CINXE.COM
Augustin: The Younger Robespierre | French History | Oxford Academic
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <!-- charset must appear in the first 1024 bytes of the document --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Augustin: The Younger Robespierre | French History | Oxford Academic</title> <script type='text/javascript' defer src='//js.trendmd.com/trendmd.min.js' data-trendmdconfig='{"element":"#trendmd-suggestions"}' class='optanon-category-C0002'></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/js/jquery.3.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript">\x3C/script>')</script> <script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/vendor/v-638654880267142888/jquery-migrate-1.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=643701de45aa460012e1032e&product=sop' async='async' class='optanon-category-C0004'></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <!-- Turn off telephone number detection. --> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /> <!-- Bookmark Icons --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241847311/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242047735/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241997236/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242697268/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#001C54"> <link rel="icon" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242147229/favicon.ico"> <link rel="manifest" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242447968/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241847311/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#002f65"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/fonts/icons.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/css/v-638669719594245124/site.min.css" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:300,400,400italic,700,700italic|Source+Sans+Pro:400,400italic,700,700italic" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/CSS/journals/v-638683065031606590/global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/CSS/fh/v-638562828417968622/Site.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script> var dataLayer = [{"full_title":"Augustin: The Younger Robespierre","short_title":"Augustin: The Younger Robespierre","authors":"Jonathan Smyth","issue_and_volume":"Volume 27 | Issue 2","type":"book-review","online_publication_date":"2013-05-03","access_type":"Paid","license_type":"private","event_type":"abstract","supplier_tag":"SC_Journals","object_type":"Article","taxonomy":"taxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aAHU01020%7cnodeLabel%3aEuropean+History%7cnodeLevel%3a4","siteid":"french","authzrequired":"false","doi":"10.1093/fh/crt019"}]; </script> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-W6DD7HV'); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var App = App || {}; App.LoginUserInfo = { isInstLoggedIn: 0, isIndividualLoggedIn: 0 }; App.CurrentSubdomain = 'fh'; App.SiteURL = 'academic.oup.com/fh'; </script> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.css" media="print" onload="this.onload=null;this.removeAttribute('media');" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://academic.oup.com/fh/article/27/2/291/636099","name":"Augustin: The Younger Robespierre","datePublished":"2013-05-03","hasPart":[{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".paywall"}],"isPartOf":{"@id":"https://academic.oup.com/fh/issue/27/2","@type":"PublicationIssue","issueNumber":"2","datePublished":"2013-06-01","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://academic.oup.com/fh/fh","@type":"Periodical","name":"French History","issn":["1477-4542"]}},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crt019","inLanguage":"en","copyrightHolder":"Society for the Study of French History","copyrightYear":"2024","publisher":"Oxford University Press","author":[{"name":"Smyth, Jonathan","affiliation":"Birkbeck","@type":"Person"}],"description":"Augustin Robespierre has for too long been neglected by historians of the Revolution. Traditionally, the younger Robespierre has been considered merely as ","pageStart":"291","pageEnd":"293","siteName":"OUP Academic","thumbnailURL":"https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/fh/Issue/27/2/1/m_cover.gif?Expires=1794601531&Signature=Vs-DNsTdXZlFpBtgee0PNdx6J1xwpvrrLf4sDCzBu8Fn847vkl6wGWZMCLxBF3uxyz4e4HDGsmi0GQFJOyQHeeS4y~4LJ6GbfSW4ZSbfamnbXN1sCaBgvJMUEamq~eh5FzswjkakaEgDg2uoQxL4drs7l2Z50yNXQlcGcuQg0Qk~ShwH5aGD33UH5oFrGQJEjBW4S4Ih~SdM7cntwLe5ldhFdkIbDTpWSUNfLgLEwFqHaNpo~pc1aGF0QwtZXCZZ6JzycmJ1KWcPI9mWogIThU0hDygc6DCL-wnkI7Ex07c35EoRC1ukWLgWGSQFiUworzZH59oMIA99F1Gn1BjfSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA","headline":"Augustin: The Younger Robespierre","image":"https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/fh/Issue/27/2/1/m_cover.gif?Expires=1794601531&Signature=Vs-DNsTdXZlFpBtgee0PNdx6J1xwpvrrLf4sDCzBu8Fn847vkl6wGWZMCLxBF3uxyz4e4HDGsmi0GQFJOyQHeeS4y~4LJ6GbfSW4ZSbfamnbXN1sCaBgvJMUEamq~eh5FzswjkakaEgDg2uoQxL4drs7l2Z50yNXQlcGcuQg0Qk~ShwH5aGD33UH5oFrGQJEjBW4S4Ih~SdM7cntwLe5ldhFdkIbDTpWSUNfLgLEwFqHaNpo~pc1aGF0QwtZXCZZ6JzycmJ1KWcPI9mWogIThU0hDygc6DCL-wnkI7Ex07c35EoRC1ukWLgWGSQFiUworzZH59oMIA99F1Gn1BjfSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA","image:alt":"Issue Cover","isAccessibleForFree":false} </script> <meta property="og:site_name" content="OUP Academic" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Augustin Robespierre has for too long been neglected by historians of the Revolution. Traditionally, the younger Robespierre has been considered merely as " /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crt019" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/fh/Issue/27/2/1/m_cover.gif?Expires=1794601531&Signature=Vs-DNsTdXZlFpBtgee0PNdx6J1xwpvrrLf4sDCzBu8Fn847vkl6wGWZMCLxBF3uxyz4e4HDGsmi0GQFJOyQHeeS4y~4LJ6GbfSW4ZSbfamnbXN1sCaBgvJMUEamq~eh5FzswjkakaEgDg2uoQxL4drs7l2Z50yNXQlcGcuQg0Qk~ShwH5aGD33UH5oFrGQJEjBW4S4Ih~SdM7cntwLe5ldhFdkIbDTpWSUNfLgLEwFqHaNpo~pc1aGF0QwtZXCZZ6JzycmJ1KWcPI9mWogIThU0hDygc6DCL-wnkI7Ex07c35EoRC1ukWLgWGSQFiUworzZH59oMIA99F1Gn1BjfSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/fh/Issue/27/2/1/m_cover.gif?Expires=1794601531&Signature=Vs-DNsTdXZlFpBtgee0PNdx6J1xwpvrrLf4sDCzBu8Fn847vkl6wGWZMCLxBF3uxyz4e4HDGsmi0GQFJOyQHeeS4y~4LJ6GbfSW4ZSbfamnbXN1sCaBgvJMUEamq~eh5FzswjkakaEgDg2uoQxL4drs7l2Z50yNXQlcGcuQg0Qk~ShwH5aGD33UH5oFrGQJEjBW4S4Ih~SdM7cntwLe5ldhFdkIbDTpWSUNfLgLEwFqHaNpo~pc1aGF0QwtZXCZZ6JzycmJ1KWcPI9mWogIThU0hDygc6DCL-wnkI7Ex07c35EoRC1ukWLgWGSQFiUworzZH59oMIA99F1Gn1BjfSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/fh/Issue/27/2/1/m_cover.gif?Expires=1794601531&Signature=Vs-DNsTdXZlFpBtgee0PNdx6J1xwpvrrLf4sDCzBu8Fn847vkl6wGWZMCLxBF3uxyz4e4HDGsmi0GQFJOyQHeeS4y~4LJ6GbfSW4ZSbfamnbXN1sCaBgvJMUEamq~eh5FzswjkakaEgDg2uoQxL4drs7l2Z50yNXQlcGcuQg0Qk~ShwH5aGD33UH5oFrGQJEjBW4S4Ih~SdM7cntwLe5ldhFdkIbDTpWSUNfLgLEwFqHaNpo~pc1aGF0QwtZXCZZ6JzycmJ1KWcPI9mWogIThU0hDygc6DCL-wnkI7Ex07c35EoRC1ukWLgWGSQFiUworzZH59oMIA99F1Gn1BjfSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Issue Cover" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Smyth, Jonathan" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Birkbeck" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="291" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="293" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1093/fh/crt019" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="French History" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Fr Hist" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="27" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="2" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2013/06/01" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="0269-1191" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Oxford Academic" /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-pdf/27/2/291/1780783/crt019.pdf" /><meta name="description" content="Augustin Robespierre has for too long been neglected by historians of the Revolution. Traditionally, the younger Robespierre has been considered merely as " /><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-xml/27/2/291/636099" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/27/2/291/636099" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_09_124" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2011_01_36" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_06_91" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_09_52" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2010_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2010_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1996_01_264" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2010_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2013_01_12" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2011_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="j_ALLJOURNALS" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_01_24" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2001_01_192" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2010_05_104" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2011_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2011_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_01_36" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2005_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2005_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2005_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2013_01_36" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2013_01_24" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1996_01_276" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2010_01_98" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2013_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2002_01_168" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2002_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2002_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2011_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2003_01_192" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2005_01_168" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2006_