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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assessment of his works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_of_his_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment of his works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_of_his_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Race and slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac Abarbanel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="إسحاق أبرابانيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسحاق أبرابانيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0shak_Abrabanel" title="İshak Abrabanel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İshak Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Исак Абрабанел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исак Абрабанел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_Abrabanel" title="Ishaq Abrabanel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ishaq Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iz%C3%A1k_Abrabanel" title="Izák Abrabanel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izák Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak_Abrabanel" title="Isaak Abrabanel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isaak Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BA_%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Ισαάκ Αμπραβανέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισαάκ Αμπραβανέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" title="Isaac Abravanel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isaac Abravanel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isaac Abarbanel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اسحاق ابرونئیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسحاق ابرونئیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" title="Isaac Abravanel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isaac Abravanel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" title="Isaac Abravanel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isaac Abravanel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" title="Isaac Abravanel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isaac Abravanel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abrabanel" title="Isaac Abrabanel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isaac Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C" title="יצחק אברבנאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יצחק אברבנאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ისააკ ბენ-იეჰუდა აბრაბანელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისააკ ბენ-იეჰუდა აბრაბანელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Its.hak_Abrabanel" title="Its.hak Abrabanel – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Its.hak Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izs%C3%A1k_Abrab%C3%A1nel" title="Izsák Abrabánel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izsák Abrabánel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسحاق ابرابانيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسحاق ابرابانيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitschak_Abarbanel" title="Jitschak Abarbanel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jitschak Abarbanel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abrabanel" title="Isaac Abrabanel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isaac Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abraban%C3%A8l" title="Isaac Abrabanèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Isaac Abrabanèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrabanel" title="Abrabanel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" title="Isaac Abravanel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isaac Abravanel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abrabanel" title="Isaac Abrabanel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isaac Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%98%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Абрабанель, Ицхак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абрабанель, Ицхак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iz%C3%A1k_Abrabanel" title="Izák Abrabanel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Izák Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izak_Abravanel" title="Izak Abravanel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izak Abravanel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abrabanel" title="Isaac Abrabanel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isaac Abrabanel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" title="Isaac Abravanel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isaac Abravanel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%A7%E7%88%BE" title="阿巴伯內爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿巴伯內爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Portuguese Jewish statesman, philosopher, Bible commentator, and financier</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> Isaac Abarbanel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abravanel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Abravanel.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="266" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">17th century depiction of Jewish merchant often used as a stand in for Abarbanel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Isaac ben Judah Abarbanel</div><br />1437<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1508 (aged 70–71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Isaac ben Judah Abarbanel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יצחק בן יהודה אברבנאל</span>;‎ 1437–1508), commonly referred to as <b>Abarbanel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אַבַּרבְּנְאֵל</span>; also spelled <b>Abravanel</b>, <b>Avravanel</b> or <b>Abrabanel</b>), was a Portuguese Jewish <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">statesman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_commentaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic commentaries">Bible commentator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financier" class="mw-redirect" title="Financier">financier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some debate exists over whether his last name should be pronounced <i>Abarbanel</i> or <i>Abravanel</i>. The traditional pronunciation is <i>Abarbanel</i>. Modern scholarly literature, since <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Graetz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Baer</a>, has most commonly used <i>Abravanel</i>, but his own son Judah insisted on <i>Abarbanel</i>, and <i>Sefer HaTishbi</i> by <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Levita" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Levita">Elijah Levita</a>, who was a nearby contemporary, twice vowels the name as <i>Abarbinel</i> (אַבַּרְבִּינֵאל).<sup id="cite_ref-leiman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name's etymology is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-leiman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some say it comes from <i>Ab Rabban El</i>, meaning "father of the rabbis of God", which seems to favor the pronunciation "Abrabanel".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abarbanel was born in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, into one of the oldest and most distinguished <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Iberian Jewish</a> families,<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his antecedents having escaped the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">massacre in Castile in 1391</a>. A student of the rabbi of Lisbon, Joseph Chaim,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he became well versed in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> and in the learning of his time, devoting his early years to the study of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a>. Abarbanel is quoted as saying that he counted <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Shem-Tov" title="Joseph ibn Shem-Tov">Joseph ibn Shem-Tov</a> as his mentor. At 20 years old, he wrote on the original form of the natural elements, on religious questions and prophecy. Together with his intellectual abilities, he exhibited a mastery of financial matters. This attracted the attention of King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a>, who employed him as treasurer. </p><p>He used his high position and the great wealth he had inherited from his father to aid his co-religionists. When his patron Afonso captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Arzila" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzila">Arzila</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, the Jewish captives faced being sold as slaves. Abarbanel both contributed large sums to the ransom and personally arranged for collections throughout Portugal. He also wrote to his learned and wealthy friend,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitale (Yehiel) Nissim da Pisa, on behalf of the captives. </p><p>After the death of Afonso, he was obliged to relinquish his office, having been accused by <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II</a> of connivance with the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_II,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Fernando II, Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a>, who had been executed on the charge of conspiracy. Abarbanel, warned in time, saved himself by a hasty flight to Castile in 1483. His large fortune was confiscated by royal decree. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, his new home, he occupied himself at first with Biblical studies, and in the course of six months produced an extensive commentary on the books of Joshua, Judges, and Samuel. Shortly afterward, though, he entered the service of the house of Castile. Together with his friend, the influential <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a></i> Don <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Senior" title="Abraham Senior">Abraham Senior</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, he undertook to farm the revenues and to supply provisions for the royal army, contracts that he carried out to the entire satisfaction of Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94.jpg/220px-%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94.jpg/330px-%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94.jpg/440px-%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Gravemarker in Padua</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, Abarbanel advanced considerable sums of money to the king. When the Jews were ordered banished by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a>, he did all in his power to induce the king to revoke the edict. He unsuccessfully offered the king 30,000 ducats (approximately £60,000 at the time). He left Spain with his fellow Jews and went to Naples, where, soon after, he entered the service of the king. For a short time, he lived in peace undisturbed, but when the city was taken by the French, bereft of all his possessions, he followed the young king, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> in 1495, before going to <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. In 1496, he settled in <a href="/wiki/Monopoli" title="Monopoli">Monopoli</a>, before finally landing in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in 1503, where his services were employed in negotiating a commercial treaty between Portugal and the Venetian republic. </p><p>Several times during the mid to late 15th century, he personally spent large amounts of his personal fortunes to bribe the Catholic monarchs to permit the Jews to remain in Spain. Abarbanel is claimed to have offered them 600,000 crowns for the revocation of the edict. Ferdinand is said to have hesitated, but was prevented from accepting the offer by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor" title="Grand Inquisitor">Grand Inquisitor</a>, who dashed into the royal presence, and throwing a crucifix down before the king and queen, asked whether, like <a href="/wiki/Judas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas">Judas</a>, they would betray their Lord for money.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the end, he managed only to get the date for the expulsion delayed by two days. </p><p>He died in Venice in 1508 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> next to its rabbi, <a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a>. Owing to the destruction of the Jewish cemetery there during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Padua" title="Siege of Padua">Siege of Padua</a> in 1509, his grave is now unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bones from the cemetery were reburied in 1955, and there is a tradition that the remains of Abarbanel and Minz are among them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claimed descendants of Abarbanel include Russian author <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Brazilian media mogul and entertainer <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Santos" title="Silvio Santos">Silvio Santos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abarbanel wrote many works during his lifetime which are often categorized into three groups—<a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetics</a>. His philosophy dealt with the sciences and how the general field relates to the Jewish religion and traditions, and his apologetics defend, the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah in Judaism</a> while criticizing the Christian version. Abarbanel's exegetic writings were different from the usual biblical commentaries because he took social and political issues of the times into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that mere commentary was not enough, but that the actual lives of the Jewish people must be deliberated on, as well, when discussing such an important topic as the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. He also took the time to include an introduction concerning the character of each book on which he commented, as well as its date of composition, and the intention of the original author, to make the works more accessible to the average reader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exegesis">Exegesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exegesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abravanel_Sefer_Zebach_Pesac%E1%B8%A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Abravanel_Sefer_Zebach_Pesac%E1%B8%A5.jpg/250px-Abravanel_Sefer_Zebach_Pesac%E1%B8%A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Abravanel_Sefer_Zebach_Pesac%E1%B8%A5.jpg/375px-Abravanel_Sefer_Zebach_Pesac%E1%B8%A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Abravanel_Sefer_Zebach_Pesac%E1%B8%A5.jpg/500px-Abravanel_Sefer_Zebach_Pesac%E1%B8%A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the second edition of Abarbanel's commentary on the Passover Haggadah, <i>Sefer Zebach Pesacḥ</i> from 1545</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abravanel_Perush_%E2%80%98al_Nevi%E2%80%99im_ahronim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Abravanel_Perush_%E2%80%98al_Nevi%E2%80%99im_ahronim.jpg/300px-Abravanel_Perush_%E2%80%98al_Nevi%E2%80%99im_ahronim.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Abravanel_Perush_%E2%80%98al_Nevi%E2%80%99im_ahronim.jpg/450px-Abravanel_Perush_%E2%80%98al_Nevi%E2%80%99im_ahronim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Abravanel_Perush_%E2%80%98al_Nevi%E2%80%99im_ahronim.jpg/600px-Abravanel_Perush_%E2%80%98al_Nevi%E2%80%99im_ahronim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Title page of a 1642 Hebrew and Latin edition of Abarbanel's commentary on the latter prophets, <i>Perush 'al Nevi'im ahronim</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Abarbanel composed commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>. These were published in three works: "Perush" (Commentary) on the Torah (Venice, 1579); "Perush" on the Earlier Prophets (Pesaro, 1511?); "Perush" on the Later Prophets (Pesaro, 1520?).