CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mobile app development - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"17fb5cbd-6e27-4e61-9017-133a04f65058","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mobile_app_development","wgTitle":"Mobile app development","wgCurRevisionId":1249222234,"wgRevisionId":1249222234,"wgArticleId":4173172,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Mobile software development","Mobile applications"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mobile_app_development","wgRelevantArticleId":4173172,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2988038","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mobile app development - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app_development"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app_development"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mobile_app_development rootpage-Mobile_app_development skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mobile+app+development" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mobile+app+development" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mobile+app+development" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mobile+app+development" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Platform</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Platform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Platform subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Front-end_development_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front-end_development_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Front-end development tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front-end_development_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First-Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>First-Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Second Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Third Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back-end_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back-end_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Back-end servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back-end_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_add-on_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_add-on_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Security add-on layers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_add-on_layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>System software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_app_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_app_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mobile app testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_app_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_Principles_for_Creating_Successful_Mobile_Apps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_Principles_for_Creating_Successful_Mobile_Apps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design Principles for Creating Successful Mobile Apps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_Principles_for_Creating_Successful_Mobile_Apps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile app development</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мобилно програмиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мобилно програмиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDvoj_mobiln%C3%ADch_aplikac%C3%AD" title="Vývoj mobilních aplikací – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vývoj mobilních aplikací" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile-App-Entwicklung" title="Mobile-App-Entwicklung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mobile-App-Entwicklung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="توسعه برنامه موبایل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توسعه برنامه موبایل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_mobile" title="Application mobile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Application mobile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC_%EC%95%B1_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C" title="모바일 앱 개발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모바일 앱 개발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բջջային հավելվածների մշակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջջային հավելվածների մշակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviluppo_di_applicazioni_mobili" title="Sviluppo di applicazioni mobili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sviluppo di applicazioni mobili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Развој на апликација за мобилен телефон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Развој на апликација за мобилен телефон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikacje_mobilne" title="Aplikacje mobilne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aplikacje mobilne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolvimento_de_software_m%C3%B3vel" title="Desenvolvimento de software móvel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desenvolvimento de software móvel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Разработка приложений для мобильных устройств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разработка приложений для мобильных устройств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiiliohjelmisto" title="Mobiiliohjelmisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mobiiliohjelmisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B2" title="Розробка застосунків для мобільних пристроїв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розробка застосунків для мобільних пристроїв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="تشکیل موبائل ایب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تشکیل موبائل ایب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C" title="流動應用程式製作 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="流動應用程式製作" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2988038#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mobile_app_development" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mobile_app_development" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mobile_app_development" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&oldid=1249222234" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mobile_app_development&id=1249222234&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMobile_app_development"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMobile_app_development"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mobile_app_development&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2988038" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process to build apps for various mobile operating systems</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Mobile app development</b> is the act or process by which a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> is <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">developed</a> for one or more <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>, which can include <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> (PDA), <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_digital_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise digital assistant">enterprise digital assistants</a> (EDA), or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such software applications are specifically designed to run on mobile devices, taking numerous hardware constraints into consideration. Common constraints include CPU architecture and speeds, available memory (RAM), limited data storage capacities, and considerable variation in displays (technology, size, dimensions, resolution) and input methods (buttons, keyboards, touch screens with or without styluses).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These applications (or 'apps') can be <a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">pre-installed</a> on phones during manufacturing or delivered as web applications, using server-side or client-side processing (e.g., JavaScript) to provide an "application-like" experience within a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mobile app development sector has experienced significant growth in Europe. A 2017 report from the Progressive Policy Institute estimated there were <b>1.89 million jobs</b> in the <i>app economy</i> across the EU by January 2017, marking a 15% increase from the previous year. These jobs include roles such as mobile app developers and other positions supporting the app economy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>In order to facilitate the development of applications for mobile devices, and the consistency thereof, various approaches have been taken. </p><p>Most companies that ship a product (e.g. Apple, iPod/iPhone/iPad) provide an official software development kit (SDK). They may also opt to provide some form of Testing and/or Quality Assurance (QA). In exchange for being provided the SDK or other tools, it may be necessary for a prospective developer to sign some form of non-disclosure agreement, or NDA, which restricts the sharing of privileged information. </p><p>As part of the development process, mobile <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> (UI) design is an essential step in the creation of mobile apps. Mobile UI designers consider constraints, contexts, screen space, input methods, and mobility as outlines for design. Constraints