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2003_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_french_2009_01_192" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2002_01_180" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2013_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2005_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_french_1996_01_288" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2002_01_192" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2004_01_168" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2007_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2006_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2005_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2003_01_180" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2011_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2008_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_11_13" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2001_01_204" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2003_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1996_01_252" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2003_01_168" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2003_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2006_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2006_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1996_01_228" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2008_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_12_109" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2006_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2007_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2010_05_116" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1996_01_240" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2013_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_french_1996_01_336" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1999_01_228" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2004_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1996_01_9999" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2004_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2004_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2007_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_french_1996_01_300" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2007_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2006_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1999_01_192" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2008_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1999_01_180" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1999_01_204" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2012_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2007_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2011_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2008_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2007_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_french_1996_01_312" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2013_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_1999_01_216" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2008_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2008_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_09_112" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_FRENCH_2009_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_636099" /> <meta name="product_code" content="I_26084" /> <script> var SCM = SCM || {}; SCM.pubGradeAdsEnabled = true; SCM.pubGradeJSLibrary = 'https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-oup-new.js'; </script> <script async="async" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type='text/javascript'> var gptAdSlots = []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var mapping_ad1 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad1"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/fh_InFront_Ad1', [[970, 90], [728, 90], [320, 50]], 'adBlockHeader') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad1) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad2 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250], [300, 600], [160, 600]]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad2"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/fh_InFront_Ad2', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600]], 'adBlockMainBodyTop') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad2) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad3 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250], [300, 600], [160, 600]]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad3"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/fh_InFront_Ad3', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600]], 'adBlockMainBodyBottom') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad3) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad4 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0,0], [320, 50]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad4"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/fh_InFront_Ad4', [728, 90], 'adBlockFooter') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad4) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad6 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad6"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/fh_InFront_Ad6', [[728, 90], [970, 90]], 'adBlockStickyFooter') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad6) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptAdSlots["adInterstitial"] = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot('/116097782/fh_Interstitial_Ad', googletag.enums.OutOfPageFormat.INTERSTITIAL) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function (event) { if (!event.isEmpty) { $('.js-' + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).each(function () { if ($(this).find('iframe').length) { $(this).removeClass('hide'); } }); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function (event) { if (!event.isEmpty) { $('.js-' + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).each(function () { var $adblockDiv = $(this).find('.js-adblock'); var $adText = $(this).find('.js-adblock-advertisement-text'); if ($adblockDiv && $adblockDiv.is(':visible') && $adblockDiv.find('*').length > 1) { $adText.removeClass('hide'); App.CenterAdBlock.Init($adblockDiv, $adText); } else { $adText.addClass('hide'); } //Initialize logic for Sticky Footer Ad var $stickyFooterDiv = $(this).parents('.js-sticky-footer-ad'); if ($stickyFooterDiv && $stickyFooterDiv.is(':visible') && $stickyFooterDiv.find('*').length > 1) { App.StickyFooterAd.Init(); } }); } }); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlspage", "article-abstract"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlsurl", "fh/article-abstract/27/2/291/636099"); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); }); </script> <input type="hidden" class="hfInterstitial" data-interstitiallinks="fh/issue,fh/advance-articles,fh/advance-article,fh/supplements,fh/article,fh/article-abstract,fh/pages" data-subdomain="fh" /> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlsdoi", "10.1093/fh/crt019"); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var NTPT_PGEXTRA= 'event_type=abstract&supplier_tag=SC_Journals&object_type=Article&taxonomy=taxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aAHU01020%7cnodeLabel%3aEuropean+History%7cnodeLevel%3a4&siteid=french&authzrequired=false&doi=10.1093/fh/crt019'; </script> <script src="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_js/casa.js" async></script> </head> <body data-sitename="frenchhistory" class="off-canvas pg_Article pg_article " theme-fh data-sitestyletemplate="Journal" > <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W6DD7HV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <a href="#skipNav" class="skipnav">Skip to Main Content</a> <input id="hdnSiteID" name="hdnSiteID" type="hidden" value="5457" /><input id="hdnAdDelaySeconds" name="hdnAdDelaySeconds" type="hidden" value="5000" /><input id="hdnAdConfigurationTop" name="hdnAdConfigurationTop" type="hidden" value="default" /><input id="hdnAdConfigurationRightRail" name="hdnAdConfigurationRightRail" type="hidden" value="sticky" /> <div class="master-container js-master-container"> <section class="master-header row js-master-header vt-site-page-header"> <div class="widget widget-SitePageHeader widget-instance-SitePageHeader"> <div class="ad-banner js-ad-banner-header"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-HeaderAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockHeader-wrap js-adBlockHeader hide"> <div id="adBlockHeader" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockHeader'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="oup-header sigma "> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="oup-header-logo"> <a href="/"> <img src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oxford-academic-logo.svg" alt="Oxford Academic" class="oup-header-image at-oup-header-image " /> </a> </div> <div class="widget widget-CustomNavLinks widget-instance-CustomNavLinksDeskTop"> <div class="custom-nav-links-box"> <div class="custom-nav-link"> <a href="/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="custom-nav-link"> <a href="/books">Books</a> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="oup-header-menu account-menu sigma-account-menu "> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-dropdown-toggle mobile-search-toggle"> <i class="icon-menu_search"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></i> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile info-icon-menu-item"> <a href="/pages/information" target="_blank" class="at-info-button sigma-info-wrapper" role="button"> <img class="sigma-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile account-icon-menu-item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="account-button js-account-button at-account-button " role="button" data-turnawayparams="journal%3dfh"> <img class="sigma-account-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg" alt="Account" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-dropdown-toggle