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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #007700; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#007700"><b>The cure for ignorance</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education"><font size="5" color="White"><b>Education</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#CCEADD;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education" title="Category:Education"><img alt="Icon education.png" src="/w/images/thumb/8/8f/Icon_education.png/100px-Icon_education.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/8/8f/Icon_education.png/150px-Icon_education.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/8/8f/Icon_education.png/200px-Icon_education.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#007700; text-align:center;"><b>Promoting scientific literacy and critical thinking skills</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#CCEADD;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Board_of_Education" title="Texas Board of Education">Texas Board of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay:Of_Pandas_and_People" title="Essay:Of Pandas and People">Of Pandas and People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodidact" title="Autodidact">Autodidact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism" title="Credentialism">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Credit_for_Creationism" title="College Credit for Creationism">College Credit for Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_academic_degrees" title="American academic degrees">American academic degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_University" title="Cornerstone University">Cornerstone University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_of_evolution_in_Christian_institutions_of_higher_education" title="Acceptance of evolution in Christian institutions of higher education">Acceptance of evolution in Christian institutions of higher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay:Graduate_level_STEM_education_in_fundamentalist_Christian_colleges" title="Essay:Graduate level STEM education in fundamentalist Christian colleges">Graduate level STEM education in fundamentalist Christian colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_education" title="Charter education">Charter education</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education" title="Template:Education">v</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Education (page does not exist)">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Education&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span><i>What is a waldorf anyway, a walnut that's gone off?</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Basil Fawlty</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><s>Wald<b>OOF</b> Education</s> <b>Waldorf education</b> is an alternative educational philosophy largely devised by the noted rogue <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophist</a> and all-around <a href="/wiki/Crank" title="Crank">crank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Curriculum"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Curriculum</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reality-based"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reality-based</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Health_concerns"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health concerns</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Conspiracy_theories"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Conspiracy theories</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Tips_for_Waldorf_enrollees"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Tips for Waldorf enrollees</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Curriculum">Curriculum</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Curriculum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Waldorf education, based on Steiner's world-view of <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">anthroposophy</a>, utilizes a lot of extremely weird ideas about <a href="/wiki/Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Child">child</a> development, such as that children can be classified according to the classical theory of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Four humours">four humours</a>": sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic. </p><p>With all this craziness, there is only one reason why Waldorf education has remained viable in the century or so of its existence: one of the tenets of Steiner's pedagogical philosophy is that children should be taught to think independently and use their imaginations. This has the dual effect of preventing any outright indoctrination and ensuring Waldorf schools' popularity among <a href="/wiki/Hippie" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie">hippies</a> and such types. </p><p>Structurally, Waldorf schools are built on a model of autonomy for, and heavy parental involvement in, the local school; for these reasons, most Waldorf schools are private, but there are also public-charter schools that have adopted Waldorf methods. The schools exclude modern technology and material culture as much as possible, especially in the lower grades, with things like television, <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, and plastics excluded from the classroom and discouraged elsewhere. Waldorf schools practice "looping", in which a teacher is expected to teach the same class from first through eighth grades. This makes teaching in a Waldorf school somewhat more of a commitment than in other schools. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_cave_and_gnomes.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Crystal_cave_and_gnomes.JPG/250px-Crystal_cave_and_gnomes.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Crystal_cave_and_gnomes.JPG/330px-Crystal_cave_and_gnomes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_cave_and_gnomes.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Waldorf school art: gnomes and <a href="/wiki/Crystals" title="Crystals">crystals</a></div></div></div> <p>Content-wise, the curriculum de-emphasizes traditional competitive academics and is based largely around arts and crafts, including various forms of drawing, painting, music, drama, woodworking, traditional architecture, and handiwork. In handiwork classes, students commonly make cloth dolls representing gnomes, which feature prominently in some <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> about Waldorf (see below). <a href="/wiki/Mythology" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> forms a central part of the curriculum in the lower grades, starting with <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" title="Fairy tales">fairy tales</a>, progressing to <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible"> Jewish mythology</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, then Greek mythology and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Indian mythology</a>, with fifth-grade classes performing re-enactments of the classical Olympics. </p><p>In higher grades, students are taught lessons intended to give them <a href="/wiki/Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a> ideas based around the <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">unity of the natural and spiritual worlds</a>, largely a re-hashing of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, though retaining <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Despite the general lack of indoctrination, some religious elements remain in the Waldorf curriculum. Students recite a verse each morning before school, which Steiner intended to be a chaser to the Lord's <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a>, thanking <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> for providing them with the "strength of humankind". There are also seasonal festivals and rituals, such as the "Advent Garden,"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> some of which have a somewhat <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> character. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The recent adoption of Waldorf methods at several public charter schools has drawn much more attention to Waldorf education than formerly, and unleashed a hitherto unprecedented volume of criticism ranging from <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>-based to explicit <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reality-based">Reality-based</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reality-based">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There have been complaints that the schools tend to function as <a href="/wiki/Crank_magnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Crank magnet">crank magnets</a>, drawing disproportionate numbers of under-qualified teachers, crackpot parents, and children with behavioral and other problems. A famous example is Eric Utne, of <i><a href="/wiki/Utne_Reader" title="Utne Reader">Utne Reader</a></i> fame, who departed his magazine in the late 1990s for a trip to la-la land, after which he took up teaching at a Waldorf school that his wife had founded and his children attended.