<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also have composed a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His commentaries are divided into chapters, each of which is preceded by a list of questions or difficulties that he sets out to explain over the course of the chapter. Not only did this make it easier for scholars to find the answers they were looking for, but these lists of difficulties aided the average student in studying Abarbanel's work. In his commentary on the Torah, these questions have no fixed number, sometimes amounting to over 40, but in his commentary to the Prophets he limits himself to six. Abarbanel rarely forayed into the world of grammatical or philological investigation in the vein of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> or <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> before him, instead focusing on a content-based investigation of the Scripture at hand. </p><p>Occasionally, Abarbanel digresses from the subject under discussion, particularly in his commentary on the Torah. His style and presentations are prolix and often repetitive. Some of his interpretations derive from homilies delivered in the synagogue. He vehemently fought the extreme rationalism of philosophical interpretation, as well as interpretations based on philosophical allegory. At the same time, he himself had recourse, especially in his commentary on the Torah, to numerous interpretations based on philosophy. </p><p>His opposition to philosophical allegory must also be ascribed to the conditions of his time, the fear of undermining the unquestioning faith of the simple Jew, and the danger to Jewish survival in exile. This also explains Abarbanel's faith in the Messianic concepts of Judaism, as well as his need to make his work accessible to all Jews instead of writing merely for the scholars of his time. Although his commentary often differed from <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">kabbalistic</a> interpretations, Abarbanel nonetheless believed that the Torah had a hidden meaning in addition to its overt significance, thus he interpreted passages in the Torah in various ways. His commentary to Deuteronomy 25:5 demonstrates both his knowledge and endorsement of kabbalists and kabbalistic understanding of Scripture. Side by side with philosophical concepts (entitled "the analytical way", "the scientific", or "the method of wisdom") he gives "the way of the Torah", i.e., the moral and religious tenets to be derived from the text. </p><p>He quoted extensively from the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, but allowed himself to criticize his source, when in his view, it did not align with the literal meaning of the text. He explains, "I shall not refrain from pointing to the weakness inherent in their statements where they are homiletical in nature and are not accepted by them as authoritative" (Introduction to <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>). </p><p>Overall, Abarbanel's exegetical writings are notable for these distinctions: </p> <ol><li>His comparison of the social structure of society in biblical times with that of the European society in his day (for example, in dealing with the institution of monarchy, I Samuel 8). He had wide recourse to historical interpretation, particularly in his commentaries to the Major and Minor Prophets and to the Book of Daniel, but in numerous instances his interpretations are anachronistic (for example, Judges 18).</li> <li>Preoccupation with Christian exegesis and exegetes. He generally disputed their christological interpretations, especially those of Jerome. But he did not hesitate to borrow from them when their interpretation seemed correct to him. "Indeed I regard their words in this matter to be more acceptable than those of the rabbis to which I have referred" (I Kings 8, reply to the sixth question).</li> <li>His introductions to the books of the prophets, which are much more comprehensive than those of his predecessors. In them, he deals with the content of the books, the division of the material, their authors, and the time of their compilation, and also drew comparisons between the method and style of the various prophets. His investigations are made in the spirit of medieval scholasticism. He may consequently be considered as a pioneer of the modern science of Bible <a href="/wiki/Prop%C3%A6deutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Propædeutics">propædeutics</a>.</li></ol> <p>However, the major characteristic that separated Abarbanel from his predecessors was his unflagging commitment toward using the Scripture as a means of elucidating the status quo of his surrounding Jewish community; as a historical scholar, Abarbanel was able to contemporize the lessons of the historical eras described in the Scripture and apply them successfully in his explanations of modern Jewish living. Abarbanel, who had himself taken part in the politics of the great powers of the day, believed that mere consideration of the literary elements of Scripture was insufficient, and that the political and social life of the characters in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> must also be taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the overall excellence and exhaustiveness of Abarbanel's exegetical literature, he was looked to as a beacon for later Christian scholarship, which often included the tasks of translating and condensing his works. </p><p>His exegetical writings are set against a richly conceived backdrop of the Jewish historical and sociocultural experience, and it is often implied that his exegesis was sculpted with the purpose of giving hope to the Jews of Spain that the arrival of the Messiah was imminent in their days.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This idea distinguished him from many other philosophers of the age, who did not rely as heavily on Messianic concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guide for the Perplexed"><img alt="Guide for the Perplexed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/175px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethusian</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Alexandria" title="Aristobulus of Alexandria">Aristobulus of Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Influenced by:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kalam" title="Jewish Kalam">Jewish Kalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Spanish and European:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Ibn Gabirol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya" title="Abraham bar Hiyya">Abraham bar Hiyya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Tzaddik" title="Joseph ibn Tzaddik">Joseph ibn Tzaddik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shem-Tov_ibn_Falaquera" title="Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera">Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joshua" title="Moses ben Joshua">Moses of Narbonne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Abravanel" title="Judah Leon Abravanel">Judah Leon Abravanel</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Yemenite:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoter_ben_Shlomo" title="Hoter ben Shlomo">Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Other:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_ibn_Merwan_al-Mukkamas" title="David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas">al-Mukkamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Influence" title="Maimonides">Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalists">Kabbalist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaism">Karaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Talmudists" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudists">Talmudic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafist</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Modern</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_philosophy" title="Orthodox Jewish philosophy">Orthodox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Chassidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Existentialist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Rambamist</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm">Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Elijah_Ashkenazi" title="Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi">Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Tzvi Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hirsch" title="Samuel Hirsch">Samuel Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim of Peshischa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abendana" title="Jacob Abendana">Jacob Abendana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nieto" title="David Nieto">David Nieto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro" title="Isaac Orobio de Castro">Isaac Orobio de Castro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Dessler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">Topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anger_in_Judaism" title="Anger in Judaism">Anger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_in_Judaism" title="Happiness in Judaism">Happiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy_in_Jewish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy in Jewish philosophy">Microcosm–macrocosm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Righteousness</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template talk:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Abarbanel's Jewish predecessors in the realm of philosophy did not receive the same tolerance at his hands as the Christians did. Men such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Albalag" title="Isaac Albalag">Isaac Albalag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shem-Tov_ibn_Falaquera" title="Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera">Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joshua" title="Moses ben Joshua">Moses ben Joshua</a>, and others, were denounced by Abarbanel as infidels and misleading guides for assuming a comparatively liberal standpoint in religiophilosophical questions. Abarbanel was essentially an opponent of philosophy, despite his authority on the subject, because his entire understanding of the Jewish religion was based on God's <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish exegesis had become philosophical and far removed from the underlying truth of the text, according to Abarbanel.