in mobile UI design, which include the limited attention span of the user and form factors such as a mobile device's screen size for a user's hand(s). Mobile UI context includes signal cues from user activity, such as the location where or the time when the device is in use, that can be observed from user interactions within a mobile app. Such context clues can be used to provide automatic suggestions when scheduling an appointment or activity or to filter a list of various services for the user. </p><p>The user is often the focus of interaction with their device, and the interface entails components of both hardware and software. User input allows for the users to manipulate a system, and the device's output allows the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation. </p><p>Overall, mobile UI design's goal is mainly for an understandable, user-friendly interface. Functionality is supported by <a href="/wiki/Mobile_enterprise_application_platform" title="Mobile enterprise application platform">mobile enterprise application platforms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a> (IDEs). </p><p>Developers of mobile applications must also consider a large array of devices with different screen sizes, hardware specifications, and configurations because of intense competition in mobile hardware and changes within each of the platforms. </p><p>Today, mobile apps are usually distributed via an official online outlet or marketplace (e.g. Apple - The App Store, Google - Google Play) and there is a formalized process by which developers submit their apps for approval and inclusion in those marketplaces. Historically, however, that was not always the case. </p><p>Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise systems. The mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization, working off-line, and service orchestration. This functionality is supported by a mix of <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> components, including mobile app servers, mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), and <a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">service-oriented architecture</a> (SOA) infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platform">Platform</h2></div> <p>The software development packages needed to develop, deploy, and manage <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a> are made from many components and tools which allow a developer to write, test, and deploy applications for one or more target platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front-end_development_tools">Front-end development tools</h3></div> <p>Front-end development tools are focused on the user interface and user experience (UI-UX) and provide the following abilities: </p> <ul><li>UI design tools</li> <li>SDKs to access device features</li> <li>Cross-platform accommodations/support</li></ul> <p>Notable tools are listed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-Party">First-Party</h4></div> <p>First party tools include official <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">SDKs</a> published by, or on behalf of, the company responsible for the design of a particular hardware platform (e.g. Apple, Google, etc) as well as any third-party software that is officially supported for the purpose of developing mobile apps for that hardware. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Debuggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Debuggers">Debuggers</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_emulators" title="List of emulators">Emulator</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a> available </th> <th>Cross-platform deployment </th> <th>Installer packaging options </th> <th>Development tool cost </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> but portions of code can be in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <p><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> </p> </td> <td>Debugger integrated in Eclipse, standalone debugging monitor available </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a>, Project Kenai Android plugin for NetBeans </td> <td>Android only, because of Dalvik VM, March 2009 </td> <td>apk </td> <td>Free, <a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a> Community Edition - Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td>Debugger integrated in IDE </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>, BlackBerry JDE </td> <td>BlackBerry only, because of RIM API </td> <td>alx, cod </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IOS_SDK" title="IOS SDK">iOS SDK</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> </td> <td>Debugger integrated in Xcode IDE </td> <td>Bundled with iPhone SDK, integrated with Xcode IDE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a>, <a href="/wiki/AppCode" class="mw-redirect" title="AppCode">AppCode</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> </td> <td>Only via <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store</a>, needs review and approval by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> </td> <td>Apple tools are free for an <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Mac</a>. Simulator testing is free, but installing on a device needs a fee for a developer signing key. AppCode - commercial licenses available. <p>Since 2015, Apple allows installing the app in your own device without a developer paid membership.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IOS_SDK" title="IOS SDK">iOS SDK</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> </td> <td>Debugger integrated in Xcode IDE </td> <td>Included in Delphi XE2 professional or higher </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Embarcadero Delphi XE2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> </td> <td>Only via <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store</a>, needs review and approval by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> </td> <td>Development requires <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Mac</a> besides the IDE on Windows. Design is on Windows, Compiling and deploying must be done on Mac. Simulator testing is free, but installing on a device needs a fee for a developer signing key </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Party">Second Party</h4></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Debuggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Debuggers">Debuggers</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_emulators" title="List of emulators">Emulator</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a> available </th> <th>Cross-platform deployment </th> <th>Installer packaging options </th> <th>Development tool cost </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Java_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Java ME">Java ME</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Free emulator, Sun Java Wireless Toolkit, <a href="/wiki/Mpowerplayer" title="Mpowerplayer">mpowerplayer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>, LMA <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a> Mobility Pack </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes although many VM implementations have device specific bugs necessitating separate builds </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JAD_(file_format)" title="JAD (file format)">Jad</a>/<a href="/wiki/JAR_(file_format)" title="JAR (file format)">Jar</a> packaging; PRC files under Palm OS </td> <td>Free </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Party">Third Party</h4></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Debuggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Debuggers">Debuggers</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_emulators" title="List of emulators">Emulator</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a> available </th> <th>Cross-platform deployment </th> <th>Installer packaging options </th> <th>Development tool cost </th></tr> <tr> <th>Accelerator </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a><br />(no lock-in) </td> <td>All platforms, mobile apps are browser-based </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Web">Mobile Web</a> </td> <td>Commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Altova" title="Altova">MobileTogether</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a>/<a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a>, Action Trees visual programming language </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Proprietary IDE on Windows only </td> <td>Android, iOS, Windows, browser </td> <td>The native distribution for each format </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/App_Inventor_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="App Inventor for Android">App Inventor for Android</a> </th> <td>Visual blocks-based programming language, with Interface designer </td> <td>Limited debugging tools built into <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Web-based interface designer, with connection to Java web-start program for blocks programming </td> <td>Android devices </td> <td>apk </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Appcelerator" title="Appcelerator">Appcelerator</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, in Titanium Studio. </td> <td>Emulator is available using native emulators </td> <td>Titanium Studio based on Eclipse </td> <td>Android, iPhone; BlackBerry, Tizen, mobile web </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free, open-sourced