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<span>Diplomatic ranks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diplomatic_ranks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diplomatic ranks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apostolic_nuncio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_nuncio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Apostolic nuncio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_nuncio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pro-nuncio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-nuncio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pro-nuncio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-nuncio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_delegate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_delegate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Apostolic delegate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_delegate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Legati</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legatus_a_latere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legatus_a_latere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span><i>Legatus a latere</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legatus_a_latere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legatus_natus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legatus_natus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span><i>Legatus natus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legatus_natus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legatus_missus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legatus_missus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span><i>Legatus missus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legatus_missus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gubernatorial_legates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gubernatorial_legates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gubernatorial legates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gubernatorial_legates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papal legate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_n%C3%BCmay%C9%99nd%C9%99si" title="Papa nümayəndəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Papa nümayəndəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аблегат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аблегат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Папски легат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папски легат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legat" title="Legat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Legat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BEsk%C3%BD_leg%C3%A1t" title="Papežský legát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papežský legát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4pstlicher_Legat" title="Päpstlicher Legat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Päpstlicher Legat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavsti_legaat" title="Paavsti legaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paavsti legaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legado_apost%C3%B3lico" title="Legado apostólico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Legado apostólico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_legato" title="Papa legato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papa legato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="نماینده پاپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نماینده پاپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gat_apostolique" title="Légat apostolique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Légat apostolique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%ED%8A%B9%EC%82%AC" title="교황 특사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 특사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinski_legat" title="Papinski legat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papinski legat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_kepausan" title="Legatus kepausan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Legatus kepausan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legato_pontificio" title="Legato pontificio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legato pontificio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="לגאט אפיפיורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לגאט אפיפיורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_Pontificius" title="Legatus Pontificius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Legatus Pontificius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popie%C5%BEiaus_legatas" title="Popiežiaus legatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popiežiaus legatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pai_leg%C3%A1tus" title="Pápai legátus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pápai legátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauselijk_legaat" title="Pauselijk legaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pauselijk legaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavelig_legat" title="Pavelig legat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pavelig legat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legat_papieski" title="Legat papieski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Legat papieski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legado_papal" title="Legado papal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Legado papal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legat_papal" title="Legat papal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legat papal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Папский легат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папский легат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pe%C5%BEsk%C3%BD_leg%C3%A1t" title="Pápežský legát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pápežský legát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolski_legat" title="Apostolski legat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apostolski legat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Папски легат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папски легат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinski_legat" title="Papinski legat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papinski legat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablegat" title="Ablegat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ablegat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal%C4%B1k_temsilcisi" title="Papalık temsilcisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papalık temsilcisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Папський легат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папський легат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87%E4%BD%BF%E8%8A%82" title="教皇使节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="教皇使节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q740369#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="View the content 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/K._Henry_2._Kissing_the_knee_of_the_Popes_Legate_comming_into_England.gif/450px-K._Henry_2._Kissing_the_knee_of_the_Popes_Legate_comming_into_England.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/K._Henry_2._Kissing_the_knee_of_the_Popes_Legate_comming_into_England.gif/600px-K._Henry_2._Kissing_the_knee_of_the_Popes_Legate_comming_into_England.gif 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut showing <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> greeting the Pope's legate.