CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kingdom of Sine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f9c36766-fe14-4363-82ca-087f0461fa13","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kingdom_of_Sine","wgTitle":"Kingdom of Sine","wgCurRevisionId":1276550989,"wgRevisionId":1276550989,"wgArticleId":17527621,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Serer country","Kingdoms of Senegal","Serer precolonial kingdoms","Sahelian kingdoms"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kingdom_of_Sine","wgRelevantArticleId":17527621,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q862467","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png/1200px-Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="820"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png/800px-Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="547"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png/640px-Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="437"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kingdom of Sine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kingdom_of_Sine rootpage-Kingdom_of_Sine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy_and_Demonym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy_and_Demonym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toponymy and Demonym</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy_and_Demonym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serer_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serer_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Serer Exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serer_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamanic_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamanic_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lamanic Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamanic_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Sine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Sine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Founding of Sine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Sine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Jolof_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Jolof_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Under the Jolof Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Jolof_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_and_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_and_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>19th century and colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_and_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Post Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_structure_of_Sine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_structure_of_Sine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Political structure of Sine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_structure_of_Sine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Sine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Sine" title="Regne de Sine – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Sine" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_von_Sine" title="Reich von Sine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reich von Sine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineko_Erresuma" title="Sineko Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sineko Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_du_Sine" title="Royaume du Sine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume du Sine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar_Sine" title="Masarautar Sine – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masarautar Sine" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Sine" title="Kraljevstvo Sine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevstvo Sine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Sine" title="Kerajaan Sine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Sine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Sine" title="Regno di Sine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Sine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C4%97" title="Sinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_Sine" title="Kongeriket Sine – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket Sine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Sine" title="Reino de Sine – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Sine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine" title="Sine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Сіне (держава) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіне (держава)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%86" title="مملکت سن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت سن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862467#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kingdom_of_Sine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kingdom_of_Sine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&oldid=1276550989" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kingdom_of_Sine&id=1276550989&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKingdom_of_Sine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKingdom_of_Sine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862467" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Post-classical Serer kingdom in Senegal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Sine</div><div class="ib-country-names">Siin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">ca. 1335</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sine (ca. 1850)"><img alt="Map of Sine (ca. 1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1318" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Sine (ca. 1850)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diakhao" title="Diakhao">Diakhao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> from 2019 – present</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 1335</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Abolition of the monarchy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Restoration of the monarchy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2019</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Senegal" title="Category:History of Senegal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">History of <span class="fn org label">Senegal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Senegaliae.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Senegal"><img alt="Coat of arms of Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Senegaliae.svg/50px-Insigne_Senegaliae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Senegaliae.svg/75px-Insigne_Senegaliae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Senegaliae.svg/100px-Insigne_Senegaliae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Senegal (page does not exist)">Timeline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_du_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" class="extiw" title="fr:Chronologie du Sénégal">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Fulo" title="Empire of Great Fulo">Empire of Great Fulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almamyate_of_Futa_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Almamyate of Futa Toro">Almamyate of Futa Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Black Code <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Code Noir</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President of Senegal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Senegal" title="Portal:Senegal">Senegal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Senegal" title="Template:History of Senegal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Senegal" title="Template talk:History of Senegal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Senegal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Senegal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Sine</b> (or <b>Siin</b> in <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a>, variations: <i>Sin</i> or <i>Siine</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Post-classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical">post-classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> kingdom along the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Saloum_River" title="Saloum River">Saloum River</a> <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein19687_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein19687-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy_and_Demonym">Toponymy and Demonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy and Demonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Guelowar Era the region was named after Sine-o-Méo Manneh (Serer proper: Siin o Meo Maane), sister of Maysa Wali Manneh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986239_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986239-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants are called <i>Siin-Siin</i> or <i>Sine-Sine</i> (a common structure for <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a> in Senegal, e.g. <i>Bawol-Bawol</i> and <i>Saloum-Saloum</i> / <i>Saluum-Saluum</i>, inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a> respectively). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> explorers in the 15th century referred to Sine as the kingdom of <i>Barbaçim</i>, a corruption of 'Bur-ba-Sine' (<a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> for 'King of Sine'), and its people as <i>Barbacins</i> (a term frequently extended by early writers to <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> generally, while others insisted that <i>Serreos</i> and <i>Barbacins</i> were completely distinct peoples.) Old European maps frequently denote the <a href="/wiki/Saloum_River" title="Saloum River">Saloum River</a> as the "River of Barbacins/Barbecins".