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A characteristic instance of his vacillation is afforded by his most important religious work, the <i>Rosh Amanah</i> (<i>The Pinnacle of Faith</i>) (Amsterdam, 1505), whose title derives from <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> 4:8. This work, devoted to the championship of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith#Maimonides'_13_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Maimonidean 13 articles of belief</a> against the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a>, ends with the statement that Maimonides compiled these articles merely in accordance with the fashion of other nations, which set up axioms or fundamental principles for their science. However, he holds that Judaism has nothing in common with human science; that the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> are revelations from God, and therefore are all of equal value; that among them are neither principles nor corollaries from principles.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abarbanel agrees with and supports some of Maimonides' ideas, but he assails Maimonides' conception that the prophetic visions were the creations of imagination. Abarbanel will not hear of this explanation, even for the <i>bat kol</i> of the Talmud, which, according to him, was an actual voice made audible by God—a miracle, in fact.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In like manner, Abarbanel exceeded all his predecessors in combating Maimonides' theory of the "Heavenly Chariot" in Ezekiel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_of_Hope">Works of Hope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works of Hope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrabanel_HaYeshua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Abrabanel_HaYeshua.jpg/200px-Abrabanel_HaYeshua.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Abrabanel_HaYeshua.jpg/300px-Abrabanel_HaYeshua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Abrabanel_HaYeshua.jpg/400px-Abrabanel_HaYeshua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Title page of a 1647 edition of Abarbanel's commentary on Daniel, <i>Ma'yanei ha-Yeshu'ah</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Abarbanel felt deeply the hopelessness and despair, which possessed Spanish Jews in the years following their expulsion from Spain, and set himself, therefore, to champion and strengthen their Messianic belief. With this aim, he wrote these works:<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"The Wellsprings of Salvation" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מעייני הישועה</span>‎, <i>Maʿyānei haYəshuʿāh</i>, 1496), which is a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>;</li> <li>"The Salvation of His Anointed" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ישועות משיחו</span>‎, <i>Yəshuʿot Meshiho</i>, 1497), an interpretation of rabbinic literature about the Messiah</li> <li>"Announcing Salvation" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">משמיע ישועה</span>‎, 1498), a commentary on the messianic prophecies in the prophetical books</li></ol> <p>These three books are considered the separate parts of a larger work entitled <i>Tower of Salvation</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מגדל ישועות</span>‎, <i>Migdāl Yəshuʿot</i>). </p><p>The first work is in the form of a commentary upon Daniel, in which he controverts both the Christian exposition of and the Jewish rationalistic approach to this book. Curiously enough, in opposition to the Talmud and all later rabbinical tradition, he counts Daniel among the prophets, coinciding therein—but therein only—with the current Christian interpretation. He is impelled to this by the fact that Daniel furnishes the foundation for his Messianic theory. The remainder of his commentary is devoted to an exhaustive and caustic criticism of the Christian exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second work is probably unique in being an exposition of the doctrine concerning the Messiah according to the traditional testimony of Talmud and Midrash. His third apologetic work contains a collection of Messianic passages of the Bible and their interpretations, in the course of which Abarbanel criticizes the Christian interpretation of these passages.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other works by Abarbanel include:<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"The Crown of the Ancients" (<i>Ateret Zkenim</i>)</li> <li>"The Pinnacle of Faith" (<i>Rosh Amanah</i>)</li> <li>"Inheritance of the Fathers" (<i>Nachlat Avot</i>)</li> <li>"The Forms of the Elements" (<i>Tzurot Hayesodot</i>)</li> <li>"New Heavens" (<i>Shamayim Hadashim</i>)</li> <li>"Deeds of God" (<i>Mifalot Elohim</i>)</li> <li>"Passover Offering" (<i>Zevach Pesach</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_of_his_works">Assessment of his works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assessment of his works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_slavery">Race and slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Race and slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ironically, according to <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> historian who specializes in <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, Abarbanel played a pivotal role in providing the conceptual basis for black slavery: "[...] the great Jewish philosopher and statesman Isaac ben Abravanel, having seen many black slaves both in his native Portugal and in Spain, merged Aristotle's theory of natural slaves with the belief that the biblical <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> had cursed and condemned to slavery both his son <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a> and his young grandson <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(son_of_Ham)" title="Canaan (son of Ham)">Canaan</a>. Abravanel concluded that the servitude of animalistic black Africans should be perpetual."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abarbanel's view on slavery, however, stood in direct contradiction to that of <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, who, citing an earlier Talmudic source,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">heathen</a> were never included in the sanction of possessing slaves as the children of Israel were permitted to do, for the Scripture says <small>(Leviticus 25:44)</small>: "Of them <i>you</i> shall buy, etc.", meaning, "Israel alone is permitted to buy from them [enslaved persons], but they are not permitted to buy [enslaved persons] from you, nor from one another."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars including Jonathan Schorsch and David M. Goldenberg point out Abarbanel's comments on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a> as indicative of very humanistic sentiments: "[Abarbanel] responded with unconcealed anger to the comment of a tenth-century Karaite from Jerusalem, Yefet b. Ali, on the issue of Black [promiscuity]. Yefet had interpreted a biblical verse (Amos 9:7) to refer to Black women as being 'promiscuous and therefore no one knows who his father is.' Abarbanel: 'I don't know who told Yefet this practice of promiscuity among Black women, which he mentions. But in the country of my birth [Portugal] I have seen many of these people and their women are loyal to their husbands unless they are prisoners and captive to their enemies. They are just like any other people.'"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schorsch argues that concerning Abarbanel's views about the connection between slavery and the curse of Ham, Abarbanel was influenced by the writings of his contemporaries and predecessors, including Christian and Muslim writers, as well as the culture around him, and was hardly considered unique in his views.