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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Remuneration and credit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remuneration_and_credit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nonfiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonfiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nonfiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonfiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Website" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Website</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Website-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_music_and_film_scores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music_and_film_scores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Classical music and film scores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music_and_film_scores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Visual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_blacklisting_countermeasure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_blacklisting_countermeasure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>As blacklisting countermeasure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_blacklisting_countermeasure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghostwriter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spookskrywer" title="Spookskrywer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spookskrywer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A" title="كاتب خفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتب خفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Писател в сянка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писател в сянка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negre_(escriptor)" title="Negre (escriptor) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Negre (escriptor)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhith-awdur" title="Rhith-awdur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhith-awdur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variautor" title="Variautor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Variautor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αόρατος συγγραφέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αόρατος συγγραφέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_(artista)" title="Negro (artista) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Negro (artista)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantoma_verkisto" title="Fantoma verkisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fantoma verkisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سایه‌نویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سایه‌نویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAte-plume" title="Prête-plume – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prête-plume" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooyl-screeudeyr" title="Cooyl-screeudeyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cooyl-screeudeyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%84%EC%9E%91%EA%B0%80" title="대필작가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대필작가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Գրպանային գրող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրպանային գրող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penulis_bayangan" title="Penulis bayangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penulis bayangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סופר צללים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סופר צללים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penulis_bayangan" title="Penulis bayangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penulis bayangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ゴーストライター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴーストライター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyggeforfatter" title="Skyggeforfatter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skyggeforfatter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuggeforfattar" title="Skuggeforfattar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skuggeforfattar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor-fantasma" title="Escritor-fantasma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escritor-fantasma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Литературный негр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литературный негр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%DA%AA" title="لڪل ليکڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لڪل ليکڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ghostwriter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisatelj_v_senci" title="Pisatelj v senci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisatelj v senci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haamukirjailija" title="Haamukirjailija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haamukirjailija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B6kskrivare" title="Spökskrivare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spökskrivare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்பெழுத்தாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்பெழுத்தாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="นักเขียนกำบัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักเขียนกำบัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayalet_yazar" title="Hayalet yazar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayalet yazar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Літературний раб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літературний раб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%81" title="خفیہ مصنف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Writer who writes for the credited author</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ghostwriter (disambiguation)">Ghostwriter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ghostwriters" redirects here. For the Australian band, see <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriters_(band)" title="Ghostwriters (band)">Ghostwriters (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ghost_riding" title="Ghost riding">ghost riding</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Clancy_at_Burns_Library,_Boston_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tom_Clancy_at_Burns_Library%2C_Boston_College.jpg/220px-Tom_Clancy_at_Burns_Library%2C_Boston_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tom_Clancy_at_Burns_Library%2C_Boston_College.jpg/330px-Tom_Clancy_at_Burns_Library%2C_Boston_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tom_Clancy_at_Burns_Library%2C_Boston_College.jpg/440px-Tom_Clancy_at_Burns_Library%2C_Boston_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The popular demand for <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>'s action novels exceeded his ability to write new books. As a result, his publisher hired ghostwriters to write novels in the Clancy style.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ghostwriter</b> is a person hired to write <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalistic</a> works, speeches, or other texts that are putatively credited to another person as the author. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiographies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a>, magazine articles, or other written material. </p><p>Memoir ghostwriters often pride themselves in "disappearing" when impersonating others since such disappearance signals the quality of their craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In music, ghostwriters are often used to write songs, lyrics, and instrumental pieces. <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a> authors can also use ghostwriters to either <a href="/wiki/Script_doctor" title="Script doctor">edit or rewrite their scripts</a> to improve them. Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the credited author (or publisher) that obligates the former to remain anonymous, or obligates the latter to not reveal the ghostwriter. Sometimes the ghostwriter is acknowledged by the author or publisher for their writing services, euphemistically called a "researcher" or "research assistant", but often the ghostwriter is not credited. </p><p>Ghostwriting (or simply "ghosting") also occurs in other creative fields. Composers have long hired ghostwriters to help them to write musical pieces and songs; <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. Ghosting also occurs in popular music. A pop music ghostwriter writes lyrics and a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> in the style of the credited musician. In <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip-hop stars has led to controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the visual arts, it is not uncommon in both <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_art" title="Commercial art">commercial art</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> for a number of assistants to do work on a piece that is credited to a single artist; <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> engaged in this practice, supervising an assembly line <a href="/wiki/Silk_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk screen">silk screen</a> process for his artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when credit is established for the writer, the acknowledgment of their contribution is public domain and the writer in question would not be considered a ghostwriter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A consultant or career-switcher may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance credibility as an expert in their field. Public officials and politicians employ "correspondence officers" to respond to the large volume of official correspondence. A number of papal <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a> have been written by ghostwriters. A controversial and scientifically unethical practice is medical ghostwriting, where biotech or pharmaceutical companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then recruit (via payment or as a perk) other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these articles before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Some university and college students hire ghostwriters from <a href="/wiki/Essay_mill" title="Essay mill">essay mills</a> to write entrance essays, term papers, theses, and dissertations. This is largely considered unethical unless the actual ghostwriting work is just light editing. </p><p>Ghostwriters are hired for numerous reasons. In many cases, celebrities or public figures do not have the time, discipline, or writing skills to write and research a several hundred-page autobiography or "how-to" book. Even if a celebrity or public figure has the writing skills to pen a short article, they may not know how to structure and edit a several hundred-page book so that it is captivating and well-paced. In other cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year under the name of well-known, highly marketable authors, or to quickly release a topical book that ties in with a recent or upcoming newsworthy event.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remuneration_and_credit">Remuneration and credit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Remuneration and credit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrcraad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hrcraad.jpg/170px-Hrcraad.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hrcraad.jpg/255px-Hrcraad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Hrcraad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The ghostwriter for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s memoirs received a $500,000 payment for collaborating with her.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ghostwriters will often spend from several months to a full year researching, writing, and editing non-fiction and fiction works for a client, and they are paid based on a price per hour, per word, or per page, with a flat fee, a percentage of the royalties of the sales, or some combination thereof. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">literary agent</a> Madeleine Morel stated that the average ghostwriter's advance for work for major book publishers was "between $40,000 and $70,000".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These benchmark prices are mirrored approximately in the film industry by the Writers Guild, where a Minimum Basic Agreement gives a starting price for the screenplay writer of $37,073 (non-original screenplay, no treatment).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the recent shift into the digital age (15–20% world market share of books by 2015) has brought some changes, by opening newer markets that bring their own opportunities for authors and writers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—especially on the more affordable side of the ghostwriting business. One such market is the shorter book, best represented at the moment by Amazon's Kindle Singles imprint: texts of 30,000 words and under.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a length would have been much harder to sell before digital reader-technologies became widely available, but is now quite acceptable. Writers on the level of <a href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</a> have celebrated this recent change, mainly for artistic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence, the shorter format makes a project potentially more affordable for the client/author. Manhattan Literary, a ghostwriting company, states that "book projects on the shorter side, tailored to new markets like the Kindle Singles imprint and others (30,000–42,000 words) start at a cost of $15,000".<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And this shorter book appears to be here to stay. It was once financially impractical for publishers to produce such <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a>-length texts (they would have to charge too much); but this new market is, by 2015, already substantial and has been projected to be a solid part of the future of book publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, with its appearance the starting price for the professional book writer has come down by about half, but only if this shorter format makes sense for the client. </p><p>On the upper end of the spectrum, with celebrities that can all but guarantee a publisher large sales, the fees can be much higher. In 2001, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> stated that the fee that the ghostwriter for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s memoirs would receive was probably about $500,000 of her book's $8 million advance, which "is near the top of flat fees paid to collaborators".