Apache 2.0 licensed, commercial and enterprise licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Basic4android" title="Basic4android">Basic4android</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> similar syntax </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Emulator is available using native emulators </td> <td>Proprietary IDE </td> <td>Android </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Codename_One" title="Codename One">Codename One</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Eclipse, Netbeans </td> <td>Android, iPhone, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, J2ME </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Open Source GPLv2 and subscription-based build server </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Solar2D" title="Solar2D">Solar2D</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a> </td> <td>Android, iOS, <a href="/wiki/Nook_Color" title="Nook Color">Nook Color</a> </td> <td>Native deployment for each platform </td> <td>Free using MIT license </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/DragonRAD" title="DragonRAD">DragonRAD</a> </th> <td>Visual drag & drop tiles </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Uses third-party emulators </td> <td>Proprietary IDE </td> <td>Android, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA deployment</a> </td> <td>Free & commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/GeneXus" title="GeneXus">GeneXus</a> for Mobile and Smart Devices </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">declarative programming</a>-modeling for easy development, then code is automatically generated for each platform </td> <td>GeneXus utilizes pre-tested code libraries and user debugging of code not necessary after code generation. </td> <td>Publish in the cloud, test native in the device, no emulator needed </td> <td>Proprietary IDE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> (iPhone, iPad), <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> if needed </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform and also cloud-browser-based </td> <td>Free to try, commercial and enterprise licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IBM_MobileFirst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM MobileFirst">IBM MobileFirst</a> Studio </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS3" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS3">CSS3</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, and native SDK languages w/ Native Worklight API </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, Mobile Browser Simulator or integration with Native SDK Debugger </td> <td>Emulator is available using native emulators or Browser Simulator w/ Cordova Plugin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> plugin, Eclipse-based stand-alone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> 6,7, & 10, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> 7.5 & 8, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> (desktop, tablets), <a href="/wiki/Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">Adobe AIR</a>, Mobile Web App, desktop browser web page </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Developer edition free via Eclipse Marketplace, commercial license for deployment </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, can debug in IDE via ActiveSync for Windows CE </td> <td>Uses the emulators of the platforms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus IDE</a>, including integrated GUI designer and debugger </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">Compiled language</a> available for <a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a>, Linux-based devices, <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> port in development </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LambdaNative" title="LambdaNative">LambdaNative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No but can build and test on the localhost </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse (software)</a> (optional) </td> <td>All native binaries: <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a> </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free (<a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD license</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LiveCode" title="LiveCode">LiveCode</a> </th> <td>LiveCode </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (integrated into IDE) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (iOS and Android emulators may be used) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>iOS, Android, macOS, Windows, Linux, server, HTML5. Installer packaging </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>free open-source edition, commercial and enterprise editions available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Macromedia_Flash_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Macromedia Flash Lite">Macromedia Flash Lite</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Bundled with IDE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Macromedia Flash</a> MX2004/8, Eclipse </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>SIS-CAB deployment or <a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a>-IR-Bluetooth SWF files </td> <td>Varies, free but limited with <a href="/wiki/MTASC" title="MTASC">MTASC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Marmalade_(SDK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmalade (SDK)">Marmalade</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a> </td> <td>All native: Android, BlackBerry, BREW, iOS (iPhone), Maemo, Palm-webOS, Samsung bada, Symbian, Windows Mobile 6.x and desktop, OS X </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Meme_IDE" title="Meme IDE">Meme IDE</a> </th> <td>MemeScript </td> <td>Validation is provided in the problems view </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, Android emulator can be integrated </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> RCP </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free for development </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Monaca_(software)" title="Monaca (software)">Monaca</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Preview is available on cloud IDE and local tool </td> <td>Cloud-based IDE, Visual Studio, third-party IDE/editors </td> <td>Android, iOS, windows8.1, 10 </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free, up to 3 projects. Commercial and enterprise license available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MonoDroid" class="mw-redirect" title="MonoDroid">Mono for Android</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Visual Studio 2005 and MonoDevelop </td> <td>Android </td> <td>The native distribution format of the platform </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MonoTouch" class="mw-redirect" title="MonoTouch">MonoTouch</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Visual Studio 2005 and MonoDevelop </td> <td>iOS </td> <td>The native distribution format of the platform </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MoSync" title="MoSync">MoSync</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Eclipse, Visual Studio 2005 and later, MoBuild w/ text editors </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone), Java ME, Moblin, Smartphone 2003, Symbian, Windows Mobile (Pocket PC), Blackberry (experimental) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SIS_(file_format)" title="SIS (file format)">SIS</a>, CAB, JAD, JAR, APK, <a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a> deployment </td> <td>Free, GPL 2.0, Free Indie Subscription; commercial subscription available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Java development tools </td> <td>Android (Mobile and Tablet), Nokia (Symbian, Seria 60 – 40 – 80), etc... </td> <td> </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/OpenPlug" title="OpenPlug">OpenPlug</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>OpenPlug ELIPS plugin for <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Builder" title="Adobe Flash Builder">Adobe Flash Builder</a> </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch), Symbian, Windows Mobile </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free & commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/OutSystems" title="OutSystems">OutSystems</a> </th> <td>OutSystems, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Test directly in browser </td> <td>OutSystems Service Studio </td> <td>Android, iOS, Windows Phone 7 </td> <td>NA </td> <td>Free community edition for personal use, or subscription licensing for commercial use </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/PhoneGap" class="mw-redirect" title="PhoneGap">PhoneGap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache_Cordova" title="Apache Cordova">Apache Cordova</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes A lot of functionality can be tested directly in browser. Running native emulators on iOS and Android is also possible. </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes Many IDEs exist for Cordova-based tools like <a href="/wiki/Ionic_(mobile_app_framework)" title="Ionic (mobile app framework)">Ionic Studio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Appery.io" title="Appery.io">Appery.io</a> </td> <td>iPhone, Android, Tizen, Windows Phone, BlackBerry, Symbian, Palm, Bada </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Apache 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> SDK </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/QML" title="QML">QML</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qt_Creator" title="Qt Creator">Qt Creator</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> (technology preview), <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> (technology preview), <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a>, <a href="/wiki/MeeGo_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="MeeGo (operating system)">MeeGo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a> </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free and commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Framework">Rhomobile</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> with <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> interface features compiled through an interpreter into native applications </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>N/A, applications can run in Win32 runner, or in device emulators for supported platforms. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>, on-demand RhoHub version includes full IDE </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, supports Android 1.6+, iOS 3.0+ (iPhone, iPad), Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional, Windows Mobile 6.0 Standard, BlackBerry 4.6, 4.7, 5.0, 6.0 (4.2 and 4.5 supported but database access is very slow on these devices), Symbian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a> deployment, iOS through App store, .SIS, .CAB, .APK, .COD </td> <td>Rhodes is free and open source under the MIT License, RhoSync is under GPL or commercial, Commercial support available. Subscription for RhoHub </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/RubyMotion" title="RubyMotion">RubyMotion</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Any text editor. As an IDE, <a href="/wiki/RubyMine" class="mw-redirect" title="RubyMine">RubyMine</a>. </td> <td>Android, iOS </td> <td>The native distribution format of the platform </td> <td>RubyMotion is a commercial product. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sencha_Touch" title="Sencha Touch">Sencha Touch</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Sencha Architect 2 </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch), Kindle, BlackBerry, Bada </td> <td>Web delivered, or hybrid via native shells for each platform </td> <td>GPLv3, free for commercial, paid for OEM and embedded systems </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Smartface" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartface">Smartface</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> design editor with JavaScript code editor </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Smartface IDE and SDK </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch), Kindle, Gear, Google Glass </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Community license and commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stencyl" title="Stencyl">Stencyl</a> </th> <td>Drag-and-drop editor based on <a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a> </td> <td>iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch) </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free and commercial development licenses </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Telerik" title="Telerik">Telerik</a> Platform, and AppBuilder </th> <td>HTML5, CSS and Javascript </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Test right in browser or device </td> <td>In-browser client, desktop client, Visual Studio, Sublime Text or command-line interface (CLI) </td> <td>Android, iOS, Windows phone </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free to try, commercial and enterprise licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, other <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a>-based languages </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Remote used to simulate device interaction before app is uploaded to the device. </td> <td>Unity Editor, also works with Visual Studios and MonoDevelop. </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad), PC, Mac, desktop browser, Xbox 360, PS3, Wii. BlackBerry Playbook, Nokia Symbian, Roku 2 and others available through company's Union program. </td> <td>Native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free and commercial development licenses. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Verivo" title="Verivo">Verivo</a> AppStudio </th> <td>WYSIWYG, graphical drag and drop, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a>-based languages. Replaced by Appery.io </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Test right in browser or device </td> <td>Proprietary design studio </td> <td>Android, iOS, Blackberry </td> <td>Native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free development licenses; per-CPU deployment licenses </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ViziApps" title="ViziApps">ViziApps</a> </th> <td>WYSIWYG, graphical drag and drop </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Test right in browser or device </td> <td>Online design studio </td> <td>Android, iOS, Windows Phone planned </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free to design, test, demo, update, app; fee to publish </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/V-Play_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Play Engine">V-Play Engine</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Objective_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective C">Objective C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/QML" title="QML">QML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qt_Creator" title="Qt Creator">Qt Creator</a> </td> <td>All Platforms </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free, Indie and Enterprise licenses are available </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wakanda </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript (programming language)">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes Wakanda Studio </td> <td>Android, iOS, Windows 10 (soon) and browser-based apps </td> <td>apk </td> <td>Open Source and Commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a> </th> <td>C# </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Xamarin Studio (Mac only; deprecated), Visual Studio (Windows only), Visual Studio for Mac (Mac only; replaced Xamarin Studio)<sup id="cite_ref-xamarinrebrand_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xamarinrebrand-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zdnetxamarin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetxamarin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows Store apps </td> <td>The native distribution of each platform </td> <td>Free community edition, pro edition included in Microsoft MSDN licensing </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a> </th> <td>Xojo (similar to VB) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Xojo IDE </td> <td>iOS, mobile web apps </td> <td>iOS apps are native iPad </td> <td>Free trial with no time limit; commercial licenses available </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back-end_servers">Back-end servers</h3></div> <p>Back-end tools pick up where the front-end tools leave off, and provide a set of reusable services that are centrally managed and controlled and provide the following abilities: </p> <ul><li>Integration with back-end systems</li> <li>User authentication-authorization</li> <li>Data services</li> <li>Reusable business logic</li></ul> <p>Available tools are listed below. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a> available </th> <th>Cross-platform deployment </th> <th>Deployment options </th> <th>Development tool cost </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Altova" title="Altova">Altova</a> MobileTogether Server </th> <td>Browser-based interface </td> <td>Proprietary IDE </td> <td>Server available for <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. Supports mobile devices running <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> browser-based client </td> <td>On-prem, cloud, or hybrid </td> <td>Development tools are free, commercial license needed for deployment </td></tr> <tr> <th>GO!AppZone by <a href="/wiki/Globo_plc" title="Globo plc">Globo plc</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. Custom integrations connectors/server-side logic: C#, VB.NET </td> <td>Yes, GO!AppZone Studio </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows Phone, 8.x, RT</a> </td> <td>On-prem, cloud or hybrid </td> <td>Development tools are free, commercial license or subscription needed for deployment </td></tr> <tr> <th>IBM MobileFirst Server </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS3" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS3">CSS3</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, and native SDK languages w/ Native Worklight API </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> plugin, Eclipse-based stand-alone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> 6,7, & 10, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> 7.5 & 8, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> (desktop, tablets), <a href="/wiki/Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">Adobe AIR</a>, Mobile Web App, desktop browser web page </td> <td>On-prem </td> <td>Developer edition free via Eclipse Marketplace, commercial license for deployment </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Metismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Metismo">Metismo</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad), Java ME, BREW, BlackBerry, Nintendo DS, Palm/webOS, Sony PSP, Samsung bada, Symbian, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone 7, Windows Desktop, OS X </td> <td>On-prem </td> <td>Commercial licenses available </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wakanda </th> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript (programming language)">JavaScript</a> </td> <td>Use Wakanda Studio </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad), Windows Phone 10 (soon), HTML5 app </td> <td>On-prem or cloud </td> <td>Community and commercial editions </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Verivo" title="Verivo">Verivo</a> Akula </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td>Use any front-end IDE </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad), Windows Phone7 </td> <td>On-prem, cloud, or hybrid </td> <td>Free development licenses; per-CPU deployment licenses. Replaced by Appery.io </td></tr> <tr> <th>WebORB Integration Server </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/VB.