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abarbanel's commentary on Amos 9:7 and other writings, argues Schorsch, show the complexity of Abarbanel's views of Blacks. "Abarbanel's conflicting passages regarding Blacks were written at different times and addressed different realms of discourse, the one abstract myth, the other actual living Blacks."<sup id="cite_ref-schorsch37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schorsch37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schorsch shows how contemporary travel books described Ethiopians as barbarians, stealing each other's children to sell to Muslim foreigners. "Hence, the many statements that Ethiopians engaged in relations... with their siblings or parents. In this view, families, a cultured product, would not have been known to primitives who lived like animals. Yet Abarbanel dismissed all these derogatory notions when defending the behavior of actual Blacks living in Portugal."<sup id="cite_ref-schorsch37_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schorsch37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_Don_Isaac_Abravanel" title="Synagogue Don Isaac Abravanel">Synagogue Don Isaac Abravanel</a> in Paris, France, was named in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries on the Bible</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Chambers Biographical Dictionary">Chambers Biographical Dictionary</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2">0-550-18022-2</a>, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leiman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leiman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leiman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leimanlibrary.com/texts_of_publications/2.%20Abarbanel%20and%20the%20Censor.pdf">Abarbanel and the Censor</a>, page 1, note 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/631-abravanel-abarbanel">ABRAVANEL, ABARBANEL, or ABRABANEL</a>, the Jewish Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yosef ben Shlomo Ibn Yahya: poet, religious scholar, rebuilder of Ibn Yahya Synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Calatayud" title="Calatayud">Calatayud</a>; descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hiyya_al-Daudi" title="Hiyya al-Daudi">Hiyya al-Daudi</a> who was great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezekiah Gaon">Hezekiah Gaon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultural intermediaries: Jewish intellectuals in early modern Italy By David B. Ruderman, Giuseppe Veltri</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abrabanel-isaac-ben-judah">"Abrabanel, Isaac ben Judah | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Abrabanel%2C+Isaac+ben+Judah+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fabrabanel-isaac-ben-judah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation sign cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_photo_of_the_gravesite_of_Abarbanel_and_Minz._Taken_in_2014_by_me.jpg"><i>Gravemarker in Padua</i></a>. Padua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravemarker+in+Padua&rft.place=Padua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AA_photo_of_the_gravesite_of_Abarbanel_and_Minz._Taken_in_2014_by_me.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesPasternak1989" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Christopher; <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zo82zOvREKsC"><i>Boris Pasternak: Volume 1, 1890-1928: A Literary Biography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25957-6"><bdi>978-0-521-25957-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boris+Pasternak%3A+Volume+1%2C+1890-1928%3A+A+Literary+Biography&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25957-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Pasternak%2C+Boris+Leonidovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzo82zOvREKsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeloso2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veloso, Vinícius (7 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metropoles.com/entretenimento/literatura/livro-conta-historia-de-dom-isaac-abravanel-ancestral-de-silvio-santos">"Livro conta história de Dom Isaac Abravanel, ancestral de Silvio Santos | Metrópoles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metr%C3%B3poles" title="Metrópoles">Metrópoles</a></i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metr%C3%B3poles&rft.atitle=Livro+conta+hist%C3%B3ria+de+Dom+Isaac+Abravanel%2C+ancestral+de+Silvio+Santos+%7C+Metr%C3%B3poles&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft.aulast=Veloso&rft.aufirst=Vin%C3%ADcius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropoles.com%2Fentretenimento%2Fliteratura%2Flivro-conta-historia-de-dom-isaac-abravanel-ancestral-de-silvio-santos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas G. Bergin (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of the Renaissance</i> (Oxford and New York: Market House Books, 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinity_College_(University_of_Cambridge)WrightLoewe1926" class="citation book cs1">Trinity College (University of Cambridge); Wright, William Aldis; Loewe, H. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001173328"><i>Catalogue of the manuscripts in the Hebrew character collected and bequeathed to Trinity college library by the late William Aldis Wright ...</i></a> Cambridge: At the University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+manuscripts+in+the+Hebrew+character+collected+and+bequeathed+to+Trinity+college+library+by+the+late+William+Aldis+Wright+...&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=At+the+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Trinity+College+%28University+of+Cambridge%29&rft.au=Wright%2C+William+Aldis&rft.au=Loewe%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001173328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/itempage?vid=MANUSCRIPTS&docId=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990001844270205171&scope=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS">"פרוש נביאים לאברבנאל (שופטים)"</a>. <i>www.nli.org.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nli.org.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C+%28%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fdiscover%2Fmanuscripts%2Fhebrew-manuscripts%2Fitempage%3Fvid%3DMANUSCRIPTS%26docId%3DPNX_MANUSCRIPTS990001844270205171%26scope%3DPNX_MANUSCRIPTS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haas, Jair. “Isaac Abarbanel’s Defense of the Authority, Reliability and Coherence of Biblical Historiography.” <i>Hebrew Union College Annual</i>, vol. 82–83, 2012, pp. 203-247. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15650/hebruniocollannu.82-83.203">JSTOR website</a>. Retrieved 2 Oct. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary on Gen. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aṭeret Zeḳenim</i> 24, and commentary on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> part III, 71–74, ed. Warsaw</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Inhuman_Bondage:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Slavery_in_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World">Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World</a></i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) p. 55. Cf. Schorsch, <i>Jews and Blacks</i>, pp. 17-22;27;36-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i>Gittin</i> 38a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i>Kiddushin</i> 6b), Rashi s.v. <b>וצריך גט שחרור</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dmg2/comsalz3%20as%20publ.%20with%20additions.pdf"><i>Struggles in the Promised Land: Towards a History of Black-Jewish Relations in the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggles+in+the+Promised+Land%3A+Towards+a+History+of+Black-Jewish+Relations+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=21-51&rft.pub=New+York%2FOxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2F~dmg2%2Fcomsalz3%2520as%2520publ.