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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-desciption" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedio:%C4%88efpa%C4%9Do"><span>Ĉefpaĝo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portalo:Komunumo" title="Pri la projekto, kion vi povas fari, kie vi povas trovi ion"><span>Komunuma portalo</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedio:Diskutejo"><span>Diskutejo</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedio:Aktuala%C4%B5oj" title="Trovi fonajn informojn pri nunaj eventoj"><span>Aktualaĵoj</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Lastaj_%C5%9Dan%C4%9Doj" title="Listo de la lastaj ŝanĝoj en la vikio. 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ensaluti</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Pliaj agordoj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personaj iloj" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personaj iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menuo de uzanto" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eo.wikipedia.org&uselang=eo"><span>Donaci</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Krei_konton&returnto=Surteri%C4%9Do" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi kreu uzantokonton kaj ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas deviga"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Krei konton</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Ensaluti&returnto=Surteri%C4%9Do" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas devige. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ensaluti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Paĝoj por elsalutitaj redaktistoj <a href="/wiki/Helpo:Enkonduko" aria-label="Lernu pli pri redaktado"><span>Lernu pli</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Miaj_kontribuoj" title="Listo de redaktoj faritaj el ĉi tiu IPa adreso [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribuoj</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Mia_diskutpa%C4%9Do" title="Diskuto pri redaktoj sub tiu ĉi IP adreso [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Retejo"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Enhavo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Enhavo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Komenco</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviadilo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviadilo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aviadilo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviadilo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosmoveturilo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosmoveturilo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kosmoveturilo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosmoveturilo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notoj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notoj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notoj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notoj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencoj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencoj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referencoj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencoj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidu_ankaŭ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidu_ankaŭ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vidu ankaŭ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidu_ankaŭ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Surteriĝo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 35 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7" title="هبوط — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هبوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterrizaxe" title="Aterrizaxe — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aterrizaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enm%C9%99" title="Enmə — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Enmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Пасадка (авіяцыя) — belorusa" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пасадка (авіяцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belorusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterratge" title="Aterratge — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aterratge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landung" title="Landung — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing" title="Landing — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Landing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterrizaje" title="Aterrizaje — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aterrizaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="فرود — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atterrissage" title="Atterrissage — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atterrissage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterraxe" title="Aterraxe — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aterraxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94" title="נחיתה — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחיתה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%BB%D6%84" title="Վայրէջք — armena" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վայրէջք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendarat" title="Mendarat — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mendarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter-veno" title="Ter-veno — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ter-veno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atterraggio" title="Atterraggio — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atterraggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E9%99%B8" title="着陸 — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="着陸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6" title="ಭೂಸ್ಪರ್ಶ — kanara" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಸ್ಪರ್ಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A9%EB%A5%99" title="착륙 