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Steiner's pedagogical philosophy, with its stress on children's independent development, often does not allow such problems and their manifestations (<a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, for example) to be dealt with effectively. Students with disabilities and learning problems may also be neglected in some cases (though Steiner was innovative in believing disabled children should be taught in the same schools). </p><p>The differences between the Waldorf curriculum and a traditional curriculum have also drawn criticism, particularly in cases where children have to leave a Waldorf school and attend a <a href="/wiki/Public_school" title="Public school">public school</a>. The slow pace at which reading is taught has led to considerable alarm among parents who seem to think that the sky will fall if their child cannot read <i>War and Peace</i> by the time they finish the third grade. The very late introduction to modern technology is also seen as leaving Waldorf students behind their peers academically. </p><p>Other features of the curriculum are seen as overly restrictive and running completely counter to the ideals of imagination and creativity. One particular sore point is painting: in the lower grades, Waldorf students must paint with watercolors on paper that has been soaked in water, producing very blurred images. This is supposed to stifle creativity. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health concerns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Steiner believed that bouts of childhood <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> were spiritually beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> This means that Waldorf education has been attractive for <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccine hysteria">those opposed to vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dreams_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreams-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immunization_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immunization-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mother_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mother-6">[6]</a></sup> Prior to removal of the religious exemption in <a href="/wiki/California" class="mw-redirect" title="California">California</a>, Waldorf schools had vaccination rates as low as 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-dreams_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreams-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immunization_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immunization-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mother_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mother-6">[6]</a></sup> In 2018, a chicken pox outbreak occurred at Asheville Waldorf school in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>; the school has one of the highest vaccination exemption rates in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Chief among the conspiracy theories brought against Waldorf education are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic panic">Speculations</a> from people who are creeped out by the curriculum (or the gnome dolls) and see every single thing in it as a sneaky attempt to plant <s>satanic</s> anthroposophist ideas in a child's brain. To quote Debra Snell, the president of the anti-Waldorf association "People for Legal and Non-Sectarian Schools":</li></ul> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>What is Anthroposophy? Why don't teachers allow students in the preschool through the early elementary grades to use black crayons in their drawings? Why do students use the wet-on-wet watercolor painting technique exclusively for so many years? Why is mythology taught as <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>? Where is the American flag, and why don't Waldorf schools teach civics lessons in America? In a school system that promotes itself as "education toward freedom," why do students copy everything from the blackboard? Why do Waldorf teachers talk in high voices and sing-song directions to their classes? Why must the kindergarten room walls be painted "peach blossom"? Why is learning to read before the age of 8 or 9 considered unhealthy? Why do so many Waldorf classes have problems with bullying, and what is the school's policy for dealing with this? Why are teachers always lighting candles?<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>Variations on the <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a> conspiracy theory, due to Steiner's following in the tradition of the esoteric <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucian">Rosicrucian</a> society, which also influenced <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>.</li> <li>That the Waldorf people are crypto-Nazis and secretly teaching <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. This would, of course, explain why the actual Nazis thought Steiner's philosophy was "<a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>", accused him of being a Jew himself, burned down his grotto and closed Waldorf schools in Germany; it would also explain why Waldorf schools in <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> were racially integrated.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tips_for_Waldorf_enrollees">Tips for Waldorf enrollees</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tips for Waldorf enrollees">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/wiki/User:Winttrix" title="User:Winttrix">A Waldorf alumnus</a> has offered RationalWiki the following tips meant for those who find themselves enrolled in a Waldorf school: </p> <ol><li>Don't panic! Take a deep breath to prevent hyperventilation.</li> <li>Repeat the following in your head: <i>I might make friends; there might be a 10% chance of a good teacher; the schools vary; repeat.</i></li> <li><i>Self-educate, self-educate, self-educate</i>. It is undoubtedly the only chance of survival for a free-thinking person.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[notes 1]</a></sup></li> <li>When someone asks what school you go to, just say that you are <a href="/wiki/Homeschooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschooled">homeschooled</a>. It's actually preferable!</li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldorfwithoutwalls.com/">Waldorf Without Walls</a> — resources on the Waldorf curriculum for aspiring Waldorf <a href="/wiki/Homeschool" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschool">homeschoolers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldorfcritics.org">"People for Legal and Nonsectarian Schools"</a> — the main anti-Waldorf group, appearing almost as crankish as Steiner</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/waldorf.html">My Experience As a Waldorf Student</a> by Roger Rawlings (revised on February 14, 2007) <i>Quackwatch</i></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">But be careful! If you think too many independent thoughts, you might play right into Steiner's hands.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldorfwithoutwalls.com/articles/advent">The Advent Garden</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.utne.com/2000-09-01/Practice-What-You-Teach.aspx">http://www.utne.com/2000-09-01/Practice-What-You-Teach.aspx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/steiner.html">Rudolf Steiner's Quackery</a> by Roger Rawlings (July 23, 2012) <i>Quackwatch</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dreams-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dreams_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dreams_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2011/07/waldorfsteiner-schools-and-low-vaccine-uptake-rates.html">Waldorf/Steiner Schools and Low Vaccine Uptake Rates</a> (July 08, 2011) <i>I Speak of Dreams</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-immunization-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-immunization_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-immunization_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lizditz.typepad.com/files/2010izratetable.pdf">2010 Immunization Status of Kindergarten Students, California In schools with 10 or more kindergarten students enrolled</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mother-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mother_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mother_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/02/california-least-vaccinated-schools-waldorf">Here's What Some of California's Least-Vaccinated Schools Have to Say for Themselves. "If we attract people who choose not to immunize, it's not because we recruit them."</a> by Rebecca Cohen (Feb. 23, 2015 7:00 AM) <i>Mother Jones</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/11/19/anti-vaccination-stronghold-nc-hit-with-states-worst-chickenpox-outbreak-decades/">Anti-vaccination stronghold in N.C. hit with state’s worst chickenpox outbreak in 2 decades</a> by Isaac Stanley-Becker (November 19, 2018 at 4:48 AM) <i>The Washington Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.waldorfcritics.org">http://www.waldorfcritics.org</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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