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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Edwin Howard Armstrong</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(May 2013)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Edwin H. Armstrong</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg" class="image"><img alt="EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg/220px-EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg" width="220" height="319" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg/330px-EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg/440px-EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1015"/></a> <div>Developed and advanced the utility of FM technology.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-12-18</span>)</span>December 18, 1890<br/> <span class="birthplace"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea, Manhattan</a>, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Died</th> <td>January 31, 1954<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1954-01-31</span>)</span> (aged 63)<br/> <span class="deathplace"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York" title="New York City, New York" class="mw-redirect">New York City, New York</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Education</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Occupation</th> <td class="role"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer" title="Electrical engineer" class="mw-redirect">Electrical engineer</a>, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor" class="mw-redirect">inventor</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Known for</th> <td>Inventor of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_radio" title="FM radio" class="mw-redirect">FM radio</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Spouse(s)</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Marion_Armstrong" title="Esther Marion Armstrong">Marion MacInnis</a> (1922–1954; his death)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Awards</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1942)</small></td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Edwin Howard Armstrong</b> (December 18, 1890 – January 31, 1954) was an American <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer" title="Electrical engineer" class="mw-redirect">electrical engineer</a> and <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor" class="mw-redirect">inventor</a>. He has been called "the most prolific and influential inventor in radio history".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He invented the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_circuit" title="Regenerative circuit">regenerative circuit</a> while he was an undergraduate and <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> it in 1914, followed by the super-regenerative circuit in 1922, and the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne_receiver" title="Superheterodyne receiver">superheterodyne receiver</a> in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Armstrong was also the inventor of modern <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> (FM) radio transmission.</p> <p>Armstrong was born in New York City, New York, in 1890. He studied at <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> where he was a member of the Epsilon Chapter of the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Xi" title="Theta Xi">Theta Xi</a> Fraternity. He later became a professor at Columbia University. He held 42 patents and received numerous awards, including the first <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a> now <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a>, the French <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" title="Legion of Honor" class="mw-redirect">Legion of Honor</a>, the 1941 <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> and the 1942 <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Medal" title="Edison Medal" class="mw-redirect">Edison Medal</a>. He is a member of the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> and the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Union" title="International Telecommunications Union" class="mw-redirect">International Telecommunications Union</a>'s roster of great inventors.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_work"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early work</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#FM_radio"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">FM radio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Suicide"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Suicide</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Honors"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Honors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Patents"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Patents</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Patent_disputes"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Patent disputes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png/220px-Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png" width="220" height="329" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png/330px-Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png/440px-Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1404"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_H_Armstrong_in_WWI_1922.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Armstrong in his <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Signal Corps</a> uniform during <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> </div> </div> <p>Armstrong was born in the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea</a> district of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to John and Emily Armstrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> His father was the American representative of the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, which published <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a> and standard classical works.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19540202-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> John Armstrong, who was also a native of New York, began working at the Oxford University Press at a young age and eventually reached the position of vice president of the American branch. Emily Smith first met John Armstrong in the North Presbyterian Church, which was located at 31st Street and Ninth Avenue. Emily Smith had strong family ties to Chelsea, which centered around the church, in which her family took an active role.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>When the church moved further north, the Smith and Armstrong families followed it. In 1895 the Armstrong family moved from their <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownstone" title="Brownstone">brownstone</a> row house at 347 West 29th Street to another similar house at 26 West 97th Street in the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> At the age of eight Armstrong contracted a disease that was known as <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham%27s_chorea" title="Sydenham's chorea">St. Vitus' Dance</a>, which left him with a lifelong <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tic</a> when excited or under stress. Because of the illness Armstrong was withdrawn from school for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> In order to improve his health the Armstrong family moved in 1902 from the Upper West Side into a house at 1032 Warburton Avenue in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a>, which overlooked the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. The Smith family moved into a house next door.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Armstrong's physical tic and the years he was removed from school led him to become withdrawn. Armstrong showed an interest in electrical and mechanical devices, particularly trains, from an early age.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessing-320-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>He loved heights and constructed a makeshift radio antenna tower in his back yard. Swinging on a <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosun%27s_chair" title="Bosun's chair">bosun's chair</a>, he would hoist himself up and down the tower to the concern of his neighbors.</p> <p>In late 1917, Armstrong was invited to join the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">U.S. Army Signal Corps</a> with the rank of captain and was sent to Paris to help set up a wireless communication system for the Army. He returned to the United States in the fall of 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessing-320-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During his service in both world wars, Armstrong gave the U.S. military free use of his patents. Use of these was critical to the Allied victories.</p> <p>Unlike many engineers, Armstrong was never a corporate employee. He performed research and development by himself and owned his patents outright. He did not subscribe to conventional wisdom and was quick to question the opinions of his professors and his peers.