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="VB.NET">VB.NET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, ActionScript, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <p><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> </p> </td> <td>Works with Eclipse, Visual Studio, intelliJ IDEA and Amethyst IDE </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad), BlackBerry Playbook, Windows Phone 7 </td> <td>On-prem </td> <td>Free development licenses; free and commercial deployment licenses </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_add-on_layers">Security add-on layers</h3></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Bring_your_own_device" title="Bring your own device">bring your own device</a> (BYOD) becoming the norm within more enterprises, IT departments often need stop-gap, tactical solutions that layer atop existing apps, phones, and platform component. Features include </p> <ul><li>App wrapping for security</li> <li>Data encryption</li> <li>Client actions</li> <li>Reporting and statistics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_software">System software</h3></div> <p>Many system-level components are needed to have a functioning platform for developing mobile apps. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Debuggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Debuggers">Debuggers</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_emulators" title="List of emulators">Emulator</a> available </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a> available </th> <th>Cross-platform deployment </th> <th>Installer packaging options </th> <th>Development tool cost </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">Adobe AIR</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Builder">Flash Builder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Professional">Flash Professional</a>, <a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a> </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch), BlackBerry </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Builder">Flash Builder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Professional">Flash Professional</a>, <a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a> - commercial licenses available Adobe AIR SDK (command line tool) - Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Brew" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualcomm Brew">BREW</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>; the APIs are provided in C with a C++ style interface </td> <td>Debugger support for the native ARM target code. Can use Visual Studio to debug the x86 testing code </td> <td>No Emulator for the target ARM code, has a simulator for the x86 testing code </td> <td>Visual Studio 6.0, Visual Studio 2003 .NET, Visual Studio 2005 </td> <td>Compile for the specific BREW version available on the handset </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a> </td> <td>Related dev fees typically needed for Brew App Certification - VeriSign annual fee for becoming a certified developer. Realview ARM compiler for BREW (the free GNU C/C++ is available, but with limited function and support). TRUE BREW testing fee for distributing the application. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>No, but simulator available. </td> <td>Firefox browser, <a href="/wiki/Firebug_(software)" title="Firebug (software)">Firebug</a> </td> <td>Web browser on other platform </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox Marketplace">Firefox Marketplace</a>, Web URL </td> <td>Development requires <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> and the simulator add-on </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/.NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">VB.NET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic4ppc" title="Basic4ppc">Basic4ppc</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Free emulator, source code available, also bundled with IDE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Visual_Studio_2008" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio 2008</a>, 2005, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Basic4ppc" title="Basic4ppc">Basic4ppc</a> IDE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, Windows CE, Symbian-based devices via third-party tools </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a> deployment, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">CAB</a> files, ActiveSync </td> <td>Most tools free, but commercial editions of Visual Studio needed for visual designers </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/OpenFL" title="OpenFL">OpenFL</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a> (similar to Actionscript and Java) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a>, FlashDevelop </td> <td>Android, iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch), BlackBerry Playbook, WebOS, HTML5, Flash, Windows (exe), Linux </td> <td>The native distribution format of each platform </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>OS 1.0–4.1: free emulator provided by PalmSource (Access); OS 5.0: - 5.4 device-specific simulators provided by Palm (palmOne) </td> <td>Palm OS Development System (Eclipse), <a href="/wiki/CodeWarrior" title="CodeWarrior">CodeWarrior</a>, PocketStudio, HB++, Satellite Forms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> handhelds, or Windows Mobile with StyleTap emulator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PRC_(Palm_OS)" title="PRC (Palm OS)">PRC</a> files, PalmSource Installer (.psi) </td> <td>Free (POSE or GCC for Palm OS), or commercial (CodeWarrior), or various commercial rapid-development frameworks </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </th> <td>Python </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Add-on to Nokia Emulator </td> <td>Several, including plugins for <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">Interpreted language</a> available natively only on <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Series60" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Series60">Nokia Series60</a> (and desktops) though ports exist to other mobile platforms, including Palm OS </td> <td>Sis deployment with py2sis or can use Python Runtime </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Free emulator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Many choices</a> </td> <td>Compile per target </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SIS_(file_format)" title="SIS (file format)">SIS</a> deployment </td> <td>Commercial and free tools available </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a> </th> <td><i>Web-based</i>: <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <i>Native</i>: <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Free emulator </td> <td>Tizen SDK </td> <td>Web-based app to be available on web browser </td> <td>Tizen through App store, Web URL </td> <td>Development needs Windows, OS X, or Ubuntu Desktop </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a> </th> <td><i>Web-based</i>: <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <i>Native</i>: <a href="/wiki/QML" title="QML">QML</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Ubuntu SDK </td> <td>HTML5 app to be available web browser. </td> <td>Ubuntu Touch through App store, Web URL </td> <td>Development requires Ubuntu Desktop 12.04 or higher, Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">webOS</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> through the PDK </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Free emulator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> </td> <td>webOS, Palm only </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a> deployment, webOS through App store, Web URL, Precentral, .ipk </td> <td>Free </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Free emulator (source code available), also bundled with IDE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Visual_Studio_2008" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio 2010</a>, 2008, 2005, eMbedded VC++ (free), Satellite Forms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, Windows CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a> deployment, CAB