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="착륙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos%C4%93%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Nosēšanās — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nosēšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendaratan" title="Pendaratan — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendaratan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_(luchtvaart)" title="Landing (luchtvaart) — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landing (luchtvaart)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing" title="Landing — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Landing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%85dowanie" title="Lądowanie — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lądowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterragem" title="Aterragem — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aterragem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterizare" title="Aterizare — rumana" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aterizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Посадка (авиация) — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Посадка (авиация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landning" title="Landning — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Landning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="การลงจอด — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลงจอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ni%C5%9F" title="İniş — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İniş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Очып төшү — tatara" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Очып төшү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Посадка літального об'єкта — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Посадка літального об'єкта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A4" title="اتراؤ — urduo" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اتراؤ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_c%C3%A1nh" title="Hạ cánh — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạ cánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E9%99%B8" title="著陸 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="著陸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q844947#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=history" title="Antaŭaj versioj de ĉi tiu paĝo. 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><p><b>Surteriĝo</b> estas lasta parto de <a href="/wiki/Flugo" title="Flugo">flugo</a>, kiam fluganta veturilo (ekz. <a href="/wiki/Aviadilo" title="Aviadilo">aviadilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmoveturilo" title="Kosmoveturilo">kosmoveturilo</a>) aŭ objekto (ekz. <a href="/wiki/Birdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdo">birdo</a>) alvenas al la celloko kaj ĉesas movadon sur la <a href="/wiki/Tero" title="Tero">tero</a> aŭ <a href="/wiki/Akvo" title="Akvo">akvo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologio">Etimologio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: Etimologio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Etimologio"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laŭ <a href="/wiki/NPIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NPIV">NPIV</a>, <b>Surteriĝo</b> signifas "ektuŝi la teron, perdante flugrapidecon kaj bremsante la radojn, por halti."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La vorto <b>Alteriĝo</b> laŭigas al la angla vorto <i>Approaching</i>, kiu signifas manovron flugi al la tero aŭ akvo por suriĝi sur ĝin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aviadilo">Aviadilo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: Aviadilo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=edit&section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Aviadilo"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:An_Eagle_is_landing_(8221888377).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/An_Eagle_is_landing_%288221888377%29.jpg/250px-An_Eagle_is_landing_%288221888377%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/An_Eagle_is_landing_%288221888377%29.jpg/375px-An_Eagle_is_landing_%288221888377%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/An_Eagle_is_landing_%288221888377%29.jpg/500px-An_Eagle_is_landing_%288221888377%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Bombardier CR700 surteriĝas sur aviokurejo</figcaption></figure> <p>Surteriĝo estas malfacila parto en la flugo. Ĉiuj aviadiloj devas submeti plurajn kondiĉojn por surteriĝo por preventi akcidentojn. La fiasko de surteriĝo ofte rezultas akcidentojn. Nuntempe la pluraj civilaj aerodromoj (<a href="/wiki/Flughaveno" title="Flughaveno">Flughaveno</a>) kaj militaj aerodromoj (<a href="/wiki/Aerbazo" title="Aerbazo">Aerbazo</a>) ekipas multajn instrumentajn sistemojn, kiuj helpas surterigon. La radio-navigadhelplantaj sistemoj kiel TACAN (<a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a> Tactical Air Navigation System, Taktika Aera Navigada Sistemo), VHF (<a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Ultramallongondo" title="Ultramallongondo">VHF</a>-Omnirange) kaj surteriĝo-helpantan sistemo ILS estas uzataj por subtenado de surterigo. La plimulto da fiksflugilaj aviadiloj adaptas normalan horizontalan surterigon, sed rotaciiflugilaj aviadiloj kaj <a href="/wiki/VSKL-aviadilo" title="VSKL-aviadilo">VSKL-aviadiloj</a> eblas vertikale surterigi, kontrolante ĝian povejon. </p><p>Dum la surteriĝo, <a href="/wiki/Piloto" title="Piloto">pilotoj</a> direkte kontrolas surterigan proceduron. Nuntempe la pliboniĝitaj komputiloj kaj ILS (Instrumental Landing System, Instrumenta Surteriga Sistemo), efektiva ATC (Air Traffic Control, Aera Trafika Kontrolo) helpas malplioftiĝi akcidentojn dum la surteriĝo. </p><p>Antaŭ surteriĝi sur la aerodromo kaj flughaveno, piloto devas enigi <a href="/wiki/Datumo" title="Datumo">datumojn</a> (kiel navigadaj punktoj de alteriĝo) en navigadaj