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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kangaroo_meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kangaroo_meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kangaroo meat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kangaroo_meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kangaroo_leather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kangaroo_leather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kangaroo leather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kangaroo_leather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kangaroo_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kangaroo_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kangaroo populations</span> </div> </a> <button 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</li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects_of_limiting_kangaroo_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects_of_limiting_kangaroo_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Environmental effects of limiting kangaroo populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects_of_limiting_kangaroo_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kangaroo_use_and_a_new_ecological_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kangaroo_use_and_a_new_ecological_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kangaroo use and a new ecological model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kangaroo_use_and_a_new_ecological_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedRoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RedRoo.JPG/220px-RedRoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RedRoo.JPG/330px-RedRoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RedRoo.JPG/440px-RedRoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Red_kangaroo" title="Red kangaroo">red kangaroo</a> is the largest species of kangaroo, as well as the largest terrestrial mammal native to Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>kangaroo industry</b> in Australia is based on the regulated harvesting of species of <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangaroo_steaks_on_sale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kangaroo_steaks_on_sale.jpg/220px-Kangaroo_steaks_on_sale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kangaroo_steaks_on_sale.jpg/330px-Kangaroo_steaks_on_sale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kangaroo_steaks_on_sale.jpg/440px-Kangaroo_steaks_on_sale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Kangaroo steaks at a supermarket</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arghh,_I_managed_to_leave_at_home_my_Australian_hat,_and_given_the_chance_of_rain,_I_felt_justified_picking_up_a_kangaroo_leather_one_at_a_street_vendor_near_Southbank._(5022746748).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arghh%2C_I_managed_to_leave_at_home_my_Australian_hat%2C_and_given_the_chance_of_rain%2C_I_felt_justified_picking_up_a_kangaroo_leather_one_at_a_street_vendor_near_Southbank._%285022746748%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arghh%2C_I_managed_to_leave_at_home_my_Australian_hat%2C_and_given_the_chance_of_rain%2C_I_felt_justified_picking_up_a_kangaroo_leather_one_at_a_street_vendor_near_Southbank._%285022746748%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arghh%2C_I_managed_to_leave_at_home_my_Australian_hat%2C_and_given_the_chance_of_rain%2C_I_felt_justified_picking_up_a_kangaroo_leather_one_at_a_street_vendor_near_Southbank._%285022746748%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Kangaroo leather hat</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kangaroo_meat">Kangaroo meat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kangaroo meat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia commercially produced <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">kangaroo meat</a> since 1959. Annually about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are utilized for their meat, which is served in many Australian restaurants and sold in some supermarkets. It is also exported to over 60 countries overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-AWE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Pet_food" title="Pet food">pet food</a> companies offer animal feed based on kangaroo or including kangaroo. </p><p>Since kangaroos emit smaller amounts of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> compared to cattle and sheep, their meat is sometimes advertised in this context. Australia's beef industry is estimated to account for about 11 percent of the country's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kangaroo_leather">Kangaroo leather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kangaroo leather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various products are made from the skins of the animals. <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo leather</a> is a strong, light <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, which is more stretchy than <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> but also wrinkles more easily and darkens faster. It is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoes">shoes</a>, motorcycle suits, handbags, <a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">wallets</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whips</a>. Big brands usually market it as “k-leather”. Since many people see kangaroos as pest animals (and numbers have to be limited with annual culling) using the leather, when the meat is also utilized is seen as sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kangaroo_populations">Kangaroo populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kangaroo populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the 48 species of <a href="/wiki/Macropodidae" title="Macropodidae">macropods</a> (kangaroos) in Australia, only six abundant species are allowed to be used commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-environment.gov.au_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment.gov.au-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kangaroo industry, which represents a large amount of the commercial meat and leather traders, calls the shooting of kangaroos ″commercial kangaroo harvest″. They advocate applying under regulated quotas for the limitation of kangaroo populations, because they can overgraze, which can lead to both, a <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">loss of biodiversity</a>, and conflicts with farmers. As the kangaroos are not farmed, they spend their lives in their natural habitat. The shooting of certain quotas is permitted in six of eight Australian states and some additional areas with large kangaroo populations.