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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vowel harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyrillic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyrillic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cyrillic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyrillic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampe_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampe_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sampe text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampe_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erzya language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzja" title="Erzja – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Erzja" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ers%C3%A4kiel%C3%A2" title="Ersäkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ersäkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لغة الإرزيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الإرزيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_erzya" title="Idioma erzya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma erzya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzyan_dili" title="Erzyan dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erzyan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ارزیان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارزیان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D3%99_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Эрзә теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эрзә теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эрзянская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрзянская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эрзянская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрзянская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ерзянски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерзянски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzjanski_jezik" title="Erzjanski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Erzjanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzyeg" title="Erzyeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Erzyeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эрзя хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эрзя хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya" title="Erzya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erzya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B5_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Ирçе чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирçе чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzja" title="Erzja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erzja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersagiella" title="Ersagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ersagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersjanische_Sprache" title="Ersjanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ersjanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersa_keel" title="Ersa keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ersa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα Έρζυα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Έρζυα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрзянь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эрзянь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_erzya" title="Idioma erzya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma erzya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzja_lingvo" title="Erzja lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Erzja lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erziera" title="Erziera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زبان ارزیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ارزیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_bhasa" title="Erzya bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Erzya bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya" title="Erzya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erzya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvin" title="Mordvin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mordvin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_erzya" title="Lingua erzya – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua erzya" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%9E%90%EC%96%B4" title="에르자어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에르자어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersjan%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Ersjanšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ersjanšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzjanski_jezik" title="Erzjanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erzjanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Erzya" title="Bahasa Erzya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Erzya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Эрзяйаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эрзяйаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_erza" title="Lingua erza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua erza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ერზია ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერზია ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kierzya" title="Kierzya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kierzya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Эрзя кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эрзя кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D3%93_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Эрзӓ йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эрзӓ йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Erzia" title="Lingua Erzia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Erzia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzju_valoda" title="Erzju valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erzju valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Erzių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erzių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erz%C3%A4n_kieli" title="Erzän kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Erzän kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erza_nyelv" title="Erza nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erza nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ерзјански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерзјански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="എർസിയ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എർസിയ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Er%C5%BCjana" title="Lingwa Erżjana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Erżjana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لغه الارزيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه الارزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Erzya" title="Bahasa Erzya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Erzya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрзянь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эрзянь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzja" title="Erzja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erzja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="エルジャ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルジャ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Эрзянийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрзянийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzja" title="Erzja – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erzja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersia-mordvinsk" title="Ersia-mordvinsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ersia-mordvinsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Эрзян йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эрзян йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ارزیا بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارزیا بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Эрзя кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эрзя кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Erzya" title="Lenga Erzya – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Erzya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_erzja" title="Język erzja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język erzja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_erzia" title="Língua erzia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua erzia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_erzean%C4%83" title="Limba erzeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba erzeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Эрзянский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрзянский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱮᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersjanisk" title="Ersjanisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ersjanisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzian%C4%8Dina" title="Erziančina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erziančina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzjan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Erzjanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erzjanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%80%EA%99%81%EA%99%97%D0%BD%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Єрꙁꙗн҄ьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єрꙁꙗн҄ьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ерзјански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ерзјански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ers%C3%A4n_kieli" title="Ersän kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ersän kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzia" title="Erzia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Erzia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Erzya" title="Wikang Erzya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Erzya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="எருசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எருசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B7%D3%99_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ирзә теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирзә теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาเอร์เซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเอร์เซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzyanca" title="Erzyanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erzyanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Эрзя кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эрзя кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ерзянська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерзянська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارزیا زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارزیا زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erz%C3%A4n_kel%27" title="Erzän kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Erzän kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Erzya" title="Tiếng Erzya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Erzya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ers%C3%A4_kiil" title="Ersä kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ersä kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="厄尔兹亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="厄尔兹亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%B2%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="厄爾茲亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="厄爾茲亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erziu_kalba" title="Erziu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Erziu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Erzya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Erzyan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;"><span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">эрзянь кель</span></span> <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">eŕźań keĺ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈerʲzʲanʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʲelʲ]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuvashia Republic">Chuvashia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">610,000 <a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyas</a> (553,000 in Russia, 2010 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">46,000 (2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Erzya</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a> (Russia)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=312">myv</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/myv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:myv">myv</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/erzy1239">erzy1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3207">Erzya</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:3-Mordvin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/3-Mordvin.png/320px-3-Mordvin.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/3-Mordvin.png/480px-3-Mordvin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/3-Mordvin.png/640px-3-Mordvin.png 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1849" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Mordvin languages at the beginning of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-map1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Erzya is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erzya_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Erzya_Flag.svg/220px-Erzya_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Erzya_Flag.svg/330px-Erzya_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Erzya_Flag.svg/440px-Erzya_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Erzya flag</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Erzya language</b> (<span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">эрзянь кель</span></span>, <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">eŕźań keĺ</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="myv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈerʲzʲanʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʲelʲ]</a></span>), also <b>Erzian</b> or historically <b>Arisa</b>, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a> and adjacent regions of <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and other states of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Erzya is currently written using <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> with no modifications to the variant used by the Russian language. In Mordovia, Erzya is co-official with <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> and Russian. </p><p>The language belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>. Erzya is a language that is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> but has distinct phonetics, morphology and vocabulary. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists the consonant phonemes of Erzya together with their <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-Saarinen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarinen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">(Palato-</a>)<a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> м </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> н </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a>/</span> нь </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> н </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> п </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> т </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a>/</span> ть </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> к </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> б </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> д </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a>/</span> дь </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> г </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> ц </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">t͡sʲ</a>/</span> ць </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> ч </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> ф) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> с </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a>/</span> сь </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> ш </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> х) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> в </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> з </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">zʲ</a>/</span> зь </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> ж </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> р </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">rʲ</a>/</span> рь </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> л </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a>/</span> ль </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> й </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a> is widespread in Erzya, but is contrastive only for the alveolar consonants. The labial and velar consonants have palatalized <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> before the front vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>. The pairs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʲ/</span> also often alternate depending on a following or preceding back vs. front vowel. E.g. the 1st person singular <a href="/wiki/Possessive_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive suffix">possessive suffix</a> has <a href="/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph">allomorphs</a> such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-enʲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-on/</span>. The palatalized consonants can natively occur also in a back vowel environment, e.g. the genitive suffix <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nʲ/</span>, providing <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> such as <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">кудон</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kudon/</span> 'my house' – <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">кудонь</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kudonʲ/</span> '(a) house's'. Non-palatalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> in a front vowel environment are limited to recent Russian loans such as <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">кит</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kit/</span> 'whale'.<sup id="cite_ref-Rueter_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rueter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note on romanized transcription: in Uralic studies, the members of the palatalized series are usually spelled as <span class="nowrap">⟨ń⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ť⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ď⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ć⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ś⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ź⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ŕ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ľ⟩</span>, while the postalveolar sounds are spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨č⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span> (see <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a>). </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> are loan phonemes from Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Saarinen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarinen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a phonemic contrast between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span>, despite that they share the standard spelling ⟨н⟩. <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">Minimal pairs</a> include: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/janɡa/</span> "along the path", in which the alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> of the stem is retained before the prolative case ending <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡa/</span>, vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jaŋɡa/</span>, the connegative form of the verb <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jaŋɡams/</span> "to break"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jonks/</span> "good", subject or object complement in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> translative, vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/joŋks/</span> "direction; area". See Rueter 2010: 58.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordovians_in_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mordovians_in_Russia.png/220px-Mordovians_in_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mordovians_in_Russia.png/330px-Mordovians_in_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mordovians_in_Russia.png/440px-Mordovians_in_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Mordovians in European Russia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erzya has a simple five-vowel system.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaicz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaicz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The front vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> have centralized variants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ï</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ë</a>]</span> immediately following a plain alveolar consonant, e.g. <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">siń</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sïnʲ]</span> "they", <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">seń</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sënʲ]</span> "blue". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in many other <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, Erzya has <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. Most roots contain either <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>) or <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>). In addition, all suffixes with mid vowels have two forms: the form to be used is determined by the final syllable of the stem. The low vowel (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>), found in the comparative case <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">-шка</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">ška</i></span>) "the size of" and the prolative <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">-ка/-га/-ва</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">ka/ga/va</i></span>) "spatial multipoint used with verbs of motion as well as position" is a back vowel and not subject to vowel harmony. </p><p>The rules of vowel harmony are as follows: </p> <ol><li>If the final syllable of the word stem contains a front vowel, the front form of the suffix is used: <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">веле</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">veĺe</i></span>) "village", <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">велесэ</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">veĺese</i></span>) "in a village"</li> <li>If the final syllable of the word stem contains a back vowel, and it is followed by plain (non-palatalized) consonants, the back form of the suffix is used: <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">кудо</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">kudo</i></span>) "house", <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">кудосо</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">kudoso</i></span>) "in a house"</li></ol> <p>However, if the back vowel is followed by a palatalized consonant or palatal glide, vowel harmony is violated and the "front" form of the suffix is used: <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">кальсэ</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">kaĺse</i></span>) "with willow", <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">ойсэ</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">ojse</i></span>) "with butter". Likewise, if a front-vowel stem is followed by a low back vowel suffix, subsequent syllables will contain back harmony: <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">велеванзо</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">veĺevanzo</i></span>) "throughout its villages" </p><p>Thus the seeming violations of vowel harmony attested in stems, e.g. <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">узере</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">uźere</i></span>) "axe", <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">суре</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">suŕe</i></span>) "thread (string)", are actually due to the palatalized consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zʲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rʲ/</span>. </p><p>One exception to front-vowel harmony is observed in palatalized non-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʲ/</span>, e.g. <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">асфальтсо</span></span> (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">asfaĺtso</i></span>) "with asphalt". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic alphabets</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyrillic_alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cyrillic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Erzya alphabet is the same as for <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Saarinen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarinen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">А</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Б</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">В</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Г</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)" title="De (Cyrillic)">Д</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Е</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">Ж</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">З</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">И</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">Й</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">К</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">Л</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)" title="Em (Cyrillic)">М</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">Н</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">О</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Cyrillic)" title="Pe (Cyrillic)">П</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Р</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">С</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)" title="Te (Cyrillic)">Т</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U_(Cyrillic)" title="U (Cyrillic)">У</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Ф</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Х</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Ц</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">Ч</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ш</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shcha_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shcha (Cyrillic)">Щ</a> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃt͡ʃ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Ъ</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ы</a><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">Ь</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌ʲ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">Э</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yu_(Cyrillic)" title="Yu (Cyrillic)">Ю</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Cyrillic)" title="Ya (Cyrillic)">Я</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The letters ф, х, щ and ъ are only used in loanwords from Russian. The pre-1929 version of the Erzya alphabet included the additional letter <a href="/wiki/%D2%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҥ">Cyrillic ligature En Ge</a> (Ҥ ҥ) in some publications, (cf. Evsevyev 1928). </p><p>In combination with the alveolar consonants т, д, ц, с, з, н, л, and р, vowel letters are employed to distinguish between plain and palatalized articulations in a similar way as in Russian: а, э, ы, о, у follow plain alveolars, while я, е, и, ё, ю follow palatalized alveolars, e.g. та /ta/, тэ /te/, ты /ti/, то /to/, ту /tu/ vs. тя /tʲa/, те /tʲe/, ти /tʲi/, тё /tʲo/, тю /tʲu/. If no vowel follows, palatalization is indicated by ь, e.g. ть /tʲ/. Following non-alveolar consonants, only а, е, и, о, у occur, e.g. па /pa/, пе /pe/, пи /pi/, по /po/, пу /pu/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to romanization proposals that are neither official nor widely used/recognized</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A Latin alphabet was officially approved by the government of Nizhne-Volzhskiy Kray in 1932, but it was never used:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>a в c ç d ә e f g y i j k l m n o p r s ş t u v x z ƶ ь</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>One of the modern Latin alphabet proposals:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>a b c č ć d d́/ď e f g h i j k l ĺ/ľ m n ń o p r ŕ s š ś t t́/ť u v z ž ź</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Latin </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>б </td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td>в </td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td>г </td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">д </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — d́/ď </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — d </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">e </td> <td>at the beginning of a word — je </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a vowel — je </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a consonant — e </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">ë </td> <td>at the beginning of a word — jo </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a vowel — jo </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a consonant — o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ж </td> <td>ž </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">з </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ź </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — z </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">и </td> <td>at the beginning of a word — i </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a consonant — i </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a vowel — ji </td></tr> <tr> <td>й </td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <td>к </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">л </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ĺ/ľ </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — l </td></tr> <tr> <td>м </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">н </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ń </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — n </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>п </td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ŕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — r </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">c </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ś </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — s </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">т </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — t́/ť </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — t </td></tr> <tr> <td>у </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>ф </td> <td>f (only in loanwords) </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td>h (only in loanwords) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ц </td> <td>before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ć </td></tr> <tr> <td>not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — c </td></tr> <tr> <td>ч </td> <td>č </td></tr> <tr> <td>ш </td> <td>š </td></tr> <tr> <td>щ </td> <td>šč/šť (only in loanwords) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ъ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>ы </td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>ь </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>э </td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">ю </td> <td>at the beginning of a word — ju </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a vowel — ju </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a consonant — u </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">я </td> <td>at the beginning of a word — ja </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a vowel — ja </td></tr> <tr> <td>after a consonant — a </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all other <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, Erzya is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a> which expresses grammatical relations by means of <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessor</a>. Erzya distinguishes twelve cases (here illustrated with the noun <span title="Erzya-language text"><span lang="myv">мода</span></span> <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">moda</i></span> "ground, earth"). Number is systematically distinguished only with definite nouns; for indefinite nouns and nouns with a possessive suffix, only the nominative case has a distinct plural.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaicz_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaicz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saarinen_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarinen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="2">Indefinite </th> <th colspan="2">Definite </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr> possessive </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr> possessive </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr> possessive </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural</th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural</th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural</th> <th>singular/plural</th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </td> <td>мода <br /> <i>moda</i></td> <td>мода-т <br /> <i>moda-t</i></td> <td>мода-сь <br /> <i>moda-ś</i></td> <td>мода-тне <br /> <i>moda-tńe</i></td> <td rowspan="3">мода-м <br /> <i>moda-m</i></td> <td rowspan="3">мода-н <br /> <i>moda-n</i></td> <td rowspan="3">мода-т <br /> <i>moda-t</i></td> <td rowspan="3">мода-зo <br /> <i>moda-zo</i></td> <td rowspan="3">мода-нзo <br /> <i>moda-nzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-нь <br /> <i>moda-ń</i></td> <td>мода-нть <br /> <i>moda-ńt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-нь <br /> <i>moda-tńe-ń</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-нень <br /> <i>moda-ńeń</i></td> <td>мода-нтень <br /> <i>moda-ńt́eń</i></td> <td>мода-тне-нень <br /> <i>moda-tńe-ńeń</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-со <br /> <i>moda-so</i></td> <td>мода-сонть <br /> <i>moda-sońt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-сэ <br /> <i>moda-tńe-se</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-со-н <br /> <i>moda-so-n</i></td> <td>мода-со-т <br /> <i>moda-so-t</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-со-нзo <br /> <i>moda-so-nzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">elative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-сто <br /> <i>moda-sto</i></td> <td>мода-стонть <br /> <i>moda-stońt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-стэ <br /> <i>moda-tńe-ste</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-сто-н <br /> <i>moda-sto-n</i></td> <td>мода-сто-т <br /> <i>moda-sto-t</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-сто-нзo <br /> <i>moda-sto-nzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-с <br /> <i>moda-s</i></td> <td>мода-нтень <br /> <i>moda-ńt́eń</i></td> <td>мода-тне-с <br /> <i>moda-tńe-s</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-з-oн <br /> <i>moda-z-on</i></td> <td>мода-з-oт <br /> <i>moda-z-ot</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-з-oнзo <br /> <i>moda-z-onzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">prolative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-ва <br /> <i>moda-va</i></td> <td>мода-ванть <br /> <i>moda-vańt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-ва <br /> <i>moda-tńe-va</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-ва-н <br /> <i>moda-va-n</i></td> <td>мода-ва-т <br /> <i>moda-va-t</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-ва-нзo <br /> <i>moda-va-nzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-до <br /> <i>moda-do</i></td> <td>мода-донть <br /> <i>moda-dońt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-дe <br /> <i>moda-tńe-d́e</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-до-н <br /> <i>moda-do-n</i></td> <td>мода-до-т <br /> <i>moda-do-t</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-до-нзo <br /> <i>moda-do-nzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-в <br /> <i>moda-v</i></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">translative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-кс <br /> <i>moda-ks</i></td> <td>мода-ксонть <br /> <i>moda-ksońt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-кс <br /> <i>moda-tńe-ks</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-кс-oн <br /> <i>moda-ks-on</i></td> <td>мода-кс-oт <br /> <i>moda-ks-ot</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-кс-oнзo <br /> <i>moda-ks-onzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">abessive</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-втомо <br /> <i>moda-vtomo</i></td> <td>мода-втомонть <br /> <i>moda-vtomońt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-втеме <br /> <i>moda-tńe-vt́eme</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-втомо-н <br /> <i>moda-vtomo-n</i></td> <td>мода-втомо-т <br /> <i>moda-vtomo-t</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-втомо-нзo <br /> <i>moda-vtomo-nzo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">comparative</a> </td> <td colspan="2">мода-шка <br /> <i>moda-ška</i></td> <td>мода-шканть <br /> <i>moda-škańt́</i></td> <td>мода-тне-шка <br /> <i>moda-tńe-ška</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-шка-н <br /> <i>moda-ška-n</i></td> <td>мода-шка-т <br /> <i>moda-ška-t</i></td> <td colspan="2">мода-шка-нзo <br /> <i>moda-ška-nzo</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Plural possessors follow the pattern of second person singular possessors. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular/plural</th> <th>singular/plural</th> <th>singular/plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </td> <td>мода-нoк <br /> <i>moda-nok</i></td> <td>мода-нк <br /> <i>moda-nk</i></td> <td>мода-ст <br /> <i>moda-st</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a><br /><br /> (...) </td> <td>мода-со-нoк <br /> <i>moda-so-nok</i> <br /> (...)</td> <td>мода-со-нк <br /> <i>moda-so-nk</i> <br /> (...)</td> <td>мода-со-ст <br /> <i>moda-so-st</i><br /> (...) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erzya verbs are inflected for tense and mood, and are further conjugated for person of subject and object.<sup id="cite_ref-Saarinen_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarinen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zaicz_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaicz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, three stem types are distinguished: <i>a</i>-stems, <i>o</i>-stems and <i>e</i>-stems. <i>A</i>-stems always retain the stem vowel <i>a</i> in the non-third-person present-tense forms, and in the third-person first past-tense forms (e.g. <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">pal<b>a</b>-ś</i></span> "kissed"). With many <i>o</i>-stems and <i>e</i>-stems, the stem vowel is dropped in these forms (e.g. <i>o</i>-stem <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">van-ś</i></span> "watched", <i>e</i>-stem <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">ńiĺ-ś</i></span> "swallowed"), but there also <i>o</i>- and <i>e</i>-stem verbs which retain the vowel (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">ud<b>o</b>-ś</i></span> "slept", <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">pid́<b>e</b>-ś</i></span> "cooked"). Rueter (2010) therefore divides verb stems into vowel-retaining stems and vowel-dropping stems.<sup id="cite_ref-Rueter_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rueter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In indicative mood, three tenses are distinguished: present/future, first past, second (=habitual) past. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>indicative mood </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">present/future tense </th> <th colspan="2">first past tense </th> <th colspan="2">second past tense </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>a</i>-stem </th> <th><i>o</i>-stem </th> <th><i>e</i>-stem </th> <th><i>a</i>-stem </th> <th><i>e</i>-stem </th> <th><i>e</i>-stem </th></tr> <tr> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">'sing'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'watch'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'swallow'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'know'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'say'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'see'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st<br />person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>мора-н<br /><i>mora-n</i> </td> <td>ван-ан<br /><i>van-an</i> </td> <td>пил-ян<br /><i>piĺ-an</i> </td> <td>сод-ы-нь<br /><i>sod-i-ń</i> </td> <td>мер-и-нь<br /><i>meŕ-i-ń</i> </td> <td>неи-линь<br /><i>ńej-i-ĺiń</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>мора-тано<br /><i>mora-tano</i> </td> <td>ван-тано<br /><i>van-tano</i> </td> <td>пиль-тяно<br /><i>piĺ-t́ano</i> </td> <td>сод-ы-нек<br /><i>sod-i-ńek</i> </td> <td>мер-и-нек<br /><i>meŕ-i-ńek</i> </td> <td>неи-линек<br /><i>ńej-i-ĺińek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd<br />person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>мора-т<br /><i>mora-t</i> </td> <td>ван-ат<br /><i>van-at</i> </td> <td>пил-ят<br /><i>piĺ-at</i> </td> <td>сод-ы-ть<br /><i>sod-i-t́</i> </td> <td>мер-и-ть<br /><i>meŕ-i-t́</i> </td> <td>неи-лить<br /><i>ńej-i-ĺit́</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>мора-тадо<br /><i>mora-tado</i> </td> <td>ван-тадо<br /><i>van-tado</i> </td> <td>пиль-тядо<br /><i>piĺ-t́ado</i> </td> <td>сод-ы-де<br /><i>sod-i-d́e</i> </td> <td>мер-и-де<br /><i>meŕ-i-d́e</i> </td> <td>неи-лиде<br /><i>ńej-i-ĺid́e</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd<br />person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>мор-ы<br /><i>mor-i</i> </td> <td>ван-ы<br /><i>van-i</i> </td> <td>пил-и<br /><i>piĺ-i</i> </td> <td>содa-сь<br /><i>soda-ś</i> </td> <td>мер-сь<br /><i>meŕ-ś</i> </td> <td>неи-ль<br /><i>ńej-i-ĺ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>мор-ыть<br /><i>mor-it́</i> </td> <td>ван-ыть<br /><i>van-it́</i> </td> <td>пил-ить<br /><i>piĺ-it́</i> </td> <td>содa-сть<br /><i>soda-śt́</i> </td> <td>мер-сть<br /><i>meŕ-śt́</i> </td> <td>неи-льть<br /><i>ńej-i-ĺt́</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">infinitive </th> <th>first </th> <td>мора-мс<br /><i>mora-ms</i> </td> <td>вано-мс<br /><i>vano-ms</i> </td> <td>пиле-мс<br /><i>piĺe-ms</i> </td> <td>сода-мс<br /><i>soda-ms</i> </td> <td>мере-мс<br /><i>meŕe-ms</i> </td> <td>нее-мс<br /><i>ńeje-ms</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second </th> <td>мора-мо<br /><i>mora-mo</i> </td> <td>вано-мо<br /><i>vano-mo</i> </td> <td>пиле-ме<br /><i>piĺe-me</i> </td> <td>сода-мо<br /><i>soda-mo</i> </td> <td>мере-ме<br /><i>meŕe-me</i> </td> <td>нее-ме<br /><i>ńeje-me</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The third-person singular form in the present tense is also used as present participle. The second past tense is formed by adding the past-tense copula <span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">-ĺ</i></span> to the present participle. </p><p>The other mood categories are: </p> <ul><li>conditional (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">-ińd́eŕa</i></span> + present suffixes)</li> <li>conjunctive (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">-v(V)ĺ</i></span> + past suffixes)</li> <li>conditional-conjunctive (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">-ińd́eŕa-v(V)ĺ</i></span> + past suffixes)</li> <li>desiderative (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">-ikseĺ</i></span> + past suffixes)</li> <li>optative (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">zo</i></span> + present suffixes)</li> <li>imperative (<span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">-k/-do</i></span>)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>other mood categories </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th>conditional </th> <th>conjunctive </th> <th>conditional-conjunctive </th> <th>desiderative </th></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'eat'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'win'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'be'</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">'sow'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st<br />person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ярс-ындеря-н<br /><i>jars-ińd́eŕa-n</i> </td> <td>изня-влинь<br /><i>iźńa-vĺiń</i> </td> <td>ул-индеря-влинь<br /><i>uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺiń</i> </td> <td>вид-иксэлинь<br /><i>vid́-ikseĺiń</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ярс-ындеря-тано<br /><i>jars-ińd́eŕa-tano</i> </td> <td>изня-влинек<br /><i>iźńa-vĺińek</i> </td> <td>ул-индеря-влинек<br /><i>uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺińek</i> </td> <td>вид-иксэлинек<br /><i>vid́-ikseĺińek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd<br />person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ярс-ындеря-т<br /><i>jars-ińd́eŕa-t</i> </td> <td>изня-влить<br /><i>iźńa-vĺit́</i> </td> <td>ул-индеря-влить<br /><i>uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺit́</i> </td> <td>вид-иксэлить<br /><i>vid́-ikseĺit́</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ярс-ындеря-тадо<br /><i>jars-ińd́eŕa-tado</i> </td> <td>изня-влиде<br /><i>iźńa-vĺid́e</i> </td> <td>ул-индеря-влиде<br /><i>uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺid́e</i> </td> <td>вид-иксэлиде<br /><i>vid́-ikseĺid́e</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd<br />person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ярс-ындеря-й<br /><i>jars-ińd́eŕa-j</i> </td> <td>изня-воль<br /><i>iźńa-voĺ</i> </td> <td>ул-индеря-воль<br /><i>uĺ-ińd́eŕa-voĺ</i> </td> <td>вид-иксэль<br /><i>vid́-ikseĺ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ярс-ындеря-йть<br /><i>jars-ińd́eŕa-jt́</i> </td> <td>изня-вольть<br /><i>iźńa-voĺt́</i> </td> <td>ул-индеря-вольть<br /><i>uĺ-ińd́eŕa-voĺt́</i> </td> <td>вид-иксэльть<br /><i>vid́-ikseĺt́</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">infinitive </th> <th>first </th> <td>ярса-мс<br /><i>jarsa-ms</i> </td> <td>изня-мс<br /><i>iźńa-ms</i> </td> <td>уле-мс<br /><i>uĺe-ms</i> </td> <td>виде-мс<br /><i>vid́e-ms</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second </th> <td>ярса-мо<br /><i>jarsa-mo</i> </td> <td>изня-мо<br /><i>iźńa-mo</i> </td> <td>уле-ме<br /><i>uĺe-me</i> </td> <td>виде-ме<br /><i>vid́e-me</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Erzya </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Шумбрат (<i>Šumbrat</i>) </td> <td>Hello (to one person) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Шумбратадо (<i>Šumbratado</i>) </td> <td>Hello (to multiple people) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кода тонь леметь? (<i>Koda toń ĺemet́?</i>) </td> <td>What is your name? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Монь лемем ___. (<i>Moń ĺemem ___.</i>) </td> <td>My name is ____. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Сюкпря (<i>Śukpŕa</i>) </td> <td>Thank you </td></tr> <tr> <td>Вастомазонок (<i>Vastomazonok</i>) </td> <td>Goodbye </td></tr> <tr> <td>ава (<i>ava</i>) </td> <td>woman </td></tr> <tr> <td>ломань (<i>lomań</i>) </td> <td>man, person </td></tr> <tr> <td>эйкакш (<i>ejkakš</i>) </td> <td>child </td></tr> <tr> <td>ялга (<i>jalga</i>), оя (<i>oja</i>) </td> <td>friend </td></tr> <tr> <td>тетя (<i>t́et́a</i>) </td> <td>father </td></tr> <tr> <td>ава (<i>ava</i>) </td> <td>mother </td></tr> <tr> <td>цёра (<i>ćora</i>) </td> <td>boy </td></tr> <tr> <td>тейтерь (<i>t́ejt́eŕ</i>) </td> <td>girl </td></tr> <tr> <td>кудо (<i>kudo</i>) </td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td>ош (<i>oš</i>) </td> <td>city </td></tr> <tr> <td>мастор (<i>mastor</i>) </td> <td>land </td></tr> <tr> <td>килей (<i>kiĺej</i>) </td> <td>birch tree </td></tr> <tr> <td>лей (<i>ĺej</i>) </td> <td>river </td></tr> <tr> <td>вирь (<i>viŕ</i>) </td> <td>forest </td></tr> <tr> <td>эрьке (<i>eŕke</i>) </td> <td>lake </td></tr> <tr> <td>кинига (<i>kińiga</i>), конёвкс (<i>końovks</i>) </td> <td>book </td></tr> <tr> <td>столь (<i>stoĺ</i>), тувор (<i>tuvor</i>) </td> <td>table </td></tr> <tr> <td>пине (<i>pińe</i>) </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>псака (<i>psaka</i>), катка (<i>katka</i>) </td> <td>cat </td></tr> <tr> <td>ракша (<i>rakša</i>) </td> <td>animal </td></tr> <tr> <td>овто (<i>ovto</i>) </td> <td>bear </td></tr> <tr> <td>кал (<i>kal</i>) </td> <td>fish </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampe_text">Sampe text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sampe text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Erzya (Cyrillic)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Erzya (Transliteration) </th> <th>English<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Весе ломантне чачить олякс ды правасост весе вейкетекс. Сынст улить превест-чарьксчист ды визькстэ чарькодемаст, вейке-вейкень коряс прясь тенст ветяма братонь ёжо марто. </td> <td><i>Veśe lomańt́ńe čačit́ oĺaks di pravasost veśe vejket́eks. Sinst uĺit́ pŕevest-čaŕksčist di viźkste čaŕkod́emast, vejke-vejkeń koŕas pŕaś t́eńst vet́ama bratoń jožo marto.</i> </td> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzya people">Erzya people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_literature" title="Erzya literature">Erzya literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_Mastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzyan Mastor">Erzyan Mastor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A.I. Bryzhinskiy, O.V. Pashutina, Ye.I. Chernov. <cite>Писатели Мордовии</cite> Биобиблиографический справочник. Saransk: Mordovskoye Knizhnoye Izdatelystvo, 2001. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7595-1386-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-7595-1386-9">5-7595-1386-9</a>.</li> <li>Vasilij D'omin. <cite>Сюконян тенк...</cite> Эрзянь писательде ёвтнемат. Saransk, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7595-1665-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-7595-1665-5">5-7595-1665-5</a>.</li> <li>Ksenija Djordjevic & Jean-Leo Leonard. <cite>Parlons Mordve</cite>. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-296-00147-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-296-00147-5">2-296-00147-5</a>.</li> <li>Makar E. Evsev'ev. <cite>Основы мордовской грамматика, Эрзянь грамматика.