files, ActiveSync </td> <td>Free command-line tools or eMbedded VC++, or Visual Studio (Standard edition or better) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Free emulator, also bundled with IDE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Studio 2012">Visual Studio 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Studio 2010">Visual Studio 2010</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">OTA</a> deployment, <a href="/wiki/XAP_(file_format)" title="XAP (file format)">XAP</a> files </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Criteria for selecting a development platform usually include the target mobile platforms, existing infrastructure, and development skills. When targeting more than one platform with cross-platform development, it is also important to consider the impact of the tool on the <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a>. Performance is another important criterion, as research on mobile apps indicates a strong correlation between application performance and user satisfaction. Along with performance and other criteria, the availability of the technology and the project's requirements may drive the development between native and cross-platform environments. To aid the choice between native and cross-platform environments, some guidelines and benchmarks have been published. Typically, cross-platform environments are reusable across multiple platforms, leveraging a native container while using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the user interface. In contrast, native environments are targeted at one platform for each of those environments. For example, Android development occurs in the Eclipse IDE using Android Developer Tools (ADT) plugins, Apple iOS development occurs using the Xcode IDE with Objective-C and/or Swift, Windows and BlackBerry each have their own development environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_app_testing">Mobile app testing</h3></div> <p>Mobile applications are first tested within the development environment using emulators and later subjected to <a href="/wiki/Field_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Field testing">field testing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">Emulators</a> provide an inexpensive way to test applications on mobile phones to which developers may not have physical access. The following are examples of tools used for testing applications across the most popular <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Google Android Emulator</b> - an <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> emulator that is patched to run on a Windows PC as a standalone app, without having to download and install the complete and complex <a href="/wiki/Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Android SDK</a>. It can be installed and Android compatible apps can be tested on it.</li> <li><b>The official Android SDK Emulator</b> - a mobile device emulator which mimics all of the hardware and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> features of a typical mobile device (without the calls).</li> <li><b>TestiPhone</b> - a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulator">simulator</a> for quickly testing <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Web applications">web applications</a>. This tool has been tested and works using <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7" title="Internet Explorer 7">Internet Explorer 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox_2" title="Firefox 2">Firefox 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safari_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari 3">Safari 3</a>.</li> <li><b>iPhoney</b> - gives a <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a>-accurate web browsing environment and it is powered by <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>. It can be used while developing <a href="/wiki/Web_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Web sites">web sites</a> for the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>. It is not an iPhone simulator but instead is designed for web developers who want to create 320 by 480 (or 480 by 320) websites for use with iPhones. iPhoney will only run on <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a> 10.4.7 or later.</li> <li><b>BlackBerry Simulator</b> - There are a variety of official BlackBerry simulators available to emulate the functionality of actual BlackBerry products and test how the device software, screen, keyboard and <a href="/wiki/Trackwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Trackwheel">trackwheel</a> will work with the application.</li> <li><b>Windows UI Automation</b> - To test applications that use the Microsoft UI Automation technology, it requires Windows Automation API 3.0. It is pre-installed on Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 and later versions of Windows. On other operating systems, you can install it using Windows Update or download it from the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> Web site.</li> <li><b>MobiOne</b> Developer - a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Web">mobile Web</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) for <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> that helps developers to code, test, debug, package and deploy mobile <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">Web applications</a> to devices such as <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Pre" title="Palm Pre">Palm Pre</a>. MobiOne Developer was officially declared End of Life by the end of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Tools include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggplant_(GUI_testing_tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eggplant (GUI testing tool)">eggPlant</a>: A GUI-based automated test tool for mobile apps across all operating systems and devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranorex" title="Ranorex">Ranorex</a>: Test automation tools for mobile, web and desktop apps.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testdroid" title="Testdroid">Testdroid</a>: Real mobile devices and test automation tools for testing mobile and web apps.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_Principles_for_Creating_Successful_Mobile_Apps">Design Principles for Creating Successful Mobile Apps</h2></div> <p>According to a 2020 Industry Report on Applications, 46% of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> users have stated that they have stopped using or uninstalled an app due to poor performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design experts advocate for the following design principles to create successful and effective mobile apps: </p><p><b>Clutter-free screens:</b> Keeps interactions quick and simple, allowing users to focus on one specific task rather than being overwhelmed with multiple features and tasks. Design experts strongly advocate for one task per screen and recommend breaking down long forms into pages and progressively revealing new tasks or fields to minimize clutter.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Reduce cognitive load:</b> Makes user journey through the app seamless and preserves natural flow through the app. Design experts suggest incorporating <a href="/wiki/Autocomplete" title="Autocomplete">autocomplete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">spell-check</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">prediction text assistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dropdown_menu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropdown menu">dropdown menus</a> to reduce cognitive load. Design experts also recommend the state of the app be preserved when users temporarily leave the app and re-enter so that users can continue their journey from where they have left off.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Simple navigation:</b> Around 11% of people have uninstalled apps due to their complicated <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design experts state it is paramount to present the navigation bar visibly in your app to help users navigate to frequently used and high-priority screens instantly. They suggest the use of recognizable icons specific to the device operating system to help users easily take actions such as opening a menu, changing settings, going back a screen, and searching within a page. According to them, a user should not be confused while navigating the app, so an orderly, clear, and logical navigation flow drives engagement and discovery in the app.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Notifications:</b> It’s reported that around 19% of users uninstall an app due to frequent push notifications.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notifications should be sent with careful planning according to design experts. Experts state notifications should be sent at a time most convenient to users in their time zone and the messages should be personalized to bring great value to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Speed Appearance:</b> About 19% of people uninstall apps due to hang up issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design experts state it’s important to make sure the app is fast and responsive so that users don’t have to wait for content. They state developers should deliver content faster or give the perception of progress. Some approaches suggested by the experts are the use of skeleton screens which show the layout of the app with content grayed out, <a href="/wiki/Progress_bar" title="Progress bar">progress bars</a> or loading spinners, tasks being carried out in the background and delivering the content quickly when the user requests for it, or giving users some tasks or content while they are waiting for a page to load.