin">Sabuncuoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushrutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236158790634238851687">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/176159474046927660695">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/251019695">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96446777">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/934144647705451342668">6</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93163510015810930579">7</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/226019704">8</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30023/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxMPJJrrVDvV8jrjDRywK">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11855140X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79005643">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119075525">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119075525">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443405">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV006486">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35196951">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001461&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000035188&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082355&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082354&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX932328">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/73151">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068614640">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90154711">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000006751&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000051770&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=19256">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046857">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199634403">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt79bhjf54l6hxj">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681102805606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/14342">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262754305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521784606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13911676">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00204339?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500103049">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/860853">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11855140X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11855140X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027324885">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vc2ws6">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hipokrat">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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