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent availability also exists, of outsourcing many kinds of jobs, including ghostwriting, to <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshore</a> locations like India, China, and the Philippines where the customer can save money.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true tests of credibility—the writer's track record, and samples of his or her craft—become even more important in these instances, when the writer comes from a <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> that are entirely different from the client's. </p><p>In some cases, ghostwriters are allowed to share credit. For example, a common method is to put the client/author's name on a book cover as the main <a href="/wiki/Byline" title="Byline">byline</a> (by [a<i>uthor's name</i>]) and then to put the ghostwriter's name underneath it (with [g<i>hostwriter's name</i>]). Sometimes this is done in lieu of pay or to decrease the amount of payment to the book ghostwriter for whom the credit has its own intrinsic value. Also, the ghostwriter can be cited as a co-author of a book, or listed in the movie or film credits when having ghostwritten the script or screenplay for film production. </p><p>For nonfiction books, the ghostwriter may be credited as a "contributor" or a "research assistant". In other cases, the ghostwriter receives no official credit for writing a book or article; in cases where the credited author or the publisher or both wish to conceal the ghostwriter's role, the ghostwriter may be asked to sign a <a href="/wiki/Nondisclosure_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondisclosure contract">nondisclosure contract</a> that legally forbids any mention of the writer's role in a project. Some have made the distinction between "author" and "writer", as ghostwriter Kevin Anderson explains in a <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> interview: "A ghostwriter is an interpreter and a translator, not an author, which is why our clients deserve full credit for authoring their books."<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nonfiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghostwriters are widely used by celebrities and public figures who wish to publish their autobiographies or memoirs. The degree of involvement of the ghostwriter in nonfiction writing projects ranges from minor to substantial. In some cases, a ghostwriter may be called in just to clean up, edit, and polish a rough draft of an autobiography or a "how-to" book. In other cases, the ghostwriter will write an entire book or article based on information, stories, notes, an <a href="/wiki/Outline_(list)" title="Outline (list)">outline</a>, or interview sessions with the celebrity or public figure. The credited author also indicates to the ghostwriter what type of style, tone, or "voice" they want in the book. </p><p>In some cases, such as with some "how-to" books, diet guides, or cookbooks, a book will be entirely written by a ghostwriter, and the celebrity (e.g., a well-known musician or sports star) will be credited as author. Publishing companies use this strategy to increase the marketability of a book by associating it with a celebrity or well-known figure. In several countries before elections, candidates commission ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure. One of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s books (<i><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a></i>) is almost entirely credited to ghostwriters.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump: The Art of the Deal">Trump: The Art of the Deal</a></i> was produced by a ghostwriter.<sup id="cite_ref-trump_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trump-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of Hillary Clinton's books were produced by ghostwriters.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>'s autobiography (<i><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></i>) was also produced by a ghostwriter.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandela_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandela-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A consultant or career-switcher may pay to have a book ghostwritten on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance their credibility as an "expert" in their field. For example, a successful salesperson hoping to become a motivational speaker on selling may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on sales techniques. Often this type of book is published by a <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-publishing press">self-publishing press</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">vanity press</a>"), which means that the author is paying to have the book published. This type of book is typically given away to prospective clients as a promotional tool, rather than being sold in bookstores. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghostwriters are employed by fiction publishers for several reasons. In some cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year by a well-known, highly marketable author. Ghostwriters mostly pen fictional works for well-known "name" authors in genres such as detective fiction, mysteries, and teen fiction. </p><p>Additionally, publishers use ghostwriters to write new books for established series where the "author" is a pseudonym. For example, the purported authors of the <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Drew" title="Nancy Drew">Nancy Drew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardy_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy Boys">Hardy Boys</a> mysteries, "<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Keene" title="Carolyn Keene">Carolyn Keene</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Franklin_W._Dixon" title="Franklin W. Dixon">Franklin W. Dixon</a>", respectively, are actually pseudonyms for a series of ghostwriters who write books in the same style using a template of basic information about the book's characters and their fictional universe (names, dates, speech patterns), and about the tone and style that are expected in the book (for more information, see <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen names</a>). In addition, ghostwriters are often given copies of several of the previous books in the series to help them match the style. </p><p>The estate of gothic novelist <a href="/wiki/V._C._Andrews" title="V. C. Andrews">V. C. Andrews</a> hired ghostwriter <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neiderman" title="Andrew Neiderman">Andrew Neiderman</a> to continue writing novels after her death, under her name and in a similar style to her original works. Many of action writer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>'s books from the 2000s bear the names of two people on their covers, with Clancy's name in larger print and the other author's name in smaller print. Various books bearing Clancy's name were written by different authors under the same pseudonym. The first two books in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell" title="Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell">Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell</a></i> franchise were written by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Benson" title="Raymond Benson">Raymond Benson</a> under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/David_Michaels_(author)" title="David Michaels (author)">David Michaels</a>. </p><p>Sometimes famous authors will ghostwrite for other celebrities, such as when <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> ghostwrote "Imprisoned with the Pharaohs" (also known as "Under the Pyramids") for <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of papal <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a> have been written by ghostwriters. <i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi">Pascendi</a></i>, for instance, was written by Joseph Lemius (1860–1923), the procurator in Rome of the <a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1938, <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> summoned American <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/John_LaFarge_Jr." title="John LaFarge Jr.">John La Farge</a>, who began to prepare a draft of <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis_unitas" title="Humani generis unitas">Humani generis unitas</a></i>, which LaFarge and two other Jesuits—Gustav Gundlach and Gustave Desbuquois<sup id="cite_ref-bailey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—on in Paris; the draft was approximately 100 pages long.