%2520with%2520additions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorsch" class="citation book cs1">Schorsch, Jonathan. <i>Jews and blacks in the early modern world</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+blacks+in+the+early+modern+world&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Schorsch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schorsch37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schorsch37_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schorsch37_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorsch" class="citation book cs1">Schorsch, Jonathan. <i>Jews and Blacks in the Early Modern World</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Blacks+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Schorsch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142326/http://www.patrimoine-religieux.fr/eglises_edifices/75-Paris/75111-ParisXIArrdt/151738-SynagogueDonIsaacAbravanel(SynagoguedelaRoquette)">"Isaac Abravanel (Synagogue de la Roquette)"</a>. <i>Observatoire du Patrimoine Religieux</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimoine-religieux.fr/eglises_edifices/75-Paris/75111-ParisXIArrdt/151738-SynagogueDonIsaacAbravanel(SynagoguedelaRoquette)">the original</a> on November 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatoire+du+Patrimoine+Religieux&rft.atitle=Isaac+Abravanel+%28Synagogue+de+la+Roquette%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimoine-religieux.fr%2Feglises_edifices%2F75-Paris%2F75111-ParisXIArrdt%2F151738-SynagogueDonIsaacAbravanel%28SynagoguedelaRoquette%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorodowski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Borodowski, Alfredo Fabio (2003). <i>Isaac Abravanel on Miracles, Creation, Prophecy, and Evil: The Tension Between Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Biblical Commentary</i>. Studies in Biblical Literature. Vol. V. 53. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-6236-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-6236-5"><bdi>0-8204-6236-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Abravanel+on+Miracles%2C+Creation%2C+Prophecy%2C+and+Evil%3A+The+Tension+Between+Medieval+Jewish+Philosophy+and+Biblical+Commentary&rft.series=Studies+in+Biblical+Literature&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8204-6236-5&rft.aulast=Borodowski&rft.aufirst=Alfredo+Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bar Eitan, Zev (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abravanelsworldoftorah.com/">Abravanel’s World of Torah: Series</a>. Torah Renaissance Press.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9659183313" title="Special:BookSources/9659183313">9659183313</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2002" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Seymour (2002). <i>Philosophy in a Time of Crisis: Don Isaac Abravanel - Defender of the Faith</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700715908" title="Special:BookSources/0700715908"><bdi>0700715908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+a+Time+of+Crisis%3A+Don+Isaac+Abravanel+-+Defender+of+the+Faith&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0700715908&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawee2012" class="citation book cs1">Lawee, Eric (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmvO5K43Kv8C"><i>Isaac Abarbanel's Stance Toward Tradition: Defense, Dissent, and Dialogue</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791489888" title="Special:BookSources/9780791489888"><bdi>9780791489888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Abarbanel%27s+Stance+Toward+Tradition%3A+Defense%2C+Dissent%2C+and+Dialogue&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780791489888&rft.aulast=Lawee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmvO5K43Kv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetanyahu1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benzion_Netanyahu" title="Benzion Netanyahu">Netanyahu, Benzion</a> (1999). <i>Don Isaac Abravanel: Statesman & Philosopher</i> (5th Rev ed.). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3487-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3487-4"><bdi>0-8014-3487-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+Isaac+Abravanel%3A+Statesman+%26+Philosopher&rft.edition=5th+Rev&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8014-3487-4&rft.aulast=Netanyahu&rft.aufirst=Benzion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarachek1938" class="citation book cs1">Sarachek, Joseph (1938). <i>Don Isaac Abravanel</i>. Bloch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+Isaac+Abravanel&rft.pub=Bloch&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Sarachek&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Abarbanel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arilipinski.com/pesach-haggadah-abravanel-comment-explained-by-ari-lipinski/">Elazar Ari Lipinski: <i>Pesach - A holiday of questions. About the Haggadah-Commentary Zevach Pesach of Rabbi Isaak Abarbanel (1437–1508).</i></a> Published first in German in the official quarterly of the Organization of the Jewish Communities of Bavaria: <i>Jüdisches Leben in Bayern. Mitteilungsblatt des Landesverbandes der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden in Bayern.</i> Pessach-Ausgabe = Nr. 109, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/2077457-6">2077457-6</a>, S. 3–4.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leimanlibrary.com/texts_of_publications/2.%20Abarbanel%20and%20the%20Censor.pdf">Sid Leiman: Abarbanel and the Censor</a> . An article by Professor Sid Leiman regarding censorship of Abarbanel's works and on the proper pronunciation of his name.</li> <li>Eran Viezel, ‘Isaac Abravanel’s Question and Joseph Hayyun’s Answer: A New Stage in the Issue of Moses’ Role in the Composition of the Torah,’ Religious Studies and Theology 35 (2016), pp. 53-72</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Abarbanel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=111855">Short biography of Isaac Abravanel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/rabbis/abrabanel.htm">Abrabanel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Abravan-I.html">Columbia Encyclopedia entry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digipres.cjh.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE10704477"><i>Seder Hagadah shel Pesḥ</i></a> Haggadot with commentary provided by Isaac Abarbanel, at the <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Baeck Institute, New York">Leo Baeck Institute, New York</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> (Rif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chananel_ben_Chushiel" title="Chananel ben Chushiel">Chananel ben Chushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash ben Labrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_Aghmati" title="Zechariah Aghmati">Zechariah Aghmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_ben_Jacob" title="Nissim ben Jacob">Nissim ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Jacob_ibn_Jam" title="Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam">Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemariah_ben_Elhanan" title="Shemariah ben Elhanan">Shemariah ben Elhanan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (except Catalonia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Seville" title="Yom Tov of Seville">Yom Tov Asevilli</a> (Ritva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a> (Ri Migash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Abulafia" title="Meir Abulafia">Meir Abulafia</a> (Ramah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Abudarham" title="David Abudarham">David Abudirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_Arama" title="Isaac ben Moses Arama">Isaac ben Moses Arama</a> (Akeidat Yitzchak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbenu_Yerucham" title="Rabbenu Yerucham">Rabbenu Yerucham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tov_ben_Abraham_ibn_Gaon" title="Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon">Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon</a> (Migdal Oz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Solomon_Abi-Sahula" title="Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula">Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ibn_Ghiyyat" title="Isaac ibn Ghiyyat">Isaac ibn Ghiyyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimon_ben_Joseph" title="Maimon ben Joseph">Maimon ben Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_I" title="Isaac Aboab I">Isaac Aboab I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Saba" title="Abraham Saba">Abraham Saba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Nissim of Gerona</a> (Ran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ibn_Aderet" title="Shlomo ibn Aderet">Shlomo ibn Aderet</a> (Rashba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi" title="Yonah Gerondi">Yonah Gerondi</a> (Rabbeinu Yonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiah_ha-Levi_of_Girona" title="Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona">Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona</a> (Baal