mobile-nav-toggle"> <i class="icon-menu_hamburger"><span class="screenreader-text">Menu</span></i> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop info-icon-menu-item"> <a href="/pages/information" target="_blank" class="at-info-button sigma-info-wrapper" role="button"> <img class="sigma-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop account-icon-menu-item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="account-button js-account-button at-account-button sigma-logo-wrapper" role="button" data-turnawayparams="journal%3dfh"> <img class="sigma-account-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg" alt="Account" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop account-icon-menu-item"> <div class="widget widget-SeamlessAccess widget-instance-SitePageHeader"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-shibboleth-action seamless-access-button seamless-button-header button-call-to-action at-institutional-sign-in" rel="nofollow" data-action-type="" data-entity-id=""> <span class="seamless-access-text">Sign in through your institution</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="login-box-placeholder js-login-box-placeholder hide"> <div class="spinner"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel-wrap"> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-search-dropdown"> <div class="mobile-search-inner-wrap"> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="mobile-microsite-search"> <label for="SitePageHeader-mobile-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="mobile-navbar-search-filter js-mobile-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="SitePageHeader-mobile-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">French History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/AHU01020">European History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="SitePageHeader-mobile-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-microsite-search-term-label"> Mobile Enter search term </label> <input class="mobile-search-input mobile-microsite-search-term js-mobile-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="SitePageHeader-mobile-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-microsite-search-icon mobile-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-nav-dropdown"> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703835"> <a href="/fh/issue" class="nav-link"> Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703836"> <a href="/fh/advance-articles" class="nav-link"> Advance articles </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703833"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Submit <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703837"> <a href="/fh/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Author Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703838"> <a href="http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/french" class="nav-link"> Submission Site </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703839"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/fh/pages/reviewer-guidelines" class="nav-link"> Reviewer Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703840"> <a href="/fh/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Open Access </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703841"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/fh/pages/why-submit-to-french-history" class="nav-link"> Why Publish with French History? </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703842"> <a href="/fh/subscribe" class="nav-link"> Purchase </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703843"> <a href="/my-account/email-alerts" class="nav-link"> Alerts </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703834"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> About <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703844"> <a href="/fh/pages/About" class="nav-link"> About French History </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703845"> <a href="http://frenchhistorysociety.co.uk/index.htm" class="nav-link"> About the Society for the Study of French History </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703846"> <a href="/fh/pages/Editorial_Board" class="nav-link"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703847"> <a href="http://www.oupmediainfo.com/" class="nav-link"> Advertising and Corporate Services </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703848"> <a href="https://globaljobs-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/" class="nav-link"> Journals Career Network </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703849"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_f" class="nav-link"> Self-Archiving Policy </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703850"> <a href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/dispatch-dates.html" class="nav-link"> Dispatch Dates </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703851"> <a href="/fh/pages/Terms_and_Conditions" class="nav-link"> Terms and Conditions </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703852"> <a href="http://frenchhistorysociety.co.uk/contact.htm" class="nav-link"> Contact the Society for the Study of French History </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703853"> <a href="http://academic.oup.com/fh/pages/books_for_review" class="nav-link"> Publisher's Books for Review </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-custom"> <a href="/journals" class="nav-link">Journals on Oxford Academic</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-custom"> <a href="/books" class="nav-link">Books on Oxford Academic</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="journal-header journal-bg"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <a href="/fh" class="journal-logo-container"> <img id="logo-FrenchHistory" class="journal-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/fh/fh_title-1310628188.svg" alt="French History" /> </a> <div class="society-logo-block"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navbar"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <nav class="navbar-menu"> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703835"> <a href="/fh/issue" class="nav-link"> Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703836"> <a href="/fh/advance-articles" class="nav-link"> Advance articles </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703833"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Submit <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703837"> <a href="/fh/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Author Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703838"> <a href="http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/french" class="nav-link"> Submission Site </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703839"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/fh/pages/reviewer-guidelines" class="nav-link"> Reviewer Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703840"> <a href="/fh/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Open Access </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703841"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/fh/pages/why-submit-to-french-history" class="nav-link"> Why Publish with French History? </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703842"> <a href="/fh/subscribe" class="nav-link"> Purchase </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703843"> <a href="/my-account/email-alerts" class="nav-link"> Alerts </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703834"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> About <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703844"> <a href="/fh/pages/About" class="nav-link"> About French History </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703845"> <a href="http://frenchhistorysociety.co.uk/index.htm" class="nav-link"> About the Society for the Study of French History </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703846"> <a href="/fh/pages/Editorial_Board" class="nav-link"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703847"> <a href="http://www.oupmediainfo.com/" class="nav-link"> Advertising and Corporate Services </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703848"> <a href="https://globaljobs-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/" class="nav-link"> Journals Career Network </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703849"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_f" class="nav-link"> Self-Archiving Policy </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703850"> <a href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/dispatch-dates.html" class="nav-link"> Dispatch Dates </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703851"> <a href="/fh/pages/Terms_and_Conditions" class="nav-link"> Terms and Conditions </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703852"> <a href="http://frenchhistorysociety.co.uk/contact.htm" class="nav-link"> Contact the Society for the Study of French History </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1703853"> <a href="http://academic.oup.com/fh/pages/books_for_review" class="nav-link"> Publisher's Books for Review </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="navbar-search-container js-navbar-search-container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="navbar-search-close js_close-navsearch">Close</a> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="microsite-search"> <label for="SitePageHeader-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="navbar-search-filter js-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="SitePageHeader-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">French History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/AHU01020">European History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="SitePageHeader-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-microsite-search-term-label"> Enter search term </label> <input class="navbar-search-input microsite-search-term