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_work">Early work</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early work">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_circuit.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Armstrong_circuit.png/350px-Armstrong_circuit.png" width="350" height="252" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Armstrong_circuit.png/525px-Armstrong_circuit.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Armstrong_circuit.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="488"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_circuit.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Armstrong's "feed back" circuit drawing, from <i>Radio Broadcast</i> vol. 1 no. 1 1922.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_portable_radio,_1923_-b.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_portable_radio%2C_1923_-b.jpg/220px-First_portable_radio%2C_1923_-b.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_portable_radio%2C_1923_-b.jpg/330px-First_portable_radio%2C_1923_-b.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_portable_radio%2C_1923_-b.jpg/440px-First_portable_radio%2C_1923_-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="329"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_portable_radio,_1923_-b.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Armstrong and his new wife <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esther_Marion_MacInnis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Marion MacInnis (page does not exist)">Esther Marion MacInnis</a> in Palm Beach in 1923. The radio is a portable superheterodyne that Armstrong built as a present for her.</div> </div> </div> <p>As an undergraduate, and later as a professor at <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Armstrong worked from his parent's attic in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers, New York</a>, to develop the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_circuit" title="Regenerative circuit">regenerative circuit</a>, the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne_receiver" title="Superheterodyne receiver">superheterodyne receiver</a>, and the superregenerative circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-126_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-126-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> He studied under Professor <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> at the Hartley Laboratories, a separate research unit at Columbia University. Thirty-one years after graduating from Columbia he became Professor of Electrical Engineering, filling the vacancy left by the death of Professor J. H. Morecroft.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> He held the position until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19540202-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Armstrong contributed the most to modern electronics technology. His discoveries revolutionized electronic communications. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_circuit" title="Regenerative circuit">Regeneration</a>, or amplification via <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback#In_electronics" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> is still in use to this day. Also, Armstrong discovered that <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest" class="mw-redirect">Lee De Forest</a>'s <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a> would go into <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">oscillation</a> when feedback was increased. Thus, the Audion could not only detect and amplify radio signals, it could transmit them as well.</p> <p>While De Forest's addition of a third element to the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a> (the grid) and the subsequent move to modulated (voice) radio is not disputed, De Forest did not put his device to work. Armstrong's research and experimentation with the Audion moved radio reception beyond the crystal set and spark-gap transmitters. Radio signals could be amplified via regeneration to the point of human hearing without a headset. Armstrong later published a paper detailing how the Audion worked,<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong-audion_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-audion-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> something De Forest could not do. De Forest did not understand the workings of his Audion.</p> <p>Armstrong's service as a signal officer in World War I led to his design of the superheterodyne circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19540202-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The discovery and development of the technology made radio receivers, then the primary communications devices of the time, more sensitive and selective. Before heterodyning, radio signals often overrode and interfered with each other. Heterodyning also made radio receivers much easier to use, rendering obsolete the multitude of tuning controls on radio sets of the time. The superheterodyne technology is still used today. There was a dispute regarding who invented superheterodyne radio. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky" title="Walter Schottky" class="mw-redirect">Walter Schottky</a> claimed that he had independently invented super heterodyne radio.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="FM_radio">FM radio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: FM radio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg/220px-Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg/330px-Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg/440px-Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="783"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Armstrong_at_blackboard.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Armstrong explaining the superregenerative receiver, New York, 1922</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philohall.JPEG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Philohall.JPEG/220px-Philohall.JPEG" width="220" height="355" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Philohall.JPEG/330px-Philohall.JPEG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Philohall.JPEG/440px-Philohall.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philohall.JPEG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_Hall" title="Philosophy Hall">Philosophy Hall</a> at <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, which housed the basement laboratory where Armstrong developed FM radio.</div> </div> </div> <p>Even as the regenerative-circuit lawsuit continued, Armstrong was working on another momentous invention. Working in the basement laboratory of Columbia's <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_Hall" title="Philosophy Hall">Philosophy Hall</a>, he invented <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">wide-band</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> (FM) radio. Rather than varying ("modulating") the amplitude of a radio wave to encode an audio signal, the new method varied the frequency. FM enabled the transmission and reception of a wider range of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio frequencies</a>, as well as audio free of "<a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(radio)" title="Noise (radio)">static</a>", a common problem in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio" title="AM radio" class="mw-redirect">AM radio</a>. (Armstrong received a patent on wide-band FM on December 26, 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>)</p> <p>In 1922, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Renshaw_Carson" title="John Renshaw Carson">John Renshaw Carson</a> of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>, inventor of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">Single-sideband modulation</a> (SSB modulation), had published a paper in the <i><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IRE" title="Proceedings of the IRE" class="mw-redirect">Proceedings of the IRE</a></i> arguing that FM did not appear to offer any particular advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Armstrong managed to demonstrate the advantages of FM radio despite Carson's skepticism in a now-famous paper on FM in the <i>Proceedings of the IRE</i> in 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> which was reprinted in the August 1984 issue of <i><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IEEE" title="Proceedings of the IEEE">Proceedings of the IEEE</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Today the consensus regarding FM is that narrow band FM is not so advantageous in terms of noise reduction, but wide band FM can bring great improvement in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_to_noise_ratio" title="Signal to noise ratio" class="mw-redirect">signal to noise ratio</a> if the signal is stronger than a certain threshold. Hence Carson was not entirely wrong, and the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_bandwidth_rule" title="Carson bandwidth rule">Carson bandwidth rule</a> for FM is still important today. Thus, both Carson and Armstrong ultimately contributed significantly to the science and technology of radio. The threshold concept was discussed by Murray G. Crosby (inventor of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_system" title="Crosby system">Crosby system</a> for FM Stereo) who pointed out that for wide band FM to provide better signal to noise ratio, the signal should be above a certain threshold, according to his paper published in <i>Proceedings of the IRE</i> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus Crosby's work supplemented Armstrong's paper in 1936.