<sup id="cite_ref-chronicle_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronicle-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Jesuit translated the draft encyclical into Latin, presenting it to <a href="/wiki/Wlodimir_Led%C3%B3chowski" title="Wlodimir Ledóchowski">Wlodimir Ledóchowski</a>, then the General of the Society of Jesus who had chosen Gundlach and Desbuquois for the project.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The draft encyclical was delivered to the Vatican in September 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Tromp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Tromp">Sebastian Tromp</a>, a Dutch Jesuit, a <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomist</a> theologian and close to <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, is considered to be the main ghostwriter of <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis">Mystici corporis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michel-Louis_Gu%C3%A9rard_des_Lauriers" title="Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers">Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers</a>, one of the Vatican's leading theologians of that time, was responsible for the critical study of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">New Mass of Pope Paul VI</a>, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Ottaviani_Intervention" title="Ottaviani Intervention">Ottaviani Intervention</a>, after the supposed attribution to Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bacci" title="Antonio Bacci">Antonio Bacci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican later answered these accusations and Cardinal Ottaviani later regretted that his name was misused to berate the pope, of which, his questions about the Pauline Mass were already clarified.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Research_paper_mill" title="Research paper mill">Research paper mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_authorship#Ghost" title="Academic authorship">Academic authorship § Ghost</a></div> <p>Ghostwriting is considered to be academic dishonesty and can lead to repercussions if detected by universities,<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is not illegal in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are ghostwriting companies<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that sell entrance essays, term papers, theses and dissertations to students. Such services are commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Essay_mill" title="Essay mill">essay mills</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although academic ghostwriting involves the sale of academic texts that are written on demand, it differs from <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> in that it does not involve an undisclosed appropriation of existing texts. As opposed to cases of plagiarism that stem from a <a href="/wiki/Copy-and-paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy-and-paste">copy-and-paste</a> reuse of previous work, essays and assignments that are obtained through ghostwriting services as a rule have the originality of their text confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiarism detection">plagiarism detection</a> software packages or online services that are widely used by universities.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Universities have developed strategies to combat such academic services, which can be associated with <a href="/wiki/Academic_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic fraud">academic fraud</a>, that are offered to students and researchers. Some universities allow professors to give students <a href="/wiki/Oral_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral examination">oral examinations</a> on papers which a professor believes to be ghostwritten. If the student is unfamiliar with the content of an essay that he or she has submitted, then the student can be charged with academic fraud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_ghostwriter" title="Medical ghostwriter">Medical ghostwriter</a></div> <p>With medical ghostwriting, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical</a> companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then pay other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these papers before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Medical ghostwriting has been criticized by a variety of professional organizations<sup id="cite_ref-wame_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wame-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing the drug industry, publishers, and medical societies, and it may violate American laws prohibiting off-label promotion by drug manufacturers as well as anti-kickback provisions within the statutes governing Medicare.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, it has attracted scrutiny from the lay press<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from lawmakers,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well. <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">It is permitted at some institutions,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What does "permitted" mean? Are they looking the other way, explicitly allowing it. Which institutions? Are they still "permitting" this? (July 2020)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Washington School of Medicine">University of Washington School of Medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2020)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while it is prohibited and considered a particularly pernicious form of plagiarism at others, such as <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Tufts University School of Medicine">Tufts University School of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medical_writing" title="Medical writing">Professional medical writers</a> can write papers without being listed as authors of the paper and without being considered ghostwriters, provided their role is acknowledged. The <a href="/wiki/European_Medical_Writers_Association" title="European Medical Writers Association">European Medical Writers Association</a> have published guidelines which aim to ensure professional medical writers carry out this role in an ethical and responsible manner.