HaMaor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_HaLevi" title="Aharon HaLevi">Aharon HaLevi</a> (Ra'ah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a> (Rivash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Zemah_Duran" title="Simeon ben Zemah Duran">Simeon ben Zemah Duran</a> (Tashbatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_of_Tolosa" title="Vidal of Tolosa">Vidal of Tolosa</a> (Maggid Mishneh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Habib" title="Joseph ibn Habib">Joseph ibn Habib</a> (Nimmukei Yosef)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_of_Gerona" title="Azriel of Gerona">Azriel of Gerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chalava" title="Moshe Chalava">Moshe Chalava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yakar" title="Judah ben Yakar">Judah ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Barzillai" title="Judah ben Barzillai">Judah ben Barzillai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Hachmei Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a> (Raavad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a> (Ralbag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> (Radak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Mari" title="Abba Mari">Abba Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abba_Mari" title="Isaac ben Abba Mari">Isaac ben Abba Mari</a> (HaIttur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Nathan" title="Abraham ben Nathan">Abraham ben Nathan</a> (HaManhig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Levi_of_Narbonne" title="David ben Levi of Narbonne">David ben Levi of Narbonne</a> (HaMichtam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joseph_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Moses ben Joseph ben Merwan ha-Levi">Moses ben Joseph</a> (Rambi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Isaac_of_Narbonne" title="Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne">Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne</a> (Raavad II, HaEshkol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_ben_Abraham_ben_Hayyim" title="Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim">Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_ha-Darshan" title="Moshe ha-Darshan">Moshe ha-Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Jacob" title="Meshullam ben Jacob">Meshullam ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Meshullam" title="Asher ben Meshullam">Asher ben Meshullam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Montpellier" title="Abraham of Montpellier">Abraham of Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caspi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Caspi">Joseph Caspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Merwan ha-Levi">Isaac of Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Jacob_ha-Kohen" title="Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen">Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_David_ha-Cohen" title="Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen">Jonathan of Lunel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (except Provence)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Abin_ha-Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol">Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tosafists" title="List of Tosafists">List of Tosafists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbeinu Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Meir" title="Solomon ben Meir">Solomon ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Joseph_of_Falaise" title="Samson ben Joseph of Falaise">Samson ben Joseph of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Falaise" title="Yom Tov of Falaise">Yom Tov of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel" title="Eliezer ben Samuel">Eliezer ben Samuel</a> (Yereim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel" title="Isaac ben Samuel">Isaac ben Samuel</a> (Ri HaZaken)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_of_Coucy" title="Moses ben Jacob of Coucy">Moses ben Jacob of Coucy</a> (Semag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nathan" title="Judah ben Nathan">Judah ben Nathan</a> (Rivan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Isaac_Bekhor_Shor" title="Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor">Bechor Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Joseph_of_Orleans" title="Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans">Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_of_Paris" title="Elijah of Paris">Elijah of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yom_Tov" title="Judah ben Yom Tov">Judah ben Yom Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_ben_Hananel_HaCohen_(Tosafist)" title="Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (Tosafist)">Haim ben Hananel HaCohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_of_Paris" title="Yechiel of Paris">Yechiel of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivam" title="Rivam">Rivam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_ben_Elijah" title="Peretz ben Elijah">Peretz ben Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Toul" title="Eliezer of Toul">Eliezer of Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Paltiel" title="Chaim Paltiel">Chaim Paltiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Jacob of Orléans">Jacob of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Chinon" title="Samson of Chinon">Samson of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Chinon" title="Jacob of Chinon">Jacob of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Touques" title="Eliezer of Touques">Eliezer of Touques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abraham_of_Dampierre" title="Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre">Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_ben_Isaac_of_Dampierre" title="Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre">Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Isaac" title="Baruch ben Isaac">Baruch ben Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Abraham_of_Sens" title="Samson ben Abraham of Sens">Samson ben Abraham of Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi">Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Samuel" title="Meir ben Samuel">Meir ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Moses of Évreux">Moses of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Samuel of Évreux">Samuel of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Solomon_of_Falaise" title="Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise">Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Isaac_Messer_Leon" title="Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon">Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Samuel_Bonfils" title="Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils">Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Helbo" title="Menahem ben Helbo">Menahem ben Helbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Kara" title="Simeon Kara">Simeon Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_of_Soissons" title="Shemaiah of Soissons">Shemaiah of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_ben_Menahem_HaZaken" title="Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken">Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Samson" title="Ephraim ben Samson">Ephraim ben Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Kalonymus" title="Meshullam ben Kalonymus">Meshullam ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a> (Rabbeinu Gershom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Isaac" title="Simeon bar Isaac">Simeon bar Isaac</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (Rosh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> (Baal HaTurim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_ben_Hillel" title="Mordechai ben Hillel">Mordechai ben Hillel</a> (Mordechai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg" title="Meir of Rothenburg">Meir of Rothenburg</a> (Maharam MeRotenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin" title="Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin">Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin</a> (Maharil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Nathan" title="Eliezer ben Nathan">Eliezer ben Nathan</a> (Ra'aven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Joel_HaLevi" title="Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi">Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi</a> (Raavyah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Worms" title="Eleazar of Worms">Eleazar of