</p> <p>In 1934 Armstrong began working for <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> at the request of the president of RCA, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a>. Sarnoff and Armstrong first met at a boxing match involving <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> in 1920. At the time Sarnoff was a young executive with an interest in new technologies, including radio broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-125_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-125-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> In the early 1920s Armstrong drove off with Sarnoff's secretary, Marion MacInnes, in a French sports car. Armstrong and MacInnes were married in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-126_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-126-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> While Sarnoff was understandably impressed with Armstrong's FM system, he also understood that it was not compatible with his own AM empire. Sarnoff came to regard FM as a threat and refused to support it any further.</p> <p>From May 1934 until October 1935, Armstrong conducted the first large scale field tests of his FM radio technology from a laboratory constructed by <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> on the 85th floor of the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>. An antenna attached to the spire of the building fired radio waves at receivers about 80 miles away.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-125_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-125-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> However RCA had its eye on television broadcasting, and chose not to buy the patents for the FM technology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> A June 17, 1936, presentation at the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) headquarters made headlines nationwide. He played a jazz record over conventional AM radio, then switched to an FM broadcast. "[I]f the audience of 50 engineers had shut their eyes they would have believed the jazz band was in the same room. There were no extraneous sounds," noted one reporter. He added that several engineers described the invention "as one of the most important radio developments since the first earphone crystal sets were introduced."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1937, Armstrong financed construction of the first FM radio station, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W2XMN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W2XMN (page does not exist)">W2XMN</a>, a 40 kilowatt broadcaster in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine,_New_Jersey" title="Alpine, New Jersey">Alpine, New Jersey</a>. The signal (at 42.8 MHz) could be heard clearly 100 miles (160 km) away, despite the use of less power than an AM radio station.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>RCA began to <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> for a change in the law or FCC regulations that would prevent FM radios from becoming dominant. By June 1945, the RCA had pushed the FCC hard on the allocation of electromagnetic frequencies for the fledgling television industry. Although they denied wrongdoing, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> and RCA managed to get the FCC to move the FM radio spectrum from 42–50 MHz, to 88–108 MHz, while getting new low-powered community television stations allocated to a new Channel 1 in the 44-50 MHz range. In fairness to the FCC, the 42–50 MHz band was plagued by frequent tropospheric and E-layer stratospheric propagation which caused distant high powered stations to interfere with each other. The problem becomes even more severe on a cyclical basis when sunspot levels reach a maximum every 11 years and lower VHF band signals below 50 MHz can travel across the Atlantic Ocean or from coast to coast within North America on occasion. Sunspot levels were near their cyclical peak when the FCC reallocated FM in 1945. The 88–108 MHz range is a technically better location for FM broadcast because it is less susceptible to this kind of frequent interference. (Channel 1 eventually had to be deleted as well, with all TV broadcasts licensed at frequencies 54 MHz or higher, and the band is no longer widely used for emergency first responders either, those services having moved mostly to UHF.)</p> <p>But the immediate economic impact of the shift, whatever its technical merit, was devastating to early FM broadcasters. This single FCC action would render all Armstrong-era FM receivers useless within a short time as stations were moved to the new band, while it also protected both RCA's AM-radio stronghold and that of the other major competing networks, CBS, ABC and Mutual. Armstrong's radio network did not survive the shift into the high frequencies and was set back by the FCC decision. This change was strongly supported by AT&T, because loss of FM relaying stations forced radio stations to buy wired links from AT&T.</p> <p>Furthermore, RCA also claimed invention of FM radio and won its own patent on the technology. A patent fight between RCA and Armstrong ensued. RCA's momentous victory in the courts left Armstrong unable to claim royalties on any FM receivers, including televisions, which were sold in the United States. The undermining of the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Network" title="Yankee Network">Yankee Network</a> and his costly legal battles brought ruin to Armstrong, by then almost penniless and emotionally distraught. Eventually, after Armstrong's death, many of the lawsuits were decided or settled in his favor, greatly enriching his estate and heirs. But the decisions came too late for Armstrong himself to enjoy his legal vindication.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Armstrong married Sarnoff's secretary, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Marion_Armstrong" title="Esther Marion Armstrong">Marion McInnis</a>, in December 1922. He gave Marion the world's first portable radio as a wedding gift. Armstrong bought a <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza" title="Hispano-Suiza">Hispano-Suiza</a> motor car before the wedding, which they drove to <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a> for their honeymoon. He kept the car until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessing-320-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> McInnis, who was born in 1898, was survived by two nephews and a niece after her death in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Esther_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esther-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>He was an avid tennis player until an injury in 1940, and drank an <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Fashioned" title="Old Fashioned">Old Fashioned</a> with dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessing-320-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Suicide">Suicide</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Suicide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Financially broken and mentally beaten after years of legal tussles with RCA and others, Armstrong lashed out at his wife one day with a fireplace poker, striking her on the arm.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> MacInnis left their apartment to stay with her sister, Marjorie Tuttle, in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby,_Connecticut" title="Granby, Connecticut">Granby, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19540202-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>On January 31, 1954 Armstrong removed the air conditioner from the window and jumped to his death from the thirteenth floor of his New York City apartment. His body was found fully clothed, with a hat, overcoat and gloves, the next morning by a River House employee on a third-floor balcony. The New York Times described the contents of his two-page suicide note to his wife: "he was heartbroken at being unable to see her once again, and expressing deep regret at having hurt her, the dearest thing in his life." The note concluded, "God keep you and Lord have mercy on my Soul."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19540202-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kaempffer_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaempffer-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> After his death, a friend of Armstrong estimated that 90 percent of his time was spent on litigation against RCA.