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of properly acknowledged medical writers is accepted as legitimate by organisations such as the World Association of Medical Editors<sup id="cite_ref-wame_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wame-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, professional medical writers' expertise in presenting scientific data may be of benefit in producing better quality papers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Website">Website</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Website"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some websites, including <a href="/wiki/Blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogs">blogs</a>, are ghostwritten, because not all authors have the information technology skills or the time to dedicate to running a website. Nonetheless, the style, tone and content is modeled on that of the credited author. Many website ghostwriters are freelance but some are freelancers who work under contract, as with radio presenters and television presenters. Occasionally <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym#Literary_pen_names" title="Pseudonym">a "house pseudonym", or collective name</a> is used by the author of the website. </p><p>Some celebrities, executives, or public figures set up blog websites—sometimes as a marketing, public relations, or lobbying tool. However, since these individuals are typically too busy to write their blog posts, they hire discreet ghostwriters to post to the blog under the celebrity or executive's name. As with nonfiction ghostwriting, the blog ghostwriter models their writing style, content and tone on that of the credited author. This goes for social media as well. Many public figures have ghostwriters at least partially handle their Facebook and Twitter accounts, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_World_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC_World-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music_and_film_scores">Classical music and film scores</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classical music and film scores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg/170px-Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg/255px-Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg/340px-Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Classical era composer <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons who wished to give the impression that they were gifted composers.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. In the film industry, a music ghostwriter is a "person who composes music for another composer but is not credited on the cue sheet or in the final product in any way." The practice is considered one of the "dirty little secrets of the film and television music business" that is considered unethical,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has been common since the early stages of the film industry. In the early years of film, <a href="/wiki/David_Raksin" title="David Raksin">David Raksin</a> worked as music ghostwriter and <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestrator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>; even though Chaplin was credited as the score writer, he was considered to be a "hummer" (pejorative film industry slang for a person who purports to be a film score composer but who in fact only gives a general idea of the melodies to a ghostwriter). </p><p>The practice is also common in television, as composers listed on cue sheets are entitled to music royalties every time an episode or theme score appears on television. A 1998 investigation by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> revealed that it was especially prevalent among animation companies such as <a href="/wiki/Saban_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Saban Entertainment">Saban Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/DiC_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="DiC Entertainment">DiC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby-Spears_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby-Spears Productions">Ruby-Spears Productions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a>, which often listed company executives as musicians for the purpose of royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1990s, several composers threatened a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Saban Entertainment president <a href="/wiki/Haim_Saban" title="Haim Saban">Haim Saban</a>, for allegedly taking ownership and credit for their musical compositions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musical ghostwriting also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. When a record company wants to market an inexperienced young singer as a singer-songwriter, or help a veteran bandleader coping with <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a> (or a lack of motivation to finish the next album), an experienced songwriter may be discreetly brought in to help.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, a ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician, with little or no input from the credited musician. A ghostwriter providing this type of service may be thanked, without reference to the service provided, in the album credits, or they may be a true 'ghost', with no acknowledgement in the album. </p><p>Legal disputes have arisen when musical ghostwriters have tried to claim royalties when an allegedly ghostwritten song becomes a money-making hit. In 1987, Darryl Neudorf was asked to work on a project for <a href="/wiki/Nettwerk_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettwerk Productions">Nettwerk Productions</a> involving newly signed artist <a href="/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan" title="Sarah McLachlan">Sarah McLachlan</a>. This recording, the album <i><a href="/wiki/Touch_(Sarah_McLachlan_album)" title="Touch (Sarah McLachlan album)">Touch</a></i>, resulted in garnering the interest of <a href="/wiki/Arista_Records" title="Arista Records">Arista Records</a>. She signed a multi-album contract with them and two of the songs that Neudorf worked on with her became commercial hits in Canada. In 1991, Neudorf was invited to work with McLachlan again on her second album, <i><a href="/wiki/Solace_(Sarah_McLachlan_album)" title="Solace (Sarah McLachlan album)">Solace</a></i>. In 1993, he filed a lawsuit against McLachlan and her label, alleging that he had made a significant and uncredited contribution to the songwriting on <i>Touch</i>, and alleging that he was not paid properly for work done on <i>Solace</i>. The judge in the suit eventually ruled in McLachlan's favour on the songs; stating that although Neudorf may have contributed to the songwriting, neither regarded each other as joint authors. The judge ruled in Neudorf's favour on the payment issue. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_D._Slakthuset_i_Malm%C3%B6_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chuck_D._Slakthuset_i_Malm%C3%B6_1991.jpg/170px-Chuck_D._Slakthuset_i_Malm%C3%B6_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chuck_D._Slakthuset_i_Malm%C3%B6_1991.jpg/255px-Chuck_D._Slakthuset_i_Malm%C3%B6_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chuck_D._Slakthuset_i_Malm%C3%B6_1991.jpg/340px-Chuck_D._Slakthuset_i_Malm%C3%B6_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D">Chuck D</a> of <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">Public Enemy</a> has offered a more positive view of ghostwriting in hip hop.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip hop stars has led to controversy. Critics view the increasing use of hip hop ghostwriters as the "perversion of hip-hop by commerce." This is because of the limiting definition of "rapping" as "expressing yourself through your own words, not someone else's."