js-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="SitePageHeader-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="microsite-search-icon navbar-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> <input id="hfCurrentBookSearch" name="hfCurrentBookSearch" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="hfCurrentBookScope" name="hfCurrentBookScope" type="hidden" value="CurrentBook" /><input id="hfBookSiteScope" name="hfBookSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Books" /><input id="hfSeriesScope" name="hfSeriesScope" type="hidden" value="taxWithOr" /><input id="hfParentSiteName" name="hfParentSiteName" type="hidden" value="Oxford Academic" /><input id="hfParentSiteUrl" name="hfParentSiteUrl" type="hidden" value="academic.oup.com" /><input id="hfSiteID" name="hfSiteID" type="hidden" value="5457" /><input id="hfParentSiteID" name="hfParentSiteID" type="hidden" value="191" /><input id="hfJournalSiteScope" name="hfJournalSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Journals" /><input id="hfParentSiteScope" name="hfParentSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Parent" /><input id="hfDefaultSearchURL" name="hfDefaultSearchURL" type="hidden" value="search-results?page=1&q=" /><input id="hfIssueSearch" name="hfIssueSearch" type="hidden" value="&fl_IssueID=26084" /><input id="hfIssueSiteScope" name="hfIssueSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Issue" /><input id="hfUmbrellaScope" name="hfUmbrellaScope" type="hidden" value="Umbrella" /><input id="hfUmbrellaSiteUrl" name="hfUmbrellaSiteUrl" type="hidden" value="academic.oup.com" /><input id="hfUmbrellaSiteId" name="hfUmbrellaSiteId" type="hidden" value="191" /><input id="hfDefaultAdvancedSearchUrl" name="hfDefaultAdvancedSearchUrl" type="hidden" value="advanced-search?page=1&q=" /><input id="hfTaggedCollectionScope" name="hfTaggedCollectionScope" type="hidden" value="" /> <div class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/fh/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="searchScope" id="hfSolrJournalID" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSolrJournalName" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSolrMaxAllowSearchChar" value="100" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfJournalShortName" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSearchPlaceholder" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" id="hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="hfSearchSiteURL" id="hfSiteURL" value="academic.oup.com/fh" /> <input type="hidden" name="RedirectSiteUrl" id="RedirectSiteUrl" value="httpszazjzjacademiczwoupzwcom" /> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { var hfSiteUrl = document.getElementById('hfSiteURL'); var siteUrl = hfSiteUrl.value; var subdomainIndex = siteUrl.indexOf('/'); hfSiteUrl.value = location.host + (subdomainIndex >= 0 ? siteUrl.substring(subdomainIndex) : ''); })(); </script> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="fh" /> </div> </section> <div class="widget widget-SitewideBanner widget-instance-"> </div> <div id="main" class="content-main js-main ui-base"> <section class="master-main row"> <div class="center-inner-row no-overflow"> <div id="skipNav" tabindex="-1"></div> <div class="page-column-wrap"> <div id="InfoColumn" class="page-column page-column--left js-left-nav-col"> <div class="mobile-content-topbar hide"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article">Article Navigation</button> </div> <div class="info-inner-wrap js-left-nav"> <button class="toggle-left-col__close btn-as-icon icon-general-close"> <span class="screenreader-text">Close mobile search navigation</span> </button> <div class="responsive-nav-title">Article Navigation</div> <div class="info-widget-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-IssueInfo widget-instance-OUP_IssueInfo_Article"> <div id="issueInfo-OUP_IssueInfo_Article" class="article-info-wrap clearfix"> <i class="icon-general-close mobile-nav-btn nav-open"></i> <a class="article-issue-link" href="/fh/issue/27/2"> <div class="article-issue-img"> <img id="issueImage" class="fb-featured-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/fh/Issue/27/2/1/m_cover.gif?Expires=1736060993&Signature=cwzFhIBb-iyb6ijaPbVZHEcPphvBsQDCzQ5ZtqPQ3u5ZBhT991hJAKQPIEyCw2rWIwKPMOd0IA2MMXZ5ELPak5syBWapL2HMg5~g7dzDJDgbmSTuLGRiKD06eWCn2nXOEzr4pzMzotmpLf4u1qhDNJlXiTbkTdX-3Q3lf1ckhxt0Gfyc8vgEbR1UKfmT1cf83ZQckwgbMhy8qzY50H4xawlSgOivRik5Ei95oa28GAjhg6JSziadDGJW2MEbm3gkcNXvzc10sWDkc1F3pGSrzBzDuWJEH2v6CKrjh6NR454J8PP1c0dHUj9e7KKYkaMjVb~TFKr1TYiibkP1mKGNpg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Issue Cover" /> </div> <div class="article-issue-info"> <div class="volume-issue__wrap"> <div class="volume trailing-comma">Volume 27</div> <div class="issue">Issue 2</div> </div> <div class="ii-pub-date"> June 2013 </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="content-nav"> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleNavLinks widget-instance-OUP_ArticleNavLinks_Article"> <ul class="inline-list"> <li class="prev arrow"> <a href="/fh/article/27/2/290/636117">< Previous</a> </li> <li class="next arrow"> <a href="/fh/article/27/2/294/636027">Next ></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sticky-toolbar js-sticky-toolbar"></div> <div id="ContentColumn" class="page-column page-column--center"> <div class="article-browse-top article-browse-mobile-nav js-mobile-nav"> <div class="article-browse-mobile-nav-inner js-mobile-nav-inner"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article btn-as-link"> Article Navigation </button> </div> </div> <div class="article-browse-top article-browse-mobile-nav mobile-sticky-toolbar js-mobile-nav-sticky"> <div class="article-browse-mobile-nav-inner"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article btn-as-link"> Article Navigation </button> </div> </div> <div class="content-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="module-widget article-top-widget"> <div class="access-state-logos all-viewports"> <span class="journal-info__format-label">Journal Article</span> </div> <div class="widget-items"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1 class="wi-article-title article-title-main accessible-content-title at-articleTitle"> Augustin: The Younger Robespierre <i class='' title='' ></i> </h1> <a href="#no-access-message" class="get-access get-access-jumplink at-get-access-jumplink js-no-access-jumplink"> <span class="get-access-text">Get access</span> <img class='get-access-icon' src='/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg' alt='Arrow' aria-hidden='true'> </a> </div> <div class="product"><div class="source "><em>Augustin: The Younger Robespierre</em></div>. By <div class="name"> <div class="given-names">Mary</div> <div class="surname">Young</div></div>. <div class="publisher-loc">London</div>: <div class="publisher-name">Core Publications</div>. <div class="year">2011</div>. <div class="fpage">188</div> pp. £12.00. ISBN: 978 605 4512 08 9.</div> <div class="wi-authors at-ArticleAuthors"> <div class="al-authors-list"> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Jonathan Smyth</button><span class='delimiter'></span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Jonathan Smyth </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><div class="institution">Birkbeck</div></div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/fh/search-results?f_Authors=Jonathan+Smyth" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Smyth Jonathan%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>French History</em>, Volume 27, Issue 2, June 2013, Pages 291–293, <a href='https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crt019'>https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crt019</a></div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-date-wrap"> <div class="citation-label">Published:</div> <div class="citation-date">03 May 2013</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); $(this).siblings('.ati-toggle-content').toggleClass('hide'); }); // In Chrome, an anchor tag with target="_blank" and a "mailto:" href opens a new tab/window as well as the email client // I suspect this behavior will be corrected in the future // Remove the target="_blank" $('ul.wi-affiliationList').find('a[href^="mailto:"]').each(function () { $(this).removeAttr('target'); }); }); </script> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-OUP_Article_Links_Widget"> </div> <div class="article-body js-content-body"> <div class="toolbar-wrap js-toolbar-wrap"> <div class="toolbar-inner-wrap"> <ul id="Toolbar" role="navigation"> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-views"> <a class="at-views-dropdown drop-trigger" href="javascript:;" data-dropdown="FilterDrop" aria-haspopup="true"> <i class="icon-menu_views"></i> <div class="toolbar-label"> <div class="toolbar-text">Views</div> <i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </div> </a> <ul id="ViewsDrop" class="f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content aria-label="submenu"> <div class="arrow-up"></div> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="article-content"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Article contents</span></a> </li> <li class="at-figures-tables article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="figures-tables"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Figures & tables</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="video"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Video</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="audio"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Audio</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="supplementary-data"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Supplementary Data</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-cite js-item-cite"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxGetCitation widget-instance-OUP_Get_Citation"> <a href="#" class="js-cite-button at-CiteButton" data-reveal-id="getCitation" data-reveal> <i class="icon-read-more"></i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <div id="getCitation" class="reveal-modal js-citation-modal" data-reveal> <h3 class="modal-title">Cite</h3> <div class="oxford-citation-text"> <p>Jonathan Smyth, Augustin: The Younger Robespierre, <em>French History</em>, Volume 27, Issue 2, June 2013, Pages 291–293, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crt019">https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crt019</a></p> </div> <div class="citation-download-wrap"> <form action="/Citation/Download" method="get" id="citationModal"> <input type="hidden" name="resourceId" value="636099" /> <input type="hidden" name="resourceType" value="3" /> <label for="selectFormat" class="hide js-citation-format-label">Select Format</label> <select required name="citationFormat" class="citation-download-format js-citation-format" id="selectFormat"> <option selected disabled >Select format</option> <option value="0" >.ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero)</option> <option value="1" >.enw (EndNote)</option> <option value="2" >.bibtex (BibTex)</option> <option value="3" >.txt (Medlars, RefWorks)</option> </select> <button class="btn citation-download-link disabled" type="submit">Download citation</button> </form> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-tools"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxPermissions widget-instance-OUP_Get_Permissions"> <div class="module-widget"> <a href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=OUP&publication=1477-4542&title=Augustin%3A%20The%20Younger%20Robespierre&publicationDate=2013-05-03&volumeNum=27&issueNum=2&author=Smyth%2C%20Jonathan&startPage=291&endPage=293&contentId=10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrt019&oa=&copyright=%C2%A9%20The%20Author%202013.%20Published%20by%20Oxford%20University%20Press%20on%20behalf%20of%20the%20Society%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20French%20History.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%20For%20permissions%2C%20please%20e-mail%3A%20journals.permissions%40oup.com&orderBeanReset=True" id="PermissionsLink" class="" target="_blank"> <i class="icon-menu_permissions"> <span class="screenreader-text">Permissions Icon</span> </i> Permissions </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-share"> <a href="javascript:;" class="drop-trigger js-toolbar-dropdown at-ShareButton" data-dropdown="ShareDrop"> <i class="icon-menu_share"><span class="screenreader-text">Share Icon</span></i> <span class="toolbar-label"> <span class="toolbar-text">Share</span> <i class="arrow-icon icon-general-arrow-filled-down js-toolbar-arrow-icon"></i> </span> </a> <ul id="ShareDrop" class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_20x20_style f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_facebook js-share-link" data-network="facebook" data-title="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/27/2/291/636099" data-email-subject="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" href="javascript:;"><span>Facebook</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_twitter js-share-link" data-network="twitter" data-title="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/27/2/291/636099" data-email-subject="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" href="javascript:;"><span>Twitter</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_linkedin js-share-link" data-network="linkedin" data-title="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/27/2/291/636099" data-email-subject="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" href="javascript:;"><span>LinkedIn</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_email js-share-link" data-network="email" data-title="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/27/2/291/636099" data-email-subject="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre" href="javascript:;"><span>Email</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="toolbar-search"> <div class="widget widget-SitePageHeader widget-instance-OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox"> <div class="dropdown-panel-wrap"> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-search-dropdown"> <div class="mobile-search-inner-wrap"> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="mobile-microsite-search"> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="mobile-navbar-search-filter js-mobile-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">French History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/AHU01020">European History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-microsite-search-term-label"> Mobile Enter search term </label> <input class="mobile-search-input mobile-microsite-search-term js-mobile-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-microsite-search-icon mobile-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-nav-dropdown"> </div> </div> <div class="navbar"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <nav class="navbar-menu"> </nav> <div class="navbar-search-container js-navbar-search-container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="navbar-search-close js_close-navsearch">Close</a> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="microsite-search"> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="navbar-search-filter js-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">French History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/AHU01020">European History</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-microsite-search-term-label"> Enter search term </label> <input class="navbar-search-input microsite-search-term js-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="microsite-search-icon navbar-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/fh/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="fh" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ContentTab" class="content active"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-OUP_Abstract_Article_FullText_Widget"> <div class="module-widget"> <div class="widget-items" data-widgetname="ArticleFulltext"> <h2 class="abstract-title js-splitscreen-abstract-title at-Extract-Title">Extract</h2> <section class="abstract extract"> <div class=paywall js-paywall> <p class="chapter-para">Augustin Robespierre has for too long been neglected by historians of the Revolution. Traditionally, the younger Robespierre has been considered merely as a pale copy of his more famous brother and as a minor player in the drama of the Jacobin administration of 1793–1794. Indeed, for the majority of historians of the Revolution, his sole claim to fame was considered to be his decision to accompany his brother to the scaffold. Augustin’s importance was also not enhanced by the attitude of his sister Charlotte (as shown in her memoirs) who, despite having accompanied him on his major travels as a <em>Représentant du Peuple</em> to the Army of Italy, consistently compares him unfavourably with their elder brother, Maximilien. The same is true of the majority of his contemporaries who in the main had a poor view of his ability and character. Leblond de Neuvéglise in his anti-Robespierre polemic described him as ‘… without brains, without talent, without character… He had indeed only brutal ferocious instincts’. While Nodier praised him in his <em>Souvenirs de la Révolution</em>, Baudot described Augustin in his <em>Notes Historiques</em> as ‘an absolute fool who had no value but his brother’s name’, and Michelet dismissed him as a mere playboy. It was Hamel who, in his biography of Maximilien published in 1865, depicted Augustin as the adoring uncritical disciple of his bother, a view which became generally accepted as correct until the military historians of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries began to reappraise Augustin’s influence when on service as <em>Représentant en Mission</em> with the Army of Italy in 1793/94. During this period the only work specifically dedicated to the career of Augustin was an essay produced by a local historian in the Luberon in 1900 on his activities in that part of Provence. Even after the publication by Georges Michon of the correspondence between the two brothers in 1928, when it might have been assumed that this would inspire other scholars to look again at the life of the younger brother, Augustin continued to be largely ignored.</p> </div> <!-- /foreach in Model.Sections --> <div class="widget widget-ArticlePubStateInfo widget-instance-OUP_ArticlePubStateInfo"> </div> </section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="article-metadata-standalone-panel clearfix"></div> <!-- /foreach --> <span id="UserHasAccess" data-userHasAccess="False"></span> </div><!-- /.widget-items --> </div><!-- /.module-widget --> </div> <div class="widget widget-SolrResourceMetadata widget-instance-OUP_Article_ResourceMetadata_Widget"> <div class="article-metadata-panel solr-resource-metadata js-metadata-panel at-ContentMetadata"> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections"> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections-title">Issue Section:</div> <a href="/fh/search-results?f_TocHeadingTitleList=Book+Review">Book Review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-EditorInformation widget-instance-OUP_Article_EditorInformation_Widget"> </div> <div id="no-access-message" class="article-top-info-user-restricted-options"> You do not currently have access to this article. </div> <div id="ContentTabFilteredView"></div> <div class="downloadImagesppt js-download-images-ppt st-download-images-ppt"> <a id="lnkDownloadAllImages" class="js-download-all-images-link btn" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=&PPTtype=SlideSet&ar=636099&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&siteId=5457">Download all slides</a> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleDataRepositories widget-instance-Article_DryadLink"> </div> <div class="comments"> <div class="widget widget-UserCommentBody widget-instance-UserCommentBody_Article"> </div> <div class="widget widget-UserComment widget-instance-OUP_UserComment_Article"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="login-purchase-wrap"> <div id="article-purchase" class="unauth-row clearfix"> <div id="unauth" class="unauth-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-LoginBox widget-instance-LoginBox_UnAuthorizedLoginAndPaywall"> <div