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy of the<br />Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint Peter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/150px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/225px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/300px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">Ecclesiastical titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Emeritus">Pope Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Cardinal Vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown-cardinal" title="Crown-cardinal">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of the Church">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain of His Holiness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic nuncio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Syndic" title="Apostolic Syndic">Apostolic Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicar apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Exarch">Apostolic exarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture" title="Apostolic prefecture">Apostolic prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_to_the_papal_throne" title="Assistant to the papal throne">Assistant to the papal throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch#Catholic_Church" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Emeritus" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">Suffragan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_prelate" title="Territorial prelate">Territorial prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator" title="Consecrator">Consecrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)#CatholicLector" title="Reader (liturgy)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">Subdeacon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative and pastoral titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother#Catholicism" title="Religious brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Military chaplain">Military chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor#Confession_of_sins" title="Confessor">Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultor" title="Consultor">Consultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curate#Roman_Catholicism" title="Curate">Curate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_bond" title="Defender of the bond">Defender of the bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitor" title="Definitor">Definitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">Diocesan administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_judge" title="Ecclesiastical judge">Ecclesiastical judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist#Catholicism" title="Exorcist">Exorcist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lay_abbot" title="Lay abbot">Lay abbot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abthain" title="Abthain">Abthain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commendatory_abbot" title="Commendatory abbot">Commendatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">Lay cardinal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Catholic_Church)" title="Minister (Catholic Church)">Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_orders" title="Major orders">Major orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">Minor orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_pastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant pastor">Assistant pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefect#Ecclesiastical" title="Prefect">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">Presbyter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Elder (Christianity)">Elder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Principal (Catholic Church)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">Reverend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint#Catholic_Church" title="Saint">Saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Vicar forane</a> <ul><li>Sub-dean</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Consecrated and professed titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">Consecrated virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrector#Ecclesiastic_(Catholic)_titles" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)" title="Custos (Franciscans)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master of novices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice#Roman_Catholicism" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">Superior general</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Additional titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Service_of_Charity" title="Dicastery for the Service of Charity">Almoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">Altar server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church" title="Captain General of the Church">Captain General of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorbishop" title="Chorbishop">Chorbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissary_Apostolic" title="Commissary Apostolic">Commissary Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(under-sacristan)" title="Custos (under-sacristan)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Dataria" title="Apostolic Dataria">Datarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonfalonier_of_the_Church" title="Gonfalonier of the Church">Gonfalonier of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Honorary Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_canon" title="Minor canon">Minor canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarius" title="Notarius">Notarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulator" title="Postulator">Postulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">Prebendary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">Precentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Prince-bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prince-abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-primate" title="Prince-primate">Prince-primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-provost" title="Prince-provost">Prince-provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Promotor Fidei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protopriest" title="Protopriest">Protopriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protodeacon#Roman_rite" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionarius" title="Regionarius">Regionarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">Sacristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk Counselor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">Usher</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organization titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_and_Lieutenancies_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Grand Masters and Lieutenancies of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="Grand Master of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitor" title="Inquisitor">Inquisitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor" title="Grand Inquisitor">Grand Inquisitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preceptor" title="Preceptor">Preceptor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>papal legate</b> or <b>apostolic legate</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> title <i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legatus</a></i>) is a personal representative of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> to foreign nations, to some other part of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, or representatives of the state or monarchy. He is empowered on matters of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic faith</a> and for the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</a> matters. </p><p>The legate is appointed directly by the Pope—the Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. Hence a legate is usually sent to a government, a sovereign or to a large body of believers (such as a national church) or to take charge of a major religious effort, such as an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> to the Holy Land, or even against a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a>. </p><p>The term <i>legation</i> is applied both to a legate's mandate and to the territory concerned (such as a state, or an ecclesiastical province). The relevant adjective is <i>legatine</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: history in early Church to 1300, and material other than English and Wolsey. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/200px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/300px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/400px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Thomas Wolsey">Cardinal Thomas Wolsey</a>, papal legate to England during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, papal legates were often used to strengthen the links between Rome and the many parts of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. More often than not, legates were learned men and skilled diplomats who were not from the country they were accredited to. For example, the Italian-born <a href="/wiki/Guala_Bicchieri" title="Guala Bicchieri">Guala Bicchieri</a> served as papal legate to England in the early 13th century and played a major role in both the English government and church at the time. By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> it had become more common to appoint native clerics to the position of legate within their own country, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a> acting as legate to the court of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>. The reason for this switch in policy could be attributed to a change in attitude on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>; by this point, foreign men representing the papacy would be more likely to reinforce dissent than bring Christendom closer together.<sup id="cite_ref-Pagden_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is a non sequitur, and needs to be integrated into the text in a way that is meaningful to the reader. (April 2016)"><i>non sequitur</i></span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Papal legates often summoned <a href="/wiki/Legatine_council" title="Legatine council">legatine councils</a>, which dealt with church government and other ecclesiastical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a>, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i>, a papal legate "presides over all bishops in a council, even if he is inferior in rank, and he can pronounce sentence of deposition against them".<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, a legatine council was the usual means that a papal legate imposed his directives.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_ranks">Diplomatic ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diplomatic ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ranks of papal legates in diplomacy, some of which are no longer used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_nuncio">Apostolic nuncio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apostolic nuncio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone.PNG/220px-Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone.PNG/330px-Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone.PNG/440px-Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone" title="Giovanni Francesco Commendone">Giovanni Francesco Commendone</a>, sometime papal nuncio to <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common form of papal legate today is the <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">apostolic nuncio</a>, whose task it is to strengthen relations between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the Catholic Church in a particular country and at the same time to act as the diplomatic representative of the Holy See to the government of that country.<sup id="cite_ref-Collinge_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An apostolic nuncio is generally equivalent in rank to that of <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> extraordinary and <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a>, although in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic countries">Catholic countries</a> the nuncio often ranks above ambassadors in diplomatic protocol. A nuncio performs the same functions as an ambassador and has the same diplomatic privileges. Under the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations</a>, to which the Holy See is a party, a nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country. The Vienna Convention allows the host state to grant seniority of precedence to the nuncio over others of ambassadorial rank accredited to the same country, and may grant the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_Diplomatic_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean of the Diplomatic Corps">deanship of that country's diplomatic corps</a> to the nuncio regardless of seniority.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pro-nuncio">Pro-nuncio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pro-nuncio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pro-nuncio was a term used from 1965 to 1991 for a papal diplomatic representative of full ambassadorial rank accredited to a country that did not accord him precedence over other ambassadors and <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> deanship of the diplomatic corps. In those countries, the papal representative's precedence within the corps is exactly on a par with that of the other members of ambassadorial rank, so that he becomes dean only on becoming the senior member of the corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apostolic_delegate">Apostolic delegate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apostolic delegate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For countries with which the Holy See has no diplomatic relations, an apostolic delegate is sent to serve as a liaison with the Catholic Church in that country, though not accredited to its government.<sup id="cite_ref-Collinge_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legati"><i>Legati</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Legatus_a_latere"></span><span class="anchor" id="Legatus_a_Latere"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legatus_a_latere"><i>Legatus a latere</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legatus a latere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This highest rank (literally "from the (pope's) side", i.e. "intimately" trusted) is normally awarded to a priest of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal rank</a>. It is an exceptional investiture and can either be focused or broad in scope. The legate <i>a latere</i> is the alter ego of the Pope, and as such, possesses full plenipotentiary powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Princes2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princes2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legatus_natus"><i>Legatus natus</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legatus natus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literally "born legate", i.e. not nominated individually but <i>ex officio</i>, namely a bishop holding this rank as a privilege of his see, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> (pre-<a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Esztergom" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Esztergom">Esztergom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Udine" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Udine">Udine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gniezno" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno">Gniezno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Princes2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princes2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>legatus natus</i> would act as the Pope's representative in his province, with a <i>legatus a latere</i> only being sent in extraordinary circumstances. Although limited in their jurisdiction compared to <i>legati a latere</i>, a <i>legatus natus</i> was not subordinate to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tayler_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legatus_missus"><i>Legatus missus</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legatus missus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literally "sent legate", possessing limited powers for the purpose of completing a specific mission. This commission is normally focused in scope and of short duration.