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a>, a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> navigator, slave trader, and chronicler, mistakenly distinguished between the <i>"Sereri"</i> (Serer people) and the <i>"Barbacini"</i>, which seems to indicate that he was referring to two different people when in fact, the Kingdom of Sine was a Serer Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_ancient_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Serer ancient history">Serer ancient history</a>, <a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_Serer_Lamanes" title="States headed by Serer Lamanes">States headed by Serer Lamanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></div> <p>The history of Sine, which has been inhabited by the Serer people for centuries, can be divided into three main periods.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamanic</a> Era</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans#Wagadou_&_Jaafun" title="Serer maternal clans">Wagadou</a> Era</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a> Era</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serer_Exodus">Serer Exodus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Serer Exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EthniesS%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/EthniesS%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg/220px-EthniesS%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/EthniesS%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg/330px-EthniesS%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/EthniesS%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg/440px-EthniesS%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption><i>Carte des peuplades du Sénégal de l'abbé Boilat (1853)</i>: an ethnic map of Senegal at the time of French colonialism. The pre-colonial states of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Baol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Baol">Baol</a>, Sine and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Saloum</a> are arrayed along the southwest coast, with the inland areas marked "<i>Peuple Sérère</i>".</figcaption></figure> <p>The diverse peoples grouped under the term <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> include the Serer Seex (pronounced <i>Seh</i> or <i>Seeh</i>), subgroups with various dialects of <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer proper</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin speaking Serers</a>, all of whom historically have moved across <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Dennis Galvan, "The oral historical record, written accounts by early Arab and European explorers, and physical anthropological evidence suggest that the various Serer peoples migrated south from the <a href="/wiki/Futa_Tooro" title="Futa Tooro">Futa Tooro</a> region (Senegal River valley) beginning around the eleventh century, when <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> first came across the Sahara."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200451_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200451-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/War_Jabi" title="War Jabi">War Jabi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a> first instituted <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a> and persecuted any of his subjects who refused to abandon <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">their traditional beliefs</a> in favour of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Page,_Willie_F._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page,_Willie_F.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Godfrey_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godfrey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, some began migrating south and west.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips198118_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips198118-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over generations these people, possibly <a href="/wiki/Pulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulaar">Pulaar</a> speaking herders originally, moved through Wolof areas and entered the Siin and Saluum river valleys. This lengthy period of Wolof-Serer contact has left historians unsure of the origins of shared "terminology, institutions, political structures, and practices."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200452_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200452-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This migration was the process by which the Serer coalesced into a coherent ethnic group, separate from the Fula and the Wolof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiaw201397_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiaw201397-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">lamanes</a>, in particular, who were the guardians of Serer spirituality, leaders and the landowning class, put up a strong resistance to conversion partly to preserve their religion, but also to preserve their assets and power from the centralizing tendencies of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013107_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013107-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some early Arab sources, the term <i>lamlam</i> became associated with "non-believers" in the region, which may have been a corruption of the Serer title <i><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamaan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laman_as_non_believers_-_Al_Bakri_in_Abdoulaye_Diop_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laman_as_non_believers_-_Al_Bakri_in_Abdoulaye_Diop-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summarizing the influence of Serer culture, <a href="/wiki/Serer_ancient_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Serer ancient history">history</a>, religion and tradition on the Senegambia region in his paper "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays Sereer" (1993), historian and author Professor Charles Becker writes that: </p> <dl><dd><i>Finally we should remember the important relic call Sereer in Fouta, but also in the former countries of the Ferlo, <a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Kajoor</a>, which marked the migration of proto-Sereer, whose imprint on the Fouta was so significant and remains in the memory of the <a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Halpulaareen</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker19934_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker19934-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lamanic_Era">Lamanic Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lamanic Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the Serer lamans, Sine was not called Sine. Instead, the roughly 60 villages were divided into states ruled by lamans, namely: Njafaj; Ña-UI; Joral; Ngohe-Pofin; Hiréna (west of Sine at the <a href="/wiki/Petite_C%C3%B4te" title="Petite Côte">Petite Côte</a>); and Singandum — which covers the two banks of the Sine valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom19877-8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom19877-8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravrand198355-6,_164,_192_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravrand198355-6,_164,_192-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niokhobaye Diouf notes that, just before the Guelowar's arrival in Sine, there were three notable rulers using the Serer title <i>laman</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Lam Sango, sometimes called Diarno Diouala (or Jarno Jouala), residing in <a href="/wiki/Palmarin" title="Palmarin">Palmarin</a></li> <li>Lam Diémé Fadial (or Lamaan Jame Faajaal), residing in Fadial (Faajaal in Serer)</li> <li>Lam Wal Satim Ndok, residing in Ndok (east of current Sine)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Wagadou were century maternal dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> origin, descended from the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghana_Sonin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Sonin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that ruled much of modern-day Senegal by marrying into Serer lamanic families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChavane198528-34_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavane198528-34-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips198152-71_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips198152-71-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IF_76_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IF_76-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the notable Serer lamanic families included the Sarr family, the <a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a>, the Ngom family, etc. These lamanic families formed a great council (the Great Council of Lamanes) to settle disputes. It was similar to a higher court where the lamanes sat to hear disputes brought in front of them so they could pass judgement. It was the last resort if a lamane from another part of Serer country could not decide on a case brought before him or the complainant was not satisfied with the judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198713-17_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198713-17-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravrand199016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravrand199016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grand_council_of_lamans_-_society_francaise_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand_council_of_lamans_-_society_francaise-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Council would elect one of their own as head of the Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Sine">Founding of Sine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Founding of Sine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serer_Royal_War_Drum_(Jung-Jung)._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_(in_modern_day_Senegal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg/220px-Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg/330px-Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg/440px-Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>19th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">junjung</a></i> from Sine.