<sup id="cite_ref-CKH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the kangaroo industry, the limitation of the kangaroo population is the key ″to ensure conservation and animal welfare″ while ″health and safety standards are upheld″. Each state government has its own kangaroo management plan to estimate their populations and outline the hunting quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-CKH_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most kangaroos are hunted in the arid grazing <a href="/wiki/Rangeland#:~:text=Rangelands_are_grasslands,_shrublands,_woodlands,_deserts,_woodlands,_savannas,_chaparrals,_steppes,_and_tundras." title="Rangeland">rangelands</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title=" (2024-06-01)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Water_and_the_Environment" title="Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment">Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment</a>, each year about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are used for meat production, which means around 1.5 million animals. The meat of following species is exported as kangaroo meat;<sup id="cite_ref-AWE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_kangaroo" title="Red kangaroo">red kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_grey_kangaroo" title="Eastern grey kangaroo">eastern grey kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_grey_kangaroo" title="Western grey kangaroo">western grey kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_wallaroo" title="Common wallaroo">common wallaroo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_quotas">Annual quotas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Annual quotas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridpath%27s_Universal_history_-_an_account_of_the_origin,_primitive_condition_and_ethnic_development_of_the_great_races_of_mankind,_and_of_the_principal_events_in_the_evolution_and_progress_of_the_(14583958439).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ridpath%27s_Universal_history_-_an_account_of_the_origin%2C_primitive_condition_and_ethnic_development_of_the_great_races_of_mankind%2C_and_of_the_principal_events_in_the_evolution_and_progress_of_the_%2814583958439%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ridpath%27s_Universal_history_-_an_account_of_the_origin%2C_primitive_condition_and_ethnic_development_of_the_great_races_of_mankind%2C_and_of_the_principal_events_in_the_evolution_and_progress_of_the_%2814583958439%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ridpath%27s_Universal_history_-_an_account_of_the_origin%2C_primitive_condition_and_ethnic_development_of_the_great_races_of_mankind%2C_and_of_the_principal_events_in_the_evolution_and_progress_of_the_%2814583958439%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Historical illustration of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> hunting kangaroos with spears</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service_South_Australia" title="National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia">National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia</a> authority must have a detailed management plan for the commercial reduction of the kangaroos, which is approved by the federal <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">conservation department</a>. Detail of the population monitoring and quota-setting controls must be renewed every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-environment.gov.au_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment.gov.au-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the kangaroo population has been estimated, the approved shooting quota is limited to a maximum of 15 to 20 percent of the total population. However usually only about 3 percent of the kangaroos are killed due to the limited demand of the market for kangaroo products. According to the reports published by the government <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> used only 21 percent of its annual quota and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> just 15 percent in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-AWE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only licensed shooters are allowed to kill kangaroos for commercial uses.<sup id="cite_ref-KSL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PKH_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing_of_kangaroo_hunters">Licensing of kangaroo hunters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Licensing of kangaroo hunters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official name for the ″Professional Kangaroo Shooter’s Licence″<sup id="cite_ref-KSL_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">Government of New South Wales</a> came up with is ″professional kangaroo harvester licence″.<sup id="cite_ref-PKH_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To purchase the tags issued by the authorities, each kangaroo hunter must be licensed as such. Rules for commercial hunters differ from those for private people, who want to obtain a license. In order to obtain a private license, mandatory training has to be attended. The training has to be provided delivered by government-accredited agencies and approved by the Australian Tertiary and Further Education agency in the appropriate State. Hunters are taught about regulatory controls and compliance requirements, the <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> controls, and the hygiene controls. They must then pass assessment and adhere to the governmental rules before they are allowed to apply for a license.<sup id="cite_ref-PKH_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSL_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ‘National code of practice for the humane shooting of kangaroos and wallabies for non-commercial purposes’ specifies the minimum high-calibre <a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">hunting weapon</a> which are permitted, and requires all animals to be head-shot. Besides that the 20 pages include the direction to kill injured animals immediately and descriptions of how to kill ″any dependent young″ after a mother was shot (which means hunters are required to examine the pouch as well).<sup id="cite_ref-HSK_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSK-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_effects_of_limiting_kangaroo_populations">Environmental effects of limiting kangaroo populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental effects of limiting kangaroo populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_grey_kangaroo_at_Pebbly_Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eastern_grey_kangaroo_at_Pebbly_Beach.JPG/220px-Eastern_grey_kangaroo_at_Pebbly_Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eastern_grey_kangaroo_at_Pebbly_Beach.JPG/330px-Eastern_grey_kangaroo_at_Pebbly_Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eastern_grey_kangaroo_at_Pebbly_Beach.JPG/440px-Eastern_grey_kangaroo_at_Pebbly_Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_grey_kangaroo" title="Eastern grey kangaroo">Eastern grey kangaroo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> can endanger the <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a> and the habitat of other animals</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_grey_kangaroo" title="Eastern grey kangaroo">Eastern grey kangaroos</a> reach a very high density in some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>. The kangaroos are described as they compete for surface water, damage fencing and farm crops. Shooting kangaroos in rural areas in order to limit their numbers and the damage to farm assets, has not only been common practice for a long time, it continues to be practiced throughout Australia today. Recently concerns have arisen, regarding the impact the overgrazing by large kangaroo populations on other species and ecological communities. Due to overgrazing habitats can change due to soil erosion and a decline in water quality as recent studies have confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-ACT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plains-wanderer_male_8055.