komputiloj, kaj ĝustigi kondiĉojn por surteriĝo. Ankaŭ piloto necesas permeson por surteriĝo sur aerodromo el ATC de aerodromo. Se ATC rifuzas surteriĝon laŭ trafiko, aviadilo devas atendi ĝis anoncita tempo kaj loko estas malokupita. Post la piloto konfirmis informon por surteriĝo (ekz. loko de kurejo, direkto por alteriĝo, Tempo de surteriĝo), laŭ gvido de ATC pilotoj komencas surterigan proceduron. Kiam direkto de kurejo kaj de aeroplano estas sama, piloto malkreskas motorpovon kaj malaltigas surterigaparaton. Aeroplano malrapide malsuprigas sur la kurejo kaj surteriĝas laŭ gvido de ILS. Post la surteriĝo, piloto finas flugon laŭ post-fluga procezo. </p><p>En krizo-situo, piloto provas surteriĝi sen surteriĝa ekipaĵo, uzante fuzelaĝon. Tiu nomiĝas <i>harda surteriĝo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a> Hard landing). Tiuokaze piloto devas submeti danĝeron de ebla (parta/kompleta) detruo de aviadilo aŭ fiasko de surteriĝo por savi pasaĝerojn. La sukcesa kaj plej konata nuntempa ekzemplo de harda surteriĝo estas <a href="/wiki/Flugo_1549_de_US_Airways" title="Flugo 1549 de US Airways">Flugo 1549 de US Airways</a> en 2009, kiam la piloto-en-komando de aviadilo, Kapitano Chesley Sullenberger kaj Jeffrey Skiles sukcese surteriĝis sur la rivero <a href="/wiki/Hudsono" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudsono">Hudsono</a> post la birdo-frapo.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>noto 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <i><a href="/wiki/Flankvento" title="Flankvento">Flankventa</a> surteriĝo</i> nomiĝas surteriĝo, kiam la aviadilo surterigas en forta <a href="/wiki/Flankvento" title="Flankvento">flankvento</a>, uzante flugajn teknikojn. Ekzemple, ĝis ĝia fermo en 1998, La flughaveno Kai Tak, iama internacia flughaveno de <a href="/wiki/Hongkongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongkongo">Hongkongo</a> estis fama por ĝia unika alteriĝa vojo kaj <i>krabo-surteriĝo</i> al aviokurejo.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kosmoveturilo">Kosmoveturilo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakti sekcion: Kosmoveturilo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=edit&section=3" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Kosmoveturilo"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Kosmo%C5%9Dipo" title="Kosmoŝipo">kosmoŝipo</a> ofte uzas <a href="/wiki/Para%C5%9Duto" title="Paraŝuto">paraŝuton</a> por surterigi sur tero aŭ maro. Ekzemple, la unua lun-esplora kosmoŝipo de usono, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> uzis paraŝuton por surterigi sur la <a href="/wiki/Pacifiko" title="Pacifiko">pacifiko</a>. La nuntempaj rusaj kosmoŝipoj kiel <a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(kosmo%C5%9Dipo)" title="Sojuz (kosmoŝipo)">Sojuz</a> surteriĝas sur la lando, uzante liberan falon kaj paraŝuton. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Kosmopramo" title="Kosmopramo">kosmopramo</a> eblis surterigi kiel <a href="/wiki/Glisilo" title="Glisilo">glisilo</a>. Tamen post la flugo de usona kosmopramo <i>Atlantis</i> (STS-135) la 21-an de julio 2011, ĉiuj kosmoflugoj de kosmopramoj permanente ĉesiĝis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notoj">Notoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redakti sekcion: Notoj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=edit&section=4" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Notoj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small" style="-moz-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">En Aviado, "Birdo-frapo" nomiĝas kolizo inter aviadilo kaj birdo(j). Birdo-frapo ofte kreas danĝeran situon por aviadilo.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencoj">Referencoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redakti sekcion: Referencoj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=edit&section=5" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Referencoj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small" style="padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vortaro.net/#surteriĝi">"Surteriĝi"</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NPIV">NPIV</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eventoj.hu/steb/vortaroj/aeronautika-terminaro-jarlibro-1941-iel.pdf">"Alterigo" en Aeronaŭtika Terminaro</a>, Internacia Esperanto-Ligo, 1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQSKrraDWPs">La surteriĝoj sur la Kai Tak el la vendejaro Kowloon </a><a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Youtube" class="mw-redirect" title="Youtube">Youtube</a>, 1998.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidu_ankaŭ"><span id="Vidu_anka.C5.AD"></span>Vidu ankaŭ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redakti sekcion: Vidu ankaŭ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surteri%C4%9Do&action=edit&section=6" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Vidu ankaŭ"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Flugo" title="Flugo">Flugo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviadilo" title="Aviadilo">Aviadilo</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"><li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aircraft_landings?uselang=eo">Kategorio Surteriĝo en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span> </li></ul> </div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surteriĝo&oldid=8854808">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surteriĝo&oldid=8854808</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Kategorioj" title="Specialaĵo:Kategorioj">Kategorio</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorio:Flugado" title="Kategorio:Flugado">Flugado</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ĉi tiu paĝo estis lastafoje redaktita je 06:09, 16 sep. 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">La teksto disponeblas laŭ la permesilo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eo">Krea Komunaĵo Atribuite-Samkondiĉe 4.0 Neadaptita</a>; eble aldonaj kondiĉoj aplikeblas. 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