</figcaption></figure> <p>The actual foundation date of the Kingdom of Sine is unclear, but in the 13th or 14th century <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> migrants entered the area from the southeast. They were led by a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilinial</a> clan known as the <a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Gelwar</a>. Father <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Henry Gravrand</a> reports an oral tradition that one <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Maysa_Wali_Jaxateh_Manneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh">Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh</a> fled with his family from <a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a> following a battle in 1335 which he calls the Battle of Troubang, "troubang" meaning "genocide" ; "to wipe out"; or "to annihilate" a family, clan, or people.<sup id="cite_ref-Troubang_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troubang-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986235_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986235-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Becker pointed out that Gravrand actually described the 1867 (or 1865) <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kansala" title="Battle of Kansala">Battle of Kansala</a>, although he as well as <a href="/wiki/Senegalese" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese">Senegalese</a> historians <a href="/wiki/Babacar_Sedikh_Diouf" title="Babacar Sedikh Diouf">Babacar Sedikh Diouf</a> and Biram Ngom agree that the <a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a> dynasty, offshoots of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%91aanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ñaanco">Ñaanco</a> dynasty of Kaabu, had lost a dynastic struggle there, forcing them to seek refuge in Sine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom19875-9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom19875-9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986235_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986235-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near <a href="/wiki/Niakhar_Arrondissement" title="Niakhar Arrondissement">Niakhar</a>, they encountered the Serer, the Council agreed to grant them asylum,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom19875-9_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom19875-9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they joined to create a Gelwaar-led state with its capital at or near a lamanic estate at <a href="/wiki/Mbissel" title="Mbissel">Mbissel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein19688_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein19688-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Serer–Guelowar alliance, Serer men from the noble families of Sine and later Saloum, married Guelowar women and the offsprings of those unions ruled as kings. The children of such unions and their descendants identified as Serer, spoke the Serer language, and followed <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198713_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198713-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serer oral history says that after Maysa Wali <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> into Serer culture and served as legal advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">laman council of electors</a> for atime, he was chosen by the lamans and people to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198769_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198769-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as King of Sine from c. 1350-1370. Lamaan Jame Ngom of Faajaal, a member of the Ngom family and head of the council, was the one who crowned Maysa Wali, and spoke the proclamation words or crowning speech to him so he could repeat it during his coronation ceremony. He was renowned for organising <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Serer wrestling</a> tournaments in his country (Faajaal). It was through those tournaments that the patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a>, the "great Serer wrestler" <a href="/wiki/Boukar_Djillakh_Faye" title="Boukar Djillakh Faye">Boukar Djillakh Faye</a> demonstrated his skills and was given the hand of a princess in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker19938_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker19938-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198710-12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198710-12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Lamanic period led to a waning of the power and influence of the Lamanes, although the positions did not disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986235-6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986235-6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198713_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198713-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamanic families pre-Guelowar had real powers and wealth, were heads of their states, and were the custodians of <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer spirituality (A ƭat Roog)</a>. After the Guelowar they kept their wealth and titles but were merely provincial chiefs. However, due to their connection to <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a>, they did maintain some power, and could dethrone a reigning monarch if threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200453_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200453-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Jolof_Empire">Under the Jolof Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under the Jolof Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legend, Maysa Wali elected the legendary <a href="/wiki/Ndiadiane_Ndiaye" title="Ndiadiane Ndiaye">Ndiadiane Ndiaye</a> (Serer proper: <i>Njaajaan Njaay</i>) in c. 1360 as first Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof Empire</a>. He was the first king of modern Senegal to voluntarily gave his allegiance to Ndiadiane Ndiaye and asked others to do so, thereby making Sine a vassal of the Jolof Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Dio_and_Mod_P_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dio_and_Mod_P-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral traditions hold that the Jolof Empire was not an empire founded by conquest, but through a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a> of states.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More likely, however, Jolof grew by a process of conquest. In some Serer dialects 'Njaajan Njaay' can be translated as 'catastrophe', indicating what impact his rule may have had on the Serer people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013108_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013108-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serer oral tradition says that Sine never paid tribute to Ndiadiane Ndiaye nor any of his descendants, that the Jolof Empire never subjugated the kingdom, and Ndiadiane Ndiaye himself received his name from the mouth of Maysa Waly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972706_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972706-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dio_and_Mod_P_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dio_and_Mod_P-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Sylviane_Diouf" title="Sylviane Diouf">Sylviane Diouf</a>, however, states that "Each vassal kingdom—Walo, Takrur, Kayor, Baol, Sine, Salum, Wuli, and Niani—recognized the hegemony of Jolof and paid tribute."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Serer Kingdoms of Sine and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Saloum</a> were the first to leave the Jolof Empire, at least twenty-nine years before the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danki" title="Battle of Danki">Battle of Danki</a> in 1549, which saw the other kingdoms gained their independence from Jolof.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yoro_Boly_Dank_1549_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoro_Boly_Dank_1549-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mbegane_Ndour" title="Mbegane Ndour">Mbegane Ndour</a> was the king of Sine around the turn of the 16th century (approx. 1495-1514 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). Lilyan Kesteloot and Anja Veirman advanced the claim that, Mbegane defeated the <a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takruri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabout</a> Moussa Eli Bana Sall, who at that time reigned over <a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a>, by poisoning him with a viper.<sup id="cite_ref-mboose_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mboose-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors then went on to claim that, Mbegane Ndour was born of the matrilineal royal clan, but out of wedlock and with a relatively unimportant father. His marriage, they claim, with a princess and priestess of <a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a> propped up his legitimacy as well as helping him conquer Saloum.