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plains-wanderer_male_8055.jpg/220px-Plains-wanderer_male_8055.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plains-wanderer_male_8055.jpg/330px-Plains-wanderer_male_8055.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plains-wanderer_male_8055.jpg/440px-Plains-wanderer_male_8055.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3614" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>The habitat of the endemic <a href="/wiki/Plains_Wanderer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Wanderer">Plains Wanderer</a> is endangered by kangaroo overgrazing</figcaption></figure> <p>As native animals, kangaroos were usually not considered a threat to the vegetation of their natural habitat. In 2022 a study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> has illustrated that kangaroo overgrazing in nature reserves impairs soils and vegetation, and thus endangers the biodiversity. The impact of overgrazing includes that less rainwater can be absorbed by the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-NSW_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four conservation reserves in semi-arid parts of Australia were observed by the researchers. The <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">critically endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Wanderer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Wanderer">Plains Wanderer</a> (″Pedionomus torquatus″), of which less than 1.000 birds still live in the wild, needs vegetation for both cover and food. Where kangaroo overgrazing leads to both a lower plant diversity and fewer plants, the consequence is less food and shelter for other animals. Fenced sections in natural reserves are especially designed to keep unwanted animals (such as kangaroos and rabbits) outside, so that the native vegetation can regenerate. Without these efforts some rare species, might not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-NSW_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservation of the ecosystem calls for a balance, so if too many kangaroos have a negative impacts on it, this requires and justifies the management of the native kangaroo populations in conservation reserves. <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">Dingos</a> are the only non-human predators to limit the growth of kangaroo populations.<sup id="cite_ref-NSW_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A project conducted by NSW Department of Agriculture, employed a field study and computer modeling techniques, to find out why kangaroo populations are so resilient to being limited in accordance with set quotas. The project showed that between 20 and 40 percent of any area will rarely be visited by a kangaroo hunters because the terrain is too rough or other limitations make it not economic to do so. These areas then serve as <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">‘refugia’</a> areas, in which the resident kangaroo population is never hunted and from which the population expands to repopulate areas in which kangaroos are shot regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray-Darling_Basin_2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-Darling_Basin_2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several trials have indicated uncontrolled kangaroo numbers present a risk to plant biodiversity, especially when overgrazing occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-ACT_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSW_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kangaroos can not be commercially hunted in National Parks; as a result, their numbers often rise to excessive levels which sometimes require <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a> programs to be used. In biodiversity monitoring done following a cull at <a href="/wiki/Hattah-Kulkyne_National_Park" title="Hattah-Kulkyne National Park">Hattah-Kulkyne National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, increased abundance of 20 rare or threatened plant species was recorded in areas where kangaroo were culled compared with control areas (Sluiter et al. 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kangaroo_use_and_a_new_ecological_model">Kangaroo use and a new ecological model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kangaroo use and a new ecological model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To date, agricultural development in Australia has largely been based on modified European systems, using European animals. In recent decades, this <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a> view has come under academic question. If Australians want to develop their own management systems, systems adapted to European conditions have to be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-fate.unsw.edu.au_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate.unsw.edu.au-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A project implemented by <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> aimed at encouraging the development of farm enterprises based on using native plants and animals (specifically kangaroos). The project intends to monitor the environment benefits that accrue from doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo leather</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awe.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/export/controlled-goods/kangaroo#kangaroo-meat-supply-chain">"Exporting kangaroo meat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Water_and_the_Environment" title="Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment">Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment</a></i>. 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Water+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Exporting+kangaroo+meat&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awe.gov.au%2Fbiosecurity-trade%2Fexport%2Fcontrolled-goods%2Fkangaroo%23kangaroo-meat-supply-chain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110813161958/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120775899/HTMLSTART">Native Wildlife on Rangelands to Minimize Methane and Produce Lower-emission Meat: Kangaroos Versus Livestock</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stridewise.com/kangaroo-leather-pros-cons/">"The Pros and Cons of Kangaroo Leather"</a>. <i>Stride Wise</i>. 