class="login-box" data-google-interstitial="false"> <div class="login-box__main-section-wrap"> <div class="login-box__section-wrap login-box_heading"> <div class="login-box__main-heading-wrap"> <h2>Sign in</h2> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__help js-login-help at-access-help"> <img class="login-box__help-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> <span>Get help with access</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="login-box__section-wrap login-box-society"> </div> <div class="login-box__section-wrap cols login-box_sign-in-accounts"> <div class="login-box__section column-border login-box_personal-account"> <h3 class="login-box__heading">Personal account</h3> <ul class="bullets"> <li>Sign in with email/username & password</li> <li>Get email alerts</li> <li>Save searches</li> <li>Purchase content</li> <li>Activate your purchase/trial code</li> <li>Add your ORCID iD</li> </ul> <div class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="button-call-to-action at-personal-sign-in js-sign-in-link" data-linkType="user-pass" href="javascript:;"> <span>Sign in</span> <img class="society-link-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg" alt="Arrow" aria-hidden="true"/> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="at-personal-register-link js-register-link" href="/my-account/register?siteId=5457&returnUrl=http%3a%2f%2facademic.oup.com%2ffh%2farticle-abstract%2f27%2f2%2f291%2f636099">Register</a> </div> </div> <div class="login-box__section column-border login-box_institution"> <h3 class="login-box__heading">Institutional access</h3> <ol> <div class="widget widget-SeamlessAccess widget-instance-LoginBoxInstitutionalAccount"> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-shibboleth-action seamless-access-button seamless-button-login-box button-call-to-action at-institutional-sign-in" rel="nofollow" data-action-type="" data-entity-id=""> <span class="seamless-access-text">Sign in through your institution</span> </a> <div> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-shibboleth-action change-institution" rel="nofollow" data-action-type=""> Sign in through your institution </a> </div> </div> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link" data-linkType="library-card" href="javascript:;">Sign in with a library card</a> </li> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link at-institutional-sign-in-username" data-linkType="user-pass" href="javascript:;">Sign in with username/password</a> </li> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link at-institutional-recommend" href="/pages/get-help-with-access/recommend-to-your-librarian?journal=fh">Recommend to your librarian</a> </li> </ol> <h3 class="login-box__heading login-box__administrator_heading at-administrator-heading">Institutional account management</h3> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link" href="javascript:" data-linkType="user-pass">Sign in as administrator</a> </div> </div> <div id="divAccessHelp" class="accessHelp-modal small reveal-modal" data-reveal> <div tabindex="0" id="AccessHelpContainer" class="comment-form__wrap" data-reveal> <h2>Get help with access</h2> <h3>Institutional access</h3> <p> Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: </p> <h4>IP based access</h4> <p> Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. </p> <h4>Sign in through your institution</h4> <p> Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic. </p> <ol class="order"> <li>Click Sign in through your institution.</li> <li>Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.</li> <li>When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.</li> <li>Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.</li> </ol> <p> If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator. </p> <h4>Sign in with a library card</h4> <p> Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. </p> <h3>Society Members</h3> <p> Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: </p> <h4>Sign in through society site</h4> <p> Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal: </p> <ol class="order"> <li>Click Sign in through society site.</li> <li>When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.</li> <li>Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.</li> </ol> <p> If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. </p> <h4>Sign in using a personal account</h4> <p> Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below. </p> <h3>Personal account</h3> <p> A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. </p> <p> Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. </p> <h3>Viewing your signed in accounts</h3> <p> Click the account icon in the top right to: </p> <ul> <li>View your signed in personal account and access account management features.</li> <li>View the institutional accounts that are providing access.</li> </ul> <h3>Signed in but can't access content</h3> <p> Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. </p> <h3>Institutional account management</h3> <p> For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. </p> </div> <button class="accessHelp__close btn-as-icon icon-general-close js-access-help-close"> <span class="screenreader-text">Close access help modal</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-PurchaseOptions widget-instance-OUP_ArticlePage_PurchaseOptions"> <div class="purchase-wrap"> <h2 class="purchase-title">Purchase</h2> <div> <a class="purchase-subscription-links" href="/fh/Subscribe/CurrentYear">Subscription prices and ordering for this journal</a> </div> <div> <a class="purchase-subscription-link" href="/pages/purchasing">Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="purchase-ppv-wrap-article clearfix"> <h3>Short-term Access</h3> <div class="register-ribbon-wrap"> <p> To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. </p> <p> Don't already have a personal account? <a class="at-ShortTermAccess-Register" href="https://academic.oup.com/my-account/register?siteId=5457&returnUrl=https://academic.oup.com%2ffh%2farticle-abstract%2f27%2f2%2f291%2f636099%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext">Register</a> </p> </div> Augustin: The Younger Robespierre - 24 Hours access <div class="purchase-currency-wrap"> <div class="purchase-currency"> EUR €51.00 </div> <div class="purchase-currency"> GBP £44.00 </div> <div class="purchase-currency"> USD $55.00 </div> </div> </div><!-- /.purchase-ppv-wrap-article --> </div><!-- /.purchase-wrap --> <div id="divDeepDive" class="deep-dive-wrap js-deepdyve-link" data-issn="02691191" data-eissn="14774542" data-doi="10.1093/fh/crt019" data-fieldname="journal_doi" data-affiliate="OUP"> <h3 class="deep-dive-title">Rental</h3> <div class="deep-dive-box"> <div class="deep-dive-img"> <a class="deepDiveLink" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/doc-view?docId=10.1093/fh/crt019&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=OUP" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/deepdyve-link-button.svg" style="border:none" alt="Read this now at DeepDyve" /></a> </div> <div class="deep-dive-text"> This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="Sidebar" class="page-column page-column--right"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-ArticlePageTopSidebar"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockMainBodyTop-wrap js-adBlockMainBodyTop hide"> <div id="adBlockMainBodyTop" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockMainBodyTop'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-dynamic " data-count="1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-dynamic " data-count="8"> <div class="widget-dynamic-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLevelMetrics widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleLevelMetrics"> <div class="artmet-wrapper horizontal-artmet"> <div class="contentmet-border"> <div class="contentmet-wrapper horizontal-contentmet"> <div class="contentmet-citations contentmet-badges-wrap js-contentmet-citations hide"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Citations</h3> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-dimensions"> <div class="widget widget-DimensionsBadge widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_DimensionsBadge"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1093/fh/crt019" data-legend="never" data-style="small_circle" data-hide-zero-citations="false"></span> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-views contentmet-badges-wrap js-contentmet-views"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Views</h3> <div class="contentmet-item circle-text circle-text-views"> <div class="contentmet-number">76</div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-badges-wrap"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Altmetric</h3> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-altmetric"> <div class="widget widget-AltmetricLink widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_AltmetricLinkSummary"> <!