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Usability:</b> Approximately 85% of mobile users use their phone with one hand,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus design experts state it is important that the top-level menu, frequently used controls, and common action items are within the reach of the user’s thumb. They also stress the importance of readability and it’s recommended that the text size is at least 11 point font so that users can read it at the typical reading distance without zooming in.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recommended that headers and titles on the app screens be <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_font" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco font">San Francisco</a> 17pt and <a href="/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a> 16sp for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Android OS">Android OS</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experts also state there should be 4.5:1 minimum <a href="/wiki/Contrast_ratio" title="Contrast ratio">contrast ratio</a> between text and the background color.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design experts strongly encourage developers to make apps accessible for all users including people with <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>, so they suggest features such as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">voice navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a> compatibility, and user interface adaptability in mobile apps.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2></div> <p>Many patent applications are pending for new mobile phone apps. Most of these are in the technological fields of business methods, database management, data transfer, and operator interface.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">List of mobile app distribution platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_user_model" title="Lazy user model">Lazy user model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Mobile application management</a></li> <li>Mobile backend as a service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_business_intelligence" title="Mobile business intelligence">Mobile business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile-device_testing" title="Mobile-device testing">Mobile-device testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_enterprise_application_platform" title="Mobile enterprise application platform">Mobile enterprise application platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile games">Mobile games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_interaction" title="Mobile interaction">Mobile interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobile marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile web development">Mobile web development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workflow" title="Mobile workflow">Mobile workflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-channel_app_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-channel app development">Multi-channel app development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoSoSo" class="mw-redirect" title="MoSoSo">MoSoSo</a>, mobile social software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-Device_Portal" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Device Portal">On-Device Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WURFL" title="WURFL">WURFL</a> and WALL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JQuery_Mobile" title="JQuery Mobile">JQuery Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/mobile-application-development">"Introduction to Mobile Application Development | IBM"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Mobile+Application+Development+%7C+IBM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Ftopics%2Fmobile-application-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globallogic.com/uk/insights/blogs/essential-aspects-to-consider-while-designing-mobile-apps/">"Essential Aspects to Consider While Designing Mobile Apps | GlobalLogic UK"</a>. <i>GlobalLogic</i>. 3 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalLogic&rft.atitle=Essential+Aspects+to+Consider+While+Designing+Mobile+Apps+%7C+GlobalLogic+UK&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globallogic.com%2Fuk%2Finsights%2Fblogs%2Fessential-aspects-to-consider-while-designing-mobile-apps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/mobile-app">"What is a mobile app (mobile application)? – TechTarget Definition"</a>. <i>WhatIs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatIs.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+mobile+app+%28mobile+application%29%3F+%E2%80%93+TechTarget+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtarget.com%2Fwhatis%2Fdefinition%2Fmobile-app&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Atkinson, Robert D. (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.progressivepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/PPI_EuropeAppEconomy_2017_.pdf">"The App Economy in Europe: Leading Countries and Cities, 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Progressive Policy Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progressive+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=The+App+Economy+in+Europe%3A+Leading+Countries+and+Cities%2C+2017&rft.date=2017-10&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.progressivepolicy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2FPPI_EuropeAppEconomy_2017_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/IDEs/Conceptual/AppDistributionGuide/LaunchingYourApponDevices/LaunchingYourApponDevices.html">"Launching Your App on Devices"</a>. <i>Apple Developer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Developer&rft.atitle=Launching+Your+App+on+Devices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flibrary%2Fios%2Fdocumentation%2FIDEs%2FConceptual%2FAppDistributionGuide%2FLaunchingYourApponDevices%2FLaunchingYourApponDevices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xamarinrebrand-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xamarinrebrand_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinev2016" class="citation web cs1">Linev, Roman (14 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winaero.com/microsoft-rebrands-xamarin-studio-as-visual-studio-for-mac/">"Microsoft rebrands Xamarin Studio as Visual Studio for Mac"</a>. <i>Winaero</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Winaero&rft.atitle=Microsoft+rebrands+Xamarin+Studio+as+Visual+Studio+for+Mac&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft.aulast=Linev&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinaero.com%2Fmicrosoft-rebrands-xamarin-studio-as-visual-studio-for-mac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zdnetxamarin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zdnetxamarin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2017" class="citation web cs1">Foley, Mary Jo (10 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-makes-visual-studio-for-mac-generally-available/">"Microsoft makes Visual Studio for Mac generally available"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>Microsoft is making its Visual Studio for Mac -- a rebranded version of Xamarin Studio for the Mac -- generally available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+makes+Visual+Studio+for+Mac+generally+available&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-makes-visual-studio-for-mac-generally-available%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008093929/http://www.prweb.com/releases/iphone/10/prweb2980934.htm">"MobiOne Developer 1.0 M4: Create App Store-ready Mobile Web Applications, Experience True Device Behavior on Windows"</a>. <i>PRWeb</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prweb.com/releases/iphone/10/prweb2980934.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRWeb&rft.atitle=MobiOne+Developer+1.0+M4%3A+Create+App+Store-ready+Mobile+Web+Applications%2C+Experience+True+Device+Behavior+on+Windows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweb.com%2Freleases%2Fiphone%2F10%2Fprweb2980934.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saasscout.com/statistics/apps-statistics/">"Apps Statistics, Usage & Downloads (2020 report)"</a>. <i>SaaS Scout (formerly SoftwareFindr)</i>. 