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19540202-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing the news, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> supposedly remarked, "<b>I</b> did not kill Armstrong."</p> <p>MacInnis was able to formally establish Armstrong as the inventor of FM following protracted court proceedings over five of his basic FM patents.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Until her death in 1979 she participated in the Armstrong Memorial Research Foundation that she founded.<sup id="cite_ref-Esther_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esther-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Edwin Armstrong was buried in Locust Grove Cemetery, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimac,_Massachusetts" title="Merrimac, Massachusetts">Merrimac, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Armstrong invented a large part of the technology of modern radio. A modern biographer has written<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Why, then, have so many people never heard of Armstrong? The answer is ironic: Armstrong was all substance and no style. He could not play public relations games and was naive enough to underestimate the power of those whose interests were threatened by his inventions. At the same time, he refused to compromise. In the end, he fell victim to the very stubbornness that made possible his spectacular technical successes.</p> </blockquote> <p>It took decades following Armstrong's death for <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a> to meet and surpass the saturation of the AM band, and longer still for FM radio to become profitable for broadcasters. Two developments made a difference in the 1960s. One was the development of true stereophonic broadcasting on FM by General Electric, which resulted in the approval of an FM stereo broadcast standard by the FCC in 1961, and the conversion of hundreds of stations to stereo within a few years.</p> <p>The other was an FCC rulemaking in 1966 that required broadcasters who owned both full-time AM stations and FM properties in the same city to program each of them with separate programming during a majority of the day. This meant FM no longer just simulcast AM with better sound quality, but offered unique program choices expanding what listeners could hear. Programmers took advantage by turning their FM stations into venues for formats from country to progressive rock to jazz and classical music, all with the enhanced quality that stereo sound could bring. For example, some AM stations paused Sunday morning music programming for religious voicetracks by ministers. Sister stations on FM continued the music programming.</p> <p>Within a few years a majority of households were FM equipped, by the 1980s a majority of cars sold had FM stereo radios and a majority of listening in the U.S. was devoted to FM signals according to the Arbitron rating service. The stereo sound revolution, followed by the programming revolution, accomplished what cleaner and crisper sound alone was unable to achieve, and made FM radio a permanent and important part of the communications landscape.</p> <p>Armstrong was of the opinion that anyone who had actual contact with the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">development of radio</a> understood that the radio art was the product of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a> and work based on physical <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a>, rather than on the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematicians</a>' <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculations</a> and <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulae" title="Formulae" class="mw-redirect">formulae</a> (known today as part of "<a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a>"). His work, as important as it was in its own right, was a part of a continuum of progress in communications and electronics that since his time has brought forward color television, the personal computer, the Internet, cable and satellite radio and TV, personal mobile phones, audio, video and computing, digital stereo radio on both the medium wave and VHF-FM bands, and digital high definition television on VHF, UHF, cable and satellite. Armstrong's FM system was used for communications between <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> astronauts. He is of no known relation to the well-known Apollo astronaut <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>.</p> <p>After her husband's death, Armstrong’s estate finally won the case against RCA. Dana Raymond of Cravath, Swaine & Moore in New York served as counsel in that litigation. Marion Armstrong became extraordinarily wealthy as a result of FM’s commercial success and acceptance worldwide.</p> <p>In 1984 Robert Mondlock copyrighted an original screenplay about Armstrong's life titled "High Fidelity".</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Honors">Honors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg/220px-EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg/330px-EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg/440px-EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="438"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwinHArmstrongHouse_c1975.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Armstrong's house, overlooking the Hudson River, in Yonkers, N.Y., c. 1975. It was demolished in November 1982 due to fire damage.</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1917 Armstrong was the first recipient of the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">IRE</a>'s, now <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> For his wartime work on radio the French government gave him the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" title="Legion of Honor" class="mw-redirect">Legion of Honor</a> in 1919. He was awarded the 1941 <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a>. He received in 1942 the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIEE" title="AIEE" class="mw-redirect">AIEEs</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Medal" title="Edison Medal" class="mw-redirect">Edison Medal</a> "for distinguished contributions to the art of electric communication, notably the regenerative circuit, the superheterodyne, and frequency modulation". The <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU" title="ITU" class="mw-redirect">ITU</a> added him to its roster of great inventors of electricity in 1955. In 1980 he was inducted into the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>, and was on a U.S. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> in 1983. The <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Hall_of_Fame" title="Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame">Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame</a> inducted him in 2000, "in recognition of his contributions and pioneering spirit that have laid the foundation for consumer electronics."</p> <p>Philosophy Hall, the Columbia building where Armstrong developed FM, was declared a <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 2003 in recognition of that fact. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Armstrong_House" title="Edwin H. Armstrong House">Armstrong's home</a> in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a> also received designation in both the NHL and the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, but both were withdrawn when the house was later <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolished</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhptext_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhptext-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Armstrong Hall at Columbia is also named in his honor. The building, at the northeast corner of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> and 112th Street, was originally an apartment house but was converted to research space after Columbia bought it. It is now home to the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a>, a research institute jointly operated by Columbia and the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" class="mw-redirect">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> dedicated to atmospheric and climate science. A storefront in the corner of the building houses <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%27s_Restaurant" title="Tom's Restaurant">Tom's Restaurant</a>, a longtime neighborhood fixture that was featured as the fictional diner "Monk's" for establishing shots in the television series "<a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a>". The same restaurant also inspired <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Vega" title="Susanne Vega" class="mw-redirect">Susanne Vega</a>'s song "<a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%27s_Diner" title="Tom's Diner">Tom's Diner</a>".</p> <p>In addition, Columbia established the Edwin Howard Armstrong <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professorship" title="Professorship" class="mw-redirect">Professorship</a> in <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science" title="Computer Science" class="mw-redirect">Computer Science</a> in Armstrong's memory.