-- Altmetrics --> <div id="altmetricEmbedId" runat="server" class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-doi="10.1093/fh/crt019" ></div> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js'></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-modal-trigger-wrap clearfix"> <a href="javascript:;" class="artmet-modal-trigger js-artmet-modal-trigger at-alm-metrics-modal-trigger" data-resource-id="636099" data-resource-type="3"> <img class="contentmet-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information"> <span class="contentmet-more-info">More metrics information</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-modal js-artmet-modal" id="MetricsModal"> <div class="artmet-modal-contents js-metric-modal-contents at-alm-modal-contents"> <div class="artmet-full-wrap clearfix js-metric-full-wrap hide"> <div class="widget-title-1 artmet-widget-title-1">Metrics</div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-views-wrap"> <div class="artmet-views clearfix"> <div class="artmet-total-views"> <span class="artmet-text">Total Views</span> <span class="artmet-number">76</span> </div> <div class="artmet-breakdown-views-wrap"> <div class="artmet-breakdown-view breakdown-border"> <span class="artmet-number">57</span> <span class="artmet-text">Pageviews</span> </div> <div class="artmet-breakdown-view"> <span class="artmet-number">19</span> <span class="artmet-text">PDF Downloads</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-views-since">Since 11/1/2016</div> </div> <script> var ChartistData = ChartistData || {}; ChartistData.data = { labels: ['Nov 2016', 'Feb 2017', 'Mar 2017', 'Apr 2017', 'May 2017', 'Aug 2017', 'Sep 2017', 'Oct 2017', 'Nov 2017', 'Feb 2018', 'Jun 2018', 'Jul 2018', 'Aug 2018', 'Dec 2018', 'Jan 2019', 'Feb 2019', 'Apr 2019', 'Jun 2019', 'Oct 2019', 'Nov 2019', 'Jan 2020', 'Mar 2020', 'Apr 2020', 'May 2020', 'Jun 2020', 'Jul 2020', 'Sep 2020', 'Oct 2020', 'Nov 2020', 'Jan 2021', 'Apr 2021', 'Jun 2021', 'Jul 2021', 'Aug 2021', 'Feb 2022', 'Apr 2022', 'Sep 2022', 'Oct 2022', 'Nov 2022', 'Jan 2023', 'Feb 2023', 'Apr 2023', 'Apr 2024', 'Jun 2024', 'Jul 2024', 'Sep 2024', 'Oct 2024'], series: [[1, 4, 1, 1, 3, 2, 2, 5, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2]] }; </script> <div class="artmet-item artmet-chart"> <div class="ct-chart ct-octave js-ct-chart"></div> <div class="artmet-table"> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Month:</th> <th>Total Views:</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>November 2016</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2017</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2017</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2017</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2017</td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2017</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2017</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2017</td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2017</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2018</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2018</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2018</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2018</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2018</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2019</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2019</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2019</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2019</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2019</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2019</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2020</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2020</td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2020</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2020</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2020</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2020</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2020</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2020</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2020</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2021</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2021</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2021</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2021</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2021</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2022</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2022</td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2022</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2022</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2022</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2023</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2023</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2023</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2024</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2024</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2024</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2024</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2024</td> <td>2</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-stats-wrap clearfix"> <div class="artmet-item artmet-citations hide"> <div class="widget-title-2 artmet-widget-title-2">Citations</div> <div class="artmet-badges-wrap artmet-dimensions"> <div class="widget widget-DimensionsBadge widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_DimensionsBadgeDetails"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1093/fh/crt019" data-legend="always" data-style="" data-hide-zero-citations="false"></span> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <span class="artmet-dimensions-text">Powered by Dimensions</span> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-altmetric js-show-if-unknown"> <div class="widget-title-2 artmet-widget-title-2">Altmetrics</div> <div class="artmet-badges-wrap js-artmet-badges"> <div class="widget widget-AltmetricLink widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_AltmetricLinkDetails"> <!-- Altmetrics --> <div id="altmetricEmbedId" runat="server" class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-doi="10.1093/fh/crt019" data-badge-details = "right" ></div> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js'></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="artmet-close-modal js-artmet-close-modal">×</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-Alerts widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_Alerts"> <div class="alertsWidget"> <h3>Email alerts</h3> <div class="userAlert alertType-1"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="1" href="javascript:;">Article activity alert</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-3"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="3" href="javascript:;">Advance article alerts</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-5"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="5" href="javascript:;">New issue alert</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-MarketingLink"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-additionalUrl="/my-account/communication-preferences" href="javascript:;">Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="userAlertSignUpModal reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="userAlertSignUp at-userAlertSignUp"></div> <a href="javascript:;" role="button" aria-label="Close" class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"> <i class="icon-general-close"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-TrendMD widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0trendmd"> <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div> <div class="options" data-suppress-if-hum-is-present="True"></div> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleCitedBy widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleCitedBy"> <div class="rail-widget_wrap vt-articles-cited-by"> <h3 class="article-cited-title">Citing articles via</h3> <div class="widget-links_wrap"> <div class="article-cited-link-wrap google-scholar-url"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=link:https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ffh%2Farticle%2F27%2F2%2F291%2F636099" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleListNewAndPopular widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleNewPopularCombined"> <ul class="articleListNewAndPopularCombinedView"> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode active" data-mode="MostRecent">Latest</a> </h3> </li> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode " data-mode="MostRead">Most Read</a> </h3> </li> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode " data-mode="MostCited">Most Cited</a> </h3> </li> </ul> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostRecent hasContent"> <div id="newPopularList-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleNewPopularCombined" class="fb"> <div class="widget-layout widget-layout--vert "> <div class="widget-columns widget-col-1"> <div class="col"> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/fh/crae044" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/fh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/fh/crae044/7912490?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> A band of brothers? Capetian princes in Anglo–French diplomacy, 1230s–1260s </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/fh/crae038" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/fh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/fh/crae038/7907211?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> House of Lilies: The Dynasty that Made Medieval France </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/fh/crae037" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/fh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/fh/crae037/7875037?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Rethinking the aristocracy in Capetian France, 987–1328 </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/fh/crae029" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/fh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/fh/crae029/7852938?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> SSFH Society News </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/fh/crae034" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/fh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/fh/crae034/7828233?