Worms</a> (Rokeach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_HaKohen" title="Meir HaKohen">Meir HaKohen</a> (Hagahot Maimuniot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Samuel_of_Regensburg" title="Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg">Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg</a> (Yehudah haHasid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Yakar" title="Yaakov ben Yakar">Yaakov ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Mordecai_of_Regensburg" title="Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg">Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Isaac_of_Regensburg" title="Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg">Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Eliezer" title="Samson ben Eliezer">Samson ben Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Isaac_ha-Gadol" title="Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol">Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Kalonymus" title="Judah ben Kalonymus">Judah ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_HaKohen_ben_Meir" title="Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir">Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Baruch_Halevi" title="Meir ben Baruch Halevi">Meir ben Baruch Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Bruna" title="Israel Bruna">Israel Bruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_of_Bamberg" title="Israel of Bamberg">Israel of Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_of_Bonn" title="Ephraim of Bonn">Ephraim of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Asher" title="Judah ben Asher">Judah ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_ben_Isaac_ha-Levi" title="Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi">Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_Landau" title="Jacob ben Judah Landau">Jacob ben Judah Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Natronai" title="Samuel ben Natronai">Samuel ben Natronai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suslin" title="Alexander Suslin">Alexander Suslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Weil" title="Jacob Weil">Jacob Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Asher_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi">Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simha_of_Speyer" title="Simha of Speyer">Simha of Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asir_HaTikvah" title="Isaac Asir HaTikvah">Isaac Asir HaTikvah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_Canterbury" title="Aaron of Canterbury">Aaron of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_York" title="Aaron of York">Aaron of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_of_London" title="Elias of London">Elias of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Menachem_of_London" title="Eliyahu Menachem of London">Eliyahu Menachem of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagin_Deulacres" title="Hagin Deulacres">Hagin Deulacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_of_London" title="Jacob ben Judah of London">Jacob ben Judah of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josce_of_London" title="Josce of London">Josce of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Isaac_ben_ha-Nessiah" title="Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah">Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_London" title="Moses of London">Moses of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Joigny" title="Yom Tov of Joigny">Yom Tov of Joigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berechiah_de_Nicole" title="Berechiah de Nicole">Berechiah de Nicole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Isserlein" title="Israel Isserlein">Israel Isserlein</a> (Terumat HaDeshen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_of_Vienna" title="Isaac ben Moses of Vienna">Isaac of Vienna</a> (Or Zarua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Cohen_of_Vienna" title="Avigdor Cohen of Vienna">Avigdor Cohen of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tyrnau" title="Isaac Tyrnau">Isaac Tyrnau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Jehiel" title="Nathan ben Jehiel">Nathan ben Jehiel</a> (the Aruch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani" title="Isaiah di Trani">Isaiah di Trani</a> (Rid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani_the_Younger" title="Isaiah di Trani the Younger">Isaiah di Trani the Younger</a> (Riaz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_of_Bertinoro" title="Obadiah of Bertinoro">Obadiah of Bertinoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw">Zedekiah Anaw</a> (Shibbolei HaLeket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Benjamin ben Abraham Anaw">Benjamin Anaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Benjamin_Anav" title="Judah ben Benjamin Anav">Judah Anav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Meir_of_Ferrara" title="Moses ben Meir of Ferrara">Moses ben Meir of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel_of_Verona" title="Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona">Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Samuel" title="Hillel ben Samuel">Hillel ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Colon_Trabotto" title="Joseph Colon Trabotto">Joseph Colon Trabotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Melchizedek" title="Isaac ben Melchizedek">Isaac ben Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Messer_Leon" title="Judah Messer Leon">Judah Messer Leon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mizrachi" title="Elijah Mizrachi">Elijah Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiah_ben_Eliezer" title="Tobiah ben Eliezer">Tobiah ben Eliezer</a> (Lekach Tov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerahiah_the_Greek" title="Zerahiah the Greek">Zerahiah the Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Dorbolo" title="Isaac ben Dorbolo">Isaac ben Dorbolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac ben Samuel of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Taku" title="Moses Taku">Moses Taku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Jacob_ha-Lavan" title="Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan">Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I">Nathan ben Abraham I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Eliakim" title="Hillel ben Eliakim">Hillel ben Eliakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_ben_Moses_Mosconi" title="Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi">Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nethanel_ben_Isaiah" title="Nethanel ben Isaiah">Nethanel ben Isaiah‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319902#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319902#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319902#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108881605">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36986982">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/55779/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3MXD9d8tgV9yk3bjDMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118500244">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80067695">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123203513">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123203513">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Abravanel, Isaac"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/NAPV081960">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35000556">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2006323614&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1306366">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/52186">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073280879">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90229321">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000252128&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mppbzt4shptjh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811777426305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/22107">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257306605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520351606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1242473X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/784589">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118500244.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118500244">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032109652">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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