<sup id="cite_ref-mboose_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mboose-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_and_colonialism">19th century and colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 19th century and colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most of their subjects in the 19th century, the Serer <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Kings of Sine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Saloum</a> continued to follow <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a>. On 18 July 1867, the prolific 19th century Sengalese Muslim cleric, jihadist, and slave trader<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maba_Diakhou_B%C3%A2" title="Maba Diakhou Bâ">Maba Diakhou Bâ</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a> fighting against the King of Sine <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_fa_Maak_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene fa Maak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene fa Maak Joof</a> when he tried to launch jihad in Sine, but failed. Maba and his allied forces suffered a severe defeat, and he was killed in that battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972727-9_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972727-9-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986237-9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986237-9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rulers of Sine retained their title (<a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a>) throughout the colonial period and did not lose official recognition until 1969 after the death of <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1968X_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1968X-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Colonialism">Post Colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post Colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, the Serer people of Sine decided to reinstate their monarchy, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maad_a_Sinig_Niokhobaye_Fatou_Di%C3%A8ne_Diouf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maad a Sinig Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf (page does not exist)">Maad a Sinig Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf</a> was crowned King of Sine (<a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a>) on 8 February 2019 at <a href="/wiki/Diakhao" title="Diakhao">Diakhao</a>, the precolonial capital of Sine. He belongs <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof">the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof</a> via the branch of Maad a Sinig Semou Maak Joof, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a> matrilineage through his mother <a href="/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer">Lingeer</a> Fatou Diène.<sup id="cite_ref-Royal_site_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_site-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACTUSE_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUSE-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEQUO_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEQUO-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THE_POINT_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_POINT-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Sine is now part of independent Senegal, Niokhobaye Diouf is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a> with no official powers. His role is simply ceremonial and diplomatic. He does however, have influence and has been able to utilise the old pleasant cousinship between the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a> by liaising with the King of <a href="/wiki/Oussouye" title="Oussouye">Oussouye</a> (Maan Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou) to help effect economic and cultural development, as well as bring about peace in <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a>, following decades long of the <a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEQUO_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEQUO-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THE_POINT_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_POINT-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic base of Sine was agriculture and fishing. <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> and other crops were grown. Sine was very reluctant to grow <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a> for the French market, in spite of French colonial directives. It was less dependent on groundnut than other states. Deeply rooted in Serer conservatism and <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a>, for several decades during the 19th century, the Serer farmers refused to grow it or when they did, they ensured that their farming cycle was not only limited to groundnut production. Their <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">religious philosophy</a> of preserving the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> affected groundnut production in Sine. Even after mass production was later adopted, succession struggles in the late 19th century between the <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">royal houses</a> hampered production. However, the Kingdom of Sine was less susceptible to hunger and indebtedness, a legacy which continued right up to the last <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarch</a> of Sine – <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a>. It was very common for people from other states to migrate to the Serer kingdoms of Sine and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Saloum</a> in search of a better life. The inhabitants of Sine (the <i>"Sine-Sine"</i>) rarely migrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1968134,_203–4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1968134,_203–4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organisation">Social organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></div> <p>Some of the king's government (or the political structure of Sine) include: the <i>Lamanes</i> (provincial chiefs and title holders, not to be confused with the ancient Serer <a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamanes</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Heir-apparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir-apparent">heir apparents</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></i> (in that order); the Great <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farba_Kaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farba Kaba (page does not exist)">Farba Kaba</a> (chief of the army); the <i>Farba Binda</i> (minister of finance, the police and the royal palace) and the Great <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaraff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaraff (page does not exist)">Jaraff</a> (the king's advisor and head of the noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings from the royal family).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr198621-30_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr198621-30-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196812_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein196812-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_structure_of_Sine">Political structure of Sine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political structure of Sine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list gives a condensed version of the political structure of Sine:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196812_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein196812-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a></b> (king of Sine) </p> <ul><li><b>Heir apparent</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Central hierarchy</b> <ul><li>Great Jaraaf (head of the noble council responsible for electing kings; he is the equivalent of prime minister)</li> <li>Great Farba Kaba (chief commander of the army)</li> <li>Farba mbinda (minister of finance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer">Lingeer</a> (queen regnant/queen mother, head of the female court)—equivalent of minister for women, also judge cases relating to women))</li></ul></li> <li><b>Royal entourage</b> <ul><li>Paar no Maad (the chief <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> of the king, who was very powerful and influential, usually very rich/financially well off due to their profession, knowledge, and master of speech), in Wolof kingdoms, they are referred to as buur geweel))</li> <li>Family</li></ul></li> <li><b>Territorial command</b> (the title holders) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a> (holders of noble title and land)—they are the descendants of the ancient Serer lamaans (the lamanic families))</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Kingdom of Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biffeche" title="Biffeche">Biffeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">History of Senegal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Senegal" title="Portal:Senegal">Senegal portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein19687-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein19687_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1968">Klein 1968</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986239-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986239_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarr1986">Sarr 1986</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For a detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Sine, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boulègue, Jean. <i>Le Grand Jolof</i>, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serer_ancient_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Serer ancient history">Serer ancient history</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Mwakikagile" title="Godfrey Mwakikagile">Mwakikagile, Godfrey</a>, "The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa." (2010), p 136, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9987-16-023-9" title="Special:BookSources/9987-16-023-9">9987-16-023-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200451-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200451_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvan2004">Galvan 2004</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page,_Willie_F.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Page,_Willie_F._8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)." Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), pp. 199, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4472-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4472-4">0-8160-4472-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, Roland Anthony; Fage, J. D., "Journal of African history", Volume 10, Cambridge University Press (1969), p. 367,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godfrey-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godfrey_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9987-9322-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/9987-9322-2-3">9987-9322-2-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzion1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nehemia_Levtzion" title="Nehemia Levtzion">Levtzion, Nehemia</a> (1975). <a href="/wiki/John_Fage" title="John Fage">Fage, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roland_Oliver" title="Roland Oliver">Oliver, Roland</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 675. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521209816" title="Special:BookSources/9780521209816"><bdi>9780521209816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa%3A+From+c.+500+B.C.+to+A.D.+1050&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780521209816&rft.aulast=Levtzion&rft.aufirst=Nehemia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips198118-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips198118_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1981">Phillips 1981</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200452-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200452_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvan2004">Galvan 2004</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiaw201397-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiaw201397_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThiaw2013">Thiaw 2013</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013107-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013107_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThiaw2013">Thiaw 2013</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laman_as_non_believers_-_Al_Bakri_in_Abdoulaye_Diop-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laman_as_non_believers_-_Al_Bakri_in_Abdoulaye_Diop_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diop, Abdoulaye Bara, "Le tenure foncière en milieu rural Wolof (Sénégal): Historique et actualité." Notes Africaines, no. 118, (April 1968), IFAN, Dakar, pp. 48–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker19934-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker19934_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker1993">Becker 1993</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom19877-8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom19877-8_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNgom1987">Ngom 1987</a>, p. 7-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravrand198355-6,_164,_192-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravrand198355-6,_164,_192_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravrand1983">Gravrand 1983</a>, p. 55-6, 164, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972705-6_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiouf1972">Diouf 1972</a>, p. 705-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghana_Sonin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghana_Sonin_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kesteloot, Lilyan; Veirman, Anja; "Le mboosé: mythe de fondation et génie protecteur de Kaolack." IFAN (2007), p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavane198528-34-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChavane198528-34_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChavane1985">Chavane 1985</a>, p. 28-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips198152-71-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips198152-71_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1981">Phillips 1981</a>, p. 52-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IF_76-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IF_76_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. "Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire." Volume 38. IFAN (1976), pp 557-504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198713-17-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198713-17_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNgom1987">Ngom 1987</a>, p. 13-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravrand199016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravrand199016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravrand1990">Gravrand 1990</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grand_council_of_lamans_-_society_francaise-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grand_council_of_lamans_-_society_francaise_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer, "Revue francaise d'histoire d'outre-mer, Volume 68." 1982, pp. 382-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troubang-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troubang_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, "Bulletin de L'Institut Fondamental D'Afrique Noire: Sciences humaines. Série B." IFAN (1972), p. 747</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986235-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986235_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986235_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarr1986">Sarr 1986</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom19875-9-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom19875-9_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom19875-9_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNgom1987">Ngom 1987</a>, p. 5-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200454_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvan2004">Galvan 2004</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein19688-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein19688_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1968">Klein 1968</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Walle2006" class="citation book cs1">Van de Walle, Étienne (2006). <i>African Households: Censuses And Surveys</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765616197" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765616197"><bdi>978-0765616197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Households%3A+Censuses+And+Surveys&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0765616197&rft.aulast=Van+de+Walle&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198713-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198713_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198713_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNgom1987">Ngom 1987</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravrand, Henry, "Le Gabou dans les traditions orales du Ngabou." Éthiopiques 28 special issue No, socialist journal of Black African culture (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198769-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198769_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNgom1987">Ngom 1987</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker19938-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker19938_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker1993">Becker 1993</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENgom198710-12-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgom198710-12_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNgom1987">Ngom 1987</a>, p. 10-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986235-6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986235-6_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarr1986">Sarr 1986</a>, p. 235-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ngom, Biram Éthiopiques (revue), numéro 54, nouvelle série, vol. 7, semestre 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kesteloot, Lilyan, <i>Dieux d'eau du Sahel : voyage à travers les mythes, de Seth à Tyamaba,</i> L'Harmattan, Paris, ; IFAN, Dakar, 2007, p. 123 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-04384-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-04384-8">978-2-296-04384-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan200453-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan200453_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvan2004">Galvan 2004</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dio_and_Mod_P-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_and_Mod_P_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_and_Mod_P_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Diop, Cheikh Anta</a>, & Modum, Egbuna P., "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946–1960, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles, Eunice A. <i>Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890.