<sup id="cite_ref-Princes2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princes2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gubernatorial_legates">Gubernatorial legates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gubernatorial legates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some administrative (temporal) provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in (mostly central) Italy were governed by a papal legate. This has been the case in <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pontecorvo" title="Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a> (of Campagna e Marittima/of Frosinone) and in <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>. In four cases, including <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, this post was awarded exclusively to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a> post was created for <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Pacca" title="Bartolomeo Pacca">Bartolomeo Pacca</a>. </p><p>The title could be changed to <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Delegate">Apostolic Delegate</a>, as happened in Frosinone (for Pontecorvo) in 1827. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Internuncio">Internuncio</a> – a lower rank than Nuncio for a papal diplomatic representative, a title historically used at a time when states sent to some less important countries diplomatic representatives, called Envoys or Ministers, lower in rank than Ambassadors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_legates_to_England" title="List of papal legates to England">List of papal legates to England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apocrisiarius" title="Papal apocrisiarius">Papal apocrisiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_legate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical legate">Pontifical legate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pagden-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pagden_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPagden2010" class="citation book cs1">Pagden, Anthony (2010) [2002]. <i>The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union</i>. Vol. 13. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521795524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521795524"><bdi>978-0521795524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Europe%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+European+Union&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521795524&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_I._S.1990" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, I. S. (1990). <i>The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31922-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31922-6"><bdi>0-521-31922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+1073%E2%80%931198%3A+Continuity+and+Innovation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-31922-6&rft.au=Robinson%2C+I.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_I._S.1990" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, I. S. (1990). <i>The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521319226" title="Special:BookSources/0521319226"><bdi>0521319226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+1073%E2%80%931198%3A+Continuity+and+Innovation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0521319226&rft.au=Robinson%2C+I.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collinge-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collinge_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinge_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinge2012" class="citation book cs1">Collinge, William (2012). <i>Historical Dictionary of Catholicism</i> (2nd ed.). Maryland, US: Scarecrow Press Inc. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810857551" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810857551"><bdi>978-0810857551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Catholicism&rft.place=Maryland%2C+US&rft.pages=251&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0810857551&rft.aulast=Collinge&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Conference_on_Diplomatic_Intercourse_and_Immunities1961" class="citation journal cs1">United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities (1961). "<a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Article 16</a>". United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vienna+Convention+on+Diplomatic+Relations%2C+Article+16&rft.date=1961&rft.au=United+Nations+Conference+on+Diplomatic+Intercourse+and+Immunities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beal_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealCoridenGreen2000" class="citation book cs1">Beal, John P.; Coriden, James A.; Green, Thomas J., eds. (2000). <i>New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law</i> (Study ed.). New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809140664" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809140664"><bdi>978-0809140664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Commentary+on+the+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=462&rft.edition=Study&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0809140664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princes2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Princes2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princes2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princes2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellenger,_Dominic_AidanFletcher,_Stella2001" class="citation book cs1">Bellenger, Dominic Aidan; Fletcher, Stella (2001). <i>Princes of the Church: A History of the English Cardinals</i>. Stroud, UK: Sutton. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2630-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2630-9"><bdi>0-7509-2630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princes+of+the+Church%3A+A+History+of+the+English+Cardinals&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7509-2630-9&rft.au=Bellenger%2C+Dominic+Aidan&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingstone-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2013" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, E. A. (2013) [1977]. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199659623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199659623"><bdi>978-0199659623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=331&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199659623&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tayler-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tayler_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayler1866" class="citation book cs1">Tayler, Thomas (1866). <i>The Law Glossary</i>. New York: Baker, Voorhis & Co. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+Glossary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Baker%2C+Voorhis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Tayler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_legate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General references</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09118a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: "Legate"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Italy_states2.htm#Papal-State">WorldStatesmen – Italy to 1860 – Papal State</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaseri1709" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maseri, Pellegrino (1709). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mstFAAAAcAAJ"><i>De Legatis et Nunciis Apostolicis Iudiciis Ecclesiasticis Civilibus et Criminalibus Oneribusque Civitatum Cameralibus et Communitativis</i></a> (in Latin). Rome: Plachus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Legatis+et+Nunciis+Apostolicis+Iudiciis+Ecclesiasticis+Civilibus+et+Criminalibus+Oneribusque+Civitatum+Cameralibus+et+Communitativis&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Plachus&rft.date=1709&rft.aulast=Maseri&rft.aufirst=Pellegrino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmstFAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanghaider1785" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Langhaider, Konstantin (1785). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzFHAAAAcAAJ"><i>Commentatio Canonica de Legatis et Nuntiis Pontificum</i></a> (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentatio+Canonica+de+Legatis+et+Nuntiis+Pontificum&rft.date=1785&rft.aulast=Langhaider&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYzFHAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchott1778" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schott, Johann (1778). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6pKAAAAcAAJ"><i>De Legatis Natis</i></a> (in Latin). Bamberg: Klietsch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Legatis+Natis&rft.place=Bamberg&rft.pub=Klietsch&rft.date=1778&rft.aulast=Schott&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6pKAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidemann1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heidemann, Josef (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPAUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA83"><i>Die englische Legation des Cardinals Guido Fulcodi, des spaeteren P. Clemens IV</i></a> (in German). Munster: Westfalische Vereinsdruckerei.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+englische+Legation+des+Cardinals+Guido+Fulcodi%2C+des+spaeteren+P.+Clemens+IV&rft.place=Munster&rft.pub=Westfalische+Vereinsdruckerei&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Heidemann&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPAUAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynen1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wynen, Arthur (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPOMnQEACAAJ"><i>Die päpstliche Diplomatie: geschichtlich und rechtlich dargestellt /von Arthur Wynen</i></a>. Das Völkerrecht, Heft 10 (in German). Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+p%C3%A4pstliche+Diplomatie%3A+geschichtlich+und+rechtlich+dargestellt+%2Fvon+Arthur+Wynen&rft.place=Freiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.series=Das+V%C3%B6lkerrecht%2C+Heft+10&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Wynen&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPOMnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParo1947" class="citation book cs1">Paro, Gino (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bF0zngEACAAJ"><i>The Right of Papal Legation</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+of+Papal+Legation&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Paro&rft.aufirst=Gino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF0zngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasner1958" class="citation journal cs1">Wasner, Franz (1958). "Fifteenth-century texts on the Ceremonial of the papal 'Legatus a latere'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>14</b>: 295–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900010126">10.1017/S0362152900010126</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830370">27830370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151940501">151940501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Fifteenth-century+texts+on+the+Ceremonial+of+the+papal+%27Legatus+a+latere%27&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=295-358&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151940501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830370%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900010126&rft.aulast=Wasner&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasner1960" class="citation journal cs1">Wasner, Franz (1960). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Legatus a latere': addenda varia". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>16</b>: 405–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900006152">10.1017/S0362152900006152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830415">27830415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151584067">151584067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=%27Legatus+a+latere%27%3A+addenda+varia&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=405-416&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151584067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830415%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900006152&rft.aulast=Wasner&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1993" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Margaret M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DvpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA272"><i>England, Rome, and the Papacy, 1417–1464: The Study of a Relationship</i></a>. Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3459-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-3459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%2C+Rome%2C+and+the+Papacy%2C+1417%E2%80%931464%3A+The+Study+of+a+Relationship&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3459-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DvpAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillett2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gillett" title="Andrew Gillett">Gillett, Andrew</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SvCrnyRi3JkC&pg=PA267"><i>Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411–533</i></a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44003-5"><bdi>978-1-139-44003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envoys+and+Political+Communication+in+the+Late+Antique+West%2C+411%E2%80%93533&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44003-5&rft.aulast=Gillett&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSvCrnyRi3JkC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelnyk2009" class="citation book cs1">Melnyk, Roman A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShZCAQAAIAAJ"><i>Vatican Diplomacy at the United Nations: A History of Catholic Global Engagement</i></a>. Lewiston, NY: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-3881-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-3881-1"><bdi>978-0-7734-3881-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vatican+Diplomacy+at+the+United+Nations%3A+A+History+of+Catholic+Global+Engagement&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-3881-1&rft.aulast=Melnyk&rft.aufirst=Roman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShZCAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennie2013" class="citation book cs1">Rennie, Kriston R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJNEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT85"><i>The Foundations of Medieval Papal Legation</i></a>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26494-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26494-7"><bdi>978-1-137-26494-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Medieval+Papal+Legation&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire%2C+England&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-26494-7&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=Kriston+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJNEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+legate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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