</p> <p>Also, the United States Army Communications and Electronics Life Cycle Management Command (CECOM-LCMC) Headquarters at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland is named Armstrong Hall in his honor.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Patents">Patents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Armstrong received 42 patents in total; a selection are listed below:</p> <ul> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1113149">U.S. Patent 1,113,149</a></span> : "Wireless Receiving System"</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1334165">U.S. Patent 1,334,165</a></span> : "Electric Wave Transmission" (Note: Co-patentee with <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=ybtgAAAAEBAJ&dq=">U.S. Patent 1,336,378</a>: "Antenna with Distributed Positive Resistance"</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1342885">U.S. Patent 1,342,885</a></span> : "Method of Receiving High Frequency Oscillation"</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1415845">U.S. Patent 1,415,845</a></span> : "Selectively Opposing Impedance to Received Electrical Oscillations" (Note: Co-patentee with M. I. Pupin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=2i5HAAAAEBAJ&dq=">U.S. Patent 1,424,065</a>: "Signaling System"</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1611848">U.S. Patent 1,611,848</a></span> : "Wireless Receiving System for Continuous Wave"</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1941066">U.S. Patent 1,941,066</a></span> : "Radio Signaling System" (Note: This is one of the patents issued for wideband FM in 1933.)</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1941068">U.S. Patent 1,941,068</a></span> : "Radiosignaling" (Note: This is one of the patents issued for wideband FM in 1933.)</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.google.com/patents/US1941069">U.S. Patent 1,941,069</a></span> : "Radiosignaling" (Note: This is one of the patents issued for wideband FM in 1933.)</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Patent_disputes">Patent disputes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patent disputes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Many of Armstrong's inventions were ultimately claimed by others in patent lawsuits. In particular, the regenerative circuit, which Armstrong patented in 1914 as a "wireless receiving system," was subsequently patented by <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest" class="mw-redirect">Lee De Forest</a> in 1916; De Forest then sold the rights to his patent to AT&T. Between 1922 and 1934, Armstrong found himself embroiled in a <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_war" title="Patent war">patent war</a>, between himself, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, and <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation" class="mw-redirect">Westinghouse</a> on one side, and De Forest and AT&T on the other. At the time, this action was the longest patent lawsuit ever litigated, at 12 years. Armstrong won the first round of the lawsuit, lost the second, and stalemated in a third. Before the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, De Forest was granted the regeneration patent in what is today widely regarded as a misunderstanding of the technical facts by the Supreme Court justices.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>By early 1923, however, Armstrong was a millionaire as a result of licensing his patents to RCA.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessing-320-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1946 the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC's</a> decision to use Armstrong's FM system as the standard for <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> television sound gave Armstrong another chance at royalty payments. However, RCA refused to pay him royalties and encouraged other television makers not to pay them either.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_icon.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_oscillator" title="Armstrong oscillator">Armstrong oscillator</a> – basic circuit for reception of AM radio signals</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Tower" title="Armstrong Tower">Armstrong Tower</a> – tall lattice tower built and used by Edwin Armstrong in 1938</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_phase_modulator" title="Armstrong phase modulator">Armstrong Phase Modulator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong_award" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong award">Awards named after E. H. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodyne" title="Autodyne">Autodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_circuit" title="Regenerative circuit">Regenerative circuit</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Tsividis, Yannis (Spring 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html">"Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves"</a>. <i>Columbia Magazine</i>. Living Legacies: Great Moments and Leading Figures in the History of Columbia University. New York: Columbia University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Edwin+Armstrong%3A+Pioneer+of+the+Airwaves&rft.aulast=Tsividis%2C+Yannis&rft.au=Tsividis%2C+Yannis&rft.date=Spring+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Falumni%2FMagazine%2FSpring2002%2FArmstrong.html&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Magazine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.series=Living+Legacies%3A+Great+Moments+and+Leading+Figures+in+the+History+of+Columbia+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Campbell, Richard; Christopher R. Martin; Bettina Fabos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://books.google.com/books?id=WuqjReIZ4TcC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=%22edwin+armstrong%22&source=bl&ots=wZDsFNfAv1&sig=XdDKFjrEa6TJ2e5uDtNa1ZBDQRE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H18zUNTSCs7ciQKIqoDYDw&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22edwin%20armstrong%22&f=false"><i>Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 8th Ed.</i></a> MacMillan. p. 124. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312644655" title="Special:BookSources/0312644655">0312644655</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.au=Bettina+Fabos&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Richard&rft.au=Christopher+R.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Media+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction+to+Mass+Communication%2C+8th+Ed.&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuqjReIZ4TcC%26pg%3DPA124%26lpg%3DPA124%26dq%3D%2522edwin%2Barmstrong%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DwZDsFNfAv1%26sig%3DXdDKFjrEa6TJ2e5uDtNa1ZBDQRE%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DH18zUNTSCs7ciQKIqoDYDw%26ved%3D0CFAQ6AEwBQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522edwin%2520armstrong%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=0312644655&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://books.google.com/books?id=VMcnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA71">"The Armstrong Patent"</a>. <i>Radio Broadcast</i> (Doubleday, Page, & Co.) <b>1</b> (1): 71–72. May 1922.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=The+Armstrong+Patent&rft.date=May+1922&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMcnAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Radio+Broadcast&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page%2C+%26+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19540202-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19540202_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"Armstrong, FM Inventor, Dies In Leap From East Side Suite". <i>The New York Times</i>. February 2, 1954. p. 1. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <q>Maj. Edwin H. Armstrong, whose inventions provided much of the basis for modern broadcasting, was found dead yesterday morning on a third-floor balcony of River House, 435 East Fifty-second Street. The 63-year-old electrical engineer had plunged from a window of his luxurious thirteenth-floor apartment, apparently late Sunday evening or during the night.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Armstrong%2C+FM+Inventor%2C+Dies+In+Leap+From+East+Side+Suite&rft.date=February+2%2C+1954&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=03624331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLessing1956">Lessing 1956</a>, p. 22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLessing1956">Lessing 1956</a>, p. 23</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLessing1956">Lessing 1956</a>, p. 26</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLessing1956">Lessing 1956</a>, p. 24</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lessing-320-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing-320_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLessing1956">Lessing 1956</a>, p. 27</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wu-126-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-126_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-126_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu2010">Wu 2010</a>, p. 126</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"Major Armstrong Goes to Columbia". <i>The New York Times</i>. August 7, 1934. p. 20. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <q>The appointment of Major Edwin Howard Armstrong as Professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University yesterday by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of the university.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Major+Armstrong+Goes+to+Columbia&rft.date=August+7%2C+1934&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=03624331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong-audion-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong-audion_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Armstrong, E. H. (August 2, 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119811389/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">"Operating Features of the Audion"</a>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i> <b>27</b> (1): 215–243. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Operating+Features+of+the+Audion&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+E.+H.&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.date=August+2%2C+1917&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F119811389%2Fabstract%3FCRETRY%3D1%26SRETRY%3D0&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=215-243&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=27" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Raymond, Dana M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.fathom.com/seminars/10701020/session2.html">"Air War: Legal Battles Over FM Radio"</a>. <i>Fathom</i>. Columbia University.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Air+War%3A+Legal+Battles+Over+FM+Radio&rft.aufirst=Dana+M&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Dana+M&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fathom.com%2Fseminars%2F10701020%2Fsession2.html&rft.jtitle=Fathom&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFCarson1922" class="citation"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Renshaw_Carson" title="John Renshaw Carson">Carson, J. R.</a> (February 1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1666700">"Notes on the theory of modulation"</a>, <i>Proc. IRE</i> <b>10</b> (1): 57–64, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2Fjrproc.1922.219793">10.1109/jrproc.1922.219793</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+theory+of+modulation&rft.au=Carson%2C+J.+R.&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.date=February+1922&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fsearch%2Fwrapper.jsp%3Farnumber%3D1666700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjrproc.1922.219793&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Proc.+IRE&rft.pages=57-64&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=10" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFArmstrong1936" class="citation">Armstrong, E. H. (May 1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://web.archive.org/web/20080102101819/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1686149">"A method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation"</a>, <i>Proc. IRE</i> <b>24</b> (5): 689–740, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2Fjrproc.1936.227383">10.1109/jrproc.1936.227383</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=A+method+of+reducing+disturbances+in+radio+signaling+by+a+system+of+frequency+modulation&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+E.+H.&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.date=May+1936&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080102101819%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fsearch%2Fwrapper.jsp%3Farnumber%3D1686149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjrproc.1936.227383&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Proc.+IRE&rft.pages=689-740&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=24" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFArmstrong1984" class="citation">Armstrong, E. H. (August 1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://web.archive.org/web/20080102102729/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1457239">"A method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation"</a>, <i>Proc. IEEE</i> <b>72</b> (8): 1042–1062, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2Fproc.1984.12971">10.1109/proc.1984.12971</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=A+method+of+reducing+disturbances+in+radio+signaling+by+a+system+of+frequency+modulation&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+E.+H.&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.date=August+1984&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080102102729%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fsearch%2Fwrapper.jsp%3Farnumber%3D1457239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fproc.1984.12971&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Proc.+IEEE&rft.pages=1042-1062&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=72" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFCrosby1937" class="citation">Crosby, M. G. (April 1937), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=35539&arnumber=1686378">"Frequency modulation noise characteristics"</a>, <i>Proc. IRE</i> <b>25</b> (4): 472–514, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2Fjrproc.1937.229050">10.1109/jrproc.1937.229050</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Frequency+modulation+noise+characteristics&rft.au=Crosby%2C+M.+G.&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.date=April+1937&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Fisnumber%3D35539%26arnumber%3D1686378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjrproc.1937.229050&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Proc.+IRE&rft.pages=472-514&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=25" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wu-125-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-125_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-125_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu2010">Wu 2010</a>, p. 125</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Katzdorn, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://users.erols.com/oldradio/eha65.htm">"Beginning of Armstrong's FM station W2XMN at Alpine, NJ (1937)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Katzdorn%2C+Mike&rft.aulast=Katzdorn&rft.btitle=Beginning+of+Armstrong%27s+FM+station+W2XMN+at+Alpine%2C+NJ+%281937%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.erols.com%2Foldradio%2Feha65.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Press report, "Radio Set-up Eliminates All Noise," <i>Ogden Standard-Examiner</i>, June 18, 1936, p1</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">"Armstrong, Edwin Howard". <i>Current Biography</i> (The H. W. Wilson Company): 23–26. 1940.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Armstrong%2C+Edwin+Howard&rft.date=1940&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biography&rft.pages=23-26&rft.pub=The+H.+W.+Wilson+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Esther-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esther_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esther_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"Esther Armstrong, 81, the Wife Of Inventor of FM Radio System". <i>The New York Times</i>. August 10, 1979. p. A13. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <q>Esther Marion Armstrong, the wife of the late Maj. Edwin Howard Armstrong, a leading American inventor, died Wednesday at the Exeter (N.H.) Hospital, after a brief illness. She was 81 years old and lived in Rye Beach, N.H.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Esther+Armstrong%2C+81%2C+the+Wife+Of+Inventor+of+FM+Radio+System&rft.date=August+10%2C+1979&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=03624331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=A13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Burns' documentary film, "Empire of the Air"</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFStashower2002" class="citation">Stashower, Daniel (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/random042/2002283169.html"><i>The Boy Genius and the Mogul: the untold story of television</i></a>, New York: Broadway Books, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0767907590" title="Special:BookSources/0767907590">0767907590</a>, <q>His health began to suffer and his behavior grew erratic. On one occasion he came to believe that someone had poisoned his food and insisted on having his stomach pumped. On another, his wife fled the house as Armstrong lashed out with a fireplace poker.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Stashower&rft.au=Stashower%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Boy+Genius+and+the+Mogul%3A+the+untold+story+of+television&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatdir.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fsamples%2Frandom042%2F2002283169.html&rft.isbn=0767907590&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-kaempffer-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kaempffer_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Kaempffert, Waldemar (December 9, 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://search.proquest.com/docview/113472829?accountid=11311">"Stubborn genus"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 297<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2012</span>. <q>After he penned the last sentence, "God keep you and the Lord have mercy on my soul," he put on his overcoat, hat and gloves and stepped out of a window thirteen stories above the ground.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Stubborn+genus&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft.au=Kaempffert%2C+Waldemar&rft.aulast=Kaempffert&rft.date=December+9%2C+1956&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F113472829%3Faccountid%3D11311&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=297&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40E1EFC345A157B93C3AA1789D95F408585F9">"Armstrong Suit Over FM Settled"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. December 31, 1954. p. 20. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <q>The Radio Corporation of America and the National Broadcasting Company have settled for "approximately $1,000,000" claims against them by the estate of the late Maj. Edwin H. Armstrong.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Armstrong+Suit+Over+FM+Settled&rft.date=December+31%2C+1954&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF40E1EFC345A157B93C3AA1789D95F408585F9&rft.issn=03624331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Griffith, John (January 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=35">"Edwin Howard Armstrong"</a>. <i>Find A Grave</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Edwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Griffith%2C+John&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.date=January+1%2C+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffg.cgi%3Fpage%3Dgr%26GRid%3D35&rft.jtitle=Find+A+Grave&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor">"IEEE Medal of Honor"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE. June 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=IEEE+Medal+of+Honor&rft.date=June+27%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FIEEE_Medal_of_Honor&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nrhptext-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhptext_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Sheire, James (July 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10774">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Edwin H. Armstrong House"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Sheire&rft.au=Sheire%2C+James&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory%2FNomination%3A+Edwin+H.+Armstrong+House&rft.date=July+1975&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprhp.state.ny.us%2Fhpimaging%2Fhp_view.asp%3FGroupView%3D10774&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (includes 1 photo)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/DOE_dedesignations/Armstrong.htm">"Withdrawal of National Historic Landmark Designation: Edwin H. Armstrong House"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Withdrawal+of+National+Historic+Landmark+Designation%3A+Edwin+H.+Armstrong+House&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2FDOE_dedesignations%2FArmstrong.htm&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1991">Lewis 1991</a></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span id="CITEREFLessing1956" class="citation"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessing" title="Lawrence Lessing">Lessing, Lawrence</a> (1956), <i>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, a biography</i>, Philadelphia: Lippincott</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.au=Lessing%2C+Lawrence&rft.btitle=Man+of+High+Fidelity%3A+Edwin+Howard+Armstrong%2C+a+biography&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITEREFWu2010" class="citation"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Wu, Tim</a> (2010), <i>The Master Switch</i>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26993-5">978-0-307-26993-5</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.au=Wu%2C+Tim&rft.btitle=The+Master+Switch&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26993-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation">Lewis, Tom (1991), <i>Empire of the air: the men who made radio</i>, New York: Edward Burlingame Books, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-098119-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-098119-9">0-06-098119-9</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Tom&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+air%3A+the+men+who+made+radio&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-098119-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Edward+Burlingame+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITEREFErickson1973" class="citation">Erickson, Don V. (1973), <i>Armstrong's fight for FM broadcasting: one man vs big business and bureaucracy</i>, University of Alabama Press, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-4818-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-4818-2">0-8173-4818-2</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.au=Erickson%2C+Don+V.&rft.aufirst=Don+V.&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.btitle=Armstrong%27s+fight+for+FM+broadcasting%3A+one+man+vs+big+business+and+bureaucracy&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8173-4818-2&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Ira Brodsky. <i>The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses.</i> St. Louis: Telescope Books, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/empire/">Empire of the Air</a>. Documentary that first aired on <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Public Broadcasting Service" class="mw-redirect">PBS</a> in 1992.</li> <li>Gary L. Frost. <i>Early FM Radio: Incremental Technology in Twentieth-Century America.</i> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801894409" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8018-9440-9</a>, <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801894404" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8018-9440-4</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">Süsskind, Charles (1970). "Armstrong, Edwin Howard". <i><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. New York. pp. 287–288 Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9">0-684-10114-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Howard+Armstrong&rft.atitle=Armstrong%2C+Edwin+Howard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=S%C3%BCsskind&rft.au=S%C3%BCsskind%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9&rft.pages=287-288+Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.place=New+York&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.armstrongmemorialfoundation.org/">Armstrong Memorial Research Foundation</a> - The Armstrong Foundation disseminates knowledge of Armstrong's research and achievements</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://users.erols.com/oldradio/">Houck Collection</a> - A collection of images and documents that belonged to Armstrong's assistant, Harry W. Houck, which have been annotated by Mike Katzdorn.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead//nnc-rb/ldpd_4078687">Rare Book & Manuscript Library Collections</a> - A collection of images and documents at <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://world.std.com/~jlr/doom/armstrng.htm">Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.oldradio.com/archives/people/armstrong.htm">The Broadcast Archive</a> - A brief biography by <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Halper" title="Donna Halper">Donna Halper</a></li> <li>Ammon, Richard T., "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.superhets.info/">The Rolls Royce Of Reception</a> : Super Heterodynes - 1918 to 1930</i>".</li> <li>IEEE History Center's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Edwin_H._Armstrong">Edwin H. Armstrong</a> : Excerpt from "The Legacy of Edwin Howard Armstrong," by J. E. Brittain Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 79, no. 2, February 1991</li> <li>Hong, Sungook, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/Che2004/Hong.pdf">A History of the Regeneration Circuit: From Invention to Patent Litigation</a></i>" University, Seoul, Korea (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://antiqueradios.com/superhet/">Who Invented the Superhetrodyne?