</i> African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013108-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiaw2013108_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThiaw2013">Thiaw 2013</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972706-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972706_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiouf1972">Diouf 1972</a>, p. 706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sylviane_Diouf" title="Sylviane Diouf">Diouf, Sylviane</a>, <i>Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas</i> (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoro_Boly_Dank_1549-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yoro_Boly_Dank_1549_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yoro_Dyao" title="Yoro Dyao">Yoro Diaw</a> [in] Barry, Boubacar, "The Kingdom of Waalo: Senegal Before the Conquest", Diasporic Africa Press (2012), p. 19, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780966020113" title="Special:BookSources/9780966020113">9780966020113</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=py0-A3ClS1EC&pg=PA19">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mboose-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mboose_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mboose_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKestelootVeirman1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kesteloot, Lilyan; Veirman, Anja (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredafrique0000unse/page/83/mode/1up">"Un lieu de mémoire sans stèle et sans visite guidée : le culte du Mboose à Kaolack (Sénégal)"</a>. <i>Histoire d'Afrique : les enjeux de mémoire</i> (in French). Paris: Karthala. p. 87-89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86537-904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86537-904-0"><bdi>978-2-86537-904-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Un+lieu+de+m%C3%A9moire+sans+st%C3%A8le+et+sans+visite+guid%C3%A9e+%3A+le+culte+du+Mboose+%C3%A0+Kaolack+%28S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal%29&rft.btitle=Histoire+d%27Afrique+%3A+les+enjeux+de+m%C3%A9moire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=87-89&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-904-0&rft.aulast=Kesteloot&rft.aufirst=Lilyan&rft.au=Veirman%2C+Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredafrique0000unse%2Fpage%2F83%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dispatch 175, March 23, 1863, CO 87/76, TNA, Kew. [in] Klein, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanneh, Lamin O., "Beyond Jihad: The Pacifist Tradition in West African Islam." Oxford University Press (2016), p. 206, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199351619" title="Special:BookSources/9780199351619">9780199351619</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVW1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">[2]</a> (retrieved 12 April 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; & <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Professor Henry Louis, Jr.</a>, "Dictionary of African Biography, Volumes 1-6." OUP USA (2012), p.p 323-4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195382075" title="Special:BookSources/9780195382075">9780195382075</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA323">[3]</a> (retrieved 12 April 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972727-9-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1972727-9_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiouf1972">Diouf 1972</a>, p. 727-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr1986237-9-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr1986237-9_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarr1986">Sarr 1986</a>, p. 237-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1968X-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1968X_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1968">Klein 1968</a>, p. X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_site-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_site_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boursine.org (the official website of the Royal Institution of Sine), "Intronisation du Maad sinig Niokhobaye Diouf" (posted on 12 February 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.boursine.org/fr/2020/02/12/intronisation-du-maad-sinig-niokhobaye-diouf/">[4]</a> (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACTUSE-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACTUSE_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Actu Sen, "Intronisation du Roi “Maad a Sinig” de Diakhao : 51 ans après, le Sine restaure la couronne." By Matar Diouf (10 February 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://actusen.sn/intronisation-du-roi-maad-a-sinig-de-diakhao-51-ans-apres-le-sine-restaure-la-couronne/">[5]</a> (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEQUO-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LEQUO_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LEQUO_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_(Senegal)" title="Le Quotidien (Senegal)">Le Quotidien</a>, "Caravane de la paix : Les rois d’Oussouye et du Sine apôtres de la bonne parole." By Alioune Badara Ciss (27 May 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://lequotidien.sn/caravane-de-la-paix-les-rois-doussouye-et-du-sine-apotres-de-la-bonne-parole/">[6]</a> (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE_POINT-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THE_POINT_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE_POINT_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Point_(the_Gambia)" title="The Point (the Gambia)">The Point</a>, "King of Madala Sinic [Maad a Sinig] visits Senegalese Embassy in Gambia." By Adama Jallow (23 May 2023).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/national-news/king-of-madala-sinic-visits-senegalese-embassy-in-gambia">[7]</a> (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seneweb.com" title="Seneweb.com">Seneweb</a>, "Casamance : Le roi Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf et le roi Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou cultivent la paix." By Absa Diongue (15 May 2023)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.seneweb.com/news/Societe/casamance-le-roi-niokhobaye-fatou-diene-_n_409887.html">[8]</a> (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1968134,_203–4-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1968134,_203–4_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1968">Klein 1968</a>, p. 134, 203–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarr198621-30-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarr198621-30_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarr1986">Sarr 1986</a>, p. 21-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein196812-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196812_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein196812_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1968">Klein 1968</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1993" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Charles (1993). <i>Vestiges historiques, témoins matériels du passé dans les pays sereer</i>. Dakar: CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vestiges+historiques%2C+t%C3%A9moins+mat%C3%A9riels+du+pass%C3%A9+dans+les+pays+sereer&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pub=CNRS&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavane1985" class="citation book cs1">Chavane, Bruno (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPkxgGXynB8C&pg=PA10"><i>Villages de l’ancien Tekrour</i></a>. Paris: Karthala Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86537-143-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-86537-143-3"><bdi>2-86537-143-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villages+de+l%E2%80%99ancien+Tekrour&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Karthala+Editions&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=2-86537-143-3&rft.aulast=Chavane&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPkxgGXynB8C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiouf1972" class="citation journal cs1">Diouf, Niokhobaye (1972). "Chronique du royaume du Sine". <i>Bulletin de l'IFAN</i>. <b>34</b> (B).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27IFAN&rft.atitle=Chronique+du+royaume+du+Sine&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=B&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Diouf&rft.aufirst=Niokhobaye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalvan2004" class="citation book cs1">Galvan, Dennis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsLQTePijB4C&pg=PA51"><i>The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Must+Be+Our+Master+of+Fire%3A+How+Peasants+Craft+Culturally+Sustainable+Development+in+Senegal&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Galvan&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFsLQTePijB4C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravrand1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henri</a> (1983). <i>La Civilisation Sereer: Cosaan, Les Origines</i>. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-0877-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-0877-8"><bdi>2-7236-0877-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Civilisation+Sereer%3A+Cosaan%2C+Les+Origines&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pub=Nouvelles+Editions+Africaines&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=2-7236-0877-8&rft.aulast=Gravrand&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravrand1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henri</a> (1990). <i>La Civilisation Sereer – Pangool</i>. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1"><bdi>2-7236-1055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Civilisation+Sereer+%E2%80%93+Pangool&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pub=Nouvelles+Editions+Africaines&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=2-7236-1055-1&rft.aulast=Gravrand&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1968" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Martin (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JPSrAAAAIAAJ&dq=Guelowars%2C+++Mandinkas&pg=PA8"><i>Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804706216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804706216"><bdi>978-0804706216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Imperialism+in+Senegal+Sine-Saloum%2C+1847%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0804706216&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJPSrAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DGuelowars%252C%2B%2B%2BMandinkas%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgom1987" class="citation book cs1">Ngom, Biram (1987). <i>La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin</i>. Dakar: Universite de Dakar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+question+Gelwaar+et+l%E2%80%99histoire+du+Siin&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pub=Universite+de+Dakar&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ngom&rft.aufirst=Biram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1981" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Lucie Colvin (1981). <i>Historical Dictionary of Senegal</i> (1st ed.). Meuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Senegal&rft.place=Meuchen%2C+NJ&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Lucie+Colvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarr1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alioune_Sarr" title="Alioune Sarr">Sarr, Alioune</a> (1986). "Histoire du Sine-Saloum". <i>Bulletin de l'IFAN</i>. <b>46</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27IFAN&rft.atitle=Histoire+du+Sine-Saloum&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sarr&rft.aufirst=Alioune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Thiaw, Ibrahima (2013). "From the Senegal River to Siin: The Archaeology of Sereer Migrations in North-Western Senegambia.". In Bosma, Ulbe; Kessler, Gijs; Lucassen, Leo (eds.). <i>Migration and Membership Regimes in Global and Historical Perspective: An Introduction Studies in Global Migration History</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004241831" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004241831"><bdi>978-9004241831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Senegal+River+to+Siin%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Sereer+Migrations+in+North-Western+Senegambia.