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D">Chuck D</a> of <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">Public Enemy</a> thinks this point of view is mistaken because "not everyone is equipped to be a lyricist and not everyone is equipped to be a vocalist."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points out that creating a rap song may require multiple talents. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ocean" title="Frank Ocean">Frank Ocean</a> started his career as a ghostwriter for artists such as <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Legend" title="John Legend">John Legend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Norwood" title="Brandy Norwood">Brandy</a>. </p><p>Currently in hip-hop, the credit given to ghostwriters varies: "silent pens might sign confidentiality clauses, appear obliquely in the liner notes, or discuss their participation freely." In some cases, liner notes credit individuals for "vocal arrangement", which may be a euphemism for ghostwriting. In the early 2010s, hip-hop ghostwriting services like <a href="/wiki/Rap_Rebirth" title="Rap Rebirth">Rap Rebirth</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appeared online, which provide recording artists who wish to purchase ghostwritten rhymes a greater degree of anonymity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghost authorship also applies to the visual arts, most commonly paintings. The extent of the master artist's contribution varies widely, as little as composition adjustments and corrective brush strokes, or as much as entire works. A common practice is the use of art instruction class milieu in which the master artist makes significant contributions to the work of the student who then signs that work as his or her own. Services addressing complete works have historically been highly confidential. Less prevalent are advertised commercial services which may use the term "vanity artwork" as suggestive of "vanity publishing". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_blacklisting_countermeasure">As blacklisting countermeasure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As blacklisting countermeasure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countries where freedom of speech is not upheld and authors that have somehow displeased the ruling regime are "blacklisted" (i.e. forbidden from having their works published), the blacklisted authors or composers may ghostwrite material for other authors or composers who are in the good graces of the regime. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Foreman" title="Carl Foreman">Carl Foreman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(writer)" title="Michael Wilson (writer)">Michael Wilson</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge on the River Kwai">Bridge on the River Kwai</a></i> (credited to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulle" title="Pierre Boulle">Pierre Boulle</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge over the River Kwai">the novel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Trumbo" title="Dalton Trumbo">Dalton Trumbo</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Holiday" title="Roman Holiday">Roman Holiday</a></i> (credited to <a href="/wiki/Ian_McLellan_Hunter" title="Ian McLellan Hunter">Ian McLellan Hunter</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Movies and novels about ghostwriters include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>'s 1979 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer" title="The Ghost Writer">The Ghost Writer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Buarque" title="Chico Buarque">Chico Buarque</a>'s 2003 novel <i>Budapeste</i><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the tribulations of José Costa, its protagonist, between Rio de Janeiro and Budapest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Erdal" title="Jennie Erdal">Jennie Erdal</a>'s 2004 memoirs <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghosting:_a_Memoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghosting: a Memoir (page does not exist)">Ghosting: a Memoir</a></i> about working as ghostwriter of <a href="/wiki/Naim_Attallah" title="Naim Attallah">Naim Attallah</a> for 20 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lelouch" title="Claude Lelouch">Claude Lelouch</a>'s 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_gare" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman de gare">Roman de gare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>'s 2007 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_(novel)" title="The Ghost (novel)">The Ghost</a></i> and its 2010 film adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer_(film)" title="The Ghost Writer (film)">The Ghost Writer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cumming" title="Alan Cumming">Alan Cumming</a>'s 2007 horror film <i>Ghost Writer</i>, formerly <i><a href="/wiki/Suffering_Man%27s_Charity" title="Suffering Man's Charity">Suffering Man's Charity</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Reitman" title="Jason Reitman">Jason Reitman</a>'s 2011 comedy-drama film <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Adult_(film)" title="Young Adult (film)">Young Adult</a></i></li> <li>The plot of the first season of the animated comedy-drama <i><a href="/wiki/BoJack_Horseman" title="BoJack Horseman">BoJack Horseman</a></i> involves the title character <a href="/wiki/BoJack_Horseman_(character)" title="BoJack Horseman (character)">BoJack</a> dictating his memoirs to <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Diane Nguyen">Diane Nguyen</a>, a ghostwriter assigned by his publisher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell</a>'s first novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ghostwritten_(novel)" title="Ghostwritten (novel)">Ghostwritten</a></i> (1999) plays on the notion of characters ghostwriting their own lives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>'s 2009 novel <i><a href="/wiki/1Q84" title="1Q84">1Q84</a></i>, in which one of the main plot lines revolves around a ghostwriter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Animation" title="Kyoto Animation">Kyoto Animation</a>'s 2018 anime television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Violet_Evergarden" title="Violet Evergarden">Violet Evergarden</a></i>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a> of the same name, written by Kana Akatsuki.