6 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SaaS+Scout+%28formerly+SoftwareFindr%29&rft.atitle=Apps+Statistics%2C+Usage+%26+Downloads+%282020+report%29&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaasscout.com%2Fstatistics%2Fapps-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtspot.com/data-trends/best-practices/mobile-app-design-best-practices">"15 Mobile App Design Best Practices"</a>. <i>ThoughtSpot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtSpot&rft.atitle=15+Mobile+App+Design+Best+Practices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtspot.com%2Fdata-trends%2Fbest-practices%2Fmobile-app-design-best-practices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordini2021" class="citation web cs1">Cordini, Marcelo (6 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qubika.com/blog/mobile-app-design/">"The best mobile app design: Examples"</a>. <i>Qubika</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qubika&rft.atitle=The+best+mobile+app+design%3A+Examples&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Cordini&rft.aufirst=Marcelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqubika.com%2Fblog%2Fmobile-app-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+app+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipwatchdog.com/2011/04/06/increasing-allowance-rates-by-selectively-targeting-patent-class/id=16283/">Nowotarski et al., "Increasing Allowance Rates by Selectively Targeting Patent Class" IPwatchdog, April 6, 2011</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Template:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_operating_systems" title="Comparison of mobile operating systems">Mobile OS comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones / OSes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Mobile app distributions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile app development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_Kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Kernel">Linux Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Active</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a>/<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (Linux kernel subsystem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS_Flex" class="mw-redirect" title="ChromeOS Flex">ChromeOS Flex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaiOS" title="KaiOS">KaiOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMD_Global#Smart_Feature_OS" title="HMD Global">Smart Feature OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuneOS" title="LuneOS">LuneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maemo#Maemo_Leste" title="Maemo">Maemo Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Defunct</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bada_(operating_system)" title="Bada (operating system)">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B2G_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="B2G OS">B2G OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeeGo" title="MeeGo">MeeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MontaVista" title="MontaVista">MontaVista</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MotoMagx" title="MotoMagx">MotoMagx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilinux" title="Mobilinux">Mobilinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEmbedded" title="OpenEmbedded">OpenEmbedded</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_distribution" title="Ångström distribution">Ångström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openmoko_Linux" title="Openmoko Linux">Openmoko Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtMoko" class="mw-redirect" title="QtMoko">QtMoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHR_(operating_system)" title="SHR (operating system)">SHR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEZX" title="OpenEZX">OpenEZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Active</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjaro" title="Manjaro">Manjaro ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostmarketOS" title="PostmarketOS">postmarketOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UBports" class="mw-redirect" title="UBports">UBports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobian" title="Mobian">Mobian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Defunct</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mer_(software_distribution)" title="Mer (software distribution)">Mer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moblin" title="Moblin">Moblin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Tablet_OS" title="BlackBerry Tablet OS">BlackBerry Tablet OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft<br />Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions#Tablet_PC_Edition" title="Windows XP editions">Windows XP Tablet PC Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">8.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zircon_(microkernel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircon (microkernel)">Zircon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>/<a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita_system_software" title="PlayStation Vita system software">PlayStation Vita system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>/<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Active</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Defunct</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a> (Non GMS based)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li> <li>Huawei Band OS</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amazfit OS <ul><li>Zepp OS</li></ul></li> <li>MIUI Band OS</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo system software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_system_software" title="Nintendo 3DS system software">Nintendo 3DS system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi_system_software" title="Nintendo DSi system software">Nintendo DSi system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_system_software" title="Nintendo Switch system software">Nintendo Switch system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine" title="Intel Management Engine">Intel Management Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S60_(software_platform)" title="S60 (software platform)">S60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_80_(software_platform)" title="Series 80 (software platform)">S80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_90_(software_platform)" title="Series 90 (software platform)">S90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIQ" title="UIQ">UIQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Runtime_Environment_for_Wireless" title="Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless">Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless</a> (BREW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOS_(16-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (16-bit operating system)">GEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Cap" title="Magic Cap">Magic Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Asha_platform" title="Nokia Asha platform">Nokia Asha platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable_system_software" title="PlayStation Portable system software">PlayStation Portable system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_30" title="Series 30">S30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_30%2B" title="Series 30+">S30+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_40" title="Series 40">S40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Java_Platform" title="Sony Ericsson Java Platform">Sony Ericsson Java Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Category:Mobile operating systems">Mobile operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_applications" title="Category:Mobile applications">Mobile applications</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile<br />networks</a>,<br />protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><b>Digital</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment<br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&oldid=1249222234">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&oldid=1249222234</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_software_development" title="Category:Mobile software development">Mobile software development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_applications" title="Category:Mobile applications">Mobile applications</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 October 2024, at 20:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app_development&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-cnfgh","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.455","walltime":"0.563","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1999,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":88608,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1017,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":58764,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 398.764 1 -total"," 37.17% 148.240 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.86% 127.053 11 Template:Cite_web"," 29.62% 118.133 6 Template:Navbox"," 23.95% 95.519 1 Template:Mobile_operating_systems"," 20.97% 83.627 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.71% 46.697 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.61% 26.356 5 Template:Main_other"," 6.13% 24.445 1 Template:Mobile_phones"," 6.05% 24.120 1 Template:SDcat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.223","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5023334,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rqr4k","timestamp":"20241122141713","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mobile app development","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_app_development","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2988038","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2988038","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-02-23T16:37:59Z","dateModified":"2024-10-03T20:45:54Z","headline":"process to build apps for various mobile operating systems"}</script> </body> </html>