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stride+Wise&rft.atitle=The+Pros+and+Cons+of+Kangaroo+Leather&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstridewise.com%2Fkangaroo-leather-pros-cons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-environment.gov.au-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-environment.gov.au_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-environment.gov.au_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/wild-harvest/kangaroo/biology.html#kancons">Conserving the Kangaroo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CKH-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CKH_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CKH_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kangarooindustry.com/en/commercial-industry/">"Commercial Industry. Commercial kangaroo harvesting"</a>. <i>Cangaroo Industry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cangaroo+Industry&rft.atitle=Commercial+Industry.+Commercial+kangaroo+harvesting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kangarooindustry.com%2Fen%2Fcommercial-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/commercial-kangaroo-harvesting-fact-sheet-0">Commercial kangaroo harvesting fact sheet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSL-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSL_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSL_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSL_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-animals/licences-permits/Fauna/kangaroo/FAQ_Kangaroo_Shooter_-_Feb_2012.pdf">"Wildlife Conservation Regulations. FAQ - Professional Kangaroo Shooter's Licence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Parks_and_Wildlife_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Parks and Wildlife (Western Australia)">Department of Parks and Wildlife</a></i>. 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Parks+and+Wildlife&rft.atitle=Wildlife+Conservation+Regulations.+FAQ+-+Professional+Kangaroo+Shooter%27s+Licence&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpaw.wa.gov.au%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2Fplants-animals%2Flicences-permits%2FFauna%2Fkangaroo%2FFAQ_Kangaroo_Shooter_-_Feb_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PKH-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PKH_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKH_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKH_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/wildlife-management/kangaroo-management/commercial-harvester-licence">"Professional kangaroo harvester"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Water_and_the_Environment" title="Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment">Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment</a></i>. 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Water+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Professional+kangaroo+harvester&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.nsw.gov.au%2Ftopics%2Fanimals-and-plants%2Fwildlife-management%2Fkangaroo-management%2Fcommercial-harvester-licence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSK-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSK_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awe.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/wildlife-trade/publications/national-code-practice-humane-shooting-kangaroos-and-wallabies-non-commercial">"National code of practice for the humane shooting of kangaroos and wallabies for non-commercial purposes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Water_and_the_Environment" title="Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment">Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment</a></i>. 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Water+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=National+code+of+practice+for+the+humane+shooting+of+kangaroos+and+wallabies+for+non-commercial+purposes&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awe.gov.au%2Fbiosecurity-trade%2Fwildlife-trade%2Fpublications%2Fnational-code-practice-humane-shooting-kangaroos-and-wallabies-non-commercial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACT_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACT_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.act.gov.au/parks-conservation/plants-and-animals/urban-wildlife/kangaroos/kangaroo_population_control_methods">"Kangaroo Population Control Methods"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></i>. 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.atitle=Kangaroo+Population+Control+Methods&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.act.gov.au%2Fparks-conservation%2Fplants-and-animals%2Furban-wildlife%2Fkangaroos%2Fkangaroo_population_control_methods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSW-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSW_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSW_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSW_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSW_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/kangaroo-overgrazing-could-be-jeopardising-land-conservation-study-finds">"Kangaroo overgrazing could be jeopardising land conservation, study finds. by Sherry Landow (4. Feb. 2022)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a></i>. 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Kangaroo+overgrazing+could+be+jeopardising+land+conservation%2C+study+finds.+by+Sherry+Landow+%284.+Feb.+2022%29&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.unsw.edu.au%2Fnews%2Fscience-tech%2Fkangaroo-overgrazing-could-be-jeopardising-land-conservation-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-Darling_Basin_2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray-Darling_Basin_2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kangaroo Management Options in the Murray-Darling Basin. 2004. Ron Hacker, Steve McLeod, John Druhan, Brigitte Tenhumberg & Udai Pradhan. Murray-Darling Basin Commission and NSW Agriculture. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876830-70-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-876830-70-0">1-876830-70-0</a> MDBC Publication number: 02/04</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sluiter, I., Allen, G., Morgan, D. and Walker, I. (1997) Vegetation responses to stratified kangaroo grazing at Hattah-Kulkyne National Park, 1992-96. Dept. Natural Resource, Melb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fate.unsw.edu.au-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fate.unsw.edu.au_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fate.unsw.edu.au/glance/index.htm">FATE Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828140421/http://www.fate.unsw.edu.au/glance/index.htm">Archived</a> 2008-08-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719143339/http://www.fate.unsw.edu.au/detail/kangaroos.htm">"FATE and kangaroos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fate.unsw.edu.au/detail/kangaroos.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FATE+and+kangaroos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fate.unsw.edu.au%2Fdetail%2Fkangaroos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKangaroo+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&oldid=1256415423">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_industry&oldid=1256415423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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