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Unger" title="Andrew Unger">Andrew Unger</a>'s 2020 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Removed_(novel)" title="Once Removed (novel)">Once Removed</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ghostwriter" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book-packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Book-packaging">Book-packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_farm" title="Content farm">Content farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack_writer" title="Hack writer">Hack writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_doctor" title="Script doctor">Script doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">Speechwriter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghostwriter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goodreads.com&rft.atitle=Imprisoned+with+the+Pharaohs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F17040283-imprisoned-with-the-pharaohs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jhiblog.org/2017/07/24/mystery-attracts-mystery-the-forgotten-partnership-of-h-p-lovecraft-and-harry-houdini/">"Mystery Attracts Mystery: The Forgotten Partnership of H. P. Lovecraft and Harry Houdini -"</a>. <i>jhiblog.org</i>. July 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jhiblog.org&rft.atitle=Mystery+Attracts+Mystery%3A+The+Forgotten+Partnership+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft+and+Harry+Houdini+-&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjhiblog.org%2F2017%2F07%2F24%2Fmystery-attracts-mystery-the-forgotten-partnership-of-h-p-lovecraft-and-harry-houdini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJodock2000" class="citation book cs1">Jodock, Darrell (June 22, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=015XHt7sAm0C&pg=PA27"><i>Catholicism Contending with Modernity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521770712" title="Special:BookSources/9780521770712"><bdi>9780521770712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+Contending+with+Modernity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-06-22&rft.isbn=9780521770712&rft.aulast=Jodock&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D015XHt7sAm0C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bailey-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bailey_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard G. Bailey (August 2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8969487">The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI</a>." <i>Canadian Journal of History</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronicle-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chronicle_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/112.html">"1937: Quiet before the Storm"</a>, <i>The Holocaust Chronicle</i>, 2002, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra von Teuffenbach <i>Konzilstagebuch Sebastian Tromp SJ mit Erläuterungen and Akten aus der Arbeit der Theologischen Kommission</i>, 2006, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7839-057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7839-057-7">978-88-7839-057-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLikoudis2006" class="citation book cs1">Likoudis, James (2006). <i>The Pope, the Council, and the Mass: Answers to Questions the "Traditionalists" Have Asked</i>. Emmaus Road Publishing. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931018340" title="Special:BookSources/9781931018340"><bdi>9781931018340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope%2C+the+Council%2C+and+the+Mass%3A+Answers+to+Questions+the+%22Traditionalists%22+Have+Asked&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Emmaus+Road+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781931018340&rft.aulast=Likoudis&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Je regrette seulement que l'on ait abusé de mon nom dans un sens que je ne désirais pas, par la publication d'une lettre que j'avais adressée au Saint-Père sans autoriser personne à la publier" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clerus.org/clerus/dati/2000-12/07-999999/Ch1.pdf">Christophe Geffroy and Philippe Maxence, Enquête sur la messe traditionnelle (with preface by Cardinal Alfons Maria Stickler</a>) p. 22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurney-Read2015" class="citation news cs1">Gurney-Read, Josie (April 13, 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11532848/1700-for-a-dissertation-but-whats-the-real-cost-of-plagiarism.html">"£1,700 For A Dissertation, But What's The Real Cost Of Plagiarism?"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11532848/1700-for-a-dissertation-but-whats-the-real-cost-of-plagiarism.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%C2%A31%2C700+For+A+Dissertation%2C+But+What%27s+The+Real+Cost+Of+Plagiarism%3F&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.aulast=Gurney-Read&rft.aufirst=Josie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Feducationnews%2F11532848%2F1700-for-a-dissertation-but-whats-the-real-cost-of-plagiarism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/09/unemployed-professor-texas-tech_n_1412585.html">"Unemployed For Years, Professor Turns To Ghostwriting For Students"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. April 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Unemployed+For+Years%2C+Professor+Turns+To+Ghostwriting+For+Students&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F04%2F09%2Funemployed-professor-texas-tech_n_1412585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/2014/apr/03/academic-proofreading-write-essays-universities-students-ethics">"Academic ghostwriting: to what extent is it haunting higher education?"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 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November 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Shadow+Scholar&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2Farticle-content%2F125329%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Cheating-Goes-Global-as-Essay/32817/">"Cheating Goes Global as Essay Mills Multiply"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. 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"At medical journals, paid writers play big role". <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=At+medical+journals%2C+paid+writers+play+big+role&rft.date=2005-12-13&rft.au=Mathews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Health_Committee2005" class="citation book cs1">House of Commons Health Committee (2005). <i>The influence of the pharmaceutical industry</i>. London: The Stationery Office Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+influence+of+the+pharmaceutical+industry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.au=House+of+Commons+Health+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseley2002" class="citation news cs1">Boseley, Sarah (February 7, 2002). "Scandal of scientists who take money for papers ghostwritten by drug companies". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scandal+of+scientists+who+take+money+for+papers+ghostwritten+by+drug+companies&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft.aulast=Boseley&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiombetti1992" class="citation journal cs1">Giombetti (1992). "UW's Friendly Corporate Ghostwriter". <i>Eat the State</i>. <b>6</b> (19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eat+the+State&rft.atitle=UW%27s+Friendly+Corporate+Ghostwriter&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=19&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Giombetti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrimsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Krimsky, Sheldon (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceinprivate0000krim"><i>Science in the Private Interest</i></a></span>. Lanham: Rowman-Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1479-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1479-X"><bdi>0-7425-1479-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Private+Interest&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman-Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7425-1479-X&rft.aulast=Krimsky&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceinprivate0000krim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsWager2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, A.; Wager, E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1185%2F030079905x25578">"European