&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Membership+Regimes+in+Global+and+Historical+Perspective%3A+An+Introduction+Studies+in+Global+Migration+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004241831&rft.aulast=Thiaw&rft.aufirst=Ibrahima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Almada, André Alvares (1594) <i>Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo-Verde: desde o Rio do Sanagá até aos baixos de Sant' Anna</i> 1841 edition, Porto: Typographia Commercial Portuense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tratadobrevedos00kpgoog">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Diop, Cheikh Anta</a> & Modum, Egbuna P. <i>Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development,</i> 1946–1960</li> <li>Diouf, Mahawa. Ethiopiques n°54. Revue semestrielle de culture négro-Africaine. Nouvelle série volume 7. 2e semestre 199.</li> <li>Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", <i>Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa</i>, P. 1 in Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan).</li> <li>Boulègue, Jean. <i>Le Grand Jolof</i>, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16, 169</li> <li><i>Research in African literatures,</i> Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, p 8. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006)</li> <li>Taal, Ebou Momar, <i>Senegambian Ethnic Groups:</i> Common Origins and Cultural Affinities Factors and Forces of National Unity, Peace and Stability. 2010</li> <li>Foltz, William J., <i>From French West Africa to the Mali Federation,</i> Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p136. Yale University Press, 1965</li> <li>Kerr, Robert, "A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century." J. Ballantyne & Co. (1811), pp. 238–240</li> <li>Verrier, Frédérique, "Introduction. Voyages en Afrique noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)". Chandeigne, Paris (1994), p. 136.</li> <li>Russell, Peter E., "Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life." New Haven, contribution: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (2000), pp. 299–300</li> <li>Charles, Eunice A., "Precolonial Senegal: The Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890", Boston University, "African Studies Program, African Research Studies, Issues 12-14", (1977), p. 3</li> <li>Barry, Boubacar, "The Kingdom of Waalo: Senegal Before the Conquest", Diasporic Africa Press (2012), p. 19, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780966020113" title="Special:BookSources/9780966020113">9780966020113</a></li> <li>NDao, Papa Lamine, "Cahier Historique Du Saloum." p. 13, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782952865395" title="Special:BookSources/9782952865395">9782952865395</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1b_78vchE8C&pg=PA13">[9]</a> (retrieved 28 March 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhaji_Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Joof, Alhaji A.E. Cham Joof</a>, "Chossani Senegambia", Weekend Observer, 19–21 July 1996, p. 11 [in] Gamble, David P., "The North Bank of the Gambia: Places, People, and Population, Volume 2." (Volumes 36-38 of Gambian studies The North Bank of the Gambia: Places, People, and Population, David P. Gamble), D.P. Gamble (1999), p. 21</li> <li>Brigaud, Felix, "Histoire traditionnelle du Sénégal", Étude Sénégalaises n° 9, fascicule 9, CRDS — Sénégal, Saint-Louis du Sénégal, 1962, pp. 159–161</li> <li>Keese, Alexander, "Ethnicity and the Colonial State: Finding and Representing Group Identifications in a Coastal West African and Global Perspective (1850–1960)." <a href="/wiki/BRILL_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="BRILL Publishers">BRILL</a>, (2015), p. 152, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004307353" title="Special:BookSources/9789004307353">9789004307353</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">[10]</a> (retrieved 28 March 2024)</li> <li>Shams, Feraidoon, "State and Society in Africa: Perspectives on Continuity and Change." University Press of America (1995), p. 98, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819199775" title="Special:BookSources/9780819199775">9780819199775</a></li> <li>Bâ, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip." Avant propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. Tome 38 , Série B, n° 4, octobre 1976, (p. 813 - 860)</li> <li>Coifman, Victoria Bomba, "History of the Wolof State of Jolof Until 1860 Including Comparative Data from the Wolof State of Walo, Volume 2." University of Wisconsin-Madison (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoro_Dyao" title="Yoro Dyao">Dyao, Yoro</a>, "Légendes et coutumes sénégalaises. Cahiers de Yoro Dyao." Publiés et commentés par Henri Gaden, E. Leroux, (1912), p. 16</li> <li>The Seereer Resource Centre, "Cosaani Sénégambie." Traduit et transcrit par The Seereer Resource Centre : Juillet 2014. « Cosaani Sénégambie » (« L’Histoire de la Sénégambie») : 1ere Partie relatée par Macoura Mboub du Sénégal. 2eme Partie relatée par Jebal Samba de la Gambie [in] programme de Radio Gambie: « Chosaani Senegambia ». Présentée par: Alhaji Mansour Njie. Directeur de programme: Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. Enregistré a la fin des années 1970, au début des années 1980 au studio de Radio Gambie, Bakau, en Gambie (2eme partie) et au Sénégal (1ere partie) [in] onegambia.com [in] The Seereer Resource Centre (SRC) (« le Centre de Resource Seereer ») p. 21, [in] Doukument <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-seereer-resource-centre-dodou-jego-jobe-de-radio-gambie-cette-section-parle.html?page=21">[11]</a> (retrieved 28 March 2024)</li> <li>Diouf, Sylviane, "Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas" (New York: New York University Press, 1998)</li> <li>Charles, Eunice A. "Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890." African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977.</li> <li>Van de Walle, Étienne (2006). "African Households: Censuses And Surveys." M.E. Sharpe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765616197" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765616197">978-0765616197</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Serer_topics231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serer_topics" title="Template:Serer topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serer_topics" title="Template talk:Serer topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serer_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serer topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serer_topics231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_people" title="Category:Serer people">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seex_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seex people (page does not exist)">Seex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cii%C9%97_(Serer_religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciiɗ (Serer religion) (page does not exist)">Ciiɗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Classical Ndut teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criticism of Serer religion (page does not exist)">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Serer_festivals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Serer festivals (page does not exist)">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaaniiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaaniiw (page does not exist)">Jaaniiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">Junjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadax (page does not exist)">Sadax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_symbolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer symbolism (page does not exist)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_women_in_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of women in Serer religion (page does not exist)">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_deities" title="Category:Serer deities">Supreme deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokh_Kox" title="Kokh Kox">Kokh Kox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koox" class="mw-redirect" title="Koox">Koox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog (main)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumba_Njaay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumba Njaay (page does not exist)">Kumba Njaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiurakh" title="Tiurakh">Tiurakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_holy_places" title="Category:Serer holy places">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_River" title="Sine River">Sine River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine-Saloum" title="Sine-Saloum">Sine-Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somb" title="Somb">Somb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar" title="Point of Sangomar">Point of Sangomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaguine" title="Tattaguine">Tattaguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboyabo" title="Yaboyabo">Yaboyabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_history" title="Category:Serer history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Godomat" title="Amar Godomat">Amar Godomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekeen_Tumuli" title="Cekeen Tumuli">Cekeen Tumuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasso" title="Khasso">Khasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Kingdom of Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biffeche" title="Biffeche">Kingdom of Biffeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">kingdom of Saloum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_Serer_Lamanes" title="States headed by Serer Lamanes">States headed by Serer Lamanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" title="Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logand%C3%A8me" title="Battle of Logandème">Battle of Logandème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_country" title="Category:Serer country">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Gambia" title="Demographics of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer country (page does not exist)">Serer country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_language" title="Category:Serer language">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laalaa_language" title="Laalaa language">Lehar/Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_language" title="Ndut language">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_language" title="Noon language">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_language" title="Palor language">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safen_language" title="Safen language">Safen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth in Serer society (page does not exist)">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiere" title="Thiere">Saadj (or Chere or saay)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death in Serer society (page does not exist)">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inheritance_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inheritance in Serer society (page does not exist)">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Serer society (page does not exist)">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">Sabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassu (page does not exist)">Tassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Njom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_royalty" title="Category:Serer royalty">Royalty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maad" title="Category:Maad">Kings</a> (<i>Maad</i>) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Lamane" title="Category:Lamane">Lamanes</a> (ancient kings / landowners)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane_Jegan_Joof" title="Lamane Jegan Joof">Lamane Jegan Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Fa_Ndeb_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Maysa_Wali_Jaxateh_Manneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh">Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Ama_Joof_Gnilane_Faye_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof">Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Ndaah_Njemeh_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof">Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad Semou Njekeh Joof">Maad Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lingeer" title="Category:Lingeer">Queens & Queen Mothers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Lingeer Fatim Beye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Lingeer Ndoye Demba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ngon%C3%A9_Di%C3%A8ye" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Ngoné Dièye">Lingeer Ngoné Dièye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingeer_Selbeh_Ndoffene_Joof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (page does not exist)">Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans" title="Serer maternal clans">Serer maternal clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dynasties and<br />royal houses</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos Maternal Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Boureh_Gnilane_Joof" title="The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof">The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Jogo_Siga_Joof" title="The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof">The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof">The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_families" title="Category:Serer families">Families</a> and<br />royal titles</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer">Lingeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad" title="Maad">Maad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngum_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngum family (page does not exist)">Ngum family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Njie_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njie family (page does not exist)">Njie family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarr_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarr family (page does not exist)">Sarr family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sene_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sene family (page does not exist)">Sene family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigne" title="Teigne">Teigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sahelian_kingdoms21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template talk:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahelian_kingdoms21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_kingdom" title="Daju kingdom">Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_(province)" title="Dendi (province)">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Diarra" title="Kingdom of Diarra">Diarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4" title="Dô">Dô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon" title="Imamate of Futa Jallon">Futa Jallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro" title="Imamate of Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajaaga" title="Gajaaga">Gajaaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Fulo" title="Empire of Great Fulo">Great Fulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Empire" title="Kong Empire">Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Niani" title="Kingdom of Niani">Niani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niumi">Niumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom" title="Tunjur kingdom">Tunjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wuli" title="Kingdom of Wuli">Wuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&oldid=1276550989">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&oldid=1276550989</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_country" title="Category:Serer country">Serer country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdoms_of_Senegal" title="Category:Kingdoms of Senegal">Kingdoms of Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_precolonial_kingdoms" title="Category:Serer precolonial kingdoms">Serer precolonial kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Category:Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2025, at 14:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Sine</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>14 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-6k75n","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.843","walltime":"1.060","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8858,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":106345,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8261,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":127888,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 920.977 1 -total"," 17.87% 164.584 41 Template:Sfn"," 17.04% 156.945 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.94% 146.846 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 14.40% 132.597 1 Template:History_of_Senegal"," 14.21% 130.856 1 Template:Sidebar"," 11.57% 106.548 12 Template:Cite_book"," 8.10% 74.599 12 Template:ISBN"," 7.77% 71.600 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.99% 64.413 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.510","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9663142,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBecker1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChavane1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiouf1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalvan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravrand1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravrand1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKestelootVeirman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevtzion1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgom1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarr1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiaw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_Walle2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Sine, Kingdom of\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Senegal\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sahelian kingdoms\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Serer topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 41,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5dc5cc5769-2wbp7","timestamp":"20250219142507","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kingdom of Sine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Sine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q862467","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q862467","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-05-20T19:01:36Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T14:25:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/Kingdom_of_Sine_Map.png","headline":"former country"}</script> </body> </html>