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Contestations et Troubles Religieux en France en 1791. La Mise en Exécution de la Constitution Civile du Clergé </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </section> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostRead hide"> </section> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostCited hide"> </section> </div> <div class="widget widget-RelatedTaxonomies widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_RelatedTaxonomies"> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies-wrap vt-related-taxonomies"> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies_title">More from Oxford Academic</div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_AHU00010" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/AHU00010">Arts and Humanities</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_AHU01020" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/AHU01020">European History</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_AHU00830" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/AHU00830">History</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_AHU00970" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/AHU00970">Regional and National History</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-format-Books" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/books">Books</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-format-Journals" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/journals">Journals</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-ArticlePageTopMainBodyBottom"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockMainBodyBottom-wrap js-adBlockMainBodyBottom hide"> <div id="adBlockMainBodyBottom" class="js-adblock at-adblock js-adblock-lazy-loading" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockMainBodyBottom'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input id="hfArticleTitle" name="hfArticleTitle" type="hidden" value="Augustin: The Younger Robespierre | French History | Oxford Academic" /> <input id="hfLeftNavStickyOffset" name="hfLeftNavStickyOffset" type="hidden" value="29" /> </div><!-- /.center-inner-row no-overflow --> </section> </div> <div class="mobile-mask"> </div> <section class="footer_wrap vt-site-footer"> <div class="ad-banner-footer sticky-footer-ad js-sticky-footer-ad"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-StickyFooterAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockStickyFooter-wrap js-adBlockStickyFooter hide"> <div id="adBlockStickyFooter" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockStickyFooter'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> <button type="button" class="close-footer-ad js-close-footer-ad"> <span class="screenreader-text">close advertisement</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-SitePageFooter widget-instance-SitePageFooter"> <div class="ad-banner ad-banner-footer"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-FooterAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockFooter-wrap js-adBlockFooter hide"> <div id="adBlockFooter" class="js-adblock at-adblock js-adblock-lazy-loading" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockFooter'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="journal-footer journal-bg"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="journal-footer-menu"> <ul> <li class="link-1"> <a href="/fh/pages/About">About French History</a> </li> <li class="link-2"> <a href="/fh/pages/Editorial_Board">Editorial Board</a> </li> <li class="link-3"> <a href="/fh/pages/General_Instructions">Author Guidelines</a> </li> <li class="link-4"> <a href="http://frenchhistorysociety.co.uk/contact.htm ">Contact the Society for the Study of French History</a> </li> <li class="link-5"> <a href="http://frenchhistorysociety.co.uk/blog/">French History Network Blog</a> </li> </ul><ul><li class="link-1"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/frenchhistory/">Facebook</a> </li> <li class="link-2"> <a href="https://twitter.com/FrenchHistoryUK">X (formerly Twitter)</a> </li> <li class="link-3"> <a href="/fh/subscribe">Purchase</a> </li> <li class="link-4"> <a href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/library-recommendation-form.html">Recommend to your Library</a> </li> <li class="link-5"> <a href="http://www.oupmediainfo.com/">Advertising and Corporate Services</a> </li> </ul><ul><li class="link-1"> <a href="https://globaljobs-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/">Journals Career Network</a> </li> </ul> </div><!-- /.journal-footer-menu --> <div class="journal-footer-affiliations"> <!-- <h3>Affiliations</h3> --> <a href="" target=""> <img id="footer-logo-FrenchHistory" class="journal-footer-affiliations-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/fh/fh_f1-1967920143.svg" alt="French History" /> </a> </div><!-- /.journal-footer-affiliations --> <div class="journal-footer-colophon"> <ul> <li>Online ISSN 1477-4542</li> <li>Print ISSN 0269-1191</li> <li>Copyright © 2024 Society for the Study of French History</li> </ul> </div><!-- /.journal-footer-colophon --> </div><!-- /.center-inner-row --> </div><!-- /.journal-footer --> </div> <div class="oup-footer"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="widget widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-OupUmbrellaFooterSelfServe"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="GlobalFooter_Links" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="oup-footer-row journal-links"> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic">About Oxford Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/publish-journals-with-us">Publish journals with us</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/our-university-press-partners">University press partners</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/what-we-publish">What we publish</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/new-features">New features</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/authoring">Authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/open-research/open-access">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/purchasing">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/institutional-account-management">Institutional account management</a></li> <li><a href="https://academic.oup.com/pages/purchasing/rights-and-permissions">Rights and permissions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/get-help-with-access">Get help with access</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/contact-us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/media-enquiries">Media enquiries</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks global-footer-external"> <ul> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/oxford-university-press">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://languages.oup.com/">Oxford Languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="OUP-mission"> <p>Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide</p> <img class="journal-footer-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oup-logo.svg" alt="Oxford University Press" width="150" height="42" /> </div> </div> <div class="oup-footer-row"> <div class="oup-footer-row-links"> <ul> <li>Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press</li> <li><button id="Change-Preferences" type="button" onclick="window.top.document.dispatchEvent(new Event('changeConsent'))">Cookie settings</button></li> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy">Cookie policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/privacy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/legal-and-policy/legal-notice">Legal notice</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> /* Issue right column fix for tablet/mobile */ @media (max-width: 1200px) { .pg_issue .widget-instance-OUP_Issue { width: 100%; } } .sf-facet-list .sf-facet label, .sf-facet-list .taxonomy-label-wrap label { font-size: 0.9375rem; } .issue-pagination-wrap .pagination-container { float: right; } </style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ss-ui-only"> </div> </section> </div> <div class="widget widget-SiteWideModals widget-instance-SiteWideModals"> <div id="revealModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal> <div id="revealContent"></div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> <div id="globalModalContainer" class="modal-global-container"> <div id="globalModalContent"> <div class="js-globalModalPlaceholder"></div> </div> <a class="close-modal js-close-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></i></a> </div> <div id="globalModalOverlay" class="modal-overlay js-modal-overlay"></div> <div id="NeedSubscription" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="subscription-needed"> <h5>This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only</h5> <p><a href="/sign-in">Sign In</a> or <a href="/my-account/register?siteId=5457&returnUrl=%2ffh%2farticle-abstract%2f27%2f2%2f291%2f636099">Create an Account</a></p> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> <div id="noAccessReveal" class="reveal-modal tiny" data-reveal> <p>This PDF is available to Subscribers Only</p> <a class="hide-for-article-page" id="articleLinkToPurchase" data-reveal><span>View Article Abstract & Purchase Options</span></a> <div class="issue-purchase-modal"> <p>For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.</p> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [['|$', '$|'], ['\\(', '\\)']] } }; </script> <script id="MathJax-script" async src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script> <!-- CookiePro Default Categories --> <!-- When the Cookie Compliance code loads, if cookies for the associated group have consent... it will dynamically change the tag to: script type=text/JavaScript... the code inside the tags will then be recognized and run as normal. --> <script> var NTPT_PGEXTRA = 'event_type=abstract\u0026supplier_tag=SC_Journals\u0026object_type=Article\u0026taxonomy=taxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aAHU01020%7cnodeLabel%3aEuropean+History%7cnodeLevel%3a4\u0026siteid=french\u0026authzrequired=false\u0026doi=10.1093/fh/crt019'; </script> <!-- Copyright 2001-2010, IBM Corporation All rights reserved. --> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.js" class="optanon-category-C0002"></script> <noscript> <img src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.gif?js=0" height="1" width="1" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="Scholarly IQ" /> </noscript> <script type="text/javascript" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/jsdist/v-638669719712896271/site.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/jsdist/v-638669719629345371/article-page.min.js"></script> <div class="ad-banner js-ad-riser ad-banner-riser"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-RiserAd"> </div> </div> <script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/scm.proxylogging.js"></script> <div class="end-of-page-js"></div> </body> </html>