</a> The history of the invention of the superhetrodyne receiver and related patent disputes</li> <li>Yannis Tsividis, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://www.ee.columbia.edu/misc-pages/armstrong_main.html?mode=interactive">Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves</a>", 2002. A profile on the web site of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Armstrong's alma mater</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1926–1950"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1926–1950"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1926%E2%80%931950&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1926–1950</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Coolidge" title="William D. Coolidge">William D. Coolidge</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Jewett" title="Frank B. Jewett">Frank B. Jewett</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Scott_(engineer)" title="Charles F. Scott (engineer)">Charles F. Scott</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Conrad" title="Frank Conrad">Frank Conrad</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_W._Rice" title="Edwin W. Rice">Edwin W. Rice</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft_Gherardi,_Jr." title="Bancroft Gherardi, Jr.">Bancroft Gherardi</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Kennelly" title="Arthur E. Kennelly">Arthur Edwin Kennelly</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_R._Whitney" title="Willis R. Whitney">Willis R. Whitney</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_B._Stillwell" title="Lewis B. Stillwell">Lewis B. Stillwell</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Dow" title="Alex Dow">Alex Dow</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gano_Dunn" title="Gano Dunn">Gano Dunn</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugald_C._Jackson" title="Dugald C. Jackson">Dugald C. Jackson</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Torchio" title="Philip Torchio">Philip Torchio</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ashley_Campbell" title="George Ashley Campbell">George Ashley Campbell</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Whitehead" title="John B. Whitehead">John B. Whitehead</a> (1941)</li> <li><strong class="selflink">Edwin H. Armstrong</strong> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest" class="mw-redirect">Lee De Forest</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Slepian" title="Joseph Slepian">Joseph Slepian</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_E._Leeds" title="Morris E. Leeds">Morris E. Leeds</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_B._McEachron" title="Karl B. McEachron">Karl B. McEachron</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_B._Blackwell" title="Otto B. Blackwell">Otto B. Blackwell</a> (1950)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal"><b>Complete roster</b></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1909%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925">1909–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1926–1950"><b>1926–1950</b></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 2001–2025">2001–present</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template talk:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1917–1925</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><strong class="selflink">Edwin H. Armstrong</strong> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden" title="Reginald Aubrey Fessenden" class="mw-redirect">Reginald A. Fessenden</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest" class="mw-redirect">Lee De Forest</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin" class="mw-redirect">Michael I. Pupin</a> (1924)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor"><b>Complete roster</b></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925">1917–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1926–1950">1926–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 2001–2025">2001–present</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="tmbox tmbox-notice collapsible innercollapse wpb"> <tr class="wpb-header"> <td style="text-align:right; padding:0.3em 1em 0.3em 0.3em; width:50%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Telecommunications" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Telecommunications">WikiProject Telecommunications</a></td> <th style="text-align:left; width:50%; padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.3em 0;"><span style="display:none; speak:none;"> </span></th> <td class="mbox-empty-cell"><span class="metadata" style="display:none; speak:none;"><span class="wpb-project">Telecommunications</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Telecommunications</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Telecommunications</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Telecommunications articles</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="mbox-text" style="padding:3px 0 3px 5px;" colspan="2"> <table style="background:transparent; border:none; padding:0; width:100%; border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image" style="padding:2px 0;"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_telephone_icon_from_DejaVu_Sans.svg" class="image"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Black_telephone_icon_from_DejaVu_Sans.svg/80px-Black_telephone_icon_from_DejaVu_Sans.svg.png" width="80" height="53" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Black_telephone_icon_from_DejaVu_Sans.svg/120px-Black_telephone_icon_from_DejaVu_Sans.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Black_telephone_icon_from_DejaVu_Sans.svg/160px-Black_telephone_icon_from_DejaVu_Sans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="105"/></a></td> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:-1em 0.1em; display:none;"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Telecommunications" title="Template:WikiProject Telecommunications"><span title="View this template" style="">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WikiProject_Telecommunications" title="Template talk:WikiProject Telecommunications"><span title="Discuss this template" style="">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WikiProject_Telecommunications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style="">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Telecommunications" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Telecommunications">WikiProject Telecommunications</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Telecommunications" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Telecommunications">discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.</td> <td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="assess assess-" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold; background:transparent;"><span style="display:none;" title="Unknown"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" title="Unrated" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/24px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/32px-Symbol_question.svg.png 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</table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Armstrong, Edwin Howard</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>American <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer" title="Electrical engineer" class="mw-redirect">electrical engineer</a> and <a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor" class="mw-redirect">inventor</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>December 18, 1890</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea, Manhattan</a>, New York City, United States</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>January 31, 1954</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>New York City, United States</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&oldid=647075855">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&oldid=647075855</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="إدوين هوارد آرمسترونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82" title="এডউইন হাওয়ার্ড আর্মস্ট্রং – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Едуин Армстронг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ادوین هاوارد آرمسترانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="אדווין ארמסטרונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_armstrong" title="Edwin armstrong – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ედუინ ჰაუარდ არმსტრონგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="エドウィン・アームストロング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Armstrong" title="Edwin H. Armstrong – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایڈون آرمسٹرانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Армстронг, Эдвин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="எட்வின் ஹோவர்ட் ஆர்ம்ஸ்ட்ராங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Едвін Армстронг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" title="埃德温·霍华德·阿姆斯特朗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333987#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 14 February 2015, at 09:30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320124742/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. 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