Medical Writers Association (EMWA) guidelines on the role of medical writers in developing peer-reviewed publications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Medical_Research_and_Opinion" title="Current Medical Research and Opinion">Curr Med Res Opin</a></i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1185%2F030079905x25578">10.1185/030079905x25578</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15802003">15802003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Med+Res+Opin&rft.atitle=European+Medical+Writers+Association+%28EMWA%29+guidelines+on+the+role+of+medical+writers+in+developing+peer-reviewed+publications&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1185%2F030079905x25578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15802003&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Wager%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1185%252F030079905x25578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222214144/http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/article-submission/article-requirements">"Resources for authors"</a>. <i>bmj.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/article-submission/article-requirements">the original</a> on February 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bmj.com&rft.atitle=Resources+for+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.bmj.com%2Fbmj%2Fauthors%2Farticle-submission%2Farticle-requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultzBlalock2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schultz, H. Y.; Blalock, E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.jid.5700794">"Transparency Is the Key to the Relationship between Biomedical Journals and Medical Writers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Investigative_Dermatology" title="Journal of Investigative Dermatology">Journal of Investigative Dermatology</a></i>. <b>127</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">735–</span>737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.jid.5700794">10.1038/sj.jid.5700794</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363950">17363950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Investigative+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Transparency+Is+the+Key+to+the+Relationship+between+Biomedical+Journals+and+Medical+Writers&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E735-%3C%2Fspan%3E737&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.jid.5700794&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17363950&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=H.+Y.&rft.au=Blalock%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.jid.5700794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC_World-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PC_World_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_Dashevsky2013" class="citation web cs1">Evan Dashevsky (December 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020726/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2048479/whos-actually-writing-your-favorite-celebritys-tweets-.html">"Who's actually writing your favorite celebrity's tweets?"</a>. <i>PC World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/2048479/whos-actually-writing-your-favorite-celebritys-tweets-.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Who%27s+actually+writing+your+favorite+celebrity%27s+tweets%3F&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.au=Evan+Dashevsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F2048479%2Fwhos-actually-writing-your-favorite-celebritys-tweets-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmmusicmag.com/kb/glossary.php">"Film & TV Music Knowledgebase :: Glossary of Film and TV Music Terms"</a>. <i>filmmusicmag.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=filmmusicmag.com&rft.atitle=Film+%26+TV+Music+Knowledgebase+%3A%3A+Glossary+of+Film+and+TV+Music+Terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmmusicmag.com%2Fkb%2Fglossary.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Composers say they're paupers in royalty game" – <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobehmed" class="citation web cs1">Robehmed, Natalie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/09/22/phantom-rappers-inside-the-business-of-ghostwriting/">"Phantom Rappers: Inside The Business Of Ghostwriting"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Phantom+Rappers%3A+Inside+The+Business+Of+Ghostwriting&rft.aulast=Robehmed&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fnatalierobehmed%2F2015%2F09%2F22%2Fphantom-rappers-inside-the-business-of-ghostwriting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gelfmagazine.com/archives/hiphops_ghostwriters.php">"Gelf Magazine Hip-Hop's Ghostwriters"</a>. <i>gelfmagazine.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gelfmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Gelf+Magazine+Hip-Hop%27s+Ghostwriters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gelfmagazine.com%2Farchives%2Fhiphops_ghostwriters.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2009" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Adam (February 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkGXXDZsFHcC&q=book+of+rhymes+the+poetics+of+hip+hop+ghostwriter&pg=PA151"><i>Books of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465003471" title="Special:BookSources/9780465003471"><bdi>9780465003471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+of+Rhymes%3A+The+Poetics+of+Hip+Hop&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft.isbn=9780465003471&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkGXXDZsFHcC%26q%3Dbook%2Bof%2Brhymes%2Bthe%2Bpoetics%2Bof%2Bhip%2Bhop%2Bghostwriter%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/03/137559845/no-flow-rap-rebirth-can-help">"Stamberg Raps! And Other Tales From A Hip-Hop Ghostwriter"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. July 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Stamberg+Raps%21+And+Other+Tales+From+A+Hip-Hop+Ghostwriter&rft.date=2011-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F07%2F03%2F137559845%2Fno-flow-rap-rebirth-can-help&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discussed in Vladimir Hedrih, <i>Adapting Psychological Tests and Measurement Instruments for Cross-Cultural Research: An Introduction</i> (London: Routledge, 2019), 36–37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429559808" title="Special:BookSources/9780429559808">9780429559808</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also discussed is Trumbo's screenplay for <i>Spartacus</i>, in Larry Ceplair and Christopher Trumbo, <i>Dalton Trumbo: Blacklisted Hollywood Radical</i> (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014), 39 and 367ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813146829" title="Special:BookSources/9780813146829">9780813146829</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/440456.Budapeste">"Budapeste"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Budapeste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F440456.Budapeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhostwriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghostwriters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ghostwriters">Ghostwriters</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623386#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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