</cite> С приложением образцов мокшанских склонений и спряжений. Москва: Центральное издательство народов СССР, 1928.</li> <li>Jack Rueter. <cite>Adnominal Person in the Morphological System of Erzya</cite>. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 261. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-23-3">978-952-5667-23-3</a> [print], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-24-0">978-952-5667-24-0</a> [online].</li> <li>D.V. Tsygankin. <cite>Память запечатленная в слове</cite>: Словарь географических названий республики Мордовия. Saransk, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7493-0780-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-7493-0780-8">5-7493-0780-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">"Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку"</a> [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. <i>rosstat.gov.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">the original</a> on 2020-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+6.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn_popul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErzya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-map1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-map1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRantanenTolvanenRooseYlikoski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (6): e0269648. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1769648R">2022PLoSO..1769648R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0269648">10.1371/journal.pone.0269648</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">9176854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675367">35675367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Best+practices+for+spatial+language+data+harmonization%2C+sharing+and+map+creation%E2%80%94A+case+study+of+Uralic&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0269648&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9176854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35675367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0269648&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1769648R&rft.aulast=Rantanen&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Tolvanen%2C+Harri&rft.au=Roose%2C+Meeli&rft.au=Ylikoski%2C+Jussi&rft.au=Vesakoski%2C+Outi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9176854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErzya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-map2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-map2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). <i>Geographical database of the Uralic languages</i> (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saarinen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saarinen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saarinen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saarinen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saarinen_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saarinen_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaarinen" class="citation web cs1">Saarinen, Sirkka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infuse.finnougristik.uni-muenchen.de/e-learning/mordvin/o3_erzya.pdf">"Erzya e-learning course"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Саратов: Нижневолжское краевое изд-во. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82.+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=1932&rft.au=%D0%93.+%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErzya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAasmäe2014" class="citation book cs1">Aasmäe, Niina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mariuver.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Intr-Ersya-Course-eng.pdf"><i>An introductory course of the Erzya language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Budapest: ELTE Finnugor Tanszék.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Az+erza-mordvin+nyelv+alapjai&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=ELTE+Finnugor+Tansz%C3%A9k&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros&rft.aufirst=Edit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F51306643.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErzya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/udhr/uralic.htm">"Article 1 of the UDHR in Uralic languages"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Article+1+of+the+UDHR+in+Uralic+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fudhr%2Furalic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErzya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/udhr/germanic.htm">"UDHR in Germanic languages"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=UDHR+in+Germanic+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fudhr%2Fgermanic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErzya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzya_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Erzya_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Erzya language">Erzya language</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="myv:"> Erzya edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Finno-Ugric Electronic Library by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in <a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> (interface in Russian and English, texts in <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>, Erzya and <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> languages): <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018190124/http://library.finugor.ru/">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erzia.saransk.ru/">Erzjanj Mastor</a> – The society for preserving the Erzya language (in Erzya and Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029185215/http://www.info-rm.com/er/index.php">https://web.archive.org/web/20061029185215/http://www.info-rm.com/er/index.php</a> News in the Erzya and Moksha Mordvinian languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20081021051746/http://www.erzan.ru/erzjanskij-jazyk">[2]</a> Эрзянский язык</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valks.oahpa.no">Erzya – Finnish/English/German/Russian dictionary</a> (robust finite-state, open-source)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113190126/http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~rueter/rsc/erzya-studies-reference-bibliography.shtml">[3]</a> Erzya studies reference bibliography under construction.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090603/http://www.library.saransk.ru/fu/grant/slovar.pdf">Russian-Moksha-Erzya Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lazalyk.narod.ru/business.html">Russian-Erzya Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro dialect">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/300px